CN104663348A - Cultivation method for increasing resistance of fruit tree - Google Patents
Cultivation method for increasing resistance of fruit tree Download PDFInfo
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- CN104663348A CN104663348A CN201510079343.6A CN201510079343A CN104663348A CN 104663348 A CN104663348 A CN 104663348A CN 201510079343 A CN201510079343 A CN 201510079343A CN 104663348 A CN104663348 A CN 104663348A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G3/00—Cutting implements specially adapted for horticultural purposes; Delimbing standing trees
- A01G2003/005—Removing buds
Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for increasing the resistance of a fruit tree. The cultivation method comprises the steps of selecting a resistant rootstock, sowing seeds of the resistant rootstock, pinching for promoting the generation of branches of the rootstock when the rootstock grows to be 50cm-120cm long, grafting a needed variety on 2-6 branches according to the needs of a tree shape after the branches grow to a certain thickness which is suitable for grafting, meanwhile, cutting off main roots for promoting the generation and the growth of a large number of fibrous roots and fine roots through replanting again, and thus cultivating large fruit tree seedlings with branches and strong fibrous roots. According to the cultivation method disclosed by the invention, not only is the advantage of strong resistance of an underground part of the rootstock utilized, but also the advantage of strong resistance of an overground part of the rootstock is utilized, the increase of the whole resistance of the fruit tree is promoted, the resistance is enhanced after nursery stocks of the fruit tree are planted, the fruit tree can bear fruits in 2-3 years, and the fruiting period of the fruit tree is greatly quickened.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of breeding method improving fruit tree resistance, the method is applicable to cultivate the paniculate fruit tree seedlings of band, be particularly useful for stock growth rate to be greater than or close to the situation of Grafted Variety, be not suitable for the situation that stock growth rate is slower than institute Grafted Variety, as various Nanking cherry, strongly fragrant Lee's grafting peach, apricot, Apples Dwarf Stocks (M7, M9, MM106) grafting apple etc.This method is specially adapted to the dry trained fruit tree of non-stop layer.After planting, fruit tree resistance significantly improves.The present embodiment is particularly suitable for for increasing drought resistance of fruit trees, salinity and alkalinity resistance, premunition, increases quality, changes the florescence, the characteristics such as maturing stage.
Background technology
At present, outstanding in fruit growing and one of ubiquitous problem is that fruit tree resistance is poor.Cause the bottleneck that fruit growing cost is high, Fruit Trees Development is taken a lot of work, become in management.As in the Apple Culture of the northern area of China for preventing the disease such as ring spot from occurring, usually need to spray chemical pesticide more than tens times, western China is apple production optimum area, but there is serious water shortage problem etc.Problems is too numerous to enumerate.Therefore improve fruit tree drought-resistant ability and seem particularly outstanding.Especially under adverse circumstance and mal-condition as there is serious area etc. in arid knob, waterlogged lowland district, varieties in saline-alkali areas, disease, be badly in need of improving fruit tree resistance.
Current solution is often difficult to because cost is too high realize.As fruit tree resistance can be improved by breeding, but the fruit breeding cycle is often very long, generally need the more than ten years more than, and be difficult to many merits such as output is high, quality better, resistance and concentrate on a kind and embody, if Fuji apple is the main cultivation apple variety of China, output is high, product are of fine quality, resistance to accumulating, but the diseases such as easy infection ring spot, spot defoliation, premunition is poor.
Waterlogged lowland district, varieties in saline-alkali areas improvement soil can solve flooded stain and saline and alkaline problem, but need lasting a large amount of input for many years, and effect is sometimes also undesirable.
Build water conservancy projects and can solve Arid Problem in arid knob, but huge because investing, and orchard worker is difficult to burden.Natural precipitation is few, and underground water lacks area and is more difficult to solve Arid Problem.
In order to solve fruit diseases problem, usual way is the use significantly increasing agricultural chemicals, and this not only increases cost, also brings food-safety problem.Still lack at present simple, safety, convenience, cheap solution in a word.
Fruit-tree grafting is one of effective way solving resistance problem.Grafting is one of conventional fruit tree asexual reproduction method, adopts the new plant of propagation by grafiting, the merit of scion can be kept to utilize again the good characteristic of stock.General scion variety is best in quality, and output is high, and heritability is stablized, and stock often people to make use of its adaptive faculty wide, resistance, the easily feature such as breeding.Traditional grafting method is after stock growth, overhead 5-10cm place grafting scion variety, and scion is fixed after sprouting to be done or direct stock root connects.This method also has the following disadvantages: although scion variety fruit quality is good, and fruit is individual large, and output is high, and general resistance comparatively stock is poor, and if disease resistance, cold resistance, Flood resistance, saline-alkali tolerance etc. are all not as stock, adaptive faculty is poor.And traditional grafting method does not give full play to and utilize stock resistance and other features, to cause in cultivating often because disease resistance is poor, cold resistance is poor, Flood resistance is poor, do not resist the reason such as saline and alkaline to limit the yield and quality of fruit variety, therefore how to play stock resistance feature to greatest extent as far as possible, fully resistance is increased after fruit tree is planted, reduce costs, improve seed output and quality, expanding fruit tree and to plant region and scope, is problem demanding prompt solution in production of fruit trees.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention mainly solves is to provide a kind of breeding method improving fruit tree resistance, the nursery stock trunk cultivated and branched base part are all grown by stock to form, and after replanting again, fibrous root is flourishing, upper and lower part, nursery stock ground is all grown substantial, nursery stock is healthy and strong, and resistance is further enhanced, survival rate after planting
Significantly improve, and effectively shorten the result time, resistance obviously strengthens, and Early fertile capability is good, good in economic efficiency.
For solving above technical problem, the present invention is by the following technical solutions: a kind of breeding method improving fruit tree resistance, it is characterized in that, this breeding method comprises: select Resistant rootstock, early spring, rootstock seedling was cultivated in sowing, when stock grows to 50-120cm, carry out pinching or determine dry treatment, 6-Benzyl base adenine pulvis is sprayed to promote the generation of stock branch after pinching, strengthen rich water quality management, to impose nitrogenous fertilizer be main quick-acting fertilizer as urea or ammonium nitrate etc. 2-3 time, water sufficient moisture, impel every strain stock to send out a 5-15 bar.After side shoot reaches grafting rugosity, according to required tree-like, select different azimuth 2-6 branch to carry out bud grafting, budder apart from trunk 5-10cm.Tree-like nursery stock is done at center of need leaving, by the young sprout righting that grafting bud in top is sprouted, and state of being kept upright.After Second Year lifting in spring, cut off main root, and carry out replanting again, with growth-promoting radicula, thus cultivate the strong sprout of band branch.Before going out garden, non-grafting branch is cut off from base portion.Only retain the branch of grafting.
Described stock seed need carry out Stratificated treatment in advance, namely before freeze-up, seed is fully mixed thoroughly with the damp sand of upper volume with three times, humidity is advisable cannot not hold loosely, 0 °-5 ° at least 30 to more than 100 days are kept, as wild peach, mountain peach, apricot etc. 60 to 100 days, apple rootstock as Mains micromalus 30 days to more than 60 days in In Shade or freezer, Pear rootstock was as birch-leaf pear 60 to 80 days, and the processing time of different cultivars is different.
Sow after spring break, also can program request to be in nutritive cube or cave dish after vernalization, slow kind such as the stock such as apple, pears of growth rate can nursery in Small plastic shed in advance.
Described pinching is surely dry difference should take different time-triggered protocol according to kind respectively with grafting.
For stock growth rate kinds faster such as peach, apricot, Lee, pinching can be carried out in 5-7 month, according to required tree-like, prunes stock, retains 30-80cm, and carries out pinching.Starting to impose nitrogenous fertilizer after rudiment is main quick-acting fertilizer 2-3 time, waters sufficient moisture, impels every strain stock to send out a 5-15 bar.
For the kind that the stock growth rate such as apple, pears, hawthorn are slower, generally should after secondary be transplanted, namely carry out before rudiment in spring next year, according to required tree-like, prune stock, retain 30-100cm, and surely do, starting after rudiment to impose nitrogenous fertilizer is main quick-acting fertilizer, waters sufficient moisture, impels every strain stock to send out a 5-15 bar.
Described grafting, should in late August to early September for stock growth rate kinds faster such as peach, apricot, Lee, according to required tree-like, select different azimuth 2-6 branch to carry out bud grafting, budders apart from trunk 5-10cm;
Tree-like nursery stock is done at center of need leaving, the good bud grafting of trunk, and graft position is 5-30cm above branch, by young sprout righting after the sprouting of grafting bud, be kept upright state, the branch grafting that other branch growth selection is mild, large with trunk angle, other non-grafting twig is wiped out winter.Tightly wrap with plastic film immediately after connecing, prevent dehydration.Waiting after grafting budders survives the releasing of the plastic film of parcel, stock branch is wiped out by winter-spring season 2-3cm place above buddering of buddering after surviving, making to budder becomes branch top bud, the stock rudiment of other non-graftings of this branch after germination and growth of buddering all is erased, for buddering of not surviving after connecing, benefit can be carried out spring in autumn then or Second Year to connect, i.e. bud grafting again on former stock.
Described grafting, should in Second Year 5-6 month for the slower kind of the stock growth rate such as apple, pears, hawthorn, according to required tree-like, select 2-6 branch of different azimuth to carry out bud grafting, budders apart from trunk 5-10cm; Tree-like nursery stock is done at center of need leaving, the good bud grafting of trunk, and graft position is 5-30cm above branch, and by the young sprout righting that grafting bud is sprouted, state of being kept upright.The branch grafting that branch growth selection is mild, large with trunk angle, other non-grafting grows vigorous branch and wipes out, and can retain the non-grafting of 3-5 bar and grow mild branch to smooth out with the fingers branch and press down and maintain growth, wipes out after bud germination and growth to 20cm to be grafted.Noting controlling non-grafting young sprout vegetative period can not over growth, smoothes out with the fingers branch in time and control or wipe out when crossing prosperous.
Tightly wrap with plastic film immediately after connecing, prevent dehydration.Waiting after grafting budders survives the releasing of the plastic film of parcel, and stock branch is wiped out by 2-3cm place above buddering.Making to budder becomes branch top bud.
For buddering of not surviving after connecing, benefit can be carried out in 6-7 month in summer and connect.
Described sowing and transplanting, first time after planting stays seedling quantity, every mu of 6000-15000 strain.Every furrow 2-3 is capable, the wide 40-60cm of furrow, line-spacing 10-30cm, spacing in the rows 5-15cm.
Again after replanting, planting number every mu 1500-4000 strain, every furrow 2-3 is capable, the wide 40-60cm of furrow, line-spacing 20-40cm, spacing in the rows 10-30cm.
At present, northern China fruit tree comprises apple, pears, peach, apricot, cherry, Lee, hawthorn etc., its conventional tree-like comprising evacuates layering shape, spindle, happy shape, Y-shaped etc., and happy shape, Y-shaped are dereliction dry type, evacuate layering shape, spindle etc. for there being trunk type.Be known by those skilled in the art, this programme all can, by above-mentioned tree-like, start to cultivate in seedling stage.
It is generally acknowledged, fruit tree resistance is directly related with the age of tree.After general seed sprouting, Resistance of Seedling is the most weak, easily susceptible, be afraid of that drought is afraid of flood, not impoverishment tolerant, need sufficient nutrition, could normal growth at suitable soil natural environment and climate, within 1 year, seedling resistance increases, and within two, three years, sets body resistance afterwards and strengthens gradually.Therefore cultivate and have branch seedlings, then by stock branch Grafted Variety, stock resistance is given full play to, and this combination measure significantly improves fruit tree resistance, and can early flowering, result.
The present invention adopts above technical scheme, and compared with prior art, tool has the following advantages:
1. adopt and in the mode of stock branch grafting, the resistance advantage of stock overground part is obtained to fully play.Secondary is planted nursery, and well developed root system, resistance are stronger, and combination measure strengthens tool synergistic effect to fruit tree resistance, Be very effective.
2. after planting for the first time, density is large, after replanting, density is little again, clip main root and facilitate fibrous root growth, absorption area is increased, further enhancing the resistance of fruit tree, fibrous root also promotes the growth of acrial part fruit tree simultaneously, make to produce the mild fruit branch of more stalwartnesses on the ground, reduce the prosperous branch of excessive growth, the growth of upper and lower part, ground is coordinated, grows and enrich.
3. can get bumper crops ahead of time after being with the field planting of branch seedlings, do sth. in advance result 1-3 than conventional cultivation, improve early stage benefit, in addition, concentrate nursery and early yield high being equivalent to has saved land resources.
4. use the nursery stock trunk after this programme grafting survival and branched base part to be stock, because stock has stronger resistance, make nursery stock entirety can show stronger disease-resistant, resistance, make the more healthy and stronger of seedling growth, the damage by disease and insect that some easily occur in conventional grafting on trunk can be reduced simultaneously.Two apple variety Fuji apples as maximum in area under cultivation, new red magnitude Trunk canker, scurf occur serious, tree body can be caused weak and affect fruit yield and quality, become the bottleneck of restriction China Apple development, annual orchard worker need drop into a large amount of manpower and materials, trunk needs repeatedly to strike off, and bactericide uses more than ten times.And the present invention utilizes not easily susceptible No. one, blue or green anvil, roundleaf Malus spectabilis, hupehensis Rehd, Hubei Chinese flowering crabapple etc. to do stock, adopt in stock high level cadre, branch grafting, then trunk does not have the generation of ring spot completely.Branches and leaves, fruit occurring degree also obviously reduce.Blue or green No. one, anvil, hupehensis Rehd premunition are extremely strong, also have more resistance to powdery mildew, spot defoliation.As utilized Peach rootstock GF677, GF43, GF1869 grafting Peach cultivars to adopt this programme grafting method, drought resistance greatly improves, and waters 1-2 time every year after cultivation.
5. one, biennial stock Branching Ratio wants that the branch of Grafted Variety is more open and more flat releives, and can draw branch, spreading angle after branch grafting, time saving and energy saving, mild branch is advantageously in result.
6. after planting, survival rate is high, because stock resistance is stronger, usually shows more drought resisting, and produce seedling root in conjunction with this programme flourishing, branch enriches, and grows, and after planting, survival rate is high, and especially Drought Mountain Area is more obvious.As embodiment 2, it is longer that stock stays, and drought resistance is better.Especially according to the present invention at trunk 50cm, three branch's Relationship between Graft Effects are best.Under the prerequisite of watering a water, survival rate still up to 98%, and only survives 58% from base portion 10cm grafting.
7. this programme is with low cost, Be very effective, economical and practical.For increasing the most simple approach of fruit tree resistance, than improvement soil, building water conservancy projects, spray medicine and scrape tree cost low tens even hundred times.
The present embodiment is particularly suitable for for increasing drought resistance of fruit trees, salinity and alkalinity resistance, premunition, increases quality, changes the florescence, the characteristics such as maturing stage, and in Drought Mountain Area, varieties in saline-alkali areas, disease area seriously occurs and cashes more outstanding.
More specifically, trunk and branched base part are also by stock growth benefit: conventional cultivation is usually in base portion grafting, and only make use of the feature of stock underground part resistance, acrial part is underused.The technical program takes full advantage of stock ground upper and lower part epharmony, and cuts off main root, promotes that fibrous root is grown.Because upper and lower part, tree body ground is corresponding, underground fibrous root is many, then set body acrial part golden mean of the Confucian school branch, gently branch, healthy and strong branch is many, water sprout, prosperous long shoot are few, therefore again can promote that radicula occurs further after replanting, thus also promoting the generation of the healthy and strong branch of overground part, mild branch, branch spreading angle is large.
It is generally acknowledged, fruit tree resistance is directly related with the age of tree.After general seed sprouting, Resistance of Seedling is the most weak, easily susceptible, be afraid of that drought is afraid of flood, not impoverishment tolerant, need sufficient nutrition, could normal growth at suitable soil natural environment and climate, within 1 year, seedling resistance increases, and within two, three years, sets body resistance afterwards and strengthens gradually.Therefore cultivate and have branch seedlings, by stock branch Grafted Variety, stock resistance is given full play to, and can early flowering, result.
Test proves, peach is highly being respectively the above 10cm in ground; 30cm; 50cm; Trunk 50cm pinching, branch is from trunk 10cm place's grafting, and totally four process Second Years add up survival rate after germination spring, and result survival rate is respectively 58%, and 65%, 76%, 98%.It is longer that visible stock stays, and drought resistance is better.Especially according to the present invention at trunk 50cm, three branch's Relationship between Graft Effects are best.Under the prerequisite of watering a water, survival rate still up to 98%, and only survives 58% from base portion 10cm grafting.
By the nursery stock that the technical program is produced, nursery stock is healthy and strong, and fibrous root is flourishing, and with branch and bud, resistance, after nursery stock is planted, 2-3 gets bumper crops, benefit highly significant.Grafting wild apricot apricot use in test, plants in knob, south, Weifang, Second Year result 520 jin, the 3rd year 2500 jin, from the 4th year s, water spring and autumn every year respectively once, normally, drought resistance is good for growth result.
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the invention will be further described.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1, a kind of breeding method improving fruit tree resistance, specific as follows:
The enforcement time: 2008-2012 years
Implement place: fruit tree flowers research institute of Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Weifang City proving ground
Test material: stock: peach qing zhou, scion: ' Xia Dan '
Test method step:
Peach qing zhou seed through lamination is carried out seeding and seedling raising by March, 2008.Seeding row spacing 10cm × 30cm, every furrow four lines, furrow spacing 60cm.
Mid-July, when stock grows to 70cm, carry out back cutting, retain 50cm and carry out pinching process, impelling stock to sprout many side shoots.
Every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields 10 jin, urea at every turn, diammonium phosphate 5 jin, totally three times, waters 6 times.Seed sprouting started after 30 days, applies fertilizer once, water immediately after fertilising every about 30 days, and water about every minor tick 15-20 days, wet soil layer 30cm.Except rainy day.
On August 28th, 2008, branch slightly reaches more than 0.3cm, and separate index number reaches more than 5, chooses the close stock of growing way and carries out grafting, and every strain stock all selects different azimuth 3 milder branches to carry out bud grafting, by happy shape requirement, budders apart from trunk 8cm.
Whether inspection is buddered all takes over a job, and that does not take over a job connects carrying out benefit autumn then, mends and connects position near last time grafting part.
In March, 2009 lifting, top stock part of buddering is wiped out, and cuts off main root, and carry out secondary transplanting, seeding row spacing becomes 30cm × 50cm, grow 3 branches autumn, and fibrous root is flourishing.
Result of the test: with ' Xia Dan ' after grafting of the present invention, be planted in knob, south, Weifang, flood pouring after planting, rewater after first quarter moon once, tree dish covering with plastic film, then survival rate 100%, Second Year per plant 25 jin, within 3rd year, statistics trunk does not have disease to produce, and strong drought resistance, only needs water once spring every year.Plant with ' Xia Dan ' same method after conventional method grafting, survival rate 84.5% then, the non-result of Second Year, the 3rd year per plant 6 jin, need water 2-3 time every year, ability normal growth result, and the 3rd year gummosis morbidity strain number accounts for 16% according to statistics.From Second Year, water every year once (spring) can normal growth result, and blade, without wilting phenomenon, contrasts and need water 2-3 time from Second Year, otherwise blade there will be wilting at fine day noon.Certainly this is at normal fertilizer effects, and precipitation time on the low side or June to August continue do not have effective precipitation in more than 15 days, increase irrigation times.
Embodiment 2, grafting height affects peach planting survival rate
Cultivate peach seedling according to the said method of embodiment 1, point four height, with peach qing zhou grafting ' Xia Dan ', are highly respectively the above 10cm in ground; 30cm; 50cm; Trunk 50cm pinching, grafting ' Xia Dan ' respectively after branch reaches 0.2cm respectively from four, trunk 10cm place process rugosity, each 30 strains, autumn lifting, heel in, select rugosity good respectively, the strain of well developed root system peach seedling 20, March 20 spring next year is planted in this institute Experimental Base, soil property is sandy loam, level land, and fertility is better, dig wide 40cm, dark 40cm ditch, fills with flood after cultivation immediately, line-spacing 100cm, spacing in the rows 50cm, within 3 days, set disk cover mulch film afterwards, then do not rewater, do not apply fertilizer, Second Year adds up survival rate after germination spring, and result is as following table:
| The above grafting height in ground (cm) | 10cm | 30cm | 50cm | Trunk 50cm, three branch's graftings |
| Survival rate (%) | 58 | 65 | 76 | 98 |
It is longer that visible stock stays, and drought resistance is better.Especially according to the present invention at trunk 50cm, three branch's Relationship between Graft Effects are best.Under the prerequisite of watering a water, survival rate still up to 98%, and only survives 58% from base portion 10cm grafting.
Embodiment 3, a kind of breeding method improving fruit tree resistance, specific as follows:
The enforcement time: 2010-2014 years
Implement place: fruit tree flowers research institute of Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Weifang City proving ground
Test material: stock: Lee little Huang, scion: ' black onyx '
Test method step:
Stock seed through lamination is carried out seeding and seedling raising by March, 2010.Seeding row spacing 10cm × 15cm.
When stock grows to 80cm, carry out back cutting, retain 60cm and carry out pinching process, impelling stock to sprout many side shoots.
Every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields 10 jin, urea at every turn, diammonium phosphate 5 jin, totally three times, waters 6 times.Seed sprouting started after 30 days, applies fertilizer once, water immediately after fertilising every about 30 days, watered about every minor tick 15-20 days, land for building of wetting.Except rainy day.
On June 25th, 2010, choose the close stock of growing way and carry out grafting, every strain stock all selects different azimuth 4 branches to carry out bud grafting, budders apart from trunk 8-10cm.
Whether inspection is buddered all takes over a job, and that does not take over a job carries out benefit in July next year and connect.
By the young sprout righting that grafting bud in top is sprouted, state of being kept upright, makes it develop into center and does.
In March, 2011 lifting, top stock of buddering is wiped out, and cuts off main root, carries out secondary transplanting, seeding row spacing becomes 25cm × 40cm, budders after sprouting, removes other stock rudiments, autumn, nursery stock reached garden standard, and nursery stock has 4 branches and fibrous root is flourishing, thick more than the 2.5cm of seedling.
Result of the test: 2400 jin can be reached with the plum of grafting of the present invention in the 3rd annual production, and trunk does not have disease to produce.Within 3rd year, just result is started with the cherry of conventional method grafting.
Embodiment 4, a kind of breeding method improving fruit tree resistance, specific as follows:
The enforcement time: 2010-2014 years
Implement place: mountain area, Anqiu City
Test material: stock: ansu apricot, scion: ' the golden sun '
Test method step:
Stock seed through lamination is carried out seeding and seedling raising in mountain area, Anqiu City by March, 2010.Seeding row spacing 10cm × 15cm.
When stock grows to 70cm, carry out back cutting, retain 50cm and carry out pinching process, impelling stock to sprout many side shoots.
Every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields 10 jin, urea at every turn, diammonium phosphate 5 jin, totally three times.Seed sprouting started after 30 days, applies fertilizer once, water immediately after fertilising every about 30 days, land for building of wetting.Except rainy day.Late October carries out once large filling.
On September 10th, 2010, choose the close stock of growing way and carry out grafting, every strain stock all selects different azimuth 3 branches to carry out bud grafting, budders apart from trunk 8cm.
Whether inspection is buddered all takes over a job, and the benefit of carrying out in the fall of not taking over a job connects.
In March, 2011 lifting, top stock part of buddering is wiped out, and cuts off main root, carries out secondary transplanting, seeding row spacing becomes 25cm × 40cm, budders after sprouting, removes other stock rudiments, autumn, nursery stock reached garden standard, and nursery stock has 4 branches and fibrous root is flourishing, thick more than the 2.0cm of seedling.
Result of the test: by apricot the 2nd annual bearing amount 1500 jin after grafting of the present invention, 3rd annual bearing amount can reach 3200 jin, and trunk does not have disease to produce, strong drought resistance, only needs to water once, can normal growth result, and contrast adopts same method to plant, management, but need water 2-3 time, ability normal growth result, just starts result on the 3rd year with the apricot of conventional method grafting.
Embodiment 5, a kind of breeding method improving fruit tree resistance, specific as follows:
The enforcement time: 2008-2014 years
Implement place: fruit tree flowers research institute of Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Weifang City proving ground
Test material: stock: ' hupehensis Rehd ', scion: ' Fuji '
Test method step:
In by the end of February, 2008 program request after the stock presprouting of seeds of lamination is selected Resistant rootstock in nutritive cube or cave dish, take Small plastic shed nursery.Break the 4-5 month its main root, is transplanted to large Tanaka, seeding row spacing 10cm × 15cm.Every furrow 3 row, the wide 100cm of furrow, line-spacing 30cm, spacing in the rows 15cm.
Seed sprouting started after 30 days, applied fertilizer once every about 30 days, and first time every mu spreads fertilizer over the fields 5 jin, urea at every turn, diammonium phosphate 5 jin, waters after fertilising immediately, the two or three time every mu spread fertilizer over the fields 15 jin, urea at every turn, diammonium phosphate 5 jin, water after ground is dry, wet 30cm.Except rainy day.
Autumn, stock grew to more than 100cm.
In March, 2010 lifting, top stock part of buddering is wiped out, and cuts off main root, carries out secondary transplanting
Transplanted seedling tree: planting density is according to every mu of (667m
2) about 2500 strains of planting, line-spacing 0.8m, spacing in the rows 0.3m.Before lifting plantation, nursery stock 20% methyl α-naphthyl acetate soluble powder 30ppm dips in root process 12 hours, plants immediately after process.Retain 80cm and carry out determining dry finishing after planting and cut, impel Second Year stock to sprout many side shoots.
On May 20th, 2008, stock carries out grafting, and every strain stock all selects different azimuth 3 branches to carry out bud grafting, budders apart from trunk 8cm, the good bud grafting of trunk, grafting part 8cm above the branch of topmost grafting bud.
Whether inspection is buddered all takes over a job, and the benefit of carrying out in the fall of not taking over a job connects.
By the young sprout righting that grafting bud in top is sprouted, state of being kept upright, makes it develop into center and does.
Autumn, nursery stock reached garden standard, and nursery stock has 4 branches and fibrous root is flourishing, thick more than the 2.0cm of seedling.
Result of the test: 1800 jin can be reached by ' Fuji ' the 3rd year its result quantities of grafting of the present invention, and trunk occurs without diseases such as ring spots.Limb disease index is comparatively light, and be 33.5%, the incidence of disease 34.2%, within the 3rd year, just start result with ' Fuji ' of conventional method grafting, 85% plant has ring spot to produce according to statistics, need strike off in time, limb disease index weight, is 89.5%, the incidence of disease 93.2%.
The method of investigation statistics limb field incidence adopts the universal standard, every Varietal Investigation 20 branches, severity Scaling standard: 0 grade refers to that side shoot is without scab; 1 grade refers to there is fragmentary scab, has no significant effect collateral generation; 2 grades refer to side shoot there is many places scab, and lesion area is comprehensively no more than the half of morbidity section area; 3 grades refer to side shoot there is many places scab, and lesion area comprehensively exceedes the half of morbidity section area; 4 grades refer to that side shoot spreads all over scab, and collateral generation gesture is very weak.Calculate disease index and the incidence of disease accordingly.The incidence of disease (%)=disease index/investigate total branch number × 100, disease index=Σ (sick level index × this grade of typical value)/investigate total branch number × the highest morbidity level typical value.
Fruit shape include center dry as spindle, dredge layer shape, globular model etc., non-stop layer dry as many major branches shape, happy shape, V-arrangement etc., the grafting method that this programme is mentioned is bud grafting, is preferred scheme, but be not limited to budding method, as cleft grafting, cut side grafting, cortex grafting etc.
One or more situation of following situations all belongs to the present invention and protects category.One, nursery plot soil condition is poor, or has special needs, and in nursery, nursery stage can be postponed 1 year.Two, in nursery land for growing field crops, seed is directly sowed, or with cave dish, nutritive cube and shed nursery etc.Three, (as the peach etc.) of stock fast growth is with slow (as apple etc.) two kinds of measures just because growth rate is different, and cause grafting time different, go out garden time difference, the two there is no the difference in method.The also interchangeable application of different growth rate seeds, stands good, but should be noted that grafting rugosity will reach requirement.This kind changes with reference to this specification, and general fruit tree planting technique personnel all may operate.
Last it is noted that the foregoing is only the preferred embodiments of the present invention, be not limited to the present invention, although with reference to previous embodiment to invention has been detailed description, for a person skilled in the art, it still can be modified to the technical scheme described in foregoing embodiments, or carries out equivalent replacement to wherein portion of techniques feature.Within the spirit and principles in the present invention all, any amendment done, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. improve a breeding method for fruit tree resistance, it is characterized in that, this breeding method comprises: select Resistant rootstock, the pinching or fixed dry when stock grows into 50-120cm, spray 6-Benzyl base adenine pulvis, after branch rugosity reaches more than 0.3cm, kind needed for grafting;
Second Year lifting in spring, cuts off main root, and carries out replanting, to impel it to produce more radicula, cultivates the strong sprout of band branch.
2. breeding method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described pinching process, for stock growth rate seeds faster such as peach, apricot, Lee, should after planting 5-7 month carries out then, when stock grows into 50-120cm, tree-likely carry out pinching according to required and surely do, retain 30-80cm;
Starting to impose nitrogenous fertilizer after rudiment is main quick-acting fertilizer 2-3 time, waters sufficient moisture, impels every strain stock to send out a 5-15 bar.
3. breeding method as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that, late August, to early September, according to required tree-like, selects different azimuth 2-6 branch to carry out bud grafting, distance of buddering trunk 5-10cm;
Tree-like nursery stock is done at center of need leaving, the good bud grafting of trunk, and graft position is 5-30cm above branch, by young sprout righting after the sprouting of grafting bud, be kept upright state, the branch grafting that other branch growth selection is mild, large with trunk angle, other non-grafting twig is wiped out winter.
4. breeding method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described pinching process, for the kind that the stock growth rate such as apple, pears, hawthorn are slower, before the stock rudiment of Second Year spring, tree-like to carry out pruning to stock fixed dry according to required, retain 30-100cm, and carry out pinching;
Starting to impose nitrogenous fertilizer after rudiment is main quick-acting fertilizer 2-3 time, waters sufficient moisture, impels every strain stock to send out a 5-15 bar.
5. breeding method as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, Second Year 5-6 month, according to required tree-like, selects 2-6 branch of different azimuth to carry out bud grafting, distance of buddering trunk 5-10cm;
Tree-like nursery stock is done at center of need leaving, the good bud grafting of trunk, graft position is 5-30cm above branch, and by the young sprout righting of grafting bud sprouting, to be kept upright state, the branch grafting that branch growth selection is mild, large with trunk angle, other non-grafting grows vigorous branch and wipes out, the non-grafting of 3-5 bar can be retained and grow mild branch smooth out with the fingers branch press down maintain growth, wipe out after bud germination and growth to 20cm to be grafted.
6. the breeding method as described in claim 3 or 5, is characterized in that, in lifting in spring next year, and need cut off main root when secondary is planted, and retain side root and radicula, before secondary is planted, nursery stock 20% methyl α-naphthyl acetate soluble powder 10-50ppm dips in root process.
7. cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the kind of 8-9 in autumn month grafting is in spring next year, kind 10-20 days after grafting of Growing season grafting, stock branch is wiped out by 2-3cm place above buddering of buddering after surviving, and making to budder becomes branch top bud, and after germination and growth of buddering, the stock rudiment of other non-graftings of this branch is all erased, there is center form to keep trunk graft bud vertical growth, cultivate required tree-like.
8. breeding method as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that, for seeds such as peach, apricot, Lee, what do not survive if having after grafting budders, and can carry out benefit spring connect in autumn then or Second Year;
For seeds such as apple, pears, hawthorn, what do not survive if having budders, and can carry out benefit connect in 6-7 month in summer.
9. breeding method as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, first time after planting stays seedling quantity, every mu of 6000-15000 strain;
Every furrow 2-3 is capable, the wide 40-60cm of furrow, line-spacing 10-30cm, spacing in the rows 5-15cm;
After secondary is transplanted, planting number every mu 1500-4000 strain, every furrow 2-3 is capable, the wide 40-60cm of furrow, line-spacing 20-40cm, spacing in the rows 10-30cm.
10. cultivation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described in spray 6-benzyladenine pulvis 1-2 time spraying content 99% when 6-benzyladenine pulvis refers to germination by 30-150ppm, promote branch, spray 5-12 days interval.
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| CN112544325A (en) * | 2020-12-08 | 2021-03-26 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for postponing flowering phase of apples by applying abscisic acid externally |
| CN112544325B (en) * | 2020-12-08 | 2022-04-29 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for postponing flowering phase of apples by applying abscisic acid externally |
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