CN102971030A - 用于使用微针将药物递送至眼组织的方法和装置 - Google Patents
用于使用微针将药物递送至眼组织的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了给患者眼睛靶向给药的方法和装置。在一个实施例中,所述方法包括在插入位点将空心微针插入眼睛的巩膜,并注入药液配方通过所述插入的微针并进入眼睛的脉络膜上腔,其中在注入过程中,所述注入的药液配方离开所述插入位点在所述脉络膜上腔内流动。所述药液配方可朝向眼睛后段中的视网膜脉络膜组织、黄斑和视神经周向流动。
Description
关于联邦政府赞助的研究或开发的声明
本发明是在美国国家卫生研究院颁布的合同号8RO1EB00260-03和合同号R24EY017045-01下通过美国政府支持制造的。美国政府对本发明拥有一定权利。
发明背景
本发明通常涉及眼科治疗领域,特别涉及使用微针用于将药液配方注入眼组织,用于靶向、局部药物递送。
对眼睛递送药物及其困难,特别是高分子递送和对眼后部递送。很多眼后段的炎症和增生疾病需要长期药物治疗。此类病的实例包括黄斑变性,糖尿病视网膜病变和葡萄膜炎。使用常规递送方法(诸如局部施用,其效率低;以及全身给药,其经常会产生严重副作用)对眼后部递送有效剂量的药物很困难。(Geroski&Ede1hauser,InvestOphthalmol,Vis,Sci,41:961-64(2000))。例如,虽然滴眼液可用于治疗影响眼睛前部的眼睛外表面或组织的病况,但是滴眼液无法大量地渗入眼睛后面,如各种视网膜疾病的治疗所需。
使用常规针和注射器对眼睛进行直接注射往往比较有效,但是需要专业培训且会引起安全问题(Maurice:J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther.17:393-401(2001))。期望能够最少化眼睛注射治疗所需的次数和/或频率,以对需要药物的眼组织位点递送治疗有效量的药物。
已经研究了眼睛的脉络膜上腔,且其套管插入被描述为药物递送的可能路径。见例如,Olsen等的American J.Opthamology142(5):777-87(Nov.2006);Iscience Interventional公司的PCT专利申请公开号WO 2007/100745。
因此,期望提供用于对眼组织的治疗剂的直接递送的更好、更安全、更有效的技术。也期望提供可用于此类技术的装置,该装置可能会相对便宜地生产和使用所述技术。还期望提供用于对巩膜、脉络膜、眼色素层、黄斑、纤毛、玻璃体和视网膜组织进行尖端递送药物的方法。
发明概要
本发明提供了用于对患者的眼睛给药的方法和装置。所述方法可用于例如治疗葡萄膜炎、青光眼、糖尿病性黄斑水肿、老年黄斑退化症或巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎。一方面,方法包括在插入位点将空心微针插入眼睛的巩膜,微针具有带有开口的尖端;且在一段时间内,通过插入的微针将包含药物的药液配方注入眼睛的脉络膜上腔,其中在注入过程中,注入的药液配方离开插入位点在脉络膜上腔内流动。
附图简述
图1A、图1B、图1C和图1D是人眼组织结构的剖面图。眼整体图(1A)、眼角膜特写图(1B)和眼睛中的巩膜的特写图(1C)和眼睛中的相关组织(1D),其中在脉络膜上腔里无液体或在脉络膜上腔里有液体。
图2是根据一个实施例的微针装置的剖面视图,其中所述微针装置包括设置在伸长主体中的空心微针。
图3是如图2所示的微针装置的伸长主体的剖面视图。
图4是根据一个实施例的微针装置的图。
图5是根据一个实施例的微针装置的图。
图6A和图6B示出用于使用空心微针将药物递送到眼睛的脉络膜上腔中的过程的实施例,其中所述过程包括将空心微针插入巩膜和将药液配方注入脉络膜上腔。
图7A示出根据一个实施例的空心微针与传统30规格的皮下注射针的尖端的比较。图7B示出成型为适合整个眼睛的定制塑胶模的示意图。
图8A和图8B分别为在磺酰罗丹明注入之前和之后,猪眼的矢状剖面的明视场显微图像。
图9A、图9B、图9C和图9D是在没有注入脉络膜上腔的情况下的猪眼的冰冻断层的荧光图像(9A),在轴平面注入500nm荧光颗粒且拼贴形成全景视图后的兔眼的冰冻断层的荧光图像(9B),在箭头方向注入500nm荧光颗粒且拼贴显示微针插入位点前后空间后的猪眼的冰冻断层荧光图像(9C),和在箭头方向注入500nm荧光颗粒且拼贴显示微针插入位点前后空间后的人眼的冰冻断层的荧光图像(9D)。图9B、图9C和图9D的插图显示微针插入位点的放大视图。
图10A和图10B是微电脑断层摄影图,其显示了注入剖面图像中的猪眼的脉络膜上腔1μm比对颗粒的外围分布(10A),以及剖面图像的三维重组(10B)。
图11A、图11B、图11C和图11D是显示注入压力和微针长度对将20nm颗粒至猪眼的脉络膜的递送成功率的影响(11A)、对将100nm颗粒至猪眼的脉络膜的递送成功率的影响(11B)、对将500nm颗粒至猪眼的脉络膜的递送成功率的影响(11C)、对将1000nm颗粒至猪眼的脉络膜的递送成功率的影响(11D)的图形。
图12A和图12B是在箭头方向注入20nm颗粒且拼贴显示微针插入位点前后空间后的猪眼的冰冻断层的荧光图像(12A),和在箭头方向注入1000nm颗粒且拼贴显示微针插入位点前后空间后的猪眼的冰冻断层的荧光图像(12B)。图12A和图12B的插图显示了微针插入位点的放大图。
图13A和图13B是显示针对18mmHg的模拟眼压,眼压和微针长度对将1000nm颗粒至脉络膜的递送成功率的影响(13A)以及针对36mmHg的模拟眼压,眼压和微针长度对将1000nm颗粒至脉络膜的递送成功率的影响(13B)的图形。
图14是对脉络膜上腔注入萤光素钠后兔眼的视线扫描的一维线,其中x轴代表从后部(0)到前部(160)在眼睛中的位置,且y轴代表在此位置的钙荧光强度。
图15是显示在一段时间内脉络膜上腔的萤光素钠的清除率的图形。
图16是显示在一段时间内脉络膜上腔的20nm颗粒的清除率的图形。
图17是显示在一段时间内脉络膜上腔的500nm颗粒的清除率的图形。
图18是根据一个实施例的对眼睛给药的方法的框图。
具体实施方式
对眼睛进行递送药物的有效药物递送系统应优选具有四个一般特征:第一,所述药物递送系统应是微创且安全的;第二,所述药物递送系统应以以下方式给药,药物很好的靶向所需组织,且限制至眼睛的其它区域的暴露;第三,所述药物递送系统应能够控制或持续递送药物;第四,所述药物递送系统的使用应尽可能简单。本说明的实施例通过提供微针装置和使用方法加强对眼睛递送药物来解决这些需要。
在本文所述方法的一个有利和示例性实施例中,通过将微针注入(插入)巩膜并注射(注入)药物配方注通过插入的微针并进入眼睛的脉络膜上腔来实现药物递送。微针能够精确地将药物递送至脉络膜上腔中,以用于随后局部递送至需要治疗的附近组织。在微针已经插入并撤出之后,药物可从注入量(或,例如本文中是微粒)中释放到眼组织中达延长期,例如:几个小时或几天或几周或几月。这能有利地提供例如与通过对眼组织表面局部施用药物配方的递送相关的药物的增强生物药效率。通过本发明的微针,方法有利地包括精确控制插入眼组织的深度,以使微针尖端能被放置在脉络膜上腔中或位于巩膜中,但是离脉络膜上腔足够近,以使注入的药物配方流入脉络膜上腔。有利地,在这可在接触皮下组织(如脉络膜和视网膜组织)的情况下完成。
微针能够使该递送以优于传统针方法的微创方式来进行。例如,本发明的微针可有利地垂直插入巩膜,以短穿透距离到达脉络膜上腔。这与传统长针或插管相反,其必须以陡峭角度接近脉络膜上腔,其中通过巩膜和其它眼组织的穿透路径较长,增加了针迹的尺寸,并因此增加了感染和/或血管破裂的风险。相对于本文所述的微针方法,通过这样的长针,减小了精确控制插入深度的能力。
有利地,与以前所知的针装置相比,至脉络膜上腔中的递送药物允许药液配方的递送药物经过更大的组织区域,且单一给药时更加困难递送至靶向组织。不希望被任何理论束缚,应相信:在进入脉络膜上腔后,药液配方从插入位点向视网膜脉络膜组织、黄斑和眼睛后部的视神经周向流动,也向前朝葡萄膜和睫状体流动。另外,一部分注入的药液配方可保持在微针插入位点附近的巩膜内,用作药物配方的另外存储,其中药物配方可扩散进入脉络膜上腔,然后进入其它相邻组织。
本文所用的术语“脉络膜上腔”(其与脉络膜上的或脉络膜同义)说明了位于巩膜与脉络膜之间的眼睛区域中的隐形空间。该区域基本包括长染色进程的密堆积层,其来源于两个相邻组织中的每个组织;然而,由于脉络膜上腔和相邻组织里积聚的液体或其它物质,所以可在此区域中开发空间。本领域的技术人员将意识到因为眼睛的一些病情或由于创伤或外科手术,脉络膜上腔经常会被积聚的液体扩大。然而,在本说明书中,通过将药物配方注入脉络膜中来有意地产生积聚的液体,以产生脉络膜上腔(其充满了药物配方)。不希望被任何理论束缚,应相信:该区域用作色素膜流出物的路径(如,将液体从眼睛的一个区域移动到其它区域的眼睛的自然过程),且在脉络膜从巩膜脱离的实例中变成了真实空间。
使用微针的方法
本文所述的微针装置可用于对患者的眼睛递送药物配方,特别是用于眼疾病的治疗、诊断或预防。在优选实施例中,患者是需要治疗的人类患者。患者可为成人或小孩。在其它实施例中,患者可为非人类哺乳动物。
各种范围的眼睛疾病和病症可由本文所述的方法和装置治疗。眼睛疾病的非限制性例子包括葡萄膜炎、青光眼、糖尿病性黄斑水肿或视网膜病和基因性疾病。本文描述的方法特别用于对需要对眼睛后部区域(如,视网膜组织、黄斑和眼睛后段的视神经)进行局部递送药物。在一个实施例中,本文所述的递送方法和装置可用于基于基因的治疗应用。例如,所述方法可将药液配方递送至脉络膜上腔,以递送选择性DNA、RNA或寡核苷酸至靶向的眼组织。
微针可用于靶向递送至眼睛或相邻组织中的特定区域或组织。在各个实施例中,可设计方法,用于特定对需要治疗的巩膜、脉络膜、布鲁赫膜、视网膜色素上皮细胞、视网膜下腔、视网膜、黄斑、视神经乳头、视神经、睫状体、小梁网组织、水状液、玻璃体液和其它眼组织或相邻组织递送药物。
如图1A所示,本文所用的“眼组织”和“眼”10包括眼睛的前段12(如,晶状体前面的眼睛部分)和眼睛的后段14(晶状体后面的眼睛部分)。前段12由角膜16和晶状体18分界,而后段14由巩膜20和晶状体18分界。前段12进一步被细分为位于虹膜24与角膜16之间的眼前房22,和位于晶状体18与虹膜24之间的眼后房26。眼睛前段12上的巩膜20的暴露部分由被称为结膜(未显示)的透明薄膜保护。底部的巩膜20是脉络膜28和视网膜27,其统称为视网膜组织。位于脉络膜28与巩膜20之间的疏松结缔组织或隐形空间称为脉络膜上腔(未显示)。图1B示出角膜16,其由上皮组织30、前弹性层32、基质34、角膜后弹力层36和内皮38组成。图1C和图1D分别示出在脉络膜上腔有液体和无液体两种情况下,具有环绕的眼球筋膜40或结膜41、脉络膜上腔42、脉络膜28和视网膜27的巩膜20。
对眼睛进行给药的方法通常包括将空心微针插入巩膜,然后注入药液配方通过空心微针并进入眼睛的脉络膜上腔的步骤。
插入
在一个实施例中,插入位点位于眼睛的中纬线与角膜缘之间。在另一个实施例中,插入位点位于眼睛角膜缘后部约2mm与约10mm之间。在多个实施例中,微针的插入位点位于眼睛的中纬线附近。在另一个实施例中,插入位点位于眼睛的中纬线和角膜缘之间。在另一个实施例中,插入位点位于眼睛角膜缘后部约2mm与约10mm之间。在另一个实施例中,药物配方被引入插入位点处(即,微针的尖端处)的脉络膜上腔,然后在发生注入时,离开注入位点流过脉络膜上腔。在另一个实施例中,插入位点(即,位于微针的尖端处)位于眼睛的中纬线的前部,且在注射期间(即,当药物配方继续流出微针时),至少一部分药物配方流向眼睛的中纬线的后部。在另一个实施例中,注射位点(即微针的尖端处)位于眼睛的中纬线的前部,且在注射期间(即,当药物配方继续流出微针时),至少一部分药物配方流向黄斑附近。
重要的是,精确控制微针插入眼组织的深度。不同方法可用于控制本文所述的微针的插入深度。在一个特定实施例中,插入深度由微针的选择长度或有效长度控制。“有效长度”是用于组织插入的那部分,即,从底部延伸的长度,且如果无组织变形,则将被插入;这忽略了微针的任何近端部分,其延伸进入或经过底部,因此不能插进组织中。即,微针可具有大约等于所需穿透深度的长度。在一个实施例中,微针足够短,以使微针的尖端可基本上插入巩膜的底部(即,接近巩膜和脉络膜的接口),但没完全穿透巩膜。在另一个实施例中,微针的尖端插入通过巩膜,进入脉络膜上腔,但没穿透脉络膜。
在另一个实施例中,微针被设计为具有比所需穿透深度长的长度,但是微针可控制地部分插入组织。可通过组织的机械性质控制部分插入,所述部分插入在微针插入过程中会弯曲并微凹。这样,当微针插入组织时,其运动部分弹性地变形组织,且部分穿透进入组织。通过控制组织变形程度,可控制微针插入组织的深度。
在下段的“用于在使用方法中引导微针运动的控制特征”中描述了另外的插入控制特征。
在另一个实施例中,使用旋转/钻孔技术和/或振动动作将微针插入组织。这样,可例如通过钻取微针所需数量的旋转将微针插入所需深度(其对应于插入组织的所需深度)。对于钻孔微针的说明,见例如,Wang等人的美国专利申请出版号20050137525A1,其通过引用的方式并入本文。在插入步骤、撤出步骤或这两个步骤中,可应用旋转/钻孔技术和/或振动动作。
注入
在一个优选实施例中,使用压力梯度(如,抽吸、注射)通过驱动药物配方从源头容器进入眼组织将药液配方注入脉络膜上腔通过空心微针。在其它实施例中,可使用电场(如,电离子透入疗法)或另一外部施用的能量(如,超声/声能量)将药物配方从源头容器驱动进入眼组织。
在一个实施例中,从插入的微针注入脉络膜上腔的药液配方的量为从10微升到200微升(如,从50μL到150μL)。在另一个实施例中,将约10微升到约500微升(如,从50μL到250μL)注入通过微针进入脉络膜上腔。
在一个实施例中,将药液配方注入通过微针的驱动力或压力使注入的药物配方流入脉络膜上腔内,且在给药过程中(即,在注入过程中)到达眼睛的后面。这将会在小于一分钟或两分钟(诸如1秒到100秒,如,10到30秒)内发生。一方面,在注入过程中,药液配方理想地周向流入脉络膜上腔,至远离插入位点至少2.5mm的位点、至远离插入位点至少5mm的位点,或至远离插入位点至少10mm的位点。理想地,药液配方朝向眼睛的后部(即,视网膜脉络组织、黄斑和眼睛后部的视神经)从插入位点周向流入脉络膜上腔。
也可通过所使用的微针类型和如何使用它来部分地控制在眼组织内递送的药物量。在一个示例性实施例中,空心微针插入眼组织,并在插入递送药液之后从眼组织渐进撤出,其中在达到一定剂量后,应通过停用药液驱动力,诸如压力(如,来自机械装置(诸如注射器)的压力)或电场停止递送,以避免药物的泄露/不可控制的递送。理想地,通过在合适的注入压力下驱动药液配方来控制递送的药量。在特定的实施例中,注入压力可为至少150kPa、至少250kPa或至少300kPa。适当的注入压力可因特定患者或物种而不同。
然而,本领域的那些技术人员应理解对递送合适量的药液配方的所需注入压力可受微针插入的深度和药液配方的成分影响。例如,在一些实施中可能要求更强的注入压力,其中用于递送至眼睛中的药物配方是以封装活性剂或微胶囊的纳米颗粒或微米颗粒的形式或包括其。纳米颗粒或微利封装技术在本技术领域中是众所周知的。
在下段的“控制传输通过微针”中描述了另外的插入控制特征。
在一个实施例中,对眼睛给药的方法可进一步包括在插入步骤后和在药物配方的注入前和/或期间,部分地撤出空心微针。在特定实施例中,在对眼组织注入药液配方前,部分地撤出微针。该插入/撤出步骤可形成袋子,且有利地允许药液配方流出未受阻或被微针的尖端部分上的开口处的眼组织略微阻碍的微针。该袋子可装满药物配方,但也用作导管,药液配方可通过随时导管从微针流出,通过袋子并进入脉络膜上腔。图6A示出插入巩膜20的空心微针130,其中药物配方131临时置于微针的空心钻孔处。(未显示药液至药液配方容器的传递)图6B示出部分撤出脉络膜上腔和药液配方131注入脉络膜上腔之后的微针130。箭头显示了药物配方周向流动通过脉络膜上腔。
在特定实施例中,微针注入药物配方通过巩膜进入脉络膜上腔,用于控制(例如,在一段时间内持续的、延长的或调整的)对一个或多个眼睛组织或相邻组织的药物释放。该“持续的释放”或“延长的释放量”或“调整的释放”通常要比对眼组织局部施用药物配方可获得的时间更长。在特定实施例中,在至少一个微针从眼睛撤出后,发生延长、持续或调整的药物配方释放。该递送方法可对眼组织尤其有利,其中可取的是,在尽可能短的时间内发生插入和撤出过程,以最小化患者的不适-与经皮微针路径施用相反,其中路径很有可能会在延长期间磨坏(通过插入的微针),而不会引起患者不适。
其它步骤、实施例和应用
在另一方面,对患者眼睛给药的方法可包括监控微针的插入和/或药液配方的注入以确保对脉络膜上腔精确递送药液配方(图18)。在一个或更多步骤中,可使用图像引导反馈实现这样的监控,其非限制性例子包括传统的显微镜检查、MRI、X射线、共聚焦显微镜、光学相干断层扫描(如,前段光学相干断层扫描仪、共焦激光断层扫描仪和频域相干光断层扫描术)、荧光素血管造影术、吲哚菁绿血管造影、高分辨率立体眼底摄影、自体荧光成像、大视野成像和各种超声技术。因此,方法可进一步包括确定药液配方的初始注入是否已流入眼睛的脉络膜上腔并远离插入位点。如果确定了初始注入成功了,则可注入所需量的药液配方,并通过移除液体驱动力(诸如,压力)并从眼睛中撤出微针来中断注入。然而,如果确定了确定了初始注入未成功了(即,基本上无药物配方流入眼睛的脉络膜上腔并远离插入位点),然后可重定位微针,并重复过程,直到实现了成功递送。
微针可选地为两个或多个微针的阵列的一部分,以使方法进一步包括至少第二个微针插入巩膜,而不穿过巩膜。在一个实施例中,其中两个或多个微针的阵列插入眼组织,两个或多个微针中的每个微针的药物配方在药物、配方、药物配方的容量/量,或这些参数组合上可彼此相同或彼此不同。在一种情况下,可经由一个或多个微针注入不同类型的药物配方。例如,将包含第二药物配方的第二空心微针插入眼组织将会导致至眼组织递送第二药物配方。
本文所述的微针装置可适用于从眼睛中去除物质,诸如,液体、组织或分子样。
然而,本领域的技术人员应理解可使用用于至眼组织递送药物配方的其它类型的微针(例如,固体微针)和其它方法,代替或配合本文所述的注入方法。非限制性例子包括至少部分地溶解微针里的药物配方的包衣;至少部分地分离微针里的药物配方的包衣(例如,基本完整的套管或碎片中);破坏或溶解微针与其一体形成或与之相连的底部的微针;或以其任何组合。
本文所述的微针装置也可适用于将一个或多个微针用作传感器,以检测分析物、电气活动和光信号或其它信号。传感器可包括压力传感器、温度传感器、化学物质传感器和/或电磁场(例如,光)传感器。生物传感器可位于微针上或微针中,或位于通过微针与身体组织连通的装置中。微针生物传感器可为四种类型的主要传感器中的任意一种:电势型、安培型、光学型和生化型。在一个实施例中,空心微针装满物质,诸如,凝胶,其具有与之相关的感应功能。在用于基于结合至物质的感应应用或由酶介导的反应中,物质或酶可固定在针内部。在另一个实施例中,波导器可并入微针装置中以将光引导至特定位置,或用于检测,例如,使用诸如pH染料进行色彩评估。类似地,热、电、光、超声或其它能量形式可被精确地传输,以直接刺激、破坏或治愈特定组织或用于诊断目的。
微针装置
微针装置包括空心微针。装置可包括用于固定住微针近端的伸长外壳。装置可能进一步包括用于引导药液配方通过微针的工具。例如,工具有可为与微针的基座或近端液体连接的弹性或刚性导管。工具也可包括泵或用于建立气压梯度以引导液体流过装置的其它装置。导管与药液配方源可操作连接。源可为任何合适的容器。在一个实施例中,源可为传统的注射器形式。源可为一次性单位计量容器。
微针
本文所用术语“空心”包括通过微针中心的单个直孔,以及多个孔、跟随复杂路径通过微针的孔、孔的多个入口和出口,以及孔的交叉或网络。即,空心微针具有结构,其包括微针的底部至微针远端的轴和/或尖端部分至底部的一个或多个连续路径。
本文所用术语“微针”是指具有基座、轴和适合插入巩膜和其它眼组织的尖端的导管主体,并具有入本文所述的适合微创插入和药液配方注入的尺寸。换言之,微针的长度或有效长度不超过2000微米,且其宽度(或直径)不超过500微米。
在各个实施例中,微针的长度为约50μm到2000μm。在另一个特定实施例中,微针的长度为约150μm到约1500μm、约300μm到约1250μm、约500μm到约1250μm、约700μm到约1000μm,或约800μm到约1000μm。在优选实施例中,微针的长度为约1000μm。在各个实施例中,微针近端的最大宽度或横截面积为约50μm到500μm、约50μm到约400μm、约100μm到约400μm、约200μm到约400μm,或约100μm到约250μm,其孔径为约5μm到约400μm。在特定实施例中,微针近端部分的最大宽度或横截面积为约400μm。然而,本领域的技术人员将意识在其中微针的尖端倾斜的实施例中,孔径可能大于微针近端的外直径。微针可被制造为具有约1∶1.5到1∶10的纵横比(宽长比)。预设其它长度、宽度和纵横比。
微针可具有直轴或锥形轴。在一个实施例中,微针直径在微针基座端部最大,并在基座的远端点逐渐变小为一个点。微针也可被制造为具有包括直部分(即,非锥形)和锥形部分(即,斜形)的轴。微针可与在垂直方向具有圆形横截面的轴一起形成,或横截面可为非圆形。微针的尖端部分可具有各种配置。微针的尖端可为绕轴的纵轴线成对称或非对称。尖端可成倾斜、锥形、四方形或圆形。在特定实施例中,微针可被设计为使微针的尖端部分基本上是微针唯一插入眼组织(即,尖端部分大于微针全长的75%、大于微针全长的85%或大于微针全长的约95%)的部分。在其它特定实施例中,微针可被设计为使尖端部分是微针唯一插入眼组织的部分且其长度一般小于微针全长的约75%、小于微针全长的约50%,或小于微针全长的约25%。例如,在一个实施例中,微针的总有效长度介于500μm到1000μm之间,其中尖端部分的长度小于约400μm、小于约300μm,或小于约200μm。
基座
微针从基座中延伸。基座可与微针一体构成或分离。基座可为刚性或弹性。基座可基本为平面状或可弯曲,例如,以在注射位点的眼组织表面的形状,或例如,远离眼表面(如凸面)弯曲,以便最小化基座与眼组织之间的接触。理想地,基座被成形为提供与插入位点的眼睛表面的最小接触。例如,在一个实施例中,基座仅从微针轴中基本垂直地延伸最小距离。在另一个实施例中,基座可成形为朝向微针提升眼组织,以便抵消眼组织的偏差,并促进微针插入眼组织(例如,基座可朝向微针的尖端部分从微针延伸以便“夹紧”眼组织)。某些此类实施例可至少基于美国专利号6,743,211中描述的装置,其相关公开通过引用的方式并入本文。
在特定实施例中,微针装置具有单个微针。在图5所示的一个实施例中,微针装置130包括凸形基座132和空心微针134,其中空心微针134具有孔140,其中药液配方可通过孔140(未示出)被递送至眼睛或可通过孔140从眼睛中撤出。空心微针134包括近端部分136和尖端部分138。
微针可以适合插入眼睛的任何角度从微针装置的基座延伸。在特定实施例中,微针以约90度的角度从基座延伸,以提供微针大致垂直地插入眼睛表面。在另一个特定实施例中,微针以约60度到90度的角度从基座延伸。
微针阵列
在可替代的实施例中,装置包括两个或多个微针的阵列。例如,装置可包括介于2到1000(如,2到100之间)个微针之间的阵列。在一个实施例中,装置可包括1个至10个微针。微针阵列可包括不同微针的混合。例如,阵列可包括具有不同的长度、基座部分直径、尖端部分形状、微针的间隔和药物包衣等的微针。在其中微针装置包括两个或多个微针的阵列的实施例中,单个微针以其从基座延伸的角度可独立于阵列中的另一微针以其从基座延伸的角度。
示例装置
图2-图5示出微针装置的示例实施例。在图2-图3中示出的一个实施例中,微针装置110包括空心微针114,其具有药液配方(未显示)可通过其被递送至眼睛或生物药物可通过其从眼睛中撤出的空心孔140。微针包括近端部分116和尖端部分118。微针114可从基座延伸,其中所述基座包括,例如,具有远端的伸长主体112,伸长主体112具有微针的近端部分116和尖端部分118从其中延伸的远端。伸长主体可进一步包括用于固定延伸出基座112的微针的远端的基座部分的工具111(诸如,螺丝或销)。在图3中示出用于固定微针的伸长主体112的示例实施例,并包括盖子部分113和具有位于其间的空心孔117的基座部分115。伸长主体112的盖子部分113和基座部分115理想地包括用于手动调节针长(即,从基座112延伸的微针的近端部分和尖端部分)的工具,其从伸长本体的盖子部分突起。此类工具可包括,例如,螺纹119,其允许盖子部分113被拧进或拧出伸长主体的基座部分115。在图4中示出的示例实施例中,伸长主体的基座部分115可操作地连接到致动器120,以控制药液配方通过微针控制注入脉络膜上腔。
微针装置可进一步包括用于容纳药液配方的储液器,储液器在微针远端至尖端的位置处与微针孔可操作地连通。储液器可与微针一体构成,与伸长主体一体构成,或与微针和伸长主体分离。
微针的制造
微针可由不同生物相容材料(包括金属、玻璃、半导体材料、陶瓷或聚合物)形成/构成。合适金属的实例包括制药等级的不锈钢、金、钛、镍、铁、金、锡、铬、铜和其合金。聚合物可为生物降解或非生物降解。合适的生物相容性、生物降解性聚合物的实例包括聚乳酸、聚乙交酯、聚丙交酯-共-乙交酯(PLGA)、聚酐、聚正酯、聚醚酯、聚已酸内酯、聚酰胺酯、聚(丁酸)、聚(戊酸)、聚氨酯及其共聚物和混合物。代表性的非生物降解聚合物包括各种热塑性塑料或在医疗器械制造中已知的其它聚合结构材料。实例包括尼龙、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、乙烯基醋酸盐和其它酰基替代的醋酸纤维素的聚合物、非生物降解的聚氨酯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯,聚(乙烯咪唑)、聚烯烃氯磺酸、聚氧化乙烯及其混合物和共聚物。可生物降解的微针比非生物降解的微针相比能提供更高的安全性,这样它们即使不注意在眼组织里破碎,也基本无害。
克通过本领域中已知的不同方法或如以下实例描述来制造微针。在一个实施例中,使用激光或类似的光能源制造空心微针。在一个实施例中,可使用激光切割微管以呈现期望的微针长度。激光也可用于成型单个或多个尖端开口。可在单个微管上进行单个或多个切口以成型期望的微针结构。在一个实施例中,微针可由金属(诸如,不锈钢)制造,且可使用带有在光谱(0.7μm-300μm)的红外线区域内的波长的激光切割。可使用与本领域的那些技术相似的金属电抛光技术进行进一步精化。在另一个实施例中,通过物理打磨方法形成微针长度和光学斜面,物理打磨方法例如可包括相对运动研磨面打磨金属插管。制造过程可进一步包括精确打磨、微珠射流吹洗和超声波清洗以形成微针的所期望精确尖端的形状。
例如,在Raju等人的美国专利申请公开号2006/0086689A1、Kim等人的美国专利申请公开号2006/0084942、Yuzhakov等人的美国专利申请公开号2005/0209565、Park等人的美国专利申请公开号2002/0082543A1、Allen等人的美国专利号6,334,856、Prausnitz等人的美国专利号6,611,707、Prausnitz等人的美国专利号6,743,211中描述了可能的制造技术的其它细节,其专利的微针制造技术的公开内容通过引用的方式并入本文。
药液配方
药液配方可以药液、在适当溶剂中包括药物的药溶液或悬浮液的形式。悬浮液可包括分散在用于注入的合适液体载体里的微粒或纳米颗粒。在不同实施例中,药物可包括在液体载体、微粒或纳米颗粒,或载体和颗粒两者里。药液配方是足够的液体以流入脉络膜上腔或在其中流动。在优选实施例中,药液配方的粘度在37℃时为约1cP。
可配制各种药物,用于通过本发明的位置装置和方法递送至眼睛组织。本文所用的术语“药物”基本上是指任何预防疾病、治疗或诊断剂,即对医疗、兽药或化妆品应用有用的成分。可从合适的蛋白质、多肽类和其片段中选择药物,其可天然产生、合成或重组生产。可从合适的寡核苷酸(如反义寡核苷酸剂)、多核苷酸(如治疗性DNA)、酶性核酸、dsRNAs、siRNA、RNAi、基因治疗载体和/或治疗使用的疫苗中选择药物。药物可为适体(如结合到具体目标分子的寡核苷酸或缩氨酸分子)。
用于对眼组织递送药物的药物类型的代表性例子包括抗生素、抗病毒剂、镇痛药、抗组胺、消炎剂和抗肿瘤剂。具体药物和药物类别的非限制性例子包括β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗药(如卡替洛尔、塞他洛尔、倍他洛尔、左布诺洛尔、美替洛尔和噻吗心安)、缩瞳剂(如毛果芸香碱、卡巴胆碱和毒扁豆碱)、交感神经能拟似药(如肾上腺素和地匹福林)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(如乙酰唑胺和多佐胺)、前列腺素、抗菌化合物,其包括抗菌药物和抗真菌药(如氯霉素、氯四环素、环丙沙星、弗氏菌丝素、梭链孢酸、庆大霉素、新霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、多粘菌素、普罗帕脒、四环素、妥布霉素和喹啉)、抗病毒化合物(如阿昔洛韦、西多福韦、碘苷和干扰素)、醛糖还原酶抑制剂、消炎和/或抗过敏化合物(如甾体化合物、诸如倍他米松、氯倍他松、地塞米松、氟米龙、氢化可的松、泼尼松龙和非甾体化合物,诸如安他唑啉、溴芬酸、双氯芬酸、消炎痛、洛度沙胺、卡洛芬和色甘酸钠)、人造眼泪/干眼治疗、局部麻醉剂(如地卡因、利诺卡因、氯化丁氧普鲁卡和丙美卡因)、环孢霉素、双氯芬酸、尿抑胃素和生长因子,诸如表皮生长因子、瞳孔放大剂和睫状肌麻痹剂、丝裂霉素C.和胶原酶抑制剂和老年黄斑变性的治疗药物(诸如哌加他尼钠、兰尼单抗和贝伐单抗)。
在某些实施例中,药物可为整合素拮抗剂、选择拮抗剂、粘着分子拮抗剂(如细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)-1、ICAM-2、ICAM-3、小板内皮细胞黏附分子(PCAM))、血管细胞粘附分子(VCAM),或白细胞粘附诱导细胞因子或生长因子拮抗剂(如瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)),如Adamis的美国专利号6,524,581中所述。在某些其它实施例中,药物可为亚免疫球蛋白抗原结合分子,诸如Fv免疫球蛋白碎片和微体等,如Thiel等人的美国专利号6,773,916所述。在另一个实施例中,药物可为本领域已知的诊断剂,诸如造影剂。
通常需要制造药物,以用于通过本文所述的微针装置进行存储和递送。“药物配方”是药物的配方,其通常包括本领域已知的一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂材料。术语“赋形剂”指制剂的任何非活性成分,目的在于促进药物的处理、稳定性、分散性、可湿性、释放动力和/或注射。在一个实施例中,赋形剂可包括水或盐水或由水或盐水组成。
在一个实施例中,药液配方包括微粒或纳米颗粒,任何一种都包括至少一种药物。理想地,微粒或纳米颗粒提供对药物在眼组织中的释放的控制。本文所使用的术语“微粒”包含微球体、微胶囊、微小颗粒和珠状物,其平均直径为1μm至100μm,最优选为1μm至25μm。术语“纳米颗粒”是平均直径为1nm至1000nm的颗粒。微粒可或不可为球状。“微胶囊”被定义为微粒,其具有围绕另一材料的核心的外壳。核心可为液体、胶体、固体、气体或其组合。在一种情况下,微胶囊可是“微泡”,其具有围绕气体核心的外壳,其中药物分散在外壳的表面上、它本身的外壳里,或核心里。(微泡可响应用于诊断的本领域已知的音响振动,或爆破微泡以在所选眼组织位点上/中释放其效载荷音)。“微球”可为实体球,能渗透且包括由基质材料或外壳上的孔或空隙形成的海绵状或蜂巢结构,或者可包括基质材料或外壳上的多个分离空隙。微粒或纳米颗粒可进一步包括基质材料。外壳或基质材料可为微囊化技术领域已知的聚合物、氨基酸、糖类或其它材料。
含药微粒或纳米颗粒可悬浮在水性或非水性液体载体里。液体载体可为药学上可接受的水溶液,且可选地进一步包括表面活性剂。药物本身的微粒或纳米颗粒可包括赋形剂材料,诸如聚合物、多糖和表面活性剂等,其本领域中已知用于控制药物从颗粒中释放的动力。
在一个实施例中,药液配方进一步包括有效降巩膜里的解胶原质或GAG纤维的药剂,其可增强药物在眼组织中的渗入/释放。该药剂可为例如酶(诸如透明质酸酶、胶原酶或其组合)。在该方法的变化中,在药物注入之前或之后的分离步骤中,对眼组织给送酶。在同样的位置处给送酶和药物。
在另一个实施例中,药物配方是在给药后进行相变的药物配方。例如,可注入药液配方通过空心微针进入脉络膜上腔,然后药液配方胶化,且药物在从胶体处分散,用于控制释放。
使用方法中的引导微针运动的控制特征
微针装置可包括可控制地和任选地将微针插入和撤出眼组织的工具。此外,微针装置可包括控制角度的工具,其中至少一个微针以所述角度插入眼组织(如通过以约90度的角度将至少一个微针插入眼组织的表面)。
微针插入眼组织的深度可通过微针的长度以及微针的其它几何特征控制。例如,微针宽度的凸缘或其它突然变化可用于限制微针插入深度。也可使用涉及将微针移动进入眼组织的齿轮或其它机械部件的机械微定位系统来控制微针插入,同样,相反可操作所控制的距离,以例如撤出微针所控制的距离。也可通过微针以其插入眼组织的速率来控制插入深度。可通过微针插入的眼组织的弹性反冲或通过在微针装置中包括在插入力释放之后将微针拉回特定距离的弹性元件来控制撤出距离。
可通过将微针定位在相对微针基座的第一角度和将基座定位在相对眼表面的第二角度来引导插入角度。在一个实施例中,第一角度可为约90°,第二角度可为约0°。也可通过使微针从装置壳体突出通过以特定角度定向的该外壳中的通道来引导插入角度。
通过结合本文所列的公开和以下实例中的公开,本领域的技术人员适应本领域已知的机械系统,以设计合适的结构,以控制地驱动微针插入,其结构可人工操作、电气操作或以其组合来操作。通过微针的传输的控制
可使用例如一个或多个阀门、泵、传感器、致动器和微处理器控制或监控药物配方或生物药液通过空心微针的传输。例如在一个实施例中,微针装置可包括微泵、微阀和定位器,其中微处理器被编程来控制泵或阀门,以控制药液配方通过微针并进入眼组织的递送速率。可通过扩散、毛细管活动、机械泵、电渗透、电泳、对流或其它驱动力来驱动通过微针的流动。可使用已知的泵和其它装置来定制装置和微针设计,以使用这些驱动器。在一个实施例中,微针装置可进一步包括离子电渗装置,其类似于Beck的美国专利号6,319,240中所述的装置,其用于提高药液配方至眼组织的递送。在另一个实施例中,微针装置可进一步包括流量计或其它工具来监控通过微针的流动并协调泵和阀的使用
使用本技术领域中已知的不同阀门或闸门来调节药液配方或生物液体的流动。阀门可为被选择地和重复地打开和关闭的阀门,或者可为一次性,诸如易碎屏障。可热、电化学、机械或磁力地致动在微针装置中使用的其它阀门和闸门,以选择性地启动、调节或停止材料通过微针的流动。在一个实施例中,通过用作阀门的限速膜来控制流动。
可参考以下非限制性实例进一步理解本发明。
实例
进行了实验来评估微针是否可用于刺破巩膜的底部并瞄准脉络膜上腔。更具体地,进行了实验来评估空心微针是否可对猪、兔和人尸眼的脉络膜上腔递送小分子和颗粒。进行了其它实验来测量微针长度、注入压力和眼内压力对在猪眼中递送直径在20nm-1000nm的颗粒的影响。最后,进行了实验来检查微粒尺寸所起的作用以及眼部解剖屏障对至脉络膜上腔的递送的影响。
都附有视神经的整个兔眼(Pel-freez Biologicals,Rogers,AR)、猪眼(Sioux-Preme Packing,Sioux Center,IA)和人眼(Georgia Eye Bank,Atlanta,GA)加冰运输且在4℃下保存最多3天。在使用前,允许眼睛进入室温环境,且去除任何脂肪和结膜,以暴露巩膜。
空心微针由硼硅酸盐微量吸液管(Sutter Instrument,Novato,CA)制造,如先前的描述(J.Jiang等人,Pharm,Res.26:395-403(2009))。图7A示出空心微针与30规格的皮下注射针(比例=500μm)的尖端的比较。制造带有螺纹盖的定制笔状装置用于定位微针并允许其长度的精确调整。该装置连接至微吸液管支架(MMP-KIT,World PrecisionInstruments,Sarasota,FL),其带有连接到用于施加注入压力的二氧化碳气筒的管道。支架连接至显微操纵器(KITE,World PrecisionInstruments),其用于控制微针插入巩膜。
注射羧酸盐改性的(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA),作为直径为20nm、100nm、500nm和1000nm的颗粒的2wt%固体悬浮液。将最终浓度为0.5wt%的Tween 80(Sigma-Aldrich,St,Louis,MO)添加到悬浮液中且在使用前超声处理。将磺酰罗丹明B(Sigma-Aldrich)溶解在汉克(Hank)平衡盐溶液中(Mediatech,Manassas,VA),以使测量直径为1μm的10-4M.硫酸钡颗粒(Fisher Scientific,Waltham,MA)的磺酰罗丹明溶液悬浮在平衡盐溶液(BSS Plus,Alcon,Fort Worth,TX)中,以形成1.5wt%的悬浮液。
建立成型为适合整个眼睛的定制塑胶模型来固定住眼睛,并用于所有实验(图7B)。将导管插入通过视神经进入玻璃体,并连接至BSS Plus瓶,其提升了高度以产生内部眼压力(18mm Hg或36mmHg)。对模型中的通道施加抽吸以在微针插入和操纵期间固定眼睛的外表面。每个微针均预先装满所需量的待注入材料。微针以设定的微针长度被置于装置支架中,其附着至微操纵器,并连接到恒压源。然后微针垂直插入巩膜组织,位于异色边缘后5mm-7mm。施加设定的压力以诱导注入。允许花三十秒来观察是否开始注入溶液。如果发生了注入,则在注入特定容量后,立即停止压力。如果所注射的材料的目测显示了位于脉络膜上腔里,则注射视为成功。如果在该时间表范围内未开始注入,则停止施加的压力,且撤出针。这将视为未成功的递送。
在递送完成后几分钟内将使用显微镜成像的眼睛从装配上取下。将眼睛置于丙酮或异戊烷里保存在干冰或液体氮上,使眼睛在放置后的几分钟内完全冻结。将已冻结的眼睛从液体中取下,并使用剃须刀片将眼睛部分手切用于注射材料的成像。使用采用明视场和荧光光学(型号:SZX12,Olympus America,Center Valley,Pa)的立体显微镜进行成像。将包含巩膜、脉络膜和网膜的部分放置在最佳切片温度介质(Sakura Finetek,Torrance,CA),并在干冰或液体氮下冷冻。这些样品都制成10μm-30μm厚的冰冻断层(Microm Cryo-Star HM 560MV,Walldorf,Germany),且由明视场和荧光显微镜成像(Nikon,E600,Melville,NY),以确定注射材料在眼睛中的位置。必要时,使用AdobePhotoshop软件(Adobe系统,San Jose,CA)拼贴图像。
在注射后没有对用于微电脑断层成像的猪眼睛进行冷冻,而是对猪眼注射硫酸钡悬浮液并将其固定在30mm直径的样品试管中,并在30μm的各向同性体素、E=55kVp,I=145μA以及积分时间=200ms下,使用ScancoμCT4桌面锥束系统(Scanco Medical AG,Brüttisellen,Switzerland)在空气中进行扫描。通过基于Feldkamp等人(J. Opt.Soc.Am.A-Opt.Image Sci.Vis.1:612-619(1984))的技术的卷积反投影法则运算,自动重建原始数据以生成2D灰度断层图。选择用于对比增强区域以及总的眼组织的总分割值(高斯∑、高斯支集和阈值)。堆积灰度断层图,并通过应用最佳分割值来产生3D二值化图像(一张为整体眼睛图像,另一张是注入了对比试剂的区域图像)。使用Scanco图像处理语言层叠这些图像,以展现整个眼睛内的对比增强区域的相对3D位置。
实例
实例1:用空心微针给送模型化合物到脉络膜上腔
红色荧光性磺酰罗丹明B用作模型化合物,并使用仅插入巩膜底部的单个空心微针间接体内注入猪眼,以便靶向脉络膜上腔。在注入35μL磺酰罗丹明B之前和之后,摄取未经处理的猪眼睛的矢状横截面的明场显微图像,如图8A和图8B所示(比例尺:500μm)。可区别正常眼组织(图8A)来辨别出巩膜、脉络膜、视网膜和玻璃体。在注入模型化合物之后(图8B),可以看到磺酰罗丹明溶液刚好在巩膜之下和脉络膜上腔内的脉络膜之上,从而确认了注射了溶液并从初始注射位点在脉络膜上腔内扩散。能够在无渗漏的情况下注射最大容量达35μL,但超过此量就会从其中涡状静脉会间接体内附着的眼睛表面的开口渗漏。但是,对猪眼和兔眼进行的体内后续实验已经表明在不从这些开口渗漏的情况下达100μL的脉络膜递送(数据未示出)。
实例2:使用空心微针对脉络膜上腔递送颗粒
将直径为500nm或1000nm的颗粒分别间接体内注射到兔、猪和人眼的脉络膜上腔,并对其成像以评估巩膜正下方的颗粒的分布和定位。在没有注入脉络膜上腔的猪眼冰冻断层的荧光图像中识别巩膜(1)、脉络膜(2)和视网膜(3)(图9A,比例尺:500pm)。在轴平面摄取注射500nm颗粒之后的兔眼的冰冻断层的荧光图像,并拼贴这些图像以形成全景图(图9B,比例尺:500pm)。在巩膜正下方的薄鞘中沿着眼睛的中纬线观察荧光颗粒的扩散(其在图像中呈现为亮白色区域)。注射15μL的量,在插入位点的平面中截取的该特定横截面中,注射已经分布了约20mm,其对应于眼睛的总圆周长的约36%。
从矢状方向摄取猪眼和人眼的冰冻切片的荧光图像,以便图像向右显示眼睛的前端并向左显示眼睛的后端(分别如图9C和图9D)。这些图像示出微注射的颗粒(其呈现为亮白)在眼睛从注射位点的前端方向和后端方向上在脉络膜上腔里扩散的能力。在这些实验中,单一微针向两种脉络膜上腔里递送30μL的2wt%颗粒悬浮液。在远离注射位点的涡状静脉开口处观察到了渗漏,类似于用磺酰罗丹明注射所观察到的情况。
这些图像中的插图显示了微针插入位点的放大图,在每种情况下,巩膜内的插入位点充满了颗粒。在猪(图9C)和人(图9D)的情况下,视网膜仍然是附着和可视的,且很显然微针并未穿透视网膜。在兔眼(图9B)的情况下,视网膜在冰冻断层过程中分离并不可视。这些结果证实了微针能够靶向兔眼、猪眼、人眼的脉络膜上腔,以递送直径高达1000nm的颗粒。结果还证实了这些颗粒在脉络膜上腔内的所有方向上周向从注射位点扩散。
采用微电脑断层摄影(μCT)来使用无创方式在三维中来成像注射的物质在脉络膜上腔内的周向扩散和定位。在猪眼的脉络膜上腔中注射35μL直径为1μm的硫酸钡颗粒对比剂颗粒之后,截面影像显示了颗粒分布为白色细条,其正好环绕在眼睛的外边缘下,即正好位于巩膜之下(图10A)。该轮廓的特征在于脉络膜递送,且与荧光成像的结果相似。这些横断层面图像的三维重建显示了颗粒在眼睛的后段中的分布(图10B,比例尺:5mm)。颗粒分布以约5mm的半径,虽然颗粒围绕注射位点不对称地分布,且覆盖了约70mm2的面积(占眼睛后部的表面积的7%)。这进一步证实了微针通过靶向脉络膜上腔在眼睛的绝大部分后段上分散颗粒的能力。
实例3:操作参数对向脉络膜上腔递送的影响
使用不同微针长度和注射压力将直径为20nm、100nm、500nm和1000nm的颗粒间接体内注射到猪眼中,以确定脉络膜递送的成功率。尝试注射被认为完全成功(将25μL颗粒悬浮液全部注射到脉络膜上腔中)或者完全不成功(完全无法注射)。没有观察到局部注射。针对对猪眼递送20nm(图11A)、100nm(图11B)、500nm(图11C)和1000nm(图11D)颗粒,示出注射压力和微针长度对脉络膜上递送颗粒的成功率的影响。
成功率随着注入压力和微针长度的增加(ANOVA,p<0.05)而增加。对于20nm的颗粒(图11A),以所有微针的长度使用250kpa的压力实现了100%的成功注射。对于100nm的颗粒(图11B),压力影响同样稳定在250kpa,且所有但是最短的微针长度(700μm)获得了100%的成功。对于更大的颗粒(500nm和1000nm),(分别如图11C和图11D),压力影响一般稳定在300kpa,且对于稍短的位置,成功率明显下降。不希望被任何理论约束,相信短微针长度注入巩膜,以便颗粒一定会强行通过巩膜的一部分到达脉络膜上腔。因为巩膜中的胶原纤维束间隙接近300nm,所以更小的颗粒(20nm和100nm)可更容易地强行通过巩膜的一部分到达脉络膜上腔。然而更大的颗粒(500nm和1000nm)通过该组织屏障更加困难,因此注入压力成为更重要参数,且注入成功率明显下降。
使用ANOVA(方差分析)进行以不同微针长度对不同大小颗粒的注射的注射率的统计比较,且概括如下表。
意义被认为p<0.05并由星号(*)表示。
统计分析显示了在700μm的微针长度下,其中需将大部分巩膜组织传送到脉络膜上腔,成功率极度取决于颗粒大小。使用800μm和900μm的微针,小于胶原纤维间隙(20nm和100nm)的颗粒表现相似,且大于胶原纤维间隙(500nm和1000nm)的颗粒同样表现相似,但是介于100nm和500nm之间的颗粒显著不同。示出可能到达巩膜底部的最长微针(1000μm)对颗粒的大小依赖不明显,从而建议不再需要克服巩膜内胶原屏障。
不希望受任何特定理论的约束,前述还建议20nm和100nm的颗粒可在巩膜以及脉络膜上腔中扩散,而500nm和1000nm的颗粒应专有地定位于脉络膜上腔中。在同等条件下比较20nm的颗粒扩散(图12A)和1000nm的颗粒扩散(图12B)。如所预期的,较小颗粒在巩膜以及和脉络膜上腔中展现出显著的扩散。与此相反,较大颗粒主要转移脉络膜上腔并且大部分被从巩膜中排出。较大颗粒的该定位与图11中示出的结果一致。
因此,使用最小长度为800μm微针和最小250kpa压力可靠地注入20nm和100nm的颗粒。为了递送注入500nm和1000nm的颗粒,需要1000μm的微针最小长度和250kpa-300kpa的最小压力。
实例4:眼内压对脉络膜上腔颗粒给送的影响
眼内压(IOP)是保持眼睛膨胀的眼睛内的内部压力。眼内压提供可抵消掉注入压力的反压。为了评估眼内压对向脉络膜上腔递送颗粒的影响,在两个不同的IOP水平,18mmHg和36mmHg下注射1000nm的颗粒。注入压力和微针长度对在模拟的18mmHg和36mmHg的IOP水平下向脉络膜上递送1000nm颗粒的成功率的影响分别示于图13A和图13B中。递送成功率一般随着IOP的增加而增加。显而易见,在常规IOP下,不在最低注入压力(150kpa)或使用最短微针(700μm)来递送颗粒,且只有最长微针(1000μm)在最高注入压力(300kpa)下获得100%的成功率(图13A)。相反,在升高的IOP下,有时在最低注入压力并使用最短微针来递送颗粒,且在最高注入压力使用900μm和1000μm的微针获得100%的成功率(图13B)。
不希望受任何理论的约束,相信升高的IOP的主要影响是使巩膜表面更坚固,从而在微针注入过程中减少组织表面偏转,并因此针对给定长度的微针,增加穿透进入巩膜的深度。尽管我们没有直接测量微针插入深度,但是这些结果表明微针插入在升高IOP的下可更有效,因为它们注入巩膜更深,从而提高注入成功率。
实例5:对活体动物模型中的脉络膜上腔递送模型化合物
根据批准的活体动物实验协议,使用兔子来评估对脉络膜上腔递送荧光分子(荧光素钠)。在注入之后的五分钟内,进行眼睛的一维扫描(通过视线),以确定荧光分子在眼中的分散(图14)。y轴表示荧光强度(即浓度),x轴表示从前(160)到后(0)在眼睛中的位置。因此,结果示出在注射后的第一个5分钟之内,荧光素已经流过脉络膜上腔到达眼睛的后面,其中一部分留在初始注入位点。
进行同样的扫描来评估在一段时间内从脉络膜上腔中清除荧光素的清除率(图15)。在一段时间内,测量眼睛的两个区域(脉络膜上腔和中间玻璃体区域)中的荧光强度。结果示出多数注入的物质留在脉络膜上腔,而没有通过中间玻璃体区域,且物质基本上在24小时之内清洁了脉络膜上腔。
实例6:对活体动物模型中的脉络膜上腔递送颗粒
也进行活体动物实验来评估颗粒至脉络膜上腔的递送,将直径为20nm和500nm的荧光颗粒注入到兔眼中,且评估荧光强度来确定颗粒在眼睛的两个区域(脉络膜上腔和中间玻璃体区域)中停留的时间长度。
较小颗粒(图16)成功地被递送至脉络膜上腔并在脉络膜上腔中停留至少35天。较大颗粒(图17)也成功地被递送至脉络膜上腔并在脉络膜上腔中停留至少24天。显然,较小颗粒和较大颗粒都很好地定位,如在中间玻璃体区域中的低水平荧光性所示。
本文件所引用的出版物和所引用的材料通过引用的方式具体并入本文。通过前述详细描述,本文描述的方法和装置的修改和变化对于本领域的技术人员是显而易见的。这样的修改和变化旨在处于所附权利要求书的范围之内。
Claims (30)
1.一种对患者眼睛给药的方法,其包括:
在插入位点将空心微针插入眼睛的巩膜,所述空心微针具有带有开口的尖端;以及
在一段时间内,注入包含药物的药液配方通过所述插入的微针并进入眼睛的脉络膜上腔,
其中在所述注入期间,所述注入的药液配方离开所述插入位点在所述脉络膜上腔内流动。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述注入期间,所述注入的药液配方离开所述插入位点流动至少5mm。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述插入位点位于眼睛的中纬线附近。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述插入位点位于眼睛的中纬线和角膜缘之间。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中在所述注入期间,至少一部分所述药液配方在到达眼睛的中纬线之后到达眼组织。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针以约90度的角度插入巩膜的表面。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针的尖端大致插入巩膜底部,而未完全穿透巩膜。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针的尖端插入通过巩膜进入脉络膜上腔,而未穿透脉络膜。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括:使用图像引导反馈来确定所述微针在眼睛中的位置和/或注入的药液配方在眼睛内的位置。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中注入约10μL至约200μL的所述药液配方。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药液配方包括微粒或纳米粒的悬浮液,所述微粒或纳米粒包含所述药物。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述悬浮液还包含生理上可接受的水性载体。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述药液配方包括配方,所述配方在被注入到脉络膜上腔中后会经历相变。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述注入步骤包括以至少150kPa的注入压力驱动所述药液配方。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述注入步骤包括以至少300kPa的注入压力驱动所述药液配方。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针具有500微米到1000微米之间的有效长度。
17.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针具有700微米到1000微米之间的有效长度。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针具有800微米到1000微米之间的有效长度。
19.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针插入巩膜中的部分具有400微米的最大横截面宽度或者直径。
20.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针由金属制成,且总有效长度介于500微米到1000微米之间,所述微针包括外径介于200微米到400微米之间的圆柱形轴和长度小于约400微米的斜尖。
21.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微针基本上垂直地从平面基座或凸面基座上延伸。
22.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述患者需要治疗葡萄膜炎、青光眼、糖尿病性黄斑水肿、湿性或干性老年黄斑变性、脉络膜新生血管或者巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎。
23.一种对患者眼睛给药的方法,其包括:
(a)在插入位点将空心微针插入眼睛巩膜,所述微针具有带有开口的尖端;
(b)对包含所述药物的药液配方施加选定压力,以引起所述药物配方的注入通过所述插入的微针;
(c)确定所述药物配方是否已经流入眼睛的脉络膜上腔并远离所述插入位点;
(d)如果在步骤(c)中确定了所述药物配方已经离开所述插入位点流入所述脉络膜上腔,则注入选定量的所述药液配方并在其之后立即移除压力;或者如果在步骤(c)中确定了基本上没有所述药物配方离开所述插入位点流入所述脉络膜上腔,则重定位所述插入的微针并重复步骤(b)-(d)直到已经注入选定量的所述药液配方;以及
(e)将所述微针从眼睛中撤出。
24.一种为患者眼睛给药的装置,其包括:
空心微针,其具有尖端和孔,通过所述孔液体可以通过所述微针被传递;
装置主体,其用于固定住所述微针,所述装置主体具有作为所述微针从其延伸的基座的端部;以及
驱动器,其用于控制药液配方通过所述微针的注入,
其中所述装置被配置用于将所述微针的尖端插入眼睛的巩膜中的插入位点,且所述装置可操作来将所述药液配方注入脉络膜上腔并远离所述插入位点。
25.如权利要求24所述的装置,其中所述装置可操作来提供10μL至200μL的所述药液配方的受控注入。
26.如权利要求24所述的装置,其中所述装置可操作来以至少150kPa的压力注入所述药液配方。
27.如权利要求24所述的装置,其还包括容纳所述药液配方的储液器,所述储液器在所述基座处与所述微针的孔可操作地连通。
28.如权利要求27所述的装置,其中所述储液器包含所述药液配方。
29.如权利要求24所述的装置,其中所述微针具有介于500微米到1000微米之间的有效长度。
30.如权利要求29所述的装置,其中所述微针具有约400微米的最大横截面宽度或者直径。
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