CN104412424A - 具有增强的寿命特性的二次电池用正极活性材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
具有增强的寿命特性的二次电池用正极活性材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104412424A CN104412424A CN201380023896.9A CN201380023896A CN104412424A CN 104412424 A CN104412424 A CN 104412424A CN 201380023896 A CN201380023896 A CN 201380023896A CN 104412424 A CN104412424 A CN 104412424A
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- positive electrode
- electrode active
- cobalt oxides
- active materials
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
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- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种正极活性材料及其制备方法,在所述正极活性材料中锂钴氧化物粒子和含锰(Mn)或钛(Ti)的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子共存。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有增强的寿命特性的二次电池用正极活性材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着对移动装置技术的持续开发和对其需求的日益增加,对作为电源的二次电池的需求急剧增加。在这些二次电池中,具有高能量密度和运行电压并具有长循环寿命和低自放电速率的锂二次电池可商购获得并被广泛使用。
另外,随着对环境问题的日益关注,正在积极地对电动车辆(EV)、混合电动车辆(HEV)等进行研究,所述电动车辆和混合电动车辆等能够代替使用化石燃料的车辆如汽油车辆、柴油车辆等,所述使用化石燃料的车辆是造成空气污染的一个主要原因。
作为EV、HEV等的电源,主要使用镍金属-氢化物二次电池。然而,对具有高能量密度、高放电电压和高输出稳定性的锂二次电池进行了积极研究,且一部分这种锂二次电池可商购获得。
特别地,用于EV中的锂二次电池要求高能量密度,高短期功率输出,并在苛刻条件下使用10年以上,由此需要比现有小锂二次电池具有高得多的安全性和长得多的寿命。
在用于常规小电池中的锂离子二次电池中,通常正极由具有层状结构的锂钴氧化物如LiCoO2形成,且负极由石墨基材料形成。
目前锂钴氧化物由于比LiNiO2和LiMn2O4更优异的物理性质如优异的循环特性而被广泛使用。然而,这种锂钴氧化物的劣势在于钴(Co)在高电压下或在高温条件下被洗脱。
为了解决这些问题,已知的是利用Al、Mg、B等对Co进行部分置换的技术或利用金属氧化物如Al2O3、Mg2O、TiO2等对锂钴氧化物进行表面处理的技术。
然而,当Co被上述金属部分置换时,或当锂钴氧化物的表面涂布有金属氧化物时,由于添加不直接参与充电和放电反应的涂布材料而会导致比容量下降,且主要由具有非常低电导率的金属氧化物来构成所述涂布材料,这导致电导率下降。
另外,涂布过程降低活性反应区域,由此界面电阻会升高,且高倍率充电和放电特性会劣化。
因此,迫切需要开发技术以从根本上解决这些问题并增强锂钴氧化物的高电压寿命特性。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的目的是解决相关领域的上述问题并实现长期探求的技术目标。
本发明的目的是提供一种正极活性材料及其制备方法,所述正极活性材料具有增强的高电压寿命特性并包含锂钴氧化物粒子。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种正极活性材料,其中锂钴氧化物粒子和含锰(Mn)或钛(Ti)的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子共存。
所述含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子可以插入到锂钴氧化物粒子中或锂钴氧化物粒子的晶界中。如本文中所使用的术语“晶界”是指锂钴氧化物粒子之间的边界表面。
同样地,在根据本发明的正极活性材料中,含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子与锂钴氧化物粒子共存,由此在高倍率充电和放电期间不发生相转变,且因为由Mn或Ti构成的化合物与由锂(Li)构成的化合物充当固体电解质,所以功率输出特性增强。
在一个非限制性实施方案中,含Mn的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子可以为Li2MnO3粒子。
Li2MnO3具有非常高的结构稳定性,这是因为Li和Mn的混合层存在于其层状晶体结构中且Mn作为稳定的四价阳离子存在。
Li2MnO3是电化学惰性的,由此不能用作正极活性材料,但可以通过与LiMO2形成固体溶液而用作正极活性材料,其中M为Co、Ni、Ni0.5Mn0.5或Mn。在此情况中,固体溶液在充电期间在4.3V~4.6V的高电压范围内具有平坦水平的断面特性,由此可以增强正极活性材料的总体比容量。
在另一个非限制性实施方案中,所述含Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子可以为Li2TiO3粒子或Li4Ti5O12粒子。
Li4Ti5O12具有结构稳定的尖晶石结构和电化学活性,由此可以提高正极活性材料的总体比容量。
所述含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子可以比锂钴氧化物粒子具有更小的或更大的平均直径。例如,锂钴氧化物粒子的直径可以为5μm~30μm,过渡金属氧化物粒子的直径为5μm以下,且最终材料可以具有其中LiCoO2和Li2MnO3(或Li2TiO3、Li4Ti5O12等)单独存在或Li2MnO3插入LiCoO2中的结构,由此仅以LiCoO2的形式存在。
正极活性材料可以在锂钴氧化物粒子的外表面上还包含电化学惰性的锂化合物。特别地,所述锂化合物可以为LiOH或Li2CO3.。
在制备普通锂钴氧化物的过程中,在煅烧之后存在大量的锂杂质,这种锂杂质不利地影响二次电池的制造工艺和电池单元的高温储存特性。
然而,根据下面将详细描述的制备正极活性材料的方法,在包含锂钴氧化物粒子的正极活性材料中,通过与锂钴氧化物粒子共存的锂杂质与含Mn或Ti的化合物之间的反应,在锂钴氧化物中合成含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物,因此正极活性材料的总体结构稳定性可以增强。
关于这点,本发明提供一种制备正极活性材料的方法,包括:
将锂钴氧化物与含Mn或Ti的化合物混合;
将所述混合物的温度升至800℃,从而形成含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子;以及
在850℃~950℃的温度下实施煅烧,使得锂过渡金属氧化物粒子插入锂钴氧化物粒子中或锂钴氧化物粒子的晶界中。
通过固相反应或湿法混合可以实施所述混合过程。
特别地,所述固相反应可以是将固相锂钴氧化物与固相过渡金属源化合物混合的方法,所述固相过渡金属源化合物为例如选自如下化合物中的化合物:MnO2、MnCO3、MnOOH、TiO2、TiCO3和TiOOH。
所述湿法混合可以例如是将固相锂钴氧化物浸入如下物质的水溶液或醇类溶液中的方法:Mn(CH3COO)3、Mn(CH3COO)2、MnSO4、Mn(NO3)2、Ti(CH3COO)3、Ti(CH3COO)2、TiSO4或Ti(NO3)2。
在混合过程中,锂钴氧化物对含Mn或Ti的化合物的混合比可以根据最终产物的元素的摩尔比确定。
在下述实施例中提供制备方法的详细说明。
本发明还提供一种包含上述正极活性材料的二次电池用正极混合物和包含所述正极混合物的二次电池用正极。
除了正极活性材料之外,所述正极混合物还可以选择性地包含导电材料、粘合剂、填料等。
基于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,典型地以1~30重量%的量添加导电材料。对导电材料没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不会造成化学变化并具有电导率即可。导电材料的实例包括:石墨如天然石墨或人造石墨;炭黑类材料如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末、铝粉末和镍粉末;导电晶须如氧化锌和钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;和聚亚苯基衍生物。
粘合剂是有助于活性材料与导电材料之间的结合并有助于活性材料对集电器的结合的组分。基于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,典型地以1~30重量%的量添加所述粘合剂。粘合剂的实例包括但不限于聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-双烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶和各种共聚物。
填料任选地用作用于抑制正极膨胀的组分。填料没有特别限制,只要其为在制造的电池中不会造成化学变化的纤维材料即可。填料的实例包括:烯烃类聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
通过将浆料涂布到正极集电器上并对经涂布的正极集电器进行干燥和压制来制造根据本发明的正极,所述浆料是通过将包含上述化合物的正极混合物与溶剂如NMP等进行混合而制备的。
通常将正极集电器制成3~500μm的厚度。正极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在制造的锂二次电池中不会造成化学变化并具有电导率即可。例如,正极集电器可以由如下物质制成:不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;或经碳、镍、钛或银等进行表面处理的铝或不锈钢。所述正极集电器可在其表面具有细小的不规则处,从而提高正极活性材料与正极集电器之间的粘附力。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的多种形式中的任意形式使用所述正极集电器。
本发明还提供一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包含正极、负极、隔膜和含锂盐的非水电解质。
通过例如将包含负极活性材料的负极混合物涂布在负极集电器上并对经涂布的负极集电器进行干燥可以制造负极。如果期望,负极混合物还可以包含上述组分。
负极活性材料的实例包括:碳如硬碳和石墨类碳;金属复合氧化物如LixFe2O3(其中0≤x≤1)、LixWO2(其中0≤x≤1)、SnxMe1-xMe’yOz(其中Me:Mn、Fe、Pb或Ge;Me’:Al,B,P,Si,I族、II族和III族元素、或卤素;0<x≤1;1≤y≤3;且1≤z≤8);锂金属;锂合金;硅基合金;锡基合金;金属氧化物如SnO、SnO2、PbO、PbO2、Pb2O3、Pb3O4、Sb2O3、Sb2O4、Sb2O5、GeO、GeO2、Bi2O3、Bi2O4和Bi2O5;导电聚合物如聚乙炔;和Li-Co-Ni基材料。
典型地将负极集电器制成3~500μm的厚度。所述负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不会造成化学变化并具有高电导率即可。例如,负极集电器可以由如下物质制成:铜;不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;经碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢;和铝-镉合金。与正极集电器类似,负极集电器也可在其表面上具有细小的不规则处,从而提高负极集电器与负极活性材料之间的粘附力并可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的不同形式使用。
将隔膜设置在正极与负极之间,作为隔膜,使用具有高离子透过性和高机械强度的绝缘薄膜。所述隔膜通常具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,例如使用由如下物质制成的片或无纺布:烯烃类聚合物如聚丙烯;或玻璃纤维或聚乙烯,其具有耐化学性和疏水性。当将诸如聚合物等的固体电解质用作电解质时,固体电解质还可以充当隔膜。
所述含锂盐的非水电解质由电解质和锂盐构成。所述电解质可以为非水有机溶剂、有机固体电解质、无机固体电解质等。
非水有机溶剂的实例包括非质子有机溶剂,如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸(poly agitationlysine)、聚酯硫醚、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
无机固体电解质的实例包括但不限于锂(Li)的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
所述锂盐是易溶于非水电解质中的材料,其实例包括但不限于LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺。
另外,为了提高充/放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向电解质中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酰三胺(hexaphosphoric triamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果需要,为了赋予不燃性,所述电解质还可包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,所述非水电解质可另外包含二氧化碳气体、氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)、氟代碳酸亚丙酯(FPC)等。
根据本发明的二次电池可以用于用作小型装置电源的电池单元中,还可以用作包含多个电池单元的中型和大型电池模块的单元电池。
本发明还提供一种包含所述电池模块的电池组作为中型和大型装置的电源。中型和大型装置的实例包括但不限于电动车辆(EV)、混合电动车辆(HEV)和插电式混合电动车辆(PHEV);和用于储存电力的装置。
附图说明
图1是显示根据实施例1和比较例的电池之间初始充电和放电效率的比较的图;
图2和3是显示实施例1与比较例的电池的循环特性之间的比较的图;以及
图4是显示实施例1和比较例的电池的放电容量随C倍率的变化之间的比较的图。
具体实施方式
现在,参考附图和如下实施例对本发明进行更详细的说明。提供这些实例仅用于说明本发明且不应将其解释为限制本发明的范围和主旨。
<实施例1>
将固相LiCoO2和固相MnCO3混合,并在890℃~930℃的温度下煅烧,以制备利用Mn源处理的LiCoO2,以95:2.5:2.5的重量比称量所述Mn处理的LiCoO2、导电材料和粘合剂,添加到NMP,并在其中混合以制备正极混合物,并将正极混合物涂布到20μm厚的Al箔,对涂布的Al箔压制并干燥,由此完成电极的制造。将电极冲切成硬币形状,并使用硬币形电极、作为负极的Li金属和包含1M LiPF6的碳酸酯电解质制造硬币型电池。
<实施例2>
将固相LiCoO2浸入MnSO4水溶液中,并在890℃~930℃的温度下煅烧10小时,以制备利用Mn源处理的LiCoO2,以95:2.5:2.5的重量比称量所述Mn处理的LiCoO2、导电材料和粘合剂,添加到NMP,并在其中混合以制备正极混合物,并在20μm厚的Al箔上将正极混合物涂布到200μm的厚度,对涂布的Al箔压制并干燥,由此完成电极的制造。将电极冲切成硬币形状,并使用硬币形电极、作为负极的Li金属和包含1M LiPF6的碳酸酯电解质制造硬币型电池。
<比较例>
除了使用未利用Mn源处理的LiCoO2(裸露的LiCoO2)之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了硬币型电池。
<实验例1>
在如下条件下在3.0~4.4V下对实施例1和比较例的电池进行充电和放电:在0.1C下充电并在0.1C下放电(1C=150mA/g),并对其初始充电和放电效率进行了比较。将结果示于下表1和下图1中。
<表1>
<实验例2>
在如下条件下在3.0~4.4V下对实施例1和比较例的电池进行30次充电和放电循环:在0.5C下充电并在0.5C下放电(1C=150mA/g),并对其循环特性进行了比较。将结果示于下表2和图2和3中。参考图3能够确认,比较例1的电池的比容量随着循环的重复而明显下降,与实施例1的电池不同。
<表2>
单位 | 比较例 | 实施例1 | |
循环(30次) | % | 84.6 | 98.4 |
<实验例3>
在如下条件下在3.0~4.4V下对实施例1和比较例的电池进行充电和放电:在0.5C下充电,并在0.1C、0.2C、0.5C、1.0C和2.0C下放电(1C=150mA/g),并对其限制倍率特性进行了比较。将结果示于下表3和图4中。
<表3>
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
工业应用性
如上所述,根据本发明的正极活性材料具有其中通过与锂杂质的反应而制造的含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子与锂钴氧化物粒子共存于正极活性材料中的结构,由此具有增强的高电压寿命特性和功率输出特性。
Claims (18)
1.一种正极活性材料,其中锂钴氧化物粒子和含锰(Mn)或钛(Ti)的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子共存。
2.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子存在于所述锂钴氧化物粒子中或所述锂钴氧化物粒子的晶界中。
3.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述含Mn的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子包含Li2MnO3。
4.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述含Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子包含Li2TiO3或Li4Ti5O12。
5.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述锂钴氧化物粒子的直径为5μm~30μm,且所述锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的直径为5μm以下并存在于所述锂钴氧化物粒子中或所述锂钴氧化物粒子的晶界中。
6.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述正极活性材料在所述锂钴氧化物粒子的外表面上还包含电化学惰性的锂化合物。
7.根据权利要求6的正极活性材料,其中所述锂化合物为LiOH。
8.根据权利要求6的正极活性材料,其中所述锂化合物为Li2CO3.。
9.一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包含权利要求1~8中任一项的正极活性材料。
10.一种电池模块,所述电池模块包含权利要求9的锂二次电池作为单元电池。
11.一种电池组,所述电池组包含权利要求10的电池模块。
12.一种装置,所述装置使用权利要求11的电池组作为电源。
13.根据权利要求12的装置,其中所述装置为电动车辆、混合电动车辆、插电式混合电动车辆或电力存储装置。
14.一种制备正极活性材料的方法,所述方法包括:
将锂钴氧化物与含锰(Mn)或钛(Ti)的化合物混合;
将所述混合物的温度升至800℃,从而形成含Mn或Ti的锂过渡金属氧化物粒子;以及
在850℃~950℃的温度下对所得的混合物进行煅烧,使得所述锂过渡金属氧化物粒子插入所述锂钴氧化物粒子中或所述锂钴氧化物的晶界中。
15.根据权利要求14的方法,其中所述混合包括将固相锂钴氧化物与固相过渡金属源化合物进行混合。
16.根据权利要求15的方法,其中所述固相过渡金属源化合物选自如下化合物:MnO2、MnCO3、MnOOH、TiO2、TiCO3和TiOOH。
17.根据权利要求14的方法,其中所述混合包括将固相锂钴氧化物与液相过渡金属源化合物进行混合。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其中所述液相过渡金属源化合物是如下物质的水溶液或醇类溶液:Mn(CH3COO)3、Mn(CH3COO)2、MnSO4、Mn(NO3)2、Ti(CH3COO)3、Ti(CH3COO)2、TiSO4或Ti(NO3)2。
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CN110546795A (zh) * | 2017-04-27 | 2019-12-06 | 株式会社村田制作所 | 正极活性物质、正极、电池、电池包、电子设备、电动车辆、蓄电装置及电力系统 |
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EP2835848A1 (en) | 2015-02-11 |
US10573880B2 (en) | 2020-02-25 |
KR20130136026A (ko) | 2013-12-12 |
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CN104412424B (zh) | 2020-06-19 |
EP2835848B1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
EP2835848A4 (en) | 2015-09-16 |
WO2013183919A1 (ko) | 2013-12-12 |
KR101836436B1 (ko) | 2018-03-08 |
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