CN109328704B - Apple tree early-fruiting high-yield stock garden building method - Google Patents

Apple tree early-fruiting high-yield stock garden building method Download PDF

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CN109328704B
CN109328704B CN201811494382.2A CN201811494382A CN109328704B CN 109328704 B CN109328704 B CN 109328704B CN 201811494382 A CN201811494382 A CN 201811494382A CN 109328704 B CN109328704 B CN 109328704B
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building
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李建明
李国梁
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G2/00Vegetative propagation
    • A01G2/30Grafting
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005Cultivation methods
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G2/00Vegetative propagation
    • A01G2/30Grafting
    • A01G2/35Cutting; Inserting

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses an apple tree early-bearing high-yield stock garden building method, which comprises the following steps: 1) planting and building a garden: planting Xinjiang wild apple seedlings in spring to build a garden; 2) high grafting in autumn: in autumn of the year after planting, selecting good apple variety scions to carry out bud grafting with wood at a position 60-70cm away from the ground of the seedlings of the wild apple trees in Xinjiang; 3) spring pruning: pruning 0.5cm above the grafted buds after planting before sprouting in spring of the second year, allowing the grafted buds to sprout and shoot, uniformly erasing the other lower germinated branches, and pulling part of branches in summer; 4) drawing a branch thin tube: pulling branches and promoting flower growth in the third year after planting; 5) ensuring high yield: and branch pulling and pruning are carried out in successive years from the fourth year, so that high yield is ensured. The method for building the garden by the rootstocks has the advantages of low cost, tidy garden appearance, small later trimming amount, quick forming, strong tree vigor, good high yield, high quality fruit rate and the like, and fruit trees in the garden have good freezing resistance, drought resistance and rot resistance, and the method for building the garden by the rootstocks can bear fruits for 2-3 years earlier than the traditional method for building the garden.

Description

Apple tree early-fruiting high-yield stock garden building method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for orchard establishment of early-fruiting high-yield rootstocks of apple trees.
Background
For a long time, finished seedlings are mostly adopted for apple orchard establishment, the survival rate of nursery stocks for orchard establishment is low, the investment cost is high, and the variety of the nursery stocks cannot be guaranteed, so that the problems of mixed varieties, low yield and poor benefit exist in most apple orchard. Therefore, the high-standard apple orchard can be built by utilizing the spring planting and autumn grafting of the apple seedlings in the current year, selecting the variety of the medium-short branch type apple, and carrying out comprehensive cultivation technologies of timely pinching and bud carving, mulching film covering and the like. Not only ensures the purity of the young tree variety, but also reduces the investment of nursery stock for garden building, and is suitable for modern dwarf close planting cultivation. Because the grafting part of the traditional nursery stock is generally 10cm above the seedling stock, the tree form is free spindle shape, the row spacing of the tree is 3 multiplied by 4m or 4 multiplied by 5m, the full bud is selected at about 100cm after planting, the tree body randomly branches after stem fixing, the branches below 80cm of the trunk are useless branches, the branches need to be pruned in successive years, the damage to the tree body is more, the main branch group culture above 80cm is influenced, the crown is tall and big, the orchard is closed, the pruning quantity is large, the forming is slow, the flower formation is slow, the fruiting is late, the photosynthetic efficiency is low, and the fruit yield is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the technical means of planting wild apples or crabapple seedlings in the spring of the same year, grafting in the autumn, pruning in the next year and shaping and trimming in the later period are adopted, so that the problems of large trimming amount, slow forming, late flowering, late fruiting, high crown, low photosynthetic efficiency, low fruit yield and the like of the traditional apple seedling orchard building are solved, and the technical effects of high seedling survival rate, small trimming amount, quick forming, early bearing, tree vigor, dwarfing tree body, good high yield and high quality fruit rate are realized.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for building a garden on an apple tree early-bearing high-yield rootstock comprises the following steps:
1) planting and building a garden: planting Xinjiang wild apple seedlings in spring, and specifically building a garden according to the density of 1.5-2m multiplied by 4 m;
2) high grafting in autumn: in autumn of the year after planting, selecting good apple variety scions to carry out bud grafting with wood at a position 60-70cm away from the ground of the seedlings of the wild apple trees in Xinjiang;
3) spring pruning: pruning 0.5cm above the grafted buds after planting before sprouting in spring of the second year to ensure that the grafted buds sprout and shoot, uniformly erasing the other lower germinated branches, and drawing partial branches in summer to facilitate shaping and flower formation because the buds grow vigorously and grow 7-8 or more branches with wide angles due to good healing;
4) drawing a branch thin tube: in the third year after planting, pulling branches to promote flower growth, pulling branches completely at the bottom of 6 months to promote flower formation, after harvesting apples in autumn, trimming in winter, and trimming into a high spindle shape or a slender spindle shape according to the requirements of tree shapes;
5) ensuring high yield: and ensuring high yield in the fourth year, carrying out branch pulling and pruning in successive years, culturing 1-2 year-old robust bearing branch groups, maintaining tree vigor, and subsequently carrying out reinforcement management.
Further, when the plantation in the step 1) is built, the crabapple seedlings can be selected to replace the wild apple seedlings in Xinjiang to be planted and built.
Further, the seedlings of the Xinjiang wild apples and the seedlings of the crabapples are 1 year old.
Further, when the autumn high grafting is carried out in the step 2), selecting medium and short branch type good apple varieties, such as 'maturity No. 1', 'Yanfu No. 6', 'Ruixue' and the like, and carrying out ligneous bud grafting at the position 60-70cm away from the ground of the Xinjiang wild apple or the crabapple tree seedling.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the method selects 1-year-old Xinjiang wild apple or Chinese flowering crabapple seedlings to be planted to build the garden, the wild tree species have the excellent characteristics of low cost, freezing resistance, drought resistance, salt and alkali resistance and rot resistance, the adaptability to the garden is strong during planting, the survival rate can reach more than 95 percent, and particularly the planting survival rate of the Xinjiang wild apple seedlings can reach more than 98 percent; meanwhile, the Xinjiang wild apples or Chinese flowering crabapples are used as the stocks to build the garden, and the garden has the advantages of regular garden appearance, dwarfed tree body, quick forming and early fruiting; in addition, the invention selects the good varieties of medium-short branch type such as 'maturity number 1', 'Yanfu number 6', 'Ruxue', etc., which have the characteristics of easy flower formation, easy control of tree vigor and strong dwarfing, and are suitable for modern dwarfing close planting cultivation of northwest loess plateau;
2) the high-standard apple orchard is built by adopting the technical means of spring planting in the current year, high grafting in autumn, pruning in spring of the next year, shaping and trimming in later period, and only grafted buds germinate and shoot and the rest lower germinating branches are completely removed, so that only the grafted buds germinate and shoot to form a tree body, the growth vigor and the shape of the tree body can be effectively controlled, and the later period trimming and shaping are facilitated; the lower parts of the grafting buds have no branches, so that the successive thinning and trimming amount is reduced, the damage of the thinning and trimming to main branch groups of the tree body is reduced, the trimming amount is reduced, and the photosynthetic efficiency of the tree body is improved; meanwhile, the grafted buds can be healed in about 15 days, the buds are well healed and grow vigorously, 7-8 secondary branches are extracted, and the branches are opened at angles, so that the buds can be shaped into flowers conveniently; in addition, the bud grafting position is 60-70cm away from the rootstock, the height not only can ensure the space distance required by the extension of the branch during the later period pruning, but also can effectively control the growth of the top end of the tree body, and the tissue grafting success rate at the position is up to more than 92%;
3) the method for building the orchard by the rootstocks has the advantages of low cost, tidy garden appearance, small later trimming amount, quick forming, strong tree vigor, good high yield, high quality fruit rate and the like, fruit trees in the orchard have good freezing resistance, drought resistance and rot resistance, more importantly, the traditional method for building the orchard by the vigorous apples generally takes 6-7 years to carry out fruit bearing, but the method for building the orchard starts to carry out fruit bearing from 3 rd year, and compared with the traditional method for building the orchard to carry out fruit bearing earlier for 2-3 years, the method for building the orchard by the rootstocks is suitable for being popularized and cultivated in regions such as northwest loess plateau drought, northeast cold regions, southwest cold regions, Bohai gulf and the like.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, solutions and technical effects of the present invention clearer and more obvious, the technical contents of the present invention are further elaborated with reference to the following specific embodiments. It should be understood that the following examples are only for illustrating and explaining the present invention and do not limit the scope of the present invention.
Test site: a breeding base (105 degrees and 40 degrees in east longitude and 35 degrees and 25 degrees in northern latitude) for improved apple seedlings in Jingning county, which is a plain city in Gansu province;
apple variety: fuji 'era No. 1', qin guan 'jingning No. 1', huang yuan shuai, gala, etc.;
example 1
A method for building a garden on an apple tree early-bearing high-yield stock comprises the following specific steps:
1) planting and building a garden: within 10-15 days after Qingming festival in 2014, Xinjiang wild apple seedlings with the growth of 1 year and the seedling height of 40-50cm are selected for planting, a garden is specifically built according to the density of 1.5m multiplied by 4m, garden treatment is the same as a conventional method, the emergence rate is 100%, and management after emergence is the same as the conventional method;
2) high grafting in autumn: in autumn of the year after planting, the tree seedlings grow to 1.2-1.4m, at the moment, good apple variety scions are selected to carry out bud grafting with wood at the position of the Xinjiang wild apple tree seedlings, which is 70cm away from the ground, the success rate is checked within 7-10 days after grafting, the success rate of the first grafting is 97%, the supplementary grafting is carried out timely, the success rate reaches 100% after the supplementary grafting, and the apple scions treatment and the bud grafting are the same as those of the conventional method;
3) spring pruning: pruning 0.5cm above the grafted buds after planting before sprouting in spring of the second year to ensure that the grafted buds sprout and shoot, uniformly erasing the other lower germinated branches, healing bud bodies, growing vigorously, sprouting 7-8 secondary branches in summer, and pulling partial branches in summer so as to be convenient for shaping into flowers;
4) drawing a branch thin tube: branch pulling and flower promoting in the third year after planting, full branch pulling and flower forming at the bottom of 6 months, after the apples are harvested in autumn, shaping and trimming are carried out in winter, and trimming is carried out according to the management level to form a high spindle shape or a slender spindle shape, wherein the average harvested apples per mu is about 550kg, and the high-quality fruit rate is more than 85%;
5) ensuring high yield: and (3) carrying out branch pulling pruning in successive years from the fourth year, culturing a strong fruiting branch group which grows for 1-2 years, maintaining the tree vigor, carrying out subsequent reinforced management and ensuring high yield, wherein more than 1000kg of apples are harvested per mu in the current year on average, and the high-quality fruit rate is more than 85%.
Example 2
A method for building a garden on an apple tree early-bearing high-yield stock comprises the following specific steps:
1) planting and building a garden: in 10-15 days after Qingming festival in 2014, selecting 1-year-old Chinese flowering crabapple seedlings with the height of 30-40cm for planting, specifically building a garden according to the density of 2m multiplied by 4m, carrying out garden processing by the same conventional method, wherein the rate of emergence is 95%, and carrying out post-emergence management by the same conventional method;
2) high grafting in autumn: in autumn of the year after planting, the tree seedling is 1-1.2m long, at the moment, a good apple variety scion is selected to carry out bud grafting with wood at a position of the Chinese flowering apple tree seedling 70cm away from the ground, the success rate is checked within 7-10 days after grafting, the success rate of the first grafting is 92%, the supplementary grafting is carried out timely, the success rate reaches 100% after the supplementary grafting, and the apple scion treatment and the bud grafting are carried out by the conventional method;
3) spring pruning: pruning 0.5cm above the grafted buds after planting before sprouting in spring of the second year to ensure that the grafted buds sprout and shoot, uniformly erasing the other lower germinated branches, healing bud bodies, growing vigorously, sprouting 7-8 secondary branches in summer, and pulling partial branches in summer so as to be convenient for shaping into flowers;
4) drawing a branch thin tube: drawing branches and promoting flowers in the third year after planting, drawing branches comprehensively at the bottom of 6 months to promote flower formation, when apples are harvested in autumn, the average per mu reaches about 500kg, the high-quality fruit rate is more than 85%, then shaping and trimming are carried out in winter, and trimming is carried out according to the management level to form a high spindle shape or a slender spindle shape;
5) ensuring high yield: and (3) carrying out branch pulling pruning in successive years from the fourth year, culturing a strong fruiting branch group which grows for 1-2 years, maintaining tree vigor, carrying out subsequent reinforced management and ensuring high yield, wherein the per mu yield of the apples in the current year reaches more than 1000kg, and the high fruit yield is more than 85%.
Example 3
A method for building a garden on an apple tree early-bearing high-yield stock comprises the following specific steps:
1) planting and building a garden: within 10-15 days after Qingming festival in 2014, Xinjiang wild apple seedlings with the growth of 1 year and the seedling height of 40-50cm are selected for planting, a garden is built according to the density of 2m multiplied by 4m, garden treatment is the same as a conventional method, the emergence rate is 100 percent, and management after emergence is the same as the conventional method;
2) high grafting in autumn: in autumn of the year after planting, the tree seedlings grow to 1.2-1.4m, at the moment, good apple variety scions are selected to carry out bud grafting with wood at the position, 60cm away from the ground, of the wild apple tree seedlings in Xinjiang, the success rate is checked within 7-10 days after grafting, the success rate of the first grafting is 94%, the supplementary grafting is carried out timely, the success rate reaches 100% after the supplementary grafting, and the apple scions are treated and bud grafted by the conventional method;
3) spring pruning: pruning 0.5cm above the grafted buds after planting before sprouting in spring of the second year to ensure that the grafted buds sprout and shoot, uniformly erasing the other lower germinated branches, healing bud bodies, growing vigorously, sprouting 7-8 secondary branches in summer, and pulling partial branches in summer so as to be convenient for shaping into flowers;
4) drawing a branch thin tube: drawing branches and promoting flowers in the third year after planting, drawing branches comprehensively at the bottom of 6 months to promote flowers, harvesting 550 kg/mu of apples in autumn in the current year, wherein the rate of excellent fruits is more than 85%, and simultaneously carrying out shaping and trimming in winter, and trimming into a high spindle shape or a slender spindle shape according to the management level;
5) ensuring high yield: and (3) carrying out branch pulling pruning in successive years from the fourth year, culturing a strong fruiting branch group which grows for 1-2 years, maintaining tree vigor, carrying out subsequent reinforced management and ensuring high yield, wherein the per mu yield of the apples in the current year reaches more than 1000kg, and the high fruit yield is more than 85%.
Example 4
A method for building a garden on an apple tree early-bearing high-yield stock comprises the following specific steps:
1) planting and building a garden: in 10-15 days after Qingming festival in 2014, selecting 1-year-old Chinese flowering crabapple seedlings with the height of 30-40cm for planting, specifically building a garden according to the density of 1.5m multiplied by 4m, carrying out garden treatment by using the same conventional method, wherein the rate of emergence is 95%, and carrying out management after emergence by using the same conventional method;
2) high grafting in autumn: in autumn of the year after planting, the tree seedling is 1-1.2m long, at the moment, a good apple variety scion is selected to carry out bud grafting with wood at a position 60cm away from the ground of the Chinese flowering crabapple tree seedling, the success rate is checked within 7-10 days after grafting, the success rate of the first grafting is 87%, the supplementary grafting is carried out timely, the success rate reaches 100% after the supplementary grafting, and the apple scion treatment and the bud grafting are the same as those of the conventional method;
3) spring pruning: pruning 0.5cm above the grafted buds after planting before sprouting in spring of the second year to ensure that the grafted buds sprout and shoot, uniformly erasing the other lower germinated branches, healing bud bodies, growing vigorously, sprouting 7-8 secondary branches in summer, and pulling partial branches in summer so as to be convenient for shaping into flowers;
4) drawing a branch thin tube: drawing branches and promoting flowers in the third year after planting, drawing branches comprehensively at the bottom of 6 months to promote flowers, harvesting apples at 500 kg/mu in autumn in the current year, wherein the rate of excellent fruits is more than 85%, and simultaneously carrying out shaping and trimming in winter, and trimming into a high spindle shape or a slender spindle shape according to the management level;
5) ensuring high yield: and (3) carrying out branch pulling pruning in successive years from the fourth year, culturing a strong fruiting branch group which grows for 1-2 years, maintaining tree vigor, carrying out subsequent reinforced management and ensuring high yield, wherein the per mu yield of the apples in the current year reaches more than 1000kg, and the high fruit yield is more than 85%.
According to the embodiments 1 and 3, the survival rate of planting is 100% when the wild apple seedlings in Xinjiang are used for planting and building the garden, and the highest survival rate of planting is about 90% when finished apple seedlings are used for building the garden in the traditional method, so that the survival rate is improved, the using amount of seedlings is reduced, and the cost is reduced when the wild apple seedlings in Xinjiang are used for planting and building the garden;
comparing examples 1 and 3, the success rate of bud grafting at 70cm of the Xinjiang wild apple sapling is 3% higher than that at 60cm, which shows that the bud grafting at 70cm of the Xinjiang wild apple sapling is the best scheme, and the planting density and tree shape do not affect the survival seedling and the bud grafting success rate.
According to the embodiments 2 and 4, the survival rate of the crabapple seedlings planted and built is 95%, and the highest survival rate of the crabapple seedlings planted and built by the traditional method is about 90%, so that the survival rate of the crabapple seedlings planted and built by the method is improved, the seedling consumption is reduced, and the cost is reduced;
comparing the examples 2 and 4, the success rate of the bud grafting at the position of 70cm of the Chinese flowering crabapple sapling is 3% higher than that at the position of 60cm, which indicates that the bud grafting at the position of 70cm of the Chinese flowering crabapple sapling is the best scheme, and the planting density and the tree form do not influence the survival seedling and the bud grafting success rate.
Comparing the embodiments 1, 4, 2 and 3, it can be seen that, under the condition that the planting density and the tree shape are the same, the planting survival rate of the Xinjiang wild apple seedlings is higher than that of the crabapple seedlings, and the bud grafting success rate is also high, which indicates that the survival rate of the Xinjiang wild apple seedlings planted in the dry and cold areas of the northwest loess plateau is better, and the method is suitable for popularization.

Claims (6)

1. A method for building a garden on an apple tree early-bearing high-yield stock is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
1) planting and building a garden: planting 1-year-old Xinjiang wild apple seedlings with the seedling height of 40-50cm in spring, and specifically building a garden according to the density of 1.5-2m multiplied by 4 m;
2) high grafting in autumn: in autumn of the year after planting, selecting good apple variety scions to carry out bud grafting with wood at a position 60-70cm away from the ground of the seedlings of the wild apple trees in Xinjiang;
3) spring pruning: pruning at a position 0.5cm above the grafted bud after planting before sprouting in spring of the second year, so that the grafted bud sprouts and branches, the other lower germinated branches are uniformly erased, the bud bodies are well healed, the growth vigor is vigorous, more than 7-8 secondary branches are sprouted, and partial branches are pulled in summer, so that the flowers can be shaped conveniently;
4) drawing a branch thin tube: branch pulling and flower promoting in the third year after planting, full branch pulling and flower forming at the bottom of 6 months, after harvesting apples in autumn, shaping and trimming in winter, and trimming into a high spindle shape or a slender spindle shape according to the management level;
5) ensuring high yield: pruning branches in successive years from the fourth year, culturing 1-2 year-old robust bearing branch groups, maintaining tree vigor, and performing subsequent reinforced management to ensure high yield.
2. The apple tree early fruiting high yield rootstock garden building method of claim 1, characterized in that: and 1) selecting Chinese flowering crabapple seedlings to be planted and built when the plantation is built in the step 1).
3. The apple tree early fruiting high yield rootstock garden building method of claim 1, characterized in that: and 2) when high grafting is carried out in autumn, selecting a good apple variety scion to carry out bud grafting with wood at a position 70cm away from the ground of the wild apple tree seedling in Xinjiang.
4. The apple tree early fruiting high yield rootstock garden building method of claim 2, characterized in that: and 2) when the autumn high-grafting is carried out, selecting a good apple variety scion to carry out bud grafting with wood at a position 70cm away from the ground of the Chinese flowering apple tree seedling.
5. The apple tree early fruiting high yield rootstock garden building method of claim 2, characterized in that: the crabapple seedlings are 1 year old.
6. The apple tree early fruiting high yield rootstock garden building method of claim 1 or 3, characterized in that: the apple variety is a medium-short branch type variety, and particularly a good apple variety of 'maturity No. 1', 'Yanfu No. 6' or 'Ruixue'.
CN201811494382.2A 2018-12-07 2018-12-07 Apple tree early-fruiting high-yield stock garden building method Expired - Fee Related CN109328704B (en)

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CN111543234A (en) * 2020-04-29 2020-08-18 辽宁省果树科学研究所 Method for cultivating high-stock branch seedlings
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