CN104770163A - Planting method for improving yield and quality of American ginseng - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a planting method for improving the yield and quality of American ginseng. The planting method comprises the following steps of selecting the soil with the PH value of 4.5-7.5; ploughing once every half a month for drying the ridges, wherein the previous crops of the American ginseng are gramineous crops; during seed treatment, harvesting fresh American ginseng in August when the American ginseng is red in color, rubbing off the pulp, washing and drying, soaking the seeds by 1,000 times of 50% of carbendazim for 10-20 minutes, taking the soaked seeds out and airing, then soaking the seeds by 50 ppm good-quality gibberellin for 24 hours, then taking the seeds out and cleaning the seeds by clean water, stirring sand in the seeds at a ratio of seeds to sand of 1:3, accommodating the seeds mixed with the sand in a basin, a box and the like to be placed in a shade place until the November, controlling the temperature to be below 25 DEG C and controlling the moisture content to be 10-12%. The planting method for improving the yield and quality of American ginseng improves the yield and quality of the American ginseng under limited conditions.

Description

A kind of implantation methods improving American Ginseng output and quality

Technical field

The present invention relates to a kind of implantation methods improving American Ginseng output and quality, belong to agricultural plantation technology field.

Background technology

American Ginseng likes the nice and cool humid climate of half cloudy half light and penetrating loose and be rich in the rich soil of humus because of it.American Ginseng planting site should be selected in ground, on the good east southeast north orientation ventilating duct to the west of afforestation and well-drained Gou Kuang ridge or two sides, rivers and creeks fertilely, and should not to be selected on the using cold wind in winter road of Yi Zao area, open Shaolin and the southeast, northwest trend in front of the mountains.The P in soil H value of China, the soil of pH value between 5-6 can meet the growth of American Ginseng substantially.But the soil that can meet within the scope of this value is not what be seen everywhere, therefore, other method must be found to overcome the unfavorable property of natural habitats to American Ginseng.So science applying organic manure, reasonable employment chemical fertilizer, all feasible on the sandy loam and silt loam of phosphorous, potassium relative abundance.

Summary of the invention

The invention provides a kind of implantation methods improving American Ginseng output and quality, can address the aforementioned drawbacks, when condition is limited, improve the Quality and yield of American Ginseng as much as possible.

For solving above technical problem, the invention provides following technical scheme: a kind of implantation methods improving American Ginseng output and quality,

(1) selection of land: select pH value between 4.5-7.5, meet the basic growth requirement of American Ginseng;

(2) wholely: before American Ginseng, stubble is gramineae farm crop, first quarter moon is ploughed and is once shone ridge, stubble residue decomposition and accelerate soil-ripening before promoting, simultaneously mu applies pig manure that 6000kg becomes thoroughly decomposed and oxen and horses excrement pulverizes meticulous high-quality fertilizer and the cake fertilizer 50kg and high-quality Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 100kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed evenly copies plane and mixes in 20-30 centimetres of topsoils; Late autumn, high furrow were made in leveling, and build one for every 2 meters, furrow are high 25 centimetres, 1.4 meters, furrow top, and side slope ratio is 1: 1, and ditch bottom width is 10 centimetres.Furrow face makes every effort to flat thin, and in spreading phosphorous weathered granite in small, broken bits 3 centimetres above, after planting cover 1-2 centimetres again, every square metre is carried out soil disinfection with 50% carbendazim etc. of 20 grams around here, wherein copy plane when ploughing whole furrow and admix in soil for 15 grams, admix in furrow upper berth, the phosphorous weathered granite that covers during remaining 5 grams of sowings; (3) sowing and transplanting seed sowing, mu uses seed 3.5kg, row, spacing in the rows 10 × 10 centimetres, within long 4 years, receive plane, the mode of transplanting after adopting first nursery, during nursery, 3.5kg kind is educated 2 points of grounds with 5 × 6 centimetres of strains, line-spacing, dig again after long 2 years and transplant about 1 mu with 20 × 10 centimetres of row, spacing in the rows, longer 2 years receive plane; 1, (1) seed treatment is sowed: income fresh fruit when August, ginseng fruit was rubescent, pulp is rubbed with the hands to fall to clean slightly to dry in the air namely with 1000 times of 50% carbendazim seed soaking 10-20 minutes, pull out after drying, 24 hours are soaked again with the high-quality gibberellin of 50ppm, then pull out and rinse 1 time with clear water and then mix sand, plant: husky=1: 3, is contained in basin case etc. and is put in shady and cool place until November after mixing sand, temperature will control below 25 DEG C, humidity moisture 10%-12%; (2) sowing time: late November, through appearance 70%-80% breach of above-mentioned way process, not with about 30% breach of gibberellin process, sort out sowing, date of seeding, is until by the end of December in batches; Remaining non-breach be placed on 0-5 DEG C at, can also breach to February next year, after planting also can emerge; (3) type of seeding: spread 3 centimetres and sieve on the sufficient moisture in the soil furrow face of leveling, even and finely mix medicine, after leveling, with 5 × 6 of specification centimetres of seeding row spacing perforated boards punchings, dark 2 centimetres of sowings, consistent to protect depth standards, spread the weathered granite lid kind of mixing medicine sterilization after broadcasting again, after lid weathered granite, use plate once floating again, guarantee seed level 2 centimetres, cover the grass of 10 to 15 cm thicks, antifreeze to preserve soil moisture, emerge before and after general April 20; 2, transplant: transplant with 2 years raw seedlings;

(1) lifting: be advisable after withered with late October to early November American Ginseng acrial part, along furrow plane opens furrow soil, then from one ginseng root, exempt from damage ginseng root, accomplish that limit is risen, Bian Xuan, limit sterilization, limit transplant, the long easy dehydration of pilling up time, get mildewed in warm conditions and affect and survive; If cannot plant completely before year, carry out before bud bud is sprouted at the beginning of 3 months by the end of February after year; (2) select seedling: select root system healthy and strong, bud bud is full, without the seedling of damage by disease and insect, and divide three grades of transplantings according to seedling size.(3) sterilizing: the easy disease carrying germ of seedling, needs before cultivation to carry out disinfection, generally with 50% carbendazim, 1000 times of immersion seedlings 10 minutes, having certain effect to preventing and treating root disease.(4) transplanting method: planting density: one-level 20 × 10 centimetres, secondary seedling 20 × 8 centimetres, three grades of seedlings 20 × 6 centimetres; Penetrating easy non-irrigated soil property is tiltedly to plant as well, and seedling and furrow face are that miter angle puts into furrow, permeability difference level planting; Thickness of earth covering: one-level seedling 5 centimetres, secondary 4 centimetres, three grades 3 centimetres; Before transplanting, medicine sterilization all mixed by the weathered granite of bed 4 centimetres and lid seedling; (4) field management comprises: cold-proof, drought resisting, spring and summer management, sick worm rat plague control: five) results and processing 1, harvest time: harvest time, in late October, starts results when cauline leaf turns yellow; Make every effort to when excavating keep root shape complete, earth is shaken off, is placed on indoor and carries out classification, little children ginseng is picked out and plants one batch again; 2, fresh participation work: wash away mud with clean water, is put into draughty dry kiln after cleaning and dehydrates, within 3 weeks at 30-35 DEG C of temperature, complete.

This raising American Ginseng output that the present invention relates to and the implantation methods of quality, when condition is limited, improve the Quality and yield of American Ginseng.

Embodiment

(1) selection of land: select pH value between 4.5-7.5, meet the basic growth requirement of American Ginseng.(2) wholely: for alleviating the sick worm harm such as nematode, before American Ginseng, stubble with grass family as well.As wheat, corn put down stubble after receiving, first quarter moon is ploughed and is once shone ridge, stubble residue decomposition and accelerate soil-ripening before promoting, simultaneously mu applies pig manure that 6000kg becomes thoroughly decomposed and oxen and horses excrement (chicken manure, night soil meta-alkalescence are not all right) etc. and pulverizes meticulous high-quality fertilizer and the cake fertilizer 50kg and high-quality Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 100kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed and evenly copy plane and mix in 20-30 centimetres of topsoils.Late autumn, high furrow were made in leveling, and build one for every 2 meters, furrow are high 25 centimetres, 1.4 meters, furrow top, and side slope ratio is 1: 1, and ditch bottom width is 10 centimetres.Furrow face makes every effort to flat thin, and in spreading phosphorous weathered granite in small, broken bits 3 centimetres (4 centimetres that plant seedling) above, after planting covers 1-2 centimetres again.Want in the middle of this every square metre to carry out soil disinfection with 50% carbendazim etc. of 20 grams, wherein copy plane when ploughing whole furrow and admix in soil for 15 grams, admix during remaining 5 grams of sowings in furrow upper berth, the phosphorous weathered granite that covers.(3) sowing and transplanting: seed sowing, mu uses seed 3.5kg, row, spacing in the rows 10*10 centimetre, length just can receive plane in 4 years, such saving of labor and ginseng is very long and output is high, but waste covering, spray medicine is also many and take, the more important thing is and can not adapt to the demand of market to ginseng root tubbiness, ginseng radical valence lattice are low.So the mode of transplanting after still adopting first nursery on producing.During nursery, 3.5kg kind is educated 2 points of grounds with 5 × 6 centimetres of strains, line-spacing, dig again after long 2 years and transplant about 1 mu with 20*10 centimetre of row, spacing in the rows, longer 2 years receive plane.American Ginseng can not continuous cropping, and nursery can not be used for planting American Ginseng again. 1, sowing (1) seed treatment: income fresh fruit when August, ginseng fruit was rubescent, immediately pulp is rubbed with the hands and fall to clean i.e. available 1000 times of 50% carbendazim seed soaking 10-20 minutes of slightly drying in the air, pull out after drying, 24 hours are soaked again with the high-quality gibberellin of 50ppm, then pull out and rinse with clear water and then mix sand (planting: husky=1: 3) for 1 time, be contained in basin case etc. after mixing sand and be put in shady and cool place until November, temperature will control below 25 DEG C, humidity is advisable with moisture 10%-12%, too wet easy rotten kind, holds agglomeratingly unclamp namely loose being as the criterion to moisten one.Seed sprouting is prosperous then, and next year seed sprouting growing way is weak.(2) sowing time: late November, have 70%-80% breach through above-mentioned way process, not with about 30% breach of gibberellin process, can sort out sowing, date of seeding, is until by the end of December in batches.Remaining non-seam broken be placed on 0-5 DEG C at, can also seam broken to February next year, after planting also can emerge, more late seam broken person was because of inadequate 70 days of low temperature treatment time, physiology after-ripening can not complete and can not emerge, or goes out incomplete.(3) type of seeding: spread 3 centimetres of even and fine moistening weathered granites mixing medicine sterilization that sieve on the sufficient moisture in the soil furrow face of leveling, again after leveling, with 5 × 6 of specification centimetres of seeding row spacing perforated board punching (dark 2 centimetres) sowings, consistent to protect depth standards, spread the weathered granite lid kind of mixing medicine sterilization after broadcasting again, in order to smooth, use plate once floating after lid weathered granite again, guarantee seed level 2 centimetres, then cover the grass of 10 to 15 cm thicks, antifreeze to preserve soil moisture, emerge before and after general April 20.2, transplant: for adapting to market demand and Economization on land, reducing costs and ensure growth neat and consistent and adopting transplanting, transplant generally with 2 years raw seedlings.(1) lifting: be advisable after withered with late October to early November American Ginseng acrial part, opens furrow soil along furrow plane, then from one ginseng root, plane is dark as far as possible, in order to avoid root is joined in damage.And accomplish that limit is risen as possible, Bian Xuan, limit sterilization, limit transplant, the long easy dehydration of pilling up time, get mildewed in warm conditions and affect and survive.If cannot plant completely before year, carry out as early as possible before bud bud is sprouted at the beginning of 3 months by the end of February after year.(2) select seedling: select root system healthy and strong, bud bud is full, without the seedling of damage by disease and insect, and divide three grades of transplantings according to seedling size.(3) sterilizing: the easy disease carrying germ of seedling, needs before cultivation to carry out disinfection, generally with 50% carbendazim, 1000 times of immersion seedlings 10 minutes, having certain effect to preventing and treating root disease.(4) transplanting method: planting density: one-level 20*10 centimetre, secondary seedling 20 × 8 centimetres, three grades of seedlings 20 × 6 centimetres.Penetrating easy non-irrigated soil property with tiltedly plant as well (seedling and furrow face are that miter angle puts into furrow) permeability difference with level planting as well.Thickness of earth covering: one-level seedling 5 centimetres, secondary 4 centimetres, three grades 3 centimetres.Before transplanting, the weathered granite of bed 4 centimetres and lid seedling all will mix medicine sterilization.(4) field management 1, cold-proof: no matter the grass that all will cover 10-15 cm thicks after late November of seedling, transplanted seedling and sowing is antifreeze to preserve soil moisture.Rand, furrow limit also will thicken, for the windproof Ying Cao of scraping presses branch and stone etc.2, drought resisting: the time of arid will spray water at snow short of rain, in case bud bud is withered and guarantee that the next spring normally emerges.3, cold-proof thing removed by spring, summer field management reason (1) in good time: remove cold-proof thing and be advisable to welcome spring at the beginning of 4 months by the end of March when the flowers are in blossom, be subject to freeze injury too early, cross late seedling and be unearthed evening, tender stem is easily by sun burn.A little short broken grass can be stayed, in order to preserving soil moisture and preventing rain-impact ground when removing grass.Various places essential factor weather and Phenological change science remove covering in good time.(2) furrow face sterilization: hug impurity elimination leaf after burring, 1% copper sulphate disinfection is sprayed in full field, but liquid must not ooze and is stained with on bud bud and ginseng root, in order to avoid to damage and impact is emerged.(3) loosen the soil in furrow face: remove after grass that furrow face is moistening should loosen the soil immediately, as arid then should first spray water moistening after loosen the soil again, to ventilate, temperature raising urgees seedling and to be unearthed growth, and whole seeding stage furrow face all will keep moistening, in case to burn the tender cauline leaf of children because showing native arid.(4) frame canopy sunshade: American Ginseng happiness oblique fire and scattered light are afraid of high light, but still need sunlight provide energy and carry out photosynthesis.After large ginseng chooses spreading and covering grass of nose and sowing in first year ginseng, set up shading shed adjustment illumination scientifically and rationally, with the robust growth of short guarantor's American Ginseng.Adopt two (printing opacity saturating rain) booth thoroughly, principal post overall length 2.2 meters (underground buries 50 centimetres), four limit principal posts 1.9 meters (underground buries 50 centimetres), intercolumniation advance is depending on suitable pole length.Long 2.4 meters of cross bar, first ties up cross bar with iron wire, more each furrow are put three suitable bars and fixed with iron wire on cross bar, and put along on bar the woven straw shaded, surrounding corn stalk etc. presss from both sides into the barrier that keeps out the wind.Curtain light transmittance is depending on joining age, 1-2 years light transmittances, 15-20%, 3-4 years light transmittances 3 0%-35%.Another mid-April, the West seedling must shade by frame canopy close to when being unearthed in good time, and too early furrow temperature is low emerges late, and the young young stem and leaf that shades again after emerging easily is burnt.(5) topdress: American Ginseng belongs to perennial root plant, must topdress every year supplementary.Impose Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium after emerging spring and each 50 grams of/meter of * 2 of cake fertilizer that become thoroughly decomposed, a heatable brick bed soil 500 grams of/meter of * 2, the trench digging that topdresses is shallow, must guard against fertilizer contact ginseng palpus, in case fertilizer damage.As furrow face arid should be watered in time after topdressing.(6) mulch covers: mulch covering carries out after in the first tenday period of a month in May at the West exhibition leaf initial stage and end of topdressing, and too early cauline leaf children is tender easily touches the ginseng stem that breaks, and crosses late ginseng leaf intersection and covers with furrow face easy damaged petiole and blade again.Covering mostly is broken wheat straw grass etc.(7) drought-relief, waterlogging-preventing: city's American Ginseng growing area is generally do in the flood autumn in spring drought summer, and guarantor is emerged so spring often will water; To spray water autumn in good time and protect root and expand weightening finish; Summer wants drainage waterlogging prevention to protect ginseng normal growth, and chance drought and high temperature also will be sprayed water.(8) choose seeds and reserve seed for planting: when the plant type of current American Ginseng colony, maturing stage all seriously uneven (ripe difference sooner or later 1 wheat harvesting period), purificate and rejuvenate imperative.In addition, full in order to ensure seed, suitable flower and fruit thinning is also very necessary, flower thinning is bloomed in the inflorescence of 3/4, carry out when fraction is beared fruit, the inflorescence at top 1/2 is thinning out make to stay a fruit large maturation to concentrate, at fruit expanding stage, the Chinese olive do not expanded is removed, nutrition is concentrated on and stays fruit and ginseng root.4, sick worm rat plague control: (1) disease: harm cauline leaf have black spot, epidemic disease, anthracnose, harm stem in, base portion have damping off, damping off, stem rot; That endangers root has root rot, epidemic disease, stalk break, rust rot etc.The disease of American Ginseng should perform the principle of integrated control of putting prevention first, and agronomy, agricultural chemicals combines, with wide-spectrum bactericide for main individual event medicament is for paving.Underground disease, sow transplant time carbendazim etc. carry out seed, seedling and soil treatment, have suitable preventive effect.Disease on the ground, at Zhan Yehou, every two weeks sprays the bordeaux mixture of 1 time 1: 1: 400, intert spray 50% carbendazim 1000 times of liquid, the bacterium spirit 200 0 times of liquid that disappear, 20% triadimefon, 500-1000 times of liquid, 70% topsin, 1000 times of liquid, 7% mancozeb 500-700 times of liquid, 50% Tuzet, 500 times of liquid etc.Spray in average 7 days 1 medicine, meeting rain will fill spray.Except alternately, intert and spray various medicaments to improve except preventive effect, because American Ginseng growing stage, weather, agricultural chemicals producer are different with the date of manufacture, spray concentration, dose and must carry out test before spraying, in order to avoid cause poisoning.Find that diseased plant pulls out to concentrate immediately to burn, sick cave 50% milk of lime or the 400 times of liquid pouring sterilizations of 50% carbendazim.(2) insect pest: to underground worms such as grub, mole cricket, cutworm, wireworms, with the malicious erbium trapping such as 50% phoxim, 90% chlorophos; Spray available low toxicity noresidue medicaments such as aphid, looper, mythimna separatas, 50% phoxim, 90% chlorophos, 80% dichlorvos, 40% flolimat etc. are sprayed.(3) plague of rats: with the trapping of Bromadiolone poison erbium. (five) results and processing 1, harvest time: general growth 4 years results, in order to breeding seed, 5 years sometimes results.Harvest time, in late October, starts results when cauline leaf turns yellow.Make every effort to when excavating keep root shape complete, earth is shaken off, is placed on indoor and carries out classification, sometimes little children ginseng is picked out and plant one batch again.2, fresh participation work: wash away mud with clean water, but the overlong time that do not soak in water, in order to avoid color and luster is bad and not easily drying.Be put into draughty dry kiln after cleaning to dehydrate, within 3 weeks at 30-35 DEG C of temperature, complete, baker high-temperature drying must not be used, because the too fast meeting of drying first forms stiff shell on top layer before white drying, the a lot of fold of easy appearance or broken skin, center, cross section is often a bit darkish in color, and reduces quality; But slowly dried, the outside of root there will be dark spots again, cause and rot and reduce commercial quality.

Embodiment of the present invention does not form the restriction to the application's scope; within every spirit in the present invention's design and principle, any amendment that one of skill in the art can make, equivalent to replace and improvement etc. all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (1)

1. improve an implantation methods for American Ginseng output and quality, it is characterized in that,

(1) selection of land: select pH value between 4.5-7.5; (2) wholely: before American Ginseng, stubble is gramineae farm crop, first quarter moon is ploughed and is once shone ridge, stubble residue decomposition and accelerate soil-ripening before promoting, simultaneously mu applies pig manure that 6000kg becomes thoroughly decomposed and oxen and horses excrement pulverizes meticulous high-quality fertilizer and the cake fertilizer 50kg and high-quality Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 100kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed evenly copies plane and mixes in 20-30 centimetres of topsoils; Late autumn, high furrow were made in leveling, and build one for every 2 meters, furrow are high 25 centimetres, 1.4 meters, furrow top, and side slope ratio is 1: 1, and ditch bottom width is 10 centimetres; Furrow face makes every effort to flat thin, and in spreading phosphorous weathered granite in small, broken bits 3 centimetres above, after planting cover 1-2 centimetres again, every square metre is carried out soil disinfection with 50% carbendazim etc. of 20 grams around here, wherein copy plane when ploughing whole furrow and admix in soil for 15 grams, admix in furrow upper berth, the phosphorous weathered granite that covers during remaining 5 grams of sowings; (3) sowing and transplanting seed sowing, mu uses seed 3.5kg, row, spacing in the rows 10 × 10 centimetres, within long 4 years, receive plane, the mode of transplanting after adopting first nursery, during nursery, 3.5kg kind is educated 2 points of grounds with 5 × 6 centimetres of strains, line-spacing, dig again after long 2 years and transplant about 1 mu with 20 × 10 centimetres of row, spacing in the rows, longer 2 years receive plane; 1, (1) seed treatment is sowed: income fresh fruit when August, ginseng fruit was rubescent, pulp is rubbed with the hands to fall to clean slightly to dry in the air namely with 1000 times of 50% carbendazim seed soaking 10-20 minutes, pull out after drying, 24 hours are soaked again with the high-quality gibberellin of 50ppm, then pull out and rinse 1 time with clear water and then mix sand, plant: husky=1: 3, is contained in basin case etc. and is put in shady and cool place until November after mixing sand, temperature will control below 25 DEG C, humidity moisture 10%-12%; (2) sowing time: late November, through appearance 70%-80% breach of above-mentioned way process, not with about 30% breach of gibberellin process, sort out sowing, date of seeding, is until by the end of December in batches; Remaining non-breach be placed on 0-5 DEG C at, can also breach to February next year, after planting also can emerge; (3) type of seeding: spread 3 centimetres and sieve on the sufficient moisture in the soil furrow face of leveling, even and finely mix medicine, after leveling, with 5 × 6 of specification centimetres of seeding row spacing perforated boards punchings, dark 2 centimetres of sowings, consistent to protect depth standards, spread the weathered granite lid kind of mixing medicine sterilization after broadcasting again, after lid weathered granite, use plate once floating again, guarantee seed level 2 centimetres, cover the grass of 10 to 15 cm thicks, antifreeze to preserve soil moisture, emerge before and after general April 20; 2, transplant: transplant with 2 years raw seedlings;

(1) lifting: be advisable after withered with late October to early November American Ginseng acrial part, along furrow plane opens furrow soil, then from one ginseng root, exempt from damage ginseng root, accomplish that limit is risen, Bian Xuan, limit sterilization, limit transplant, the long easy dehydration of pilling up time, get mildewed in warm conditions and affect and survive; If cannot plant completely before year, carry out before bud bud is sprouted at the beginning of 3 months by the end of February after year; (2) select seedling: select root system healthy and strong, bud bud is full, without the seedling of damage by disease and insect, and divide three grades of transplantings according to seedling size; (3) sterilizing: the easy disease carrying germ of seedling, needs before cultivation to carry out disinfection, generally with 50% carbendazim, 1000 times of immersion seedlings 10 minutes, having certain effect to preventing and treating root disease; (4) transplanting method: planting density: one-level 20 × 10 centimetres, secondary seedling 20 × 8 centimetres, three grades of seedlings 20 × 6 centimetres; Penetrating easy non-irrigated soil property is tiltedly to plant as well, and seedling and furrow face are that miter angle puts into furrow, permeability difference level planting; Thickness of earth covering: one-level seedling 5 centimetres, secondary 4 centimetres, three grades 3 centimetres; Before transplanting, medicine sterilization all mixed by the weathered granite of bed 4 centimetres and lid seedling; (4) field management comprises: cold-proof, drought resisting, spring and summer management, sick worm rat plague control: (five) results and processing 1, harvest time: harvest time, in late October, starts results when cauline leaf turns yellow; Make every effort to when excavating keep root shape complete, earth is shaken off, is placed on indoor and carries out classification, little children ginseng is picked out and plants one batch again; 2, fresh participation work: wash away mud with clean water, is put into draughty dry kiln after cleaning and dehydrates, within 3 weeks at 30-35 DEG C of temperature, complete.