CN106233513B - 正极活性材料和包含它的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
正极活性材料和包含它的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106233513B CN106233513B CN201580013494.XA CN201580013494A CN106233513B CN 106233513 B CN106233513 B CN 106233513B CN 201580013494 A CN201580013494 A CN 201580013494A CN 106233513 B CN106233513 B CN 106233513B
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- electrode active
- positive electrode
- active materials
- materials according
- lithium
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910016612 MnaNibCoc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims 1
- -1 sulphur compound Chemical class 0.000 description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910003005 LiNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001171 0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-pyrrole Natural products C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propyl levulinate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CCC(C)=O QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002152 aqueous-organic solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002388 carbon-based active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011656 manganese carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000016 manganese(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinon Chemical compound CN1CCN(C)C1=O CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012716 Li3N-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种包含至少一种选自下式1中的化合物的正极活性材料和包含它的锂二次电池,从而改善了寿命特性和倍率特性,同时表现出优良的安全性:xLi2MyMn(1‑y)O3‑zAz*(1‑x)LiM'O2‑z'A'z'(1),其中M是选自Ru、Mo、Nb、Te、Re、Ir、Pt、Cr、S、W、Os和Po中的至少一种;M’是选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Mn、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第二行过渡金属中的至少一种;A和A'各自独立地是负一价或负二价的阴离子;并且0<x<1,0.3<y<1,0≤z<0.5,且0≤z'<0.5。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种正极活性材料和包含它的锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池能够改善寿命特性和倍率特性,同时展现优良的安全性。
背景技术
近年来,随着有关环境问题的关注增加,已经对电动车辆(EV)和混合动力电动车辆(HEV)进行了许多研究,它们能够取代使用引起空气污染的化石燃料例如汽油和柴油的车辆。镍-金属氢化物(Ni-MH)二次电池主要用作所述电动车辆和混合动力电动车辆的电源。另一方面,对具有高能量密度、高放电电压和高输出稳定性的锂二次电池也已经进行了许多研究,并且一些锂二次电池现在已商业化。
尤其是,用于电动车辆的锂二次电池必须表现出高能量密度并在短时间内提供高输出。另外,用于电动车辆的锂二次电池还必须在恶劣条件下使用10年以上。由于这些原因,用于电动车辆的锂二次电池比常规的小型锂二次电池需要更高的安全性和更长的寿命。另外,基于车辆的运行状态,用于电动车辆(EV)和混合动力电动车辆(HEV)的二次电池需要优良的倍率特性和优良的功率特性。
锂二次电池的负极活性材料主要使用碳材料,锂金属和硫化合物的使用在考虑中。另外,锂二次电池的正极活性材料主要使用含锂的钴氧化物,例如LiCoO2,并且含锂的锰氧化物(例如具有层状晶体结构的LiMnO2,具有尖晶石晶体结构的LiMn2O4)和含锂的镍氧化物(例如LiNiO2)的使用也在考虑中。
在所述正极活性材料之中,LiCoO2由于它优良的寿命特性以及高充电和放电效率而被广泛使用,但具有低结构稳定性。另外,由于作为原料的钴的资源限制,LiCoO2是昂贵的,因此价格竞争力低,因此在像电动车辆这样的领域中其作为电源大量使用是受限的。
LiNiO2是比较便宜的,并且使电池有可能具有高放电容量。然而,取决于由电池的充电和放电引起的所述电池的体积变化,在LiNiO2的晶体结构中会突然出现相变。另外,当LiNiO2暴露于空气和水分时,LiNiO2的安全性急剧降低。
另外,锂锰氧化物,例如LiMnO2和LiMn2O4,表现出优良的热安全性并且便宜。然而,使用锂锰氧化物必然会有充电容量小、循环特性差和高温特性差。
由于这些原因,已经对具有上述结构以外的结构的新正极活性材料进行了许多研究。
例如,对含有过量的锂的氧化物已经进行了研究,例如含有高Mn含量的锂过渡金属氧化物,其中锂含量高于过渡金属的含量,使得在4.5V以上的高电压下表现出270mAh/g以上的高容量。
然而,所述含有过量锂的氧化物具有高不可逆容量。此外,除了锂之外,氧也在高电压活化以使用过量的锂时从所述活性材料结构逃逸。结果,所述活性材料结构可能坍塌,并且可能发生电压骤降现象,从而可能加速电池单元的劣化。
同时,很多研究者已经提出了使用层状结构的含Li2MnO3的正极活性材料的方法,以确保具有这种层状结构的正极活性材料的结构稳定性。在这种情况下,所述正极活性材料含有大量的Mn。结果,所述正极活性材料很便宜并表现出在高电压下的大容量和高稳定性。然而,在4.4V至4.6V的平坦区域活化后,进行了从层状结构到尖晶石结构的转变,因此减弱了畴(domains)之间的接触。结果,所述正极活性材料可能会发生过度结构改变,从而可能不能满足电学性质的改善。
也就是说,尚未提出具有期望的寿命特性和安全性的二次电池的结构。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明用于解决上述问题和其他还有待于解决的技术问题。
作为各种广泛深入的研究和实验来解决上述问题的结果,本申请的发明人开发了包含由式1表示的化合物的二次电池用正极活性材料,其将在下文描述,并且发现所述正极活性材料在二次电池的充电和放电期间表现出结构稳定性,因此包含所述正极活性材料的二次电池表现出优良的寿命特性和倍率特性以及安全性。基于这些发现,完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,上述和其他目的可通过提供一种正极活性材料来完成,所述正极活性材料包含选自由下式1表示的化合物中的至少一种化合物:
xLi2MyMn(1-y)O3-zAz*(1-x)LiM'O2-z'A'z' (1),
其中M是至少一种选自Ru、Mo、Nb、Te、Re、Ir、Pt、Cr、S、W、Os和Po中的元素,
M’是至少一种选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Mn、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第二行过渡金属中的元素,
A和A'各自独立地是负一价或二价的阴离子,并且
0<x<1,0.3<y<1,0≤z<0.5,和0≤z'<0.5。
在使用如前所述含有过量锂和高锰含量的正极活性材料的情况下,所述正极活性材料提供与其价格相比很大的容量。此外,除了锂之外,氧也在高电压活化以使用过量的锂时从所述活性材料结构逃逸。结果,所述活性材料结构可能坍塌,由此所述正极活性材料的电化学性能可能劣化。
本申请的发明人已经对制造在高电压下具有稳定的晶体结构同时表现出优良的容量和倍率特性的正极活性材料进行了许多研究,并且已经发现在特定的元素取代Mn的情况下,能解决上述问题。
具体而言,在如上式1中M所定义的特定元素取代Mn的情况下,防止了氧在高电压下从所述活性材料结构逃逸,从而确保了结构稳定性并由此表现出优良的容量和倍率特性。另外,可以降低为了高电压活化以利用过量的锂所必需的电压,结果由于抑制了在高电压下电解液分解和氧自由基产生而防止了气体产生,从而改善了电池的安全性。
在本发明中,M可以是离子半径比锂更大的的元素。特别地,M可以是至少一种选自Ru、Mo、S、W、Os和Po中的元素。更特别地,M可以是Ru。
在上面的式1中,M'可以是满足上述条件的过渡金属。例如,M'可以是MnaM"1-a(其中M"是至少一种选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第二行过渡金属中的元素,并且0<a<1)。尤其是,M"可以是至少两种选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr和Zn中的元素的组合。
特别地,M’可以是MnaNibCoc(其中0<a<1,0<b<1,0<c<1,并且a+b+c=1)。在M'包括锰、镍和钴的组合的情况下,可以补偿各元素的缺陷,从而可以获得优良的效应。
另外,M'中的a、b和c可以具有在满足上述条件的范围内的各种值。特别地,a可以具有在0<a<0.5范围内的值。更特别地,a可以具有在0.1<a<0.4范围内的值。
在上面的式1中,x表示摩尔比。如果x太大,即使在充电和放电容量增加的情况下,电子电导率也降低。特别地,x可以具有在0<x≤0.7范围内的值。更特别地,x可以具有在0.2<x≤0.6范围内的值。最特别地,x可以是0.5。
在上面的式1中,如果y的含量是0.3以下,可能得不到期望的效果。如果y的含量是1,则所述容量可能降低。因此,在保持所述层状晶体结构的范围内,y可以具有以下范围的值。特别地,y可以具有在0.4<y<1范围内的值。更特别地,y可以具有在0.6≤y<1范围内的值。最特别地,y可以是0.6。
在上面的式1中,在A和A'独立地满足上述条件的范围内,预定量的其他阴离子可以取代氧离子。特别地,A和A’可以各自是至少一种选自卤素元素例如F、Cl、Br和I,硫和氮中的元素。
通过所述阴离子的取代,与所述过渡金属的耦合力增加并防止了所述活性材料的结构转变,结果就可以增加电池的寿命。然而,如果取代了0.5摩尔以上的阴离子,就不能稳定保持所述化合物的结构,结果就降低了寿命特性,这是不可取的。因此,所述阴离子的取代量z和z'可以具有在0≤z≤0.2和0≤z'≤0.2范围内的值。更特别地,所述阴离子的取代量z和z'可以具有在0≤z≤0.1和0≤z'≤0.1范围内的值。
由上面的式1表示的化合物可以是层状复合材料或固溶体。根据情况,所述层状复合材料和固溶体可以彼此混合。
M可以均匀分布在所述化合物的表面上和所述化合物内。根据情况,M可以具有从所述化合物的表面到所述化合物的内部中的浓度梯度。M的含量可以朝着所述化合物的内部增加。假设基于所述化合物的粒径,相当于从所述化合物的最外表面到中央的所述化合物范围的1%的部分被定义为所述化合物的表面,则M总重量的0.1至20重量%、特别是0.2至10重量%可以分布在M的表面上。
制造所述正极活性材料的方法没有特殊的限制,只要保持由式1表示的锂和锰的摩尔比即可。例如,所述正极活性材料可以通过过渡金属氢氧化物前体和碳酸锂之间的反应制造。具体地,制备具有在反应后足以获得含有过量锂的氧化物的组成的过渡金属氢氧化物前体,所制备的过渡金属氢氧化物前体与含锂前体和M混合,使得它们彼此反应,并且所述混合物可以在约800~1200℃的温度下塑化约8~24小时,以制造正极活性材料。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了通过将具有上述构造的正极活性材料施加于集电器而形成的正极。
除了由上面的式1表示的化合物之外,所述正极还可以包含没有满足上述条件的普通锂过渡金属氧化物作为正极活性材料。这种普通锂过渡金属氧化物可以包括如下氧化物,其包括选自Ni、Co和Mn中的仅一种和选自Ni、Co和Mn中的两种以上。例如,可以包括本发明所属领域中公知的所有锂过渡金属氧化物。在这种情况下,由上面的式1表示的化合物可以是所述正极活性材料总重量的至少30重量%,特别是50重量%。
本发明的正极可以通过如下制造:将包含所述正极活性材料、导电剂和粘合剂的正极混合物与预定的溶剂例如水或NMP混合以制造浆料,将所述浆料施加于正极集电器,并干燥和压制所述浆料。
根据需要,在所述正极混合物中还可以包含选自粘度控制剂和填料中的至少一种。
通常,所述正极集电器具有3~500μm的厚度。所述正极集电器没有特别的限制,只要所述正极集电器表现出高导电性,同时在应用所述正极集电器的电池中所述正极集电器不引起任何化学变化即可。例如,所述正极集电器可以由不锈钢、铝、镍、钛或塑性碳制成。或者,所述正极集电器可以由铝或不锈钢制成,其表面用碳、镍、钛或银处理。所述正极集电器可以具有在其表面上形成的微型不平坦图案,以便增加所述正极活性材料的粘附强度。所述正极集电器可以构造成各种形式,例如膜、片、箔、网、多孔体、泡沫体和无纺布。
可以添加导电剂,其是用于进一步改善所述正极活性材料的导电性的组分,使得基于所述正极混合物的总重量,所述导电剂具有0.01至30重量%。所述导电剂没有特别的限制,只要所述导电剂表现高导电性、同时在应用所述导电剂的电池中所述导电剂不引起任何化学变化即可。例如,石墨,例如天然石墨或人造石墨;炭黑类材料,例如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽黑、炉黑、灯黑或热裂法炭黑;导电纤维,例如碳纤维或金属纤维;金属粉末,例如氟化碳粉、铝粉或镍粉;导电晶须,例如氧化锌或钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物,例如氧化钛;或聚亚苯基衍生物,可以用作所述导电剂。
所述粘合剂是有助于所述正极活性材料和所述导电剂之间的粘合和有助于与所述正极集电器粘合的组分。基于包含所述正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,所述粘合剂通常以1~30重量%的量添加。作为所述粘合剂的实例,可以使用聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶和各种共聚物。
所述粘度控制剂是具有如下作用的组分:控制所述电极混合物的粘度,以便促进所述电极混合物的混合及其在集电器上的涂布。基于所述电极混合物的总重量,所述粘度控制剂可以添加最多30重量%的量。所述粘度控制剂的实例包括羧甲基纤维素和聚偏二氟乙烯。然而,本发明不限于此。根据情况,上述溶剂也可以起到粘度控制剂的作用。
所述填料是用于抑制正极膨胀的任选组分。对所述填料没有特别的限制,只要所述填料由纤维材料制成、同时所述填料在应用所述填料的电池中不引起化学变化即可。作为所述填料的实例,可以使用烯烃聚合物,例如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;和纤维材料,例如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了包含所述正极、负极、隔膜和含锂盐的非水电解液的锂二次电池。
所述负极通过向负极集电器施加包含负极活性材料的负极混合物并干燥所述负极混合物而制造。前面描述的导电剂、粘合剂等可以根据需要添加于所述负极混合物。
一般而言,所述负极集电器具有3~500μm的厚度。所述负极集电器没有特别的限制,只要所述负极集电器表现出高导电性、同时在应用所述负极集电器的电池中所述负极集电器不引起任何化学变化即可。例如,所述负极集电器可以由铜、不锈钢、铝、镍、钛或塑性碳制成。或者,所述负极集电器可以由其表面用碳、镍、钛或银处理的铜或不锈钢,或铝-镉合金制成。以与所述正极集电器中相同的方式,所述负极集电器可以具有在其表面上形成的微型不平坦图案,以便增加所述负极活性材料的粘附力。所述负极集电器可以构造成各种形式,例如膜、片、箔、网、多孔体、泡沫体和无纺布。
所述负极活性材料可以是例如碳和石墨材料,例如天然石墨、人造石墨、可膨胀石墨、碳纤维、硬碳、炭黑、碳纳米管、富勒烯和活性炭;可与锂形成合金的金属例如Al、Si、Sn、Ag、Bi、Mg、Zn、In、Ge、Pb、Pd、Pt和Ti以及包含这些元素的化合物;金属与其化合物的复合物以及碳与石墨材料的复合物;和含锂氮化物。其中,碳基活性材料、锡基活性材料、硅基活性材料或硅碳基活性材料是更优选的,可以单独或以其两种以上的组合使用。
所述隔膜插入在所述正极和所述负极之间。作为隔膜,例如,可以使用表现出高离子渗透性和高机械强度的绝缘薄膜。所述隔膜通常具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为所述隔膜的材料,例如,使用由表现出耐化学性和疏水性的烯烃聚合物如聚丙烯、玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的片或无纺布。在固体电解质例如聚合物用作电解质的情况下,所述固体电解质也可以起隔膜的作用。
所述含锂盐的非水电解液由电解液和锂盐组成。作为所述电解液,可以使用非水有机溶液、有机固体电解质或无机固体电解质。
作为所述非水有机溶液的实例,可以提到的有非质子有机溶剂,例如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
作为所述有机固体电解质的实例,可以提到的有聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚海藻酸盐-赖氨酸、聚酯硫醚、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含离子解离基团的聚合物。
作为所述无机固体电解质的实例,可以提到的有锂(Li)的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐,例如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
所述锂盐是易溶于以上提到的非水电解液中的材料,并可以包括,例如,LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺锂。
另外,为了改善充电和放电特性以及阻燃性,例如,可以向所述非水电解液添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六甲基磷酰三胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的噁唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。根据情况,为了赋予不可燃性,所述非水电解液还可以包含含卤素溶剂,例如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。另外,为了改善高温保持特性,所述非水电解液还可以包含二氧化碳气。另外,还可以包含氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)、氟代碳酸亚丙酯(FPC)等。
本发明的二次电池可以用作电池模块的单元电池,所述电池模块是中或大型装置的电源,其特别需要耐高温的稳定性、长期循环和高倍率特性等等。
具体而言,所述中或大型装置可以是由基于电池的马达驱动的电动工具、电动汽车例如电动车辆(EV)、混合动力电动车辆(HEV)或插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)、电动两轮车辆例如电动自行车(E-自行车)或电动踏板车(E-踏板车)、或电动高尔夫球车。然而,本发明不限于此。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了使用所述二次电池作为单元电池的中或大型电池组。所述中或大型电池组的一般结构和制造方法是本发明所属领域中公知的,因此将省略其详细描述。
附图说明
图1是显示了实验例1的电池在第二个循环中的充电和放电结果的图;以及
图2是实验例2的电池在第二至第七个循环中的容量微分曲线。
具体实施方式
现在,将参考以下实施例更详细地描述本发明。提供这些实施例仅仅为了说明本发明,不应该解释为限制本发明的范围和精神。
<实施例1>
将过渡金属前体,NiCO3、MnCO3、RuO2和Li2CO3,在其中所述过渡金属前体的摩尔比基于化学计量比是1:1.8:1.2:3的状态下放入行星式磨机中,并以400rpm的速度混合约5小时以获得混合物。将所述混合物在900℃的空气气氛下塑化8小时,以制造用Ru掺杂的正极活性材料,0.5Li2Ru0.6Mn0.4O3*0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2。
<比较例1>
除了将过渡金属前体,NiCO3、MnCO3、RuO2和Li2CO3,在所述过渡金属前体的摩尔比基于化学计量比是1:2.4:0.6:3的状态下混合之外,以与实施例1相同的方式制造0.5Li2Ru0.3Mn0.7O3*0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2。
<比较例2>
除了不使用Ru盐之外,以与实施例1相同的方式制造0.5Li2MnO3*0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2。
<实验例1>
将7重量%的超导电乙炔炭黑(denka black)作为导电剂和6重量%的PVDF作为粘合剂,添加到87重量%的根据实施例1以及比较例1和2制造的正极活性材料中以制造正极活性混合物。向所制造的正极活性混合物添加NMP以制造浆料。将所制造的浆料施加于正极集电器,然后压制和干燥以制造二次电池用正极。将多孔聚乙烯隔膜插入在正极和基于锂金属的负极之间,然后注入锂电解溶液以制造硬币型锂半单体电池。
图1中显示了在所述硬币型锂半单体电池的第二个循环中充电和放电的结果。
参考这个图,能够看出,实施例1的电池在较低的电压下表现出比比较例1和2的电池高的容量,并且减轻了电压骤降现象。
<实验例2>
对利用实施例1以及比较例1和2制造的正极活性材料根据实验例1制造的锂半单体电池充电和放电直至第七个循环。图2中显示了在所述电池的第二至第七个电化学循环中的容量微分曲线。
参考这个图,能够看出,实施例1的电池在虚线框中着色部分中具有比比较例1和2的电池低的活化水平,由此即使当进行多个充电和放电循环时,也减轻了电压骤降现象。
工业实用性
从以上描述显而易见的是,本发明的正极活性材料含有过量的锂和预定含量的特定元素。因此,即使在高电压活化以利用过量的锂时,也可以防止氧的逃逸,从而可确保结构稳定性。因此,能抑制由于所述正极活性材料在循环期间的结构改变而引起的电压骤降,从而改善寿命特性。
另外,通过充分利用过量的锂,可以减少所述正极活性材料的不可逆容量,从而改善倍率特性,同时表现出优良的充电和放电效率。
此外,可以降低高电压活化所需的电压,从而能通过抑制电解液的分解而防止氧自由基的产生,从而可以改善电池的安全性。
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
Claims (18)
1.一种正极活性材料,其包含选自由下式1表示的化合物中的至少一种化合物:
xLi2MyMn(1-y)O3-zAz*(1-x)LiM'O2-z'A'z' (1),
其中
M是至少一种选自Ru、Mo、Nb、Te、Re、Ir、Pt、S、W、Os和Po中的元素,
M’是至少一种选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Mn、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第二行过渡金属中的元素,
A和A'各自独立地是负一价或二价的阴离子,并且
0.5≤x<1,0.3<y<1,0≤z<0.5,以及0≤z'<0.5。
2.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中M是至少一种选自Ru、Mo、S、W、Os和Po中的元素。
3.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中M是Ru。
4.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中M’是MnaM"1-a,其中M"是至少一种选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第二行过渡金属中的元素,以及0<a<1。
5.根据权利要求4所述的正极活性材料,其中M"是至少两种选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr和Zn中的元素。
6.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中M’是MnaNibCoc,其中0<a<1,0<b<1,0<c<1,以及a+b+c=1。
7.根据权利要求4或6所述的正极活性材料,其中0<a<0.5。
8.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中0.5≤x≤0.7。
9.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中0.4<y<1。
10.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中A和A’各自是至少一种选自卤素元素、硫和氮中的元素。
11.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中0≤z≤0.2,以及0≤z'≤0.2。
12.根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中由上式1表示的化合物是层状复合材料或固溶体。
13.一种正极,其通过向集电器施加权利要求1的正极活性材料而形成。
14.一种锂二次电池,其包含权利要求13的正极。
15.一种电池模块,其包含权利要求14的锂二次电池作为单元电池。
16.一种电池组,其包含权利要求15的电池模块。
17.一种利用权利要求16的电池组作为电源的装置。
18.根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中所述装置是电动车辆、混合动力电动车辆、插电式混合动力电动车辆或蓄电设备。
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