CN103694404A - 酚聚合物以及包含该酚聚合物的光刻胶 - Google Patents
酚聚合物以及包含该酚聚合物的光刻胶 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种酚聚合物以及包含该酚聚合物的光刻胶。本发明涉及新的聚合物,其包含与聚合物骨架间隔开的酚基团和光酸不稳定基团。本发明优选的聚合物可用作化学增强型正性光刻胶的组分。
Description
本申请是申请号为200810109247.1,申请日为2008年3月12日,发明名称为“酚聚合物以及包含该酚聚合物的光刻胶”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及新的酚共聚物,其包含光酸不稳定基团(photoacid-liable group)和不同的酚,该酚通过例如聚合丙烯酸酯部分与所述共聚物分隔开。本发明的聚合物作为化学增强型正性光刻胶的组分是特别有用的。
背景技术
光刻胶是用来将影像转印到基材上的光敏膜。在基材上形成光刻胶涂层,然后将该光刻胶层通过光掩膜曝光于活化辐射源中。所述光掩膜具有对活化辐射不透明的区域以及其它对活化辐射透明的区域。对活化辐射的曝光提供光刻胶涂层的光诱导化学转变,由此将所述光掩膜上的图案转印到所述光刻胶覆盖的基材上。曝光后,将所述光刻胶显影从而提供允许选择性处理基材的浮雕影像。
化学增强型光刻胶已经使用得越来越多,特别是用于形成亚微米影像以及其它高性能应用。这样的光刻胶可以是负性的或正性的,并且每单元光生成酸通常包括许多交联情况(在负性光刻胶情况下)或脱保护反应(在正性光刻胶情况下)。在正性化学增强型光刻胶情况下,某种阳离子光引发剂已经被用于诱导某种“阻断”基团侧链从光刻胶粘合剂上解离,或包含光刻胶粘合剂骨架的某种基团的解离。
虽然现有的光刻胶适用于许多用途,但是现有的光刻胶也显示了重大的缺陷,特别是在高性能应用例如高分辨率的亚半微米和亚四分之一微米特征的形成等应用中。
因此,那些能够以短波辐射光成像的光刻胶引起人们的注意,所述短波辐射包括270nm或更低的曝光辐射,例如248nm的波长(由KrF激光提供)。参见JP1996044063,其报道了使用KrF分档器进行曝光的某种光刻胶。使用这种短曝光波长能够形成更小的特征。所以,那些在248nm曝光获得良好分辨率影像的光刻胶能够形成极小(例如,低于0.25μm)的特征,这也对应于对于更小尺寸电路图形的稳定工业需要,例如,提供更大的电路密度以及经提高的装置性能。
因此,新的光刻胶组合物是合乎需要的,特别是能够在短波例如248nm成像的光刻胶组合物。
发明内容
我们现在已经发现新的酚聚合物,其包含光酸不稳定单元以及至少被碳或其它原子从所述聚合物骨架间隔开的酚基团。
本发明特别优选的聚合物包含聚合的丙烯酸酯基团,其包含与所述聚合物骨架间隔开的酚部分。
在一个方面,提供聚合物以及包含这种聚合物的光刻胶,其中所述聚合物包含含有下式I结构的重复单元:
其中,在式I中,Z是桥单元;X是一个或多个原子;每个R1是相同的或不同的非氢取代基;以及m是从0(当不存在R1取代基时)至4的整数。
在本发明的某优选方面,提供聚合物以及包含这种聚合物的光刻胶,其中所述聚合物包含含有下式II结构的重复单元:
其中,R为氢或烷基,例如C1-6烷基,特别是甲基;以及X、R1和m与上面式I的定义相同。
优选的聚合物以及包含这种聚合物的光刻胶可包含另外的重复单元,所述重复单元不同于间隔的酚单元例如上面式I和式II中的那些单元,也就是说,本发明优选的聚合物包括共聚物、三元共聚物、四元共聚物、五元共聚物及其它高阶(higher order)聚合物,其中三元共聚物和四元共聚物特别适用于许多光刻胶用途。
通常,优选的高阶聚合物可以包含可促进包含所述聚合物的光刻胶的光刻过程的重复单元。因此,优选的另外的聚合物重复单元是光酸不稳定基团,例如在光生成酸(photogenerated acid)存在时能够产生碱性、水溶性基团例如羧基的那些;可以是对光刻过程基本上惰性的基团,例如任选被在典型光刻条件下不经历裂解反应的环取代基(例如,卤素)取代的苯基、任选取代的烷基(包括C1-6烷基)、以及任选取代的烷氧基(包括C1-6烷氧基);包含氰基的基团。
更特别地,本发明优选的高阶聚合物除间隔的酚基以及任意存在的另外的不同重复单元以外,还可包含光酸不稳定基团。例如,本发明优选的聚合物包括包含下式III结构的那些:
其中,每个Z是相同或不同的桥单元;X、R1和m与上面式I的定义相同。
AL是包含光酸不稳定基团的部分,例如光酸不稳定酯或缩醛基团。
Y是与所述间隔的酚基团不同的部分,或者是包含AL的部分,例如,适当的Y基团可包含对光刻过程基本上不反应的部分,例如,任选被对光刻过程基本上惰性的部分如卤素、氰基、烷基、烷氧基取代的苯基;不经历光酸诱导的裂解反应的酯基;具有例如具有5-20个环碳原子的基团例如环己基(cylohexyl)、金刚烷基(adamantly)、降冰片基(norbornyl)的脂环基;以及内酯,例如丁内酯(butyrolacontes);
a、b和c是基于所述聚合物中的总重复单元的各聚合物单元的摩尔百分比,并且a和b各自大于0以及c可以是0(当所述聚合物中不存在Y基团时)或大于0。a的优选值为5%至约95%或更高,更典型的为约10%至约40%、50%、60%、70%、80%或90%;b的优选值为约1%至约70%,更优选为约2%、3%、4%或5%至约10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%或50%;c的优选值为0、1%、2%、5%、10%或15%至约20%、25%、30%、40%、50%或60%,更典型地为约5%或10至约15%、20%、25%或30%。
在一个方面,本发明优选的聚合物除间隔的酚基团之外,还包含光酸不稳定酯基。例如,这种优选的聚合物包含下式IV的结构:
其中,X、R1、m、Y、a、b和c各自与上面式III中的定义相同;
各个R是相同的或不同的,并且为氢或任选取代的烷基,例如任选取代的C1-6烷基,特别是甲基;以及
P为提供光酸不稳定酯的部分,特别地,P提供与所述酯氧原子相连的完全取代的烷基原子,例如叔丁基和甲基金刚烷基。
本发明优选的聚合物作为光刻胶组合物的树脂组分是非常有用的。本发明的光刻胶典型地包含光活性组分,例如,除了所述树脂组分之外的一种或多种光酸发生剂化合物。本发明的光刻胶还可包含树脂混合物,其中至少一种树脂混合物成分是本发明的聚合物。优选的光刻胶是化学增强型光刻胶,其中本发明的聚合物和/或另一种光刻胶组分例如包含一个或多个光酸不稳定基团的另外的树脂。
本发明还提供形成浮雕影像的方法,包括形成高分辨率浮雕影像例如线路图形的方法,所述线路图形中每条线路具有基本上垂直的侧壁(sidewalls)以及线宽为0.40微米或更小,并且甚至宽度为0.25、0.20或0.16微米或更小。本发明进一步提供包括其上涂有本发明的聚合物、光刻胶或光刻胶浮雕影像的基材例如微电子晶片基材或液晶显示器或其它平板显示器基材的制品。本发明还包括使用本发明的光刻胶和/或聚合物制造这种制品,特别是半导体芯片的方法。
另外,在一优选的方面,本发明提供改善的离子注入方法。这种方法可包括将掺杂离子(例如,III族和/或IV族离子,例如硼、砷、磷等等)植入基材(例如,半导体晶片)表面,所述基材上具有作为光刻掩模的本发明的光刻胶。该经光刻胶掩模的基材可被放入反应室中,该反应室能够提供减压条件以及来自电离源的等离子体。那些离子包括掺杂剂,所述掺杂剂当植入所述基材时是电学上活性的。可在所述反应室中应用电压(例如,通过导电的室壁)从而选择性地植入所述掺杂剂离子。
本发明的其它方面在下文公开。
如上所述,提供包含被一个或多个原子从所述聚合物骨架上间隔开的酚基团的聚合物。典型的间隔基团可包括烷基和/或杂原子例如氧或任意取代的硫(例如S(O),S(O)2),这包括1个或多个原子,通常为1到约2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个原子的链,插入在所述聚合物骨架和酚基团之间。本发明的聚合物作为光刻胶树脂组分是特别有用的。
本发明的聚合物还可包含除间隔的酚基团之外的单元。正如以上的讨论,优选的聚合物包含含有一个或多个光酸不稳定基团的重复单元。
合适的光酸不稳定基团包括酯和缩醛基团。优选的是叔丁基酯以及碳脂环族的光酸不稳定酯基。优选的这种酯的脂环基将具有至少约125或约130的分子体积,更优选地至少约140或160的分子体积。在至少一些应用中,大于约220或250的脂环基可是较不优选的。这里对分子体积的参考指定为由标准计算机模型所决定的体积大小,这提供最佳的化学键长度和角度。如这里提到的,决定分子体积的优选计算机程序是Alchemy2000,其可从翠波斯(Tripos)获得。对于基于计算机的分子大小测定的更进一步讨论,参见T.奥莫特(T Omote)等人,Polymers for Advanced Technologies,第4卷,第277-287页。
特别优选的光酸不稳定单元的季脂环基包括下列基团,其中波形线表示连接到所述酯基的羧基氧的键,以及R为适当地任选取代的烷基,特别是C1-8烷基,例如甲基、乙基等等。
适当的光酸不稳定缩醛基可通过乙烯基醚例如乙基乙烯基醚与羟基或羧基反应来提供。
在这方面,光酸不稳定基团还可接枝于其它单体,或预先形成的聚合物上。例如,光酸不稳定酯和缩醛部分可适当地接枝于成形树脂或酚单体的酚-OH基团上。例如,接枝于羟基上的酯是优选的酸不稳定基团(在光生成酸存在时发生脱酯作用从而提供显影液溶解性羧基)。这种酯可通过例如卤代乙酸酯化合物(例如,氯代乙酸叔丁酯)与酚羟基反应来提供。缩醛基也是优选的光酸不稳定基团;例如乙烯基醚化合物可接枝于酚羟基部分上从而提供光酸不稳定的缩醛基。提供光酸不稳定缩醛基的适当乙烯基醚包括具有至少一个-(CH=CH)-O-基团的化合物,例如乙基乙烯基醚等等。
除光酸不稳定基团之外或作为对其的替换,本发明的聚合物还可包含其它基团。例如,溶解增强剂可包含在本发明的聚合物中,例如酸酐和内酯。合适的酸酐包括例如包含马来酸酐和/或衣康酸酐的聚合单元。合适的内酯基团包括例如丁内酯部分。对比增强基团也可存在于本发明的聚合物中,例如由甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸、和由光酸不稳定基团保护的此类基团例如甲基丙烯酸乙氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁氧基酯和甲基丙烯酸叔丁基酯的聚合(polymermization)提供的基团。正如以上的讨论,也可使用基本上对光刻法惰性的基团,例如碳环芳基基团,特别是苯基,其可由苯乙烯的反应提供,以及任选被对热(例如,在150至200℃之间)和光刻法的光酸条件基本上不起反应的部分取代的苯基或其它芳基。
在本发明的某些方面,提供包含聚合丙烯酸酯基团的聚合物。这里所指的丙烯酸酯化合物或聚合物包括取代的丙烯酸酯,例如甲基丙烯酸酯。酚/丙烯酸酯共聚物和高阶聚合物例如三元共聚物和四元共聚物是特别优选的。一个或多个聚合物重复单元可包含聚合丙烯酸酯基团,包括所述间隔的酚单元和/或包含光酸不稳定部分的单元。
本发明适合的聚合物包含30至90摩尔百分数的酚单元,更优选为40至60摩尔百分数的酚单元。包含非酚(没有羟基或羧基取代)苯基单元的聚合物适当地具有以总聚合物单元计3至30或40摩尔百分数的量的这种单元存在其中,优选以总聚合物单元计5至10、15或20摩尔百分数。
如同所讨论的,这里描述的各种部分,包括上述分子式的聚合物的部分可被任选取代。“取代的”基团可在一个或多个有效位置被取代,典型地在1、2或3位被一个或多个适当的基团例如卤素(特别是F、Cl或Br);氰基;硝基;C1-6烷基磺酰基例如甲磺酰基;C1-8烷基;C1-8烷氧基;C2-8烯基;C2-8炔基;羟基;烷酰基例如C1-6烷酰基例如酰基取代。
聚合物合成
本发明的聚合物可以通过多种方法制备。
市场上可买到多种具有间隔酚部分的单体。适当的单体还可被容易地合成。例如,氢醌化合物和丙烯酸酐可在酸性条件下反应从而提供间隔的酚丙烯酸酯化合物。参见,例如,随后的实施例1的过程,其获得甲基丙烯酸羟苯基酯。
更特别地,适当的单体可以按照如下方案1所示的制备:
方案1
如同示例性方案1中所列,聚羟基苯基化合物例如方案1中所示的氢醌1与乙烯基酸酐2在酸存在下的反应可以提供酚甲基丙烯酸酯化合物3。在上面的方案1中,所描述的“R”与上面式(I)中的定义相同。方案1的特别优选的合成过程在下面的实施例1中举例说明。
方案2
如同示例性方案2中所列,乙烯基酸酐可用作上面方案1中的试剂2。更特别地,丙烯酸酯酸4可与酸酐5反应,优选在另外的酸存在下从而提供乙烯基酸酐6而得到酚甲基丙烯酸化合物3。在上面的方案2中,所描述的“R”与上面式(I)中的定义相同。方案2的特别优选的合成过程在下面的实施例2中举例说明。
方案3
如同示例性方案3中所列,多羟基化合物7优选在酸存在下与酸酐8反应从而提供单酯酚中间体9。如果需要,可回收过量的起始物质,然后化合物9优选在另外的酸存在下与丙烯酸酯酸10反应从而提供酚甲基丙烯酸酯化合物11。在上面的方案3中,所描述的“R”与上面式(I)中的定义相同。方案3的特别优选的合成过程在下面的实施例3中举例说明。
在方案3中所列的两步方法能够提供几个显著的优点,包括使用相对廉价的试剂(例如,Ac2O)。另外,方案3的方法能够促进丙烯酸酯化合物11,即,其中化合物11的R为氢的合成。
特别优选的可用于形成本发明聚合物的单体包括下式V的那些:
其中,R、R1和m如上面式I至IV中所定义的。
丙烯酸酯是生产本发明聚合物特别优选的单体,例如下式VI的化合物:
其中,R为氢或任选取代的烷基,例如,任选取代的C1-6烷基,且R优选为氢或甲基。
本发明的聚合物可以通过加成反应适当地形成,所述加成反应可包括自由基聚合,例如,在惰性气氛(例如,N2或氩气)和高温例如70℃或更高的条件下,在自由基引发剂存在下通过经选择的单体(其中之一包括间隔的酚基团)的反应从而提供上述讨论的多种单元,尽管反应温度可依赖于所使用的具体试剂的活性和所述反应溶剂(如果使用溶剂)的沸点而改变。适合的反应溶剂包括例如四氢呋喃和乳酸乙酯。任何具体体系的适合反应温度可以由本领域技术人员根据在此所公开的凭经验容易地决定。可以使用多种自由基引发剂。举例来说,可以使用偶氮化合物,例如偶氮-双-2,4-二甲基戊腈。还能够使用过氧化物、过酸酯、过酸和过硫酸酯。参见随后的实施例4和7作为试剂和反应条件的举例。
用于反应以提供本发明聚合物的合适单体包括任选取代的乙烯基苯基、任选取代的苯乙烯、任选取代的α-甲基苯乙烯、甲基丙烯腈、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸2-甲基金刚烷基酯、丙烯酸2-甲基金刚烷基酯或α-丁内酯甲基丙烯酸酯。
其它可进行反应以提供本发明聚合物的单体能够由本领域技术人员确定。举例来说,为提供酸不稳定基团,可以将相应单体例如甲基丙烯酸叔丁基酯(t-butymethacrylate)、丙烯酸叔丁基酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁氧基酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁基酯;和甲基丙烯酸乙氧基乙基酯反应;为提供侧链酸基团,可以将相应单体酸单体例如甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸;和溶解增强剂例如酸酐反应,所述酸酐可以通过适当的单体例如衣康酸酐和马来酸酐的反应来提供。
本发明的聚合物适当地可具有宽的分子量范围和分子量分布。例如,本发明的聚合物适当地可具有1,000至100,000的重均分子量(Mw),更优选为2,000至30,000,更加优选为2,000至15,000或20,000,具有3或更小的分子量分布(Mw/Mn),更优选为2或更小的分子量分布。本发明聚合物的分子量(Mw或Mn)适当地由凝胶渗透色谱法测定。
光刻胶组合物
正如上面的讨论,进一步提供的是包含树脂组分的光刻胶组合物,所述树脂组分包含具有间隔酚基团的树脂。
当短波,特别是248nm曝光时,本发明的光刻胶组合物可提供高分辨率的浮雕影像。本发明的光刻胶优选为化学增强型正性光刻胶,其利用侧链烷基酯或缩醛聚合物基团的光酸诱导裂解从而提供光刻胶涂层的曝光和未曝光区域之间的溶解度差异。
用于光刻胶制剂的本发明聚合物应包含足量的光生成酸不稳定酯基从而使所需的光刻胶浮雕影像能够形成。例如,适量的这种酸不稳定酯基将是所述聚合物总单元的至少1摩尔百分数,更优选为2至50或60摩尔百分数。参见随后的实施例作为优选聚合物的举例。
正如上面的讨论,本发明的光刻胶除此之外还可包含一种或多种聚合物,且与具有间隔酚基团的聚合物不同。这种另外的聚合物包括具有可在相对温和条件下拉脱(deblock)的光酸不稳定基团的那些,例如具有缩醛基的聚合物。这种具有缩醛基的另外的聚合物适当地可为例如酚聚合物(例如,聚(乙烯基苯酚)),所述酚聚合物具有接枝于所述酚—OH部分的缩醛基,例如通过所述酚聚合物与醚乙烯醚(ether vinyl ether)或其它乙烯基醚的反应。
这种树脂混合物中各成分的量可以在相当大的范围内变化,例如,具有间隔酚基团的聚合物相对于第二种不同树脂的重量比可以为1:10至10:1,更优选地,重量比为2:8至8:2。
本发明的光刻胶包含光活性组分,优选一种或多种光酸生成剂(即,“PAG”),其被以足够的量适当地使用从而在曝光于活化辐射下时在所述光刻胶的涂层中产生潜像。适当的光酸生成剂包括酰亚胺磺酸酯(imidosulfonate),例如,下式的化合物:
其中R为樟脑、金刚烷、烷基(例如,C1-12烷基)和全氟烷基例如全氟代(C1-12烷基),特别是全氟辛烷磺酸酯和全氟壬烷磺酸酯。特别优选的PAG为N-[(全氟辛烷磺酰基)氧]-5-降冰片基-2,3-二甲酰亚胺。
磺酸酯化合物也是用于覆盖了本发明涂层组合物的光刻胶的适合的PAGs,特别是磺酸酯盐。两种适用于193nm和248nm影像的试剂为下列PAGS1和2:
这种磺酸盐化合物可按欧洲专利申请96118111.2(公开号0783136)中所公开的方法制备,其中详细描述了上面PAG1的合成方法。
同样适合的是上面两种阴离子复合的碘鎓化合物,与上面描述的樟脑磺酸酯类不同。特别的,优选的阴离子包括式RSO3-的那些,其中R为金刚烷、烷基(例如,C1-12烷基)和全氟烷基例如全氟代(C1-12烷基),特别是全氟辛烷磺酸酯和全氟丁烷磺酸酯。
其它已知的PAGS也可用于本发明的光刻胶中。
优选的本发明光刻胶的可选添加剂为附加的碱,特别是氢氧化四丁基铵(TBAH),或乳酸四丁基铵,其能够提高已显影的光刻胶浮雕影像的分辨率。所述附加的碱适当的以相对小的量使用,例如,按重量计相对于全部固体的0.03至5%。
本发明的光刻胶还可包含其它可选材料。例如,其它可选添加剂包括抗条纹剂(anti-striation)、增塑剂、速度增强剂等等。除填料和染料可以相对较高浓度存在以外,这种可选的添加剂典型地将在光刻胶组合物中以较低浓度存在,例如,以按重量计光刻胶干组分总重量的5至30%的量。
本发明的光刻胶能够由本领域技术人员容易地制备。例如,本发明的光刻胶组合物能够通过将所述光刻胶的组分溶解在适当的溶剂中来制备,所述溶剂例如乳酸乙酯、乙二醇单甲醚、乙二醇单甲醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲醚,丙二醇单甲醚乙酸酯和丙酸3-乙氧基乙基酯。典型地,所述组合物的固体含量按重量计在所述光刻胶组合物总重量的5至35%之间变化。所述树脂粘合剂和光活性组分应以足够提供薄膜涂层和形成优质的潜像和浮雕影像的量存在。参见随后的实施例作为光刻胶组分的优选量的实例。
本发明的组合物以通常已知的方法使用。本发明的液体涂料组合物通过例如旋涂、浸渍、辊涂或其它常规涂布技术施用于基材上。当旋涂时,基于所使用的具体旋转设备、溶液粘度、转子速度以及允许的旋转时间,可调节所述涂料溶液的固体含量从而提供所需的薄膜厚度。
本发明的光刻胶组合物适当地施用于基材,所述基材通常用于包括以光刻胶进行涂覆的工艺中。例如,可将所述组合物施用于用于生产微处理器和其它集成电路部件的硅晶片或涂有二氧化硅的硅晶片上。也适当地使用铝-氧化铝、砷化镓、陶瓷、石英、铜和玻璃基材。
本发明的光刻胶和方法特别用在例如薄膜磁头(例如,3至5μm)、磁盘、CD掩膜和后端植入片的生产中。
在表面涂覆所述光刻胶之后,需要通过加热进行干燥以除去所述溶剂直到优选地所述光刻胶涂层无粘性(tack free)。其后,以常规方式通过掩膜成像。所述曝光足以有效地激活光刻胶体系的光活性组分,从而在所述光刻胶涂层中产生图形影像,并且,更具体地说,所述曝光能量典型地在1至100mJ/cm2范围内变化,这取决于所述曝光工具和所述光刻胶组合物的组分。
正如上面讨论的,本发明光刻胶组合物的涂层优选通过短曝光波长进行光活化,特别是低于300nm的曝光波长,例如248nm。然而,本发明的光刻胶组合物也可以适当地在较高波长下成像。例如,本发明的树脂能够使用适合的PAG配制,并用作化学增强型正性I-线光刻胶,也就是在365nm成像的光刻胶。本发明的光刻胶对使用电子束曝光(E-串曝光)和超紫外辐射曝光(EUV),例如低于50nm或低于20nm曝光,特别是13nm曝光也将是有用。
曝光后,所述组合物的薄膜层优选在70℃至160℃的温度范围内烘烤。其后,将所述薄膜显影。已经曝光的光刻胶薄膜通过使用极性显影液而显示正性,所述极性显影液优选水性基显影液,例如氢氧化季胺溶液如氢氧化四烷基铵溶液;各种胺溶液,优选0.26N氢氧化四甲铵,例如乙胺、正丙胺、二乙胺、二正丙胺、三乙胺或甲基二乙基胺;醇胺,例如二乙醇胺或三乙醇胺;环胺,例如吡咯、吡啶等等。通常,通过本领域已知的方法显影。
在显影和任何后显影热固化步骤之后,可进行离子植入步骤,例如,通过以一个或多个掺杂离子例如氩、硼、氟化硼、砷、磷和/或氮对具有光刻胶浮雕影像的基材进行粒子轰击,更典型地使用砷、磷和/或硼。所述离子植入优选在高能量条件下进行,例如,20eV或以上,例如40、50或80eV或以上,优选在反应室中减压条件下进行。
其后,可以在没有光刻胶的那些区域上有选择地处理已经显影的基材,例如,按照本领域已知的方法对没有光刻胶的基材区域进行化学蚀刻或电镀。对于微电子基片的制造,例如,二氧化硅晶片的制造,适当的蚀刻剂包括气体蚀刻剂,例如,卤素等离子体蚀刻剂如基于氯或氟的蚀刻剂,这种Cl2或CF4/CHF3蚀刻剂用作等离子流。在这样的处理之后,可用已知的剥离方法从所述经处理的基材上除去光刻胶。
正如上面讨论的,本发明的光刻胶对于在半导体晶片上形成金属凸点特别有用。这种处理可以包括:a)在半导体晶片上涂布本发明的光刻胶,优选提供厚膜涂层例如50μm或更厚的干燥光刻胶涂层;c)将所述光敏组合物层影像曝光于光化学辐射下,包括低于300nm辐射,特别是248nm;d)将已曝光的光敏组合物层进行显影以提供图象区域;e)将金属沉积入所述图象区域中;以及f)除去已经曝光的光敏组合物以提供具有金属凸点的半导体晶片。
在这种凸点形成方法中,将所述光刻胶层成像以便形成小孔例如在所述光敏层中的通孔(vias)。在这种方法中,将所述光敏层涂布到电子器件上的导电层上。所述光敏组合物的曝光以及随后的显影在所述光敏组合物中提供经限定的孔(通孔)以及使下面的导电层曝光。相应地,所述方法的下一步是以经限定的孔(通孔)沉积金属或金属合金凸点。这种金属沉积可通过非电解的或电解沉积方法进行。优选电解的金属沉积。在电解金属沉积过程中,所述电子器件材基,也就是半导体晶片,起阴极的作用。
在金属或金属合金例如作为焊接物是合适的那些沉积之前,可通过喷镀、非电解沉积等等方式沉积导电层例如铜或镍从而形成凸点下金属(under-bump-metal)。这种凸点下金属层厚度典型地为1000至并且作为随后电镀焊接凸点的可湿性底座。
多种金属可进行非电解沉积,包括但不限于铜、锡-铅、镍、金、银、钯等等。可进行电解沉积的适合的金属和金属合金包括但不限于铜、锡、锡-铅、镍、金、银、锡-锑、锡-铜、锡-铋、锡-铟、锡-银,钯等等。这种金属电镀液对本领域技术人员来说是熟知的,并且可以容易地从各种来源获得。
在一个实施方案中,在所述半导体晶片上的金属沉积可用作焊接凸点。因此,优选的是所述金属凸点是可焊接的金属和金属合金,例如锡、锡-铅、锡-铜、锡-银、锡-铋、锡-铜-铋、锡-铜-银等等。用于形成焊接凸点的合适金属和金属合金描述于美国专利号5,186,383、5,902,472、5,990,564、6,099,713和6,013,572,以及欧洲专利申请号EP1148548(陈(Cheung)等)中。示例性的金属和金属合金包括但不限于锡、具有少于2%wt铜且优选约0.7%wt铜的锡-铜合金、具有少于20%wt银且优选3.5至10%wt银的锡-银合金、具有5至25%wt铋且优选约20%wt铋的锡-铋合金、以及具有少于5%wt银且优选约3.5%wt银,少于2%wt铜且优选约0.7%wt铜,以及余量为锡的锡-银-铜合金。在一个实施方案中,用作焊接凸点的金属合金是无铅的,也就是说它们包含≤10ppm的铅。
通常,适合的电解金属电镀液是酸性的以及包含酸、一种或多种用于沉积的金属的水可溶形式和任选的一种或多种有机添加剂,例如增亮剂(加速剂)、载体(抑制剂)、均化剂、韧性增强剂、润湿剂、镀液稳定剂(特别用于包含锡的镀液)、晶粒细化剂等等。各种可选组分的存在与否、类型和含量随使用的特定金属电镀液而改变。这种金属电镀液通常是市场上可买到的。
二元合金可从单一镀液中沉积,如使用锡-铜、锡-铋、锡-银、锡-铅等等的情况下,或可从多重电镀液中作为单独的层沉积并重熔从而形成合金。这样的重熔技术描述在美国专利号6,013,572中。这种重熔典型地在除去所述剩余的光敏组合物之后进行。
在这种方法中,所述光刻胶组合物对不被电镀的区域起保护层的作用。在金属沉积之后,将所剩余的光刻胶组合物剥离,例如,通过在约40o至69℃的温度下使用市售的基于N-甲基吡咯烷酮(“NMP”)的剥离剂。
下列非限制性实施例对本发明起说明作用。
实施例1:甲基丙烯酸酐/甲基丙烯酸混合物的制备
将乙酸酐通过逐滴加入法加至过量的甲基丙烯酸中(4:1),同时从该混合物中蒸馏乙酸酐。所述反应在95℃和300mmHg条件下进行,由1摩尔%大孔树脂(amberlyst)-15(A-15)催化,并且以3000ppm PTZ和1000MEHQ pppm,8%O2抑制。在所述反应末尾,通过在减压条件下蒸馏回收过量的甲基丙烯酸,并通过过滤回收所述催化剂。
实施例2:单体合成;甲基丙烯酸羟苯基酯的制备
在120℃和大气压条件下,向经机械搅拌的2摩尔羟基醌溶于3摩尔甲基丙烯酸的溶液中逐滴加入(30min)1摩尔的甲基丙烯酸酐,并将该混合物保持在120℃下搅拌另外4小时(NMR分析)。在整个反应过程中,允许8%的氧进入该体系。在所述反应末尾,通过在减压条件(110℃和200mmHg)下蒸馏回收所述甲基丙烯酸,并通过向所述反应混合物中加入甲苯(1升)将所述未反应的过量氢醌沉淀出。形成低含量(1-2%)的单体2-甲基-5-亚甲基己二酸。通过以蒸馏水洗涤的步骤将该单体从所述混合物中分离。在相分离之后,通过在减压条件下蒸馏甲苯以97%的产率获得所需的甲基丙烯酸4-羟苯基酯。{mp.(未校正)120℃;对于C10H10O3的分析计算:C,67.41:H,5.66;0,26.94。测得:C,67.37;H,5.62}。
实施例3:单体合成;经由单酯中间体的甲基丙烯酸羟苯基酯的制备
在乙酸存在下,将大量过量的氢醌与乙酸酐反应从而提供所述单乙酸酯酚化合物1,4-C6H4(OH)(OOCCH3)。回收过量的起始物质,并且在乙酸存在下将所述中间化合物1,4-C6H4(OH)(OOCCH3)与甲基丙烯酸反应从而提供甲基丙烯酸羟苯基酯。
实施例4:聚合物合成
HPhMA:MMA:TBA结构
向配有冷凝器、温度计、磁性搅拌器和外部油热浴的500mL三颈圆底烧瓶中加入下列物质:甲基丙烯酸4-羟苯基酯(HPhMA)(16.56g,0.093mol)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)(15.54g,0.155mol)和丙烯酸叔丁基酯(TBA)(7.95g,0.062mol)。加入甲醇(270mL)并将得到的溶液加热至回流(67℃)。一旦回流,加入引发剂2,2′-偶氮-2,4-二甲基戊腈(1.54g,0.006mol)在甲醇(17.5mL)中的溶液。将该溶液在回流下保持2小时,之后再向所述烧瓶中加入另外份的在甲醇(9m L)中的引发剂(0.77g,0.003mol)。将该溶液在回流下保持16小时。冷却后,将在甲醇中的聚合物溶液用庚烷(3×300mL)洗涤。在旋转蒸发器中浓缩该溶液从而除去剩余的庚烷,然后沉淀入DI水(2升)中。将所述湿滤饼在空气中干燥24小时,然后在真空、60℃下干燥18小时。产率为90%。
实施例5-6:另外的聚合物合成
另外的HPhMA:MMA:TBA三元共聚物通过上面实施例4的方法制备,但是改变所使用单体的量。在下列实施例9之后的表1中,提供在实施例5和6中形成的HPhMA:MMA:TBA三元共聚物的每种单体单元的比率(由所形成的聚合物的13CNMR分析确定)、重均分子量(Mw)和多分散性(PD)。
实施例7:另外的聚合物合成
HPhMA:STY:TBA结构
向配有冷凝器、温度计、磁性搅拌器和外部油热浴的500mL三颈圆底烧瓶中加入下列物质:甲基丙烯酸4-羟苯基酯(HPhMA)(27.94g,0.157mol),苯乙烯(STY)(10.89g,0.105mol)和丙烯酸叔丁基酯(TBA)(11.17g,0.087mol)。加入甲醇(340mL)并将得到的溶液加热至回流(67℃)。一旦回流,加入引发剂2,2′-偶氮-2,4-二甲基戊腈(1.73g,0.007mol)在甲醇(20mL)中的溶液。将该溶液在回流下保持2小时,之后再向所述烧瓶中加入另外份的在甲醇(10mL)中的引发剂(0.87g,0.004mol)。将该溶液在回流下保持16小时。冷却后,将在甲醇中的聚合物溶液用庚烷(3×300mL)洗涤。在旋转蒸发器中浓缩该溶液从而除去剩余的庚烷,然后沉淀入DI水(2.5升)中。将所述湿滤饼在空气中干燥24小时,然后在真空、60℃下干燥18小时。产率为90%。
实施例8-9:另外的聚合物合成
另外的HPhMA:STY:TBA三元聚合物通过上面实施例7的方法制备,但是改变所使用单体的量。在下列表1中,提供在实施例8和9中形成的HPhMA:STY:TBA三元共聚物的每种单体单元的比率(由所形成的聚合物的13CNMR分析确定)、重均分子量(Mw)和多分散性(PD)。
表1:聚合物表征
实施例 | 聚合物说明 | 成分(13C-NMR) | Mw | PD |
4 | HPhMA/MMA/TBA | 32/51/17 | 15400 | 2.7 |
5 | HPhMA/MMA/TBA | 42/40/18 | 18300 | 2.9 |
6 | HPhMA/MMA/TBA | 55/27/18 | 20200 | 3.1 |
7 | HPhMA/STY/TBA | 44/26/30 | 15300 | 2.6 |
8 | HPhMA/STY/TBA | 50/34/16 | 13100 | 2.3 |
9 | HPhMA/STY/TBA | 54/33/13 | 13700 | 2.3 |
实施例10:溶解速率研究
上述实施例的聚合物被涂布成近似相等的干燥(温和烘烤)涂层覆盖在晶片基材上。使用0.26N碱性含水显影剂测量这些聚合物涂层的溶解速率。溶解速率在下表2中列出。测得的Tg值也在下表2中列出。
表2:聚合物表征
实施例11:光密度测定
上述实施例的聚合物被涂布成近似相等的干燥(温和烘烤)一微米厚涂层覆盖在晶片基材上。聚合物层厚度通过椭圆光度法测量。石英晶片上薄膜的吸光率通过紫外分光光度法确定。吸光率相对于空白石英晶片进行测量。在248nm使用厚度和吸光率测量值计算光密度(OD)。测量的OD值在下表3中列出。
表3:聚合物表征
实施例 | 聚合物说明 | 248nm下的OD(l/μ) |
4 | HPhMA/MMA/TBA | 0.53 |
5 | HPhMA/MMA/TBA | 0.67 |
6 | HPhMA/MMA/TBA | 0.78 |
7 | HPhMA/STY/TBA | 0.63 |
8 | HPhMA/STY/TBA | 0.73 |
9 | HPhMA/STY/TBA | 0.79 |
实施例12:光刻胶制备和光刻法
通过以特定量混合下列组分制备本发明的光刻胶:
在该光刻胶中,所述聚合物为按照实施例4中的描述制备的HPhMA:MMA:TBA三元共聚物。所述光刻胶的光酸生成剂为樟脑磺酸二-叔丁基苯基碘鎓。所述碱性添加剂为氢氧化四甲基铵(tetremethylammonium)的乳酸盐。所述表面活性剂为以商品名R08出售的市售原料。所述溶剂为乳酸乙酯。
将该光刻胶组合物旋涂在具有有机防反射组合物涂层的200mm硅晶片上。随后,将所施用的光刻胶在90℃下温和烘烤60秒,并通过光掩膜曝光于248nm辐射下。该经曝光的光刻胶涂层然后在100℃烘烤90秒并使用碱性含水显影剂显影。
实施例13:另外的光刻胶制备和光刻法
通过以特定量混合下列组分制备本发明的光刻胶:
在该光刻胶中,所述聚合物为按照实施例7中的描述制备的HPhMA:STY:TBA三元共聚物。所述光刻胶的光酸生成剂为樟脑磺酸二-叔丁基苯基碘鎓。所述碱性添加剂为氢氧化四甲基铵(tetremethylammonium)的乳酸盐。所述表面活性剂为以商品名R08出售的市售原料。所述溶剂为乳酸乙酯。
将该光刻胶组合物旋涂在具有有机抗反射组合物涂层的200mm硅晶片上。随后,将所施用的光刻胶在90℃下温和烘烤60秒,并通过光掩膜曝光于以248nm辐射下。该经曝光的光刻胶涂层然后在100℃烘烤90秒并使用碱性含水显影剂显影。
Claims (5)
3.一种形成正性光刻胶浮雕影像的方法,包括:
(a)在基材上施用权利要求1或2的光刻胶的涂层;以及
(b)将所述光刻胶层曝光并显影从而获得浮雕影像。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中在所述光刻胶浮雕影像形成后将离子施用于所述基材。
5.一种制品,其包含在其上涂有权利要求1或2的光刻胶组合物的层的微电子晶片基材。
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