CN103918464B - Winter haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple - Google Patents
Winter haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Winter haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, belong to nursery technology field.This seedling-cultivating method Malus spectabilis used is winter haw Malus spectabilis.The method adopts cultivates acquisition Malus spectabilis A nursery stock as stock using winter haw Malus spectabilis; Hybridize to obtain with Malus spectabilis work female parent and apple and hybridize, obtain hybrid seed, obtain Malus spectabilis B nursery stock through plantation; Malus spectabilis B nursery stock is for obtaining Malus spectabilis apple hybridization bud sheet.Adopt bud grafting method, the Malus spectabilis apple that Malus spectabilis B nursery stock obtains is hybridized the grafting of bud sheet on Malus spectabilis A nursery stock.Malus spectabilis of the present invention and apple hybridize that the growing-seedling period of the seedling-cultivating method of grafting nursery stock is short, sapling survival rate is high, and the nursery stock strong adaptability obtained, growth rapidly, there is after plantation freeze proof, drought resisting, waterlogging, barren-resistant outstanding representation.And the mouthfeel that the hybridization grafting nursery stock fruit obtained has an apple has again the high yield feature of winter haw Malus spectabilis, can enter high yield period fast, be conducive to the Rapid Popularization of Variety of Apple, have higher economic benefit.
Description
Technical field
Winter haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, belong to nursery technology field.
Background technology
Winter haw Malus spectabilis at present at home and abroad, only observe seeds as gardens and plant, not with its seed seedling-raising as stock, do not have and use it as genetic breeding material.The apple production of China reaches about 3,500 ten thousand tons for 2012, and account for world's apple production more than 40%, industry size is sure to occupy the first in the world.Apple in Shandong, Liaoning, Shaanxi many places are the main pillar industries in rural area.In apple production, breeding stock is selected to be substantially the most also be a most important link, because stock is related to an apple individual plant, the characteristics such as fundamentally whether disease-resistant, cold-resistant, drought-resistant, waterlogging, barren-resistant, Salt And Alkali Tolerance, life-span be long, thus have impact on the growth potential of apple, output, quality, finally determine the economic benefit of apple production.Shandong is national maximum hybridization apple nursery stock seedling grown place, apple rootstock is mainly with seed Seedling propagation such as hupehensis Rehd, Hubei Chinese flowering crabapple, Mount Taishan Malus spectabilis, Laiwu Malus spectabilis, these breeding stocks mostly were wild state in the past, in its grown place large area distribution, eighties of last century the early 1990s, whole nation Apple development area expands rapidly, and rootstock resource suffers predatory exploitation.Late nineteen nineties, apple production was touched the bottom with apple price declines, and many places occur ruining garden phenomenon in a large number, and rootstock resource be nobody shows any interest in, and loses artificial protection.Along with the raising of living standards of the people, the development of apple processing industry, from 2006, apple price improves rapidly, and Apple development area increases rapidly again, and sapling demand increases, thus increase the demand of stock seed, breeding stock is subject to again once destructive exploitation.According to the display of College of Horticulture of Shandong Agricultural University relevant expert survey data, several apple breeding stocks just fragmentary distribution now in original producton location that our province is main, be in Critical Condition, the research and development of apple breeding stock germ plasm resource are extremely urgent.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is: overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, winter haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple is provided, this seedling-cultivating method can obtain hybridization apple nursery stock by quickly breeding, and growing-seedling period is short, sapling survival rate is high, is conducive to the Rapid Popularization of Variety of Apple.
Technical scheme of the present invention is, this Malus spectabilis and apple hybridize the seedling-cultivating method of grafting nursery stock, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
1) Malus spectabilis florescence pollination: choose many strains winter haw cherry-apple tree, be divided into two groups to be labeled as Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B respectively; First Year, within the Malus spectabilis florescence, is pollinated using Malus spectabilis A as male parent and female parent; Award Apple Pollen using Malus spectabilis B as female parent, carry out hybridization pollination;
2) fruit collection: after First Year Malus spectabilis in autumn fallen leaves, under the Malus spectabilis B Fruit that the Malus spectabilis A fruit tied by Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B tie, hold with the woven bag of correspondence markings respectively, woven bag is placed on outdoor cold storage winter by First Year;
3) seed sand hides vernalization: after Second Year beginning of spring, Malus spectabilis A fruit, Malus spectabilis B fruit is broken into pieces and takes out Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, mixes respectively and is evenly placed on shady spot Sha Zang, carry out vernalization with moistening sand;
4) seeding and seedling raising: the Malus spectabilis A seed hidden by sand every 5 ~ 8 days, Malus spectabilis B seed respectively turn over a time, until Malus spectabilis A seed show money or valuables one carries unintentionally germination be greater than 80% germination be greater than 30 ~ 40% and Malus spectabilis B seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally time, the Malus spectabilis A seed of germination, Malus spectabilis B seed are entered land for growing field crops respectively, carry out transplanting and emerge;
5) seedling management: Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed sprouting become nursery stock, carry out final singling until Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B seedling height when reaching 10 centimetres, start stop-spraying when spray in 8 ~ 10 days 800 times of carbendazim to Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B seedling height all reaches 40 centimetres; When Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B seedling height all reach more than 20 centimetres, start to topdress;
6) seedling grafting: Second Year early August, to early September, Malus spectabilis B nursery stock intercepts bud sheet; At the mobile jib upper cut of Malus spectabilis A nursery stock overhead high 10 ~ 20 centimeters, with bud grafting method grafting Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud sheet, grafting place of bud sheet is wound around parcel with Polypropylence Sheet and passes the winter;
7) anvil nursery is cut: when within the 3rd year, spring germinates, more than grafting place of bud sheet, Malus spectabilis A nursery stock top or major branch are wiped out by 0.5 ~ 2 centimeters, at the bud sheet grafting place back side, plastics cloth to be scratched with cutter and take off, expose the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud of grafting, obtain grafting nursery stock, within 3rd year, grafting in spring to autumn nursery stock growing period carries out topdressing, watering, and to obtain final product.
Described apple variety is red fuji apple, Starkrimson or loud, high-pitched sound apple.
Pollination time described in step 1) is point at 10 in the morning to afternoon 4, and pollination adopts converts clear water sprinkling flower by pollen.
In step 3), the consumption of sand is 3 ~ 5 times of seed volume, the humidity of sand for hold agglomerating, unclamp and namely fall apart for degree.
The distance of the final singling described in step 5) is 20 ~ 30 centimetres, and overstocked place is removed, and excessively rare place is mended and planted.
Transplanting described in step 4) is emerged and is adopted with the following method: before transplanting, every mu of ground evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields 1 kilogram of phoxim granule; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 ~ 8 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged.
Topdress in step 5) with urea and composite fertilizer in 1:1 ratio be blended in water before apply, quantity of topdressing 30 ~ 40 kgs/acre, 1 ~ 2 time/month.
Bud grafting method described in step 6), when when grafting in early August to the middle ten days, bud grafting method adopts " T " font bud grafting method; When the grafting of late August to early September, bud grafting method adopts wooden bud grafting method.
The ratio adopting urea and composite fertilizer of topdressing described in step 7) is 1:1, topdresses 50 ~ 60 kgs/acre, topdresses 3 ~ 5 times/month.
This Malus spectabilis and apple hybridize being described as follows of the seedling-cultivating method of grafting nursery stock:
The effect that wherein step 1) " is labeled as Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B " is the cherry-apple tree for the ease of distinguishing same breed; " pollinate using Malus spectabilis A as male parent and female parent; Award Apple Pollen using Malus spectabilis B as female parent, carry out hybridization pollination " effect be: obtain as the Malus spectabilis A nursery stock of stock, for obtaining the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock of hybridization apple bud sheet.The Setting percentage of fruit and seed can be improved by artificial pollination.All have 5 ventricles in Malus spectabilis and Apple, if pollination is good, how a fruit can tie 10 seeds if doing at most; If poor pollination, only knot 3 ~ 5 seeds, even less.Pollinating first 2 ~ 3 days, is the best opportunity of producing pollen.Win the bud that a bud just ready to burst, rub with hand in time, make flower pesticide depart from stamen, then sieve the impurity such as a removing petal with dusting cover.Flower pesticide is layered on newspaper thinly, is placed in indoor and dries in the shade, indoor requirement is dry, ventilate, dustless, temperature controls at 20 DEG C ~ 25 DEG C.Temperature is too low, and flower pesticide is not easy to crack, and loose powder speed is slow; Temperature is too high, affects the vitality of pollen.Note, flower pesticide can't be exposed to the sun in the sun or toast.By the meticulous square-bottomed bamboo basket of flower pesticide of cracking that dries in the shade after 24 hours, removing impurity can obtain flavous pollen.Pollen is loaded in Brown Glass Brown glass bottles and jars only, store for future use in the refrigerator being placed on less than 0 DEG C.
Preferably, apple variety is red fuji apple, Starkrimson or loud, high-pitched sound apple.Red fuji apple, Starkrimson and loud, high-pitched sound apple are the excellent kinds of the COMPARISON OF CHARACTERS of main cultivation, with them and winter haw Malus spectabilis crossbreeding, and the middle small fruit type apple variety that availability shape is excellent.The middle disc flower that during pollination, choosing is healthy and strong, takes artificial point to award, dips in rubber or writing brush.
Step 2 and 3) in cold storage and husky effect of hiding be dormancy in order to break seed, in order to seed sprouting, improve seed planting percent.
Before transplanting, applying phoxim granule in step 4), is to kill soil insect, and it is to prevent the damping-off of seedling that larva sprays carbendazim.
5) being meant to of the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock in: Malus spectabilis B is through step 1) ~ 2) the Malus spectabilis B seed of gained, through step 3) ~ 5) cultivate the nursery stock obtained; Being meant to of Malus spectabilis A nursery stock: Malus spectabilis A is through step 1) ~ 2) the Malus spectabilis A seed of gained, through step 3) ~ 5) cultivate the nursery stock obtained.
The effect of step 6) is: the bud grafting of T font need peel off cortex, early August to the middle ten days, no matter as stock Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, for obtaining the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock of hybridization apple bud sheet, both branches are all easy in skin.During late August to early September, not easily peel off cortex, be with wooden budding method better.Grafting before August, budders and easily sprouts, not easily survive the winter; After mid-September, graft survival rate is low.
In step 7) in the effect of " Malus spectabilis A nursery stock top mobile jib is wiped out by more than grafting place of bud sheet 0.5 ~ 2 centimeters " be: by wiping out Malus spectabilis A nursery stock top mobile jib, the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud sheet being beneficial to grafting grows into brachyplast, turns to reproductive growth, spend the virgin phase of real nursery stock as early as possible, and precocity fruiting, shorten the seed selection cycle of kind, and suitable seeding row spacing had both been beneficial to the growth of nursery stock, was beneficial to again saving land resources.
Employing of topdressing in step 7) topdresses 50 ~ 60 kgs/acre, and cultivation period is shortened in the effect of 3 ~ 5 times/month of topdressing, and increases the success rate of fine quality seed selection.Can grow up to high more than 1.5 meters to autumn, the stalwartness hybridization apple nursery stock of leading thread 1.0 ~ 2.0cm.Hybridization apple nursery stock growing period should strengthen rich water quality management and the extermination of disease and insect pest.Preferably, in step 7), the extermination of disease and insect pest 3 ~ 5 times/month, mainly prevents and treats apple yellow aphid, two spotted spider mite and leaf diseases.
Compared with prior art, winter of the present invention haw Malus spectabilis and the beneficial effect that has of the hybrid breeding method of apple be:
1, the hybridization apple nursery stock survival rate that obtains of seedling-cultivating method of the present invention is high, and sapling capillary root is many.The grafting affinity of seedling-cultivating method of the present invention and various apple variety is strong, can be used for the stock as apple.This seedling-cultivating method Malus spectabilis used is winter haw Malus spectabilis.Winter haw Malus spectabilis is cultivated and obtains Malus spectabilis A nursery stock as stock by applicant; Hybridize to obtain with Malus spectabilis work female parent and apple and hybridize, obtain hybrid seed, obtain Malus spectabilis B nursery stock through plantation; This Malus spectabilis B nursery stock fruit can keep the mouthfeel of apple and similar outward appearance, but has the characteristic of Malus spectabilis high yield simultaneously.Applicant finds that this Malus spectabilis B nursery stock fruit is slow and fruit and seed germination rate is obvious relative to winter haw lower under study for action.Applicant finds after deliberation: because female parent is winter haw Malus spectabilis, Malus spectabilis B nursery stock and the winter haw Malus spectabilis do the Malus spectabilis A nursery stock of maternal and male parent affinity obviously due to the affinity of existing apple and Malus spectabilis; Adopt the Malus spectabilis apple hybridization bud sheet that Malus spectabilis B nursery stock obtains to adopt bud grafting method, the Malus spectabilis apple that Malus spectabilis B nursery stock obtains is hybridized the grafting of bud sheet on Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, the hybridization apple nursery stock of high yield can be obtained fast.Malus spectabilis kind used in the present invention is winter haw, and winter haw belongs to rose family hybridization apple nursery stock, and the affinity for existing apple variety is good, can be used for grafting Fuji apple, new Red Star, loud, high-pitched sound, the apple variety such as Qiao Najin.Sapling survival rate height can reach more than 98%, and sapling growth is fast.The hybridization apple nursery stock disease and insect resistance obtained, by force, especially blade is plump, seldom infects leaf diseases for its limb, blade, fruit, root system disease resistance.Identical apple variety compares, and the hybridization apple nursery stock fallen leaves that seedling-cultivating method of the present invention obtains all are later than the non-graft hybridization apple nursery stock of same kind.Seedling-cultivating method cultivation period of the present invention is short; Variety of Apple lower to germination rate especially, adopts method of the present invention can play the effect of Rapid Popularization new varieties.
2, the hybridization apple nursery stock strong adaptability adopting seedling-cultivating method of the present invention to obtain, freeze proof, drought resisting, waterlogging, barren-resistant.And of the present invention obtained seedling growth is rapid.After leading thread 1.0 ~ 1.5cm seedling planting that step of the present invention obtains, hills unfertile land then leading thread can reach more than 3 centimetres, Second Year can reach more than 5 centimetres.Of the present invention obtained hybridization apple nursery stock field planting is in the good plot of rich water, and within the 3rd year, leading thread can reach 8 centimetres.The nursery stock yielding ability obtained is strong.Nursery stock is fast owing to growing, and axillary bud bearing capacity is strong, without fruit drop phenomenon, within the 3rd year of first order result, can enter high yield period, and fruit does not fall through frost and snow.And the mouthfeel that the hybridization grafting nursery stock fruit obtained has an apple has again the high yield feature of winter haw Malus spectabilis, can enter high yield period fast.Compare the existing method being obtained new apple kind by seed plantation achievement tree, seedling-cultivating method of the present invention can obtain the fruit tree seedling of new varieties fast, is conducive to coming into the market fast of Variety of Apple, has higher economic benefit.
3, seedling-cultivating method of the present invention is applicable to apple variety hybridization volume increase, and the apple variety be suitable for is of a great variety, and preferably, apple variety is red fuji apple, Starkrimson, loud, high-pitched sound apple.Seedling-cultivating method of the present invention also can be applicable to the Malus spectabilis hybridization grafting of different cultivars.Because the affinity of winter haw Malus spectabilis stock and other kind Malus spectabilis is all better, preferred, hall crabapple flower, midget crabapple, Kai Ersi Malus spectabilis, plateau the grafting of sea of fire Chinese bush cherry all succeed.Adopt method of the present invention can the multiple Malus spectabilis kind of grafting high and changing head grafting, a strain tree is upper there is different pattern, different leaf look, different fruit, and such ornamental and afforestation trees sale price high benefit is good.If with excellent apple and Malus spectabilis inter breed crossing, select the more excellent apple and the Malus spectabilis kind that have independent intellectual property right.New varieties sapling will have the huge market demand, and obviously drive the development of Apple Industry and Malus spectabilis sapling industry, industrialization prospect is wide.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1 ~ 3 is the specific embodiment of the present invention, and wherein embodiment 1 is most preferred embodiment.
embodiment 1
The present embodiment adopts following seedling-cultivating method:
1) Malus spectabilis florescence pollination: choose many strains winter haw cherry-apple tree, be divided into two groups to be labeled as Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B respectively; Apple variety is red fuji apple; First Year, within the Malus spectabilis florescence, is pollinated using Malus spectabilis A as male parent and female parent; Award Apple Pollen using Malus spectabilis B as female parent, carry out hybridization pollination; Pollination time is point at 10 in the morning to afternoon 4, and pollination adopts converts clear water sprinkling flower by pollen
2) fruit collection: after First Year Malus spectabilis in autumn fallen leaves, under the Malus spectabilis B Fruit that the Malus spectabilis A fruit tied by Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B tie, hold with the woven bag of correspondence markings respectively, First Year volume in winter will be knitted bag and will be placed on outdoor cold storage;
3) seed sand hides vernalization: after Second Year beginning of spring, Malus spectabilis A fruit, Malus spectabilis B fruit is broken into pieces and takes out Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, mixes respectively and is evenly placed on shady spot Sha Zang, carry out vernalization with moistening sand; The consumption of sand is 5 times of seed volume, the humidity of sand for hold agglomerating, unclamp and namely fall apart for degree;
4) seeding and seedling raising: the Malus spectabilis A seed hidden by sand every 5 days, Malus spectabilis B seed respectively turn over a time, when the germination that shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally that germination is greater than 80%, Malus spectabilis B seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally of Malus spectabilis A seed is greater than 40%, the Malus spectabilis A seed of germination, Malus spectabilis B seed are entered land for growing field crops, carries out transplanting and emerge, be sown into land for growing field crops; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged;
5) seedling management: Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed sprouting become nursery stock, carries out final singling until Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B nursery stock up to time high to 10 centimetres, and the distance of final singling is 25 centimetres, and overstocked place is removed, and excessively rare place is mended and planted; Start every spray in 10 days 800 times of carbendazim to stop-spraying during height of seedling 40 centimetres; Nursery stock, up to during to more than 20 centimetres, starts to topdress; Described transplanting is emerged and is adopted with the following method: before transplanting, every mu of ground evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields 1 kilogram of phoxim granule; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 ~ 8 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged; Topdress with urea and composite fertilizer in 1:1 ratio be blended in water before apply, quantity of topdressing 30 kgs/acre, 2 times/month;
6) seedling grafting: Second Year is when grafting in early August to the middle ten days; Malus spectabilis B nursery stock intercepts bud sheet; At the mobile jib upper cut of Malus spectabilis A nursery stock overhead high 20 centimeters, adopt " T " font bud grafting method grafting Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud sheet, grafting place of bud sheet is wound around parcel with Polypropylence Sheet and passes the winter;
7) anvil nursery is cut: when within the 3rd year, spring germinates, more than grafting place of bud sheet, Malus spectabilis A nursery stock top or major branch are wiped out by 0.5 centimeters, at the bud sheet grafting place back side, plastics cloth to be scratched with cutter and take off, expose the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud of grafting, obtain grafting nursery stock, within the 3rd year, grafting in spring to autumn nursery stock growing period carries out topdressing, watering, the described ratio adopting urea and composite fertilizer of topdressing is 1:1, topdress 60 kgs/acre, topdress 4 times/month, to obtain final product.
embodiment 2
The present embodiment adopts following seedling-cultivating method:
1) Malus spectabilis florescence pollination: choose many strains winter haw cherry-apple tree, be divided into two groups to be labeled as Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B respectively; Apple variety is Starkrimson; First Year, within the Malus spectabilis florescence, is pollinated using Malus spectabilis A as male parent and female parent; Award Apple Pollen using Malus spectabilis B as female parent, carry out hybridization pollination; Pollination time is point at 10 in the morning to afternoon 4, and pollination adopts converts clear water sprinkling flower by pollen
2) fruit collection: after First Year Malus spectabilis in autumn fallen leaves, under the Malus spectabilis B Fruit that the Malus spectabilis A fruit tied by Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B tie, hold with the woven bag of correspondence markings respectively, First Year volume in winter will be knitted bag and will be placed on outdoor cold storage;
3) seed sand hides vernalization: after Second Year beginning of spring, Malus spectabilis A fruit, Malus spectabilis B fruit is broken into pieces and takes out Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, mixes respectively and is evenly placed on shady spot Sha Zang, carry out vernalization with moistening sand; The consumption of sand is 3 times of seed volume, the humidity of sand for hold agglomerating, unclamp and namely fall apart for degree;
4) seeding and seedling raising: the Malus spectabilis A seed hidden by sand every 8 days, Malus spectabilis B seed respectively turn over a time, when the germination that shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally that germination is greater than 80%, Malus spectabilis B seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally of Malus spectabilis A seed is greater than 30%, the Malus spectabilis A seed of germination, Malus spectabilis B seed are entered land for growing field crops, carries out transplanting and emerge, be sown into land for growing field crops; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged;
5) seedling management: Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed sprouting become nursery stock, carries out final singling until Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B nursery stock up to time high to 10 centimetres, and the distance of final singling is 30 centimetres, and overstocked place is removed, and excessively rare place is mended and planted; Start every spray in 8 days 800 times of carbendazim to stop-spraying during height of seedling 40 centimetres; Nursery stock, up to during to more than 20 centimetres, starts to topdress; Described transplanting is emerged and is adopted with the following method: before transplanting, every mu of ground evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields 1 kilogram of phoxim granule; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 ~ 8 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged; Topdress with urea and composite fertilizer in 1:1 ratio be blended in water before apply, quantity of topdressing 40 kgs/acre, 1 time/month;
6) seedling grafting: Second Year is when grafting in early August to the middle ten days; Malus spectabilis B nursery stock intercepts bud sheet; At the mobile jib upper cut of Malus spectabilis A nursery stock overhead high 15 centimeters, adopt " T " font bud grafting method grafting Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud sheet, grafting place of bud sheet is wound around parcel with Polypropylence Sheet and passes the winter;
7) anvil nursery is cut: when within the 3rd year, spring germinates, more than grafting place of bud sheet, Malus spectabilis A nursery stock top or major branch are wiped out by 2 centimeters, at the bud sheet grafting place back side, plastics cloth to be scratched with cutter and take off, expose the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud of grafting, obtain grafting nursery stock, within the 3rd year, grafting in spring to autumn nursery stock growing period carries out topdressing, watering, the described ratio adopting urea and composite fertilizer of topdressing is 1:1, topdress 60 kgs/acre, topdress 3 times/month, to obtain final product.
embodiment 3
The present embodiment adopts following seedling-cultivating method:
1) choose many strains winter haw cherry-apple tree, be divided into two groups to be labeled as Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B respectively; Apple variety is loud, high-pitched sound apple; First Year, within the Malus spectabilis florescence, is pollinated using Malus spectabilis A as male parent and female parent; Award Apple Pollen using Malus spectabilis B as female parent, carry out hybridization pollination; Pollination time is point at 10 in the morning to afternoon 4, and pollination adopts converts clear water sprinkling flower by pollen
2) fruit collection: after First Year Malus spectabilis in autumn fallen leaves, under the Malus spectabilis B Fruit that the Malus spectabilis A fruit tied by Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B tie, hold with the woven bag of correspondence markings respectively, First Year volume in winter will be knitted bag and will be placed on outdoor cold storage;
3) seed sand hides vernalization: after Second Year beginning of spring, Malus spectabilis A fruit, Malus spectabilis B fruit is broken into pieces and takes out Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, mixes respectively and is evenly placed on shady spot Sha Zang, carry out vernalization with moistening sand; The consumption of sand is 4 times of seed volume, the humidity of sand for hold agglomerating, unclamp and namely fall apart for degree;
4) seeding and seedling raising: the Malus spectabilis A seed hidden by sand every 7 days, Malus spectabilis B seed respectively turn over a time, when the germination that shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally that germination is greater than 80%, Malus spectabilis B seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally of Malus spectabilis A seed is greater than 35%, the Malus spectabilis A seed of germination, Malus spectabilis B seed are entered land for growing field crops, carries out transplanting and emerge, be sown into land for growing field crops; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged;
5) seedling management: Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed sprouting become nursery stock, carries out final singling until Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B nursery stock up to time high to 10 centimetres, and the distance of final singling is 20 centimetres, and overstocked place is removed, and excessively rare place is mended and planted; Start every spray in 9 days 800 times of carbendazim to stop-spraying during height of seedling 40 centimetres; Nursery stock, up to during to more than 20 centimetres, starts to topdress; Described transplanting is emerged and is adopted with the following method: before transplanting, every mu of ground evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields 1 kilogram of phoxim granule; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 ~ 8 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged; Topdress with urea and composite fertilizer in 1:1 ratio be blended in water before apply, quantity of topdressing 40 kgs/acre, 2 times/month;
6) seedling grafting: Second Year early August, to early September, Malus spectabilis B nursery stock intercepts bud sheet; At the mobile jib upper cut of Malus spectabilis A nursery stock overhead high 15 centimeters, with bud grafting method grafting Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud sheet, grafting place of bud sheet is wound around parcel with Polypropylence Sheet and passes the winter; Described bud grafting method, when when grafting in early August to the middle ten days, bud grafting method adopts " T " font bud grafting method; When the grafting of late August to early September, bud grafting method adopts wooden bud grafting method;
7) anvil nursery is cut: when within the 3rd year, spring germinates, more than grafting place of bud sheet, Malus spectabilis A nursery stock top or major branch are wiped out by 1 centimeters, at the bud sheet grafting place back side, plastics cloth to be scratched with cutter and take off, expose the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud of grafting, obtain grafting nursery stock, within the 3rd year, grafting in spring to autumn nursery stock growing period carries out topdressing, watering, the described ratio adopting urea and composite fertilizer of topdressing is 1:1, topdress 55 kgs/acre, topdress 4 times/month, to obtain final product.
performance test
Applicant separates the growing area of growing area as embodiment 1 ~ 3 of three area equation in orchard, in three growing areas, adopt the nursery stock seedling-cultivating method of embodiment 1 ~ 3 to carry out cultivating seedlings respectively, and label is carried out to three growing areas, each growing area cultivates nursery stock 1000 strain.Statistics Implementation example 1 ~ 3 step 1 ~ 7) total duration as cultivation period, cultivation period, the calculating mean value of adding up 1000 strain saplings of each embodiment are recorded into following table.Limiting Survival rate of nursery stock standard is: the nursery stock after grafting grows young leaves and is and survives.Survival rate is: in 1000 strains, survives the percentage that sapling strain number is shared in 1000 strain saplings.Statistics Implementation example 1 ~ 3 survival rate be recorded into following table.
Table 1 testing result
Can find out that the cultivation period of the hybridization apple nursery stock that seedling-cultivating method of the present invention obtains is short by table 1, and sapling survival rate is high.
Continue to observe to the fruit tree of embodiment 1 ~ 3, in the fruit tree result time, first time result calculation First Year, 3 growing areas every mu of result situation of initial 3 years at track record embodiment 1 ~ 3 place, in table 2.
Table 2 testing result
Can find out that the hybridization apple nursery stock that seedling-cultivating method of the present invention obtains can enter high yield period fast by table 2, and institute's result outward appearance, mouthfeel are apple, but this nursery stock has again the high yield feature of Malus spectabilis, within the 3rd year in result, can high yield period be entered.
The above is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, and be not restriction invention being made to other form, any those skilled in the art may utilize the technology contents of above-mentioned announcement to be changed or be modified as the Equivalent embodiments of equivalent variations.But everyly do not depart from technical solution of the present invention content, any simple modification, equivalent variations and the remodeling done above embodiment according to technical spirit of the present invention, still belong to the protection domain of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. the winter haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
1) Malus spectabilis florescence pollination: choose many strains winter haw cherry-apple tree, be divided into two groups to be labeled as Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B respectively; First Year, within the Malus spectabilis florescence, is pollinated using Malus spectabilis A as male parent and female parent; Award Apple Pollen using Malus spectabilis B as female parent, carry out hybridization pollination;
2) fruit collection: after First Year Malus spectabilis in autumn fallen leaves, under the Malus spectabilis B Fruit that the Malus spectabilis A fruit tied by Malus spectabilis A, Malus spectabilis B tie, hold with the woven bag of correspondence markings respectively, woven bag is placed on outdoor cold storage winter by First Year;
3) seed sand hides vernalization: after Second Year beginning of spring, Malus spectabilis A fruit, Malus spectabilis B fruit is broken into pieces and takes out Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, mixes respectively and is evenly placed on shady spot Sha Zang, carry out vernalization with moistening sand;
4) seeding and seedling raising: the Malus spectabilis A seed hidden by sand every 5 ~ 8 days, Malus spectabilis B seed respectively turn over a time, until Malus spectabilis A seed show money or valuables one carries unintentionally germination be greater than 80% germination be greater than 30 ~ 40% and Malus spectabilis B seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally time, the Malus spectabilis A seed of germination, Malus spectabilis B seed are entered land for growing field crops respectively, carry out transplanting and emerge;
5) seedling management: Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed sprouting become nursery stock, carry out final singling until Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B seedling height when reaching 10 centimetres, start stop-spraying when spray in 8 ~ 10 days 800 times of carbendazim to Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B seedling height all reaches 40 centimetres; When Malus spectabilis A nursery stock, Malus spectabilis B seedling height all reach more than 20 centimetres, start to topdress;
6) seedling grafting: Second Year early August, to early September, Malus spectabilis B nursery stock intercepts bud sheet; At the mobile jib upper cut of Malus spectabilis A nursery stock overhead high 10 ~ 20 centimeters, with bud grafting method grafting Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud sheet, grafting place of bud sheet is wound around parcel with Polypropylence Sheet and passes the winter;
7) anvil nursery is cut: when within the 3rd year, spring germinates, more than grafting place of bud sheet, Malus spectabilis A nursery stock top or major branch are wiped out by 0.5 ~ 2 centimeters, at the bud sheet grafting place back side, plastics cloth to be scratched with cutter and take off, expose the Malus spectabilis B nursery stock bud of grafting, obtain grafting nursery stock, within 3rd year, grafting in spring to autumn nursery stock growing period carries out topdressing, watering, and to obtain final product;
Bud grafting method described in step 6), when when grafting in early August to the middle ten days, bud grafting method adopts " T " font bud grafting method; When the grafting of late August to early September, bud grafting method adopts wooden bud grafting method.
2. winter according to claim 1 haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that: apple variety is red fuji apple, Starkrimson or loud, high-pitched sound apple.
3. winter according to claim 1 haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that: in step 1), pollination time is point at 10 in the morning to afternoon 4, pollination adopts converts clear water by pollen and sprays flower.
4. winter according to claim 1 haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that: in step 3), the consumption of sand is 3 ~ 5 times of seed volume, the humidity of sand for hold agglomerating, unclamp and namely fall apart for degree.
5. winter according to claim 1 haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that: the distance of the final singling described in step 5) is 20 ~ 30 centimetres, and overstocked place is removed, excessively rare place is mended and is planted.
6. winter according to claim 1 haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that, the transplanting described in step 4) is emerged and is adopted with the following method: before transplanting, every mu of ground evenly spreads fertilizer over the fields 1 kilogram of phoxim granule; During sowing, fine earth furrow face being taken out 1.5 cm thicks is placed in another furrow face, Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed are evenly sprinkling upon on furrow face by 5 ~ 8 cm distance after watering by this furrow face respectively, are covered by ready fine earth above Malus spectabilis A seed, Malus spectabilis B seed, spread water and treat that it is emerged.
7. winter according to claim 1 haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that: topdress in step 5) with urea and composite fertilizer in 1:1 ratio be blended in water before apply, quantity of topdressing 30 ~ 40 kgs/acre, 1 ~ 2 time/month.
8. winter according to claim 1 haw Malus spectabilis and the hybrid breeding method of apple, it is characterized in that: the ratio adopting urea and composite fertilizer of topdressing described in step 7) is 1:1, topdresses 50 ~ 60 kgs/acre, topdresses 3 ~ 5 times/month.
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| CN104604513A (en) * | 2015-02-15 | 2015-05-13 | 新疆德天利果蔬有限公司 | Cultivation method of Han Fuji apple |
| CN104855148A (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2015-08-26 | 安顺市西秀区春实绿化苗木有限公司 | Grafting method for apple and crab apple |
| CN107567903A (en) * | 2016-07-04 | 2018-01-12 | 孝昌县高岗种植专业合作社 | The implantation methods of nursery stock |
| CN106305278A (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2017-01-11 | 江苏艺轩园林景观工程有限公司 | Cultivating method of malus spectabilis in South Jiangsu area |
| CN107258274B (en) * | 2017-06-20 | 2020-06-30 | 普定县绿源苗业开发有限公司 | Method for cross-breeding of maojiaohua and Laohuahong |
| CN107568056A (en) * | 2017-08-16 | 2018-01-12 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | A kind of method of quick breeding apple Early blooming and fruiting stock |
| CN108476974A (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2018-09-04 | 宁夏万齐农业股份有限公司 | Loud, high-pitched sound hybridizes the inoculation method of apple with autumn richness |
| CN108605840A (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2018-10-02 | 宁夏万齐农业股份有限公司 | Icy hybridizes the inoculation method of apple with the new Red Star in the U.S. |
| CN108541581A (en) * | 2018-04-10 | 2018-09-18 | 宁夏万齐农业股份有限公司 | Huimin brachyplast hybridizes the inoculation method of apple with the new Red Star in the U.S. |
| CN108849475B (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2021-09-07 | 南京林业大学 | Malus spectabilis pollen treatment process, Malus spectabilis pollen and application thereof |
| CN109315161A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-02-12 | 甘肃德美地缘现代农业集团有限公司 | A kind of vitro grafting method of red Fuji apple tree |
| CN109328704B (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2021-04-09 | 李建明 | Apple tree early-fruiting high-yield stock garden building method |
| CN110521586A (en) * | 2019-10-09 | 2019-12-03 | 石林绿宝康农业产业开发有限公司 | A kind of breeding method by red dew and Richard Delicious made of bud mutation after winner's breeding |
| CN111492883A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-08-07 | 山西省农业科学院果树研究所 | Efficient apple crossbreeding method |
| CN112189500A (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2021-01-08 | 山东省林业科学研究院 | Seedling cultivation method for forestry ornamental trees |
| CN116686702A (en) * | 2023-07-24 | 2023-09-05 | 山东省烟台市农业科学研究院(山东省农业科学院烟台市分院) | White apple variety cultivation method |
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| KR100216377B1 (en) * | 1997-01-28 | 1999-08-16 | 황헌 | Method for grafting plant with automatic grafting apparatus |
| JP3733380B2 (en) * | 2003-01-14 | 2006-01-11 | 保志 伊須 | Joiner for holding joints of grafted seedlings |
| CN101061787A (en) * | 2006-04-25 | 2007-10-31 | 孙丙法 | Method of breeding and cultivating minitype apple tree bonsai |
| CN102657035B (en) * | 2012-06-05 | 2014-03-05 | 河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所 | Method for shortening juvenile period of apple hybrid seedlings |
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