CN102498895B - Standard planting method for paris polyphylla - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a standard planting method for paris polyphylla. The method comprises the following steps of: breeding, cultivating, performing field management, harvesting, cleaning fields and gardens and the like. The method can be used for standard planting of the paris polyphylla with short the growth period and yield improved by over 30 percent; decomposed manure, rotted manure, decomposed human excrement or cake fertilizers are chiefly adopted, and pesticides are prohibited, so rhizomes used as medicines meet the provisions under a 'paris polyphylla' item of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition one, harmful substances such as pesticide residues, heavy metals and the like are below the standard provision, the cost is reduced, and the quality of the paris polyphylla serving as the medicines is ensured; and the planting and processing of the paris polyphylla have a strict requirement on various chemical pollutions, so the excellent ecological environmental benefit is brought together with social economic benefit.

Description

The standardized planting method of Aesculus aesculus

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of medicinal plant cultivation, and relates to a standardized planting method of Aesculus aescini.

Background technique

Aescin is a plant of Liliaceae, and its medicinal part is the dry rhizome. The trade name is: Chonglou, also known as: Zaoxiu, Caoheche. It is a variety recorded in the 2010 edition of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", a commonly used clinical variety, and has a history of more than 2,000 years of application. water) one of the varieties. It has the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling and relieving pain, cooling liver and relieving convulsions. Clinically, it is commonly used to treat sore throat, tonsillitis, mastitis, mumps, carbuncle, furuncle, injury from falls, snake bites and other diseases. According to the records in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica": "Zaoxiu controls epilepsy, shakes the head and tongue, heat in the abdomen, epilepsy, carbuncle sores, eczema, lowers three insects, and removes snake venom." There is a common proverb that says: "A seven leaf and a branch of flower, the deep mountain is my home, if you encounter a carbuncle, you can hold it in your hand", this is an appropriate portrayal of it.

Wild Aescin is suitable for growing in valleys, streams, and wetlands under broad-leaved forests at an altitude of 700-1100 meters. It likes a cool, damp, and moderately watered environment. It is afraid of drought and stagnant water; it can be used as medicine when it grows It takes 3-5 years to harvest tubers and use them as medicine. Due to the current exhaustion of wild resources and the long growth cycle of medicinal parts, it is difficult to meet market demand, so artificial cultivation techniques have been developed.

In the existing artificial cultivation technology, much attention is paid to the research and development of breeding technology, and tuber propagation technology is usually used now. The planting scale of the existing artificial cultivation technology is small, and standardized planting has not yet been formed. The cost is high, the yield is low, and the quality is unstable.

Especially in recent years, more and more attention has been paid to medicines based on natural resources in disease prevention, treatment and health care. The traditional Chinese medicine industry integrating green, safety, prevention, health care and treatment is becoming an important part of the world's pharmaceutical industry . The state attaches great importance to the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry and actively promotes the modernization and industrialization of traditional Chinese medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine industry will surely become a strategic industry for China's economic development in the 21st century.

Therefore, Aesculus aesculus has dual characteristics of economic plants and ecological plants, and its planting and processing have strict requirements on various chemical pollutions. It is a very good environment-friendly industry. The development of this industry can not only create social and economic Benefits can also bring ecological and environmental benefits.

Contents of the invention

In order to solve the problems of small planting scale, high cost, low yield and unstable quality of the above-mentioned existing artificial cultivation technology of Aesculus aesculus, the present invention proposes an Aesculus aesculus with relatively stable quality, effectively controlled cost, and effectively improved output. The standardized planting method of flowers.

The present invention is achieved through the following schemes:

The above-mentioned standardized planting method of Aesculus aesculus includes breeding, cultivation, field management, harvesting and field cleaning, and the specific steps are as follows:

First, breeding

Use tubers for breeding, select healthy, no pests and diseases, and intact plants that have been cultivated for 3-5 years in the first ten days of October-November, after excavation, put them in an environment with a temperature of 5-20°C and a relative humidity of 60-80% to press sand , soil ratio 3:1 storage; before planting, cut off at least one tuber with a bud head of about 4cm for seeding. After cutting, dip 25% carbendazim wettable powder at the incision and dilute about 800 times for disinfection, and put it in Apply plant ash to the incision, let it cool for 6-8 hours to dry the incision, and set aside;

Second, cultivation

a. Site selection

Soil conditions: choose shady and gentle slope land or flat land with short sunshine, and weakly acidic to neutral fertile humic land with loose texture, water retention and good drainage. The pH value is required to be between 5.5-7.0 and organic matter > 1.0%. , the plowing layer is about 40cm, and the soil environmental quality must meet the first or second level of the national environmental quality standard;

The air environment of the base: the air is pollution-free, in line with the national air environment quality standard level two or above, that is, the air quality index II is between 0.6 and 1.0;

Water quality conditions: There are water sources and facilities available for irrigation, the water quality is pollution-free, and the irrigation water quality meets the second grade or above of the national farmland irrigation water quality standard;

Other requirements: no polluting industrial and mining enterprises, no "three wastes" pollution, no garbage dump within 10km around the planting site;

b. Site preparation

Before excavating the selected land, choose a sunny day, dilute 800 times liquid with 50% carbendazim wettable powder and spray the soil surface to disinfect the soil, and then apply 1500 kg of decomposed manure per mu to loosen the land 1. Increase soil organic matter and increase the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrient oxygen elements. Repeatedly dig the topsoil layer and plow the soil 20-25cm deep; before planting, apply 3000kg of decomposed soil miscellaneous fertilizer or decomposed stable compost, that is 70-80% of the total amount of fertilizer must be applied to the soil before transplanting, and then plowed shallowly, raked to pieces, and leveled to make a furrow. The width of the furrow is 1.2-1.5m, and the furrow is turtle-shaped. ditch;

The decomposed manure applied is made of wheat straw as the main material mixed with 1/10 of the manure and sprayed with water to pile up and ferment for more than 3 months;

c. Cultivation

In the middle and late October-November, put the prepared seeds in rows on the well-finished furrow surface, the plant spacing is 15-20cm, and the hole depth is 5-7cm. Put the bud heads upwards, put each hole and one piece, and cover the soil after planting Miscellaneous fertilizer and fine soil should be watered once in case of drought; seedlings can emerge in February-March of the following year.

Third, field management

a. Supplementary seedlings

After 10-15 days of emergence, the emergence situation should be checked and filled in time;

b. Cultivation and weeding

Once a month in spring, summer, and autumn, and once a month in winter, hoe frequently and shallowly to avoid root damage and affect growth; usually cover the border with grass to keep moisture; from late May to early June, timely drain water to prevent waterlogging;

c. Topdressing

The amount of topdressing in the later stage accounts for 20-30% of the total amount of fertilizer. After the seedlings emerge every year, topdress with decomposed manure, decomposed human manure or cake fertilizer once, do not use or use less chemical fertilizers, and chemical nitrate nitrogen fertilizers are prohibited;

d. pipe water

Keep the border and soil moist, water in time in dry season, spray water at intervals in normal times, and drain the ditch in time in rainy season to prevent water accumulation in the field;

e. Flower removal

When the flowering shoots are in May-June, in addition to saving the seeds, cut off all the flowering shoots in time;

f. Cultivation

In the first ten days of June, reapply topdressing, use 2,000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per mu, and 20-30 kg of Gap calcium. After chasing at the root, combine with clear ditch and large soil. ;

g. shade

The light transmittance during the whole growth period is 40-50%. After emergence and transplanting, take shade measures with a shade height of more than 2 meters;

Fourth, harvest

The rhizomes can be harvested after 3 years of planting; in the first ten days of October-November, when the plants on the ground are withered, choose to dig on sunny days, first cut off the stems and leaves, and then use a hoe to dig out the tubers from the side to keep the tubers intact. Shake off the soil, put it into a clean, non-toxic, pest-free bamboo or plastic basket, keep the rhizomes with buds as seeds, and use the rest of the rhizomes for processing into medicine;

Fifth, clean up the pastoral

The non-medicinal parts and weeds of Aescinus chinensis remaining in the plot after excavation are to be piled up in a centralized manner, and then transported out of the planting site for incineration, digging pits for deep burial, or decomposing to the standard and then used as base fertilizer.

The standardized planting method of Aescin, wherein: the planting method also includes pest control, wherein for pest control, one solar insecticidal lamp is installed per mu for pest control above the surface; plant pest control is used for pest control below the surface After the insecticide Zeqi is crushed into a coarse powder of 1-2mm, it is evenly sprinkled on the ground at a rate of 20g per square meter; disease control is carried out in rotation with grass crops for more than 3 years, and the land is sprayed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder for disinfection before cultivation , Remove diseased seedlings in time and pay attention to cooling, ventilation and waterlogging; the above-mentioned pests and diseases are prohibited from spraying various pesticides.

The standardized planting method of Aesculus aescine, wherein: the shelter shade measures adopt sunshade nets. The shading measures for setting up a shed are to cultivate vines at a distance of 40 cm at about 1/3 of the drainage ditches on both sides of each border, and use their vines to shade; the vines are loofahs, which need to be removed in time Flower buds; the vine crop is trichosanthes.

The standardized planting method of Aescinus aesculus, wherein: the rhizomes processed into medicine are cleaned from the soil, taken out and dried in the sun or dried to become medicinal products.

Beneficial effect:

By adopting the method, the planting method of the seven-leaf aesculum can be realized, and the growth period is short, and the excavated rhizomes can be saved for seeds and used as medicine again. Since manure, human excrement or cake fertilizer are mainly used and the use of pesticides is prohibited, the rhizome used as medicine complies with the provisions of the "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" 2010 Edition, a "Chonglou" item, and the pesticide residues, heavy metals and other harmful substances are all lower than the standard requirements. . The standardized planting can reduce the cost, increase the yield by more than 30%, and ensure the quality of the medicine. And because of its planting and processing, there are strict requirements on various chemical pollutions. While creating social and economic benefits, it also brings good ecological and environmental benefits.

Detailed ways

The standardized planting method of Aesculus aesculus of the present invention includes breeding, cultivation, field management, disease and insect pest control, harvesting and processing and cleaning up the field, and the specific contents are as follows:

1. Breeding

Use tubers for breeding, select healthy, no pests and diseases, and intact plants that have been cultivated for 3-5 years in the first ten days of October-November, after excavation, put them in an environment with a temperature of 5-20°C and a relative humidity of 60-80% to press sand , soil ratio 3:1 storage; before planting, cut off at least one tuber with a bud head of about 4cm for seeding. After cutting, dip 25% carbendazim wettable powder at the incision and dilute about 800 times for disinfection, and put it in Apply plant ash to the incision, let it cool for 6-8 hours to dry the incision, and set aside.

2. Cultivation

1. Site selection

Requirements for soil conditions: choose shady and gentle slope land or flat land with short sunshine, and weakly acidic to neutral fertile humic land with loose texture, water retention and good drainage. The pH value is required to be between 5.5-7.0 and organic matter> 1.0%. Above, the cultivated layer is about 40cm, and the soil environment quality must meet the first or second standard of "National Environmental Quality Standards" (GB15618-1995);

The air environment requirements of the base: the air is free from pollution and meets the first or second standard of "Air Environmental Quality Requirements" (GB3095-1996), that is, the air quality index II is between 0.6-1.0;

Water quality requirements: There are water sources and facilities available for irrigation, the water quality is free from pollution, and the irrigation water quality meets the national "Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standard" (GB3095-1985); Class II or above;

Other requirements: no polluting industrial and mining enterprises, no "three wastes" pollution, no garbage dump within 10km around the planting site.

2. Land preparation

Before digging the selected land, choose a sunny day, dilute 800 times of liquid with 50% carbendazim wettable powder, spray the soil surface, carry out soil disinfection, and then apply decomposed manure (based on wheat straw) per mu. 1/10 of manure mixed with manure, sprayed with water, stacked and fermented for more than 3 months) 1500kg, used as a base fertilizer to loosen the soil, increase soil organic matter and increase the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other oxygen elements, repeatedly excavate the topsoil layer, put Plow the soil deeply by 20-25cm; apply 3000kg of decomposed soil miscellaneous fertilizer or decomposed stable compost per mu before planting, so that the base fertilizer used accounts for 70-80% of the total fertilizer, that is, 70-80% of the total fertilizer must be applied before transplanting Put it into the soil, then plow it shallowly, rake it, and level it to make a furrow. The width of the furrow is about 1.2-1.5m.

The decomposed manure applied above is made by mixing 1/10 of manure with wheat straw as the main ingredient, spraying water, stacking and fermenting for more than 3 months.

3. Cultivation

In the middle and late October-November, put the prepared seeds in rows on the well-finished furrow surface, the plant spacing is 15-20cm, and the hole depth is 5-7cm. Put the bud heads upwards, put each hole and one piece, and cover the soil after planting Miscellaneous fertilizer and fine soil should be watered once in case of drought. Seedlings can emerge in February-March of the following year.

3. Field management

1. Supplementary seedlings

After 10-15 days of emergence, the emergence situation should be checked and filled in time.

2. Cultivation and weeding

Aescin requires loose soil. The growth of the aboveground part is weak, so special attention should be paid to loosening the soil and weeding, once a month in spring, summer and autumn, and once in February in winter, so as to avoid root damage and affect growth. Usually cover the border with grass to moisturize. From late May to early June, there are many heavy rains and the soil is easy to harden. Timely drainage and waterlogging should be prevented.

3. Top dressing

The amount of topdressing fertilizer in the later period accounts for 20-30% of the total fertilizer amount. After the seedlings are unearthed every year, the decomposed manure, decomposed human manure or cake fertilizer is topdressed once. No or less chemical fertilizers are used, and chemical nitrate nitrogen fertilizers are prohibited.

4. Pipe water

Aescin likes a damp environment, and the furrow surface and soil layer should be kept moist. In the dry season, it should be watered in time, and it should be sprayed at intervals. In the rainy season, it should be dredged and drained in time to prevent water accumulation in the field and cause disease.

5. Deflowering

In order to reduce nutrient consumption and make nutrient supply concentrated for the growth of underground tubers, in May-June, in addition to saving seeds, all flower stalks should be cut off in time to increase yield.

6. Cultivation

Aescin usually has a growth pattern of blooming at the top and swelling of the tuber at the bottom. Generally, it grows fastest from mid-June to late August. Topdressing must be reapplied in the first ten days of June, with 2000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per mu and 20-30 kg of Gap calcium. stagnant water.

7. Shade

Aescin likes shade and is afraid of strong light. It is better to have a light transmittance of 40-50% throughout the growth period. Therefore, after emergence and transplanting, take shelter shade measures: the shade height should be more than 2 meters, and you can use sunshade nets or plant vines such as loofah and trichosanthes at a distance of 40cm at about 1/3 of the drainage ditch on both sides of each border. , using its vine trellis for shade.

When cultivating loofah for shade, it is necessary to remove the flower buds in time.

4. Pest control

1. Pest control: Install one solar insecticidal lamp per acre for pest control above the surface, and use the plant insecticide Zeqi (Mao'er's eye grass) to pulverize into 1-2mm coarse powder for pest control below the surface. Sprinkle 20g per square meter evenly on the ground; it can effectively prevent pests.

2. Disease prevention and control: stem rot should mainly occur. The disease mostly occurs in the seedbed stage, and the damage is more serious in the high temperature and rainy field stage. First, yellow-brown lesions are produced at the base of the stem. After the lesions expand, the leaf tips will lose water and sag. In severe cases, the stem base will rot and the seedlings will fall. Control measures: ① Rotate crops with gramineous crops for more than 3 years; ② Spray 50% carbendazim wettable powder on the land before cultivation to disinfect; ③ Remove diseased seedlings in time; ④ Pay attention to cooling, ventilation and waterlogging.

Spraying of various pesticides is prohibited.

5. Harvesting and processing

After 3 years of planting with rhizomes, the rhizomes can be harvested. From October to early November, when the plants on the ground wither, choose to dig on sunny days. Most of its tubers grow in the topsoil and are easy to dig, but care should be taken to keep the tubers intact. Cut off the stems and leaves first, then use a hoe to excavate from the side, dig out the tubers, shake off the soil, put them into clean, non-toxic, pest-free bamboo or plastic baskets, keep the rhizomes with buds as seeds, and the rest of the rhizomes For processing into medicine.

The rhizomes processed into medicines are cleaned from the soil, taken out and dried in the sun or dried to become medicinal products, and the quality inspection of the products is carried out to make them comply with the provisions under the item "Chonglou" in the 2010 edition of the "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" , and pesticide residues, heavy metals and other harmful substances are lower than the standard.

6. Clean up the countryside

The non-medicinal parts and weeds of Aescinus chinensis remaining in the plot after excavation are to be piled up in a centralized manner, and then transported out of the planting site for incineration, digging pits for deep burial, or decomposing to the standard and then used as base fertilizer.

By adopting the method, the planting method of the seven-leaf aesculum can be realized, and the growth period is short, and the excavated rhizomes can be saved for seeds and used as medicine again. Since it mainly uses decomposed manure, manure, human manure or cake fertilizer and prohibits the use of pesticides, the rhizome used in medicine complies with the provisions of the "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" 2010 Edition, a "Chonglou" item, and pesticide residues, heavy metals and other harmful substances are all low stipulated in the standard. The standardized planting can reduce the cost, increase the yield by more than 30%, and ensure the quality of the medicine. And because of its planting and processing, there are strict requirements on various chemical pollutions. While creating social and economic benefits, it also brings good ecological and environmental benefits.

It is not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention, so all equivalent technical changes made by using the description and illustrations of the present invention are included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A standardized planting method of Aescinus aesculata, comprising breeding, cultivation, field management, harvesting and clearing up the field, the concrete steps are as follows: Breeding first Use tubers for breeding, select healthy, no pests and diseases, and intact plants that have been cultivated for 3-5 years in the first ten days of October-November, after excavation, put them in an environment with a temperature of 5-20°C and a relative humidity of 60-80% to press sand , soil ratio 3:1 storage; before planting, cut off at least one tuber with a bud head of about 4cm for seeding. After cutting, dip 25% carbendazim wettable powder at the incision and dilute about 800 times for disinfection, and put it in Apply plant ash to the incision, let it dry for 6-8 hours to dry the incision, and set aside; Second, cultivation a. Site selection Soil conditions: choose shady and gentle slope land or flat land with short sunshine and weakly acidic to neutral fertile humic land with loose texture, water retention and good drainage. The pH value is required to be between 5.5-7.0 and organic matter> 1.0%. The tillage layer is about 40cm, and the soil environment quality must meet the first or second level of the national environmental quality standard; The air environment of the base: the air is pollution-free, in line with the national air environment quality standard level two or above, that is, the air quality index II is between 0.6-1.0; Water quality conditions: There are water sources and facilities available for irrigation, the water quality is pollution-free, and the irrigation water quality meets the second grade or above of the national farmland irrigation water quality standard; Other requirements: no polluting industrial and mining enterprises, no "three wastes" pollution, no garbage dump within 10km around the planting site; b. Site preparation Before the selected above-mentioned land is excavated, select a sunny day, dilute 800 times of liquid spray soil surface with 50% carbendazim wettable powder, carry out soil disinfection, then apply decomposed manure 1500kg per mu to loosen the land, Increase soil organic matter and increase the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients. Repeatedly excavate the topsoil layer and plow the soil 20-25cm deep; before planting, apply decomposed soil miscellaneous fertilizer or decomposed stable compost to make the total fertilizer amount 70-80% must be applied to the soil before transplanting, then plowed shallowly, raked to pieces, and leveled to form a furrow with a width of 1.2-1.5m. The decomposed manure applied is made of wheat straw as the main material, mixed with one-tenth of the manure and sprayed with water, stacked and fermented for more than 3 months; c. Cultivation In the middle and late October-November, put the prepared seeds in rows on the well-finished furrow surface, the plant spacing is 15-20cm, and the hole depth is 5-7cm. Put the bud heads upwards, put each hole and one piece, and cover the soil after planting Miscellaneous fertilizer and fine soil should be watered once in case of drought; seedlings can emerge in February-March of the following year; Third, field management a. Supplementary seedlings After 10-15 days of emergence, the emergence situation should be checked and filled in time; b. Cultivation and weeding Once a month in spring, summer and autumn, and once a month in winter, hoe frequently and shallowly to avoid root damage and affect growth; usually cover the border with grass to keep moisture; c. Topdressing The amount of topdressing fertilizer in the later stage accounts for 20-30% of the total fertilizer amount. After the seedlings are unearthed, topdress with decomposed manure, decomposed human manure or cake fertilizer once a year. No or less chemical fertilizers are used, and chemical nitrate nitrogen fertilizers are prohibited; d. pipe water Keep the border and soil moist, water in time in dry season, spray water at intervals in normal times, and drain the ditch in time in rainy season to prevent water accumulation in the field; e. Flower removal When the flowering shoots are in May-June, in addition to saving the seeds, cut off all the flowering shoots in time; f. Cultivation In the first ten days of June, reapply topdressing, use 2,000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per mu, and 20-30 kg of Gap calcium. After chasing at the root, combine with clear ditch and large soil. ; g. shade The light transmittance during the whole growth period is 40-50%. After emergence and transplanting, take shade measures with a shade height of more than 2 meters; Fourth, harvest Harvest the rhizomes after planting for 3 years and use them as medicine; in October-early November, when the plants on the ground are withered, choose to dig in sunny days, cut off the stems and leaves first, then dig out the tubers from the side with a hoe, keep the tubers intact, and shake them off Put the soil into clean, non-toxic, pest-free bamboo or plastic baskets, keep the rhizomes with buds as seeds, and use the rest of the rhizomes for processing into medicine; Fifth, clean up the pastoral The non-medicinal parts and weeds of Aescinus chinensis remaining in the plot after excavation are to be piled up in a centralized manner, and then transported out of the planting site for incineration, digging pits for deep burial, or decomposing to the standard and then used as base fertilizer. 2. The standardized planting method of Aesculus aesculus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: said shelter shade measures adopt sunshade nets. 3. the standardized planting method of Aesculus aesculus as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: described shed shade measure is to cultivate vine crops by plant spacing 40cm at about 1/3 place of drainage ditch on both sides of every furrow, utilizes Its vine trellis provides shade. 4. The standardized planting method of Aescin as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: said vine crop is loofah, and when cultivating loofah, flower buds need to be removed in time. 5. The standardized planting method of Aesculus aesculus as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: said vine crop is trichosanthum pollen. 6. The standardized planting method of Aesculus aesculus according to claim 1, characterized in that: the rhizomes processed into medicine are cleaned from soil, taken out and dried in the sun or dried to become medicinal products.