CN102947450A - 用于重编程细胞的包含纯化的经修饰的rna的rna制剂 - Google Patents
用于重编程细胞的包含纯化的经修饰的rna的rna制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了使用包含编码iPS细胞诱导因子的单链mRNA的纯化的RNA制剂重编程体细胞的组合物和方法。纯化的RNA制剂优选大体上不含RNA污染分子,所述RNA污染分子:i)可激活体细胞的免疫反应,ii)减少体细胞中单链mRNA的表达,和/或iii)激活体细胞中的RNA传感器。在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂大体上不含部分mRNA、双链RNA、未加帽的RNA分子和/或单链连缀mRNA。
Description
本申请要求于2009年12月7日提交的美国临时申请序列No.61/267,312(将其通过引用整体并入本文)的优先权。
本申请还要求于2009年3月27日提交的美国申请序列No.11/990,646号(所述申请为于2006年8月21日提交的进入美国国家阶段的PCT/US06/32372,PCT/US06/32372要求于2005年8月23日提交的美国临时申请No.60/710,164的优先权)的优先权,将所有所述申请通过引用整体并入本文。
发明领域
本发明涉及通过将细胞与纯化的RNA制剂接触来改变或重编程真核细胞(包括人或其它动物细胞)的分化状态的组合物和方法,所述RNA制剂包含由一种或多种不同的各自编码重编程因子(例如,iPS细胞诱导因子)的单链mRNA分子或由所述单链mRNA分子组成。纯化的单链mRNA分子优选包含至少一个经修饰的核苷(例如,选自假尿苷(缩写为希腊字母“psi”或“Ψ”)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)、5-甲基尿苷(m5U)、2′-O-甲基尿苷(Um或m2’-OU)、2-硫尿苷(s2U)和N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)),其替代相应的未修饰的经典核苷的至少一部分(例如,替代大体上所有相应的未修饰的A、C、G或T经典核苷)。此外,单链mRNA分子优选纯化为大体上不含在细胞中激活不期望的反应、减少单链mRNA的表达和/或激活RNA传感器的RNA污染分子。在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂大体上不含比全长单链mRNA分子短或长的、为双链RNA和/或未加帽的RNA的RNA污染分子。
背景
2006年,(Takahashi和Yamanaka 2006)报导了编码4个蛋白质因子(OCT4(Octamer-4;POU 5类同源框1)、SOX2(SRY(性别决定区Y)-box 2)、KLF4(Krueppel-样因子4)和c-MYC)的基因至分化小鼠体细胞的转导诱导这类细胞成为多能干细胞(在本文中称为“诱导多能干细胞”、“iPS细胞”或“iPSC”)。在该最早的报导后,多能干细胞还可通过用编码类似的人蛋白质因子(OCT4、SOX2、KLF4和c-MYC)的基因(Takahashi等,2007)转化人体细胞或通过用编码人OCT4和SOX2因子的基因加上编码两个其它人因子NANOG和LIN28(Lin-28同源物A)的基因转化人体细胞(Yu等,2007)来进行诱导。所有这类方法使用逆转录病毒或慢病毒将编码重编程因子的基因整合入转化的细胞的基因组并且体细胞只在较长的一段时间(例如,超过一周)内被重编程为iPS细胞。
从分化的体细胞产生iP细胞大有希望成为通过细胞移植治疗疾病的可能方法。从个体患者的体细胞产生iPS细胞的可能性还可使得能够发展具有更小的因免疫排斥而产生的风险的患者特异性疗法。此外,从疾病特异性体细胞产生iPS细胞有希望成为研究和开发治疗特异性疾病状态的的药物的方法(Ebert等,2009,Lee等,2009,Maehr等,2009)。
编码蛋白质重编程因子(或“iPSC因子”)的基因的病毒递送提供了从体细胞产生iPS细胞的高效方法,但外源DNA至基因组内的整合,无论是随机还是非随机的,产生不可预料的结果并且可最终导致癌症(Nakagawa等,2008)。新近报导显示可通过使用不需要基因组整合的其它方法(以更低的效率)产生iPS细胞。例如,包含OCT4、SOX2、KLF4和c-MYC的基因的表达质粒至小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的重复转染产生iPS细胞得到证明(Okita等,2008)。诱导的多能干细胞还通过引入表达编码人OCT4、SOX2、c-MYC、KLF4、NANOG和LIN28的基因的质粒由人体细胞产生(Yu等,2009)。用于产生iPS细胞的其它成功方法包括利用:重组蛋白质重编程因子(Zhou等,2009)、非整合腺病毒(Stadtfeld等,2008)或piggyBac转座子(Woltjen等,2009)递送重编程因子来处理体细胞。目前,使用这类非病毒递送技术递送重编程因子来产生iPS细胞几乎是无效的。用于潜在临床应用的产生iPS细胞的其它方法需要增加iPS细胞形成的速度和效率同时维持基因组完整性。
发明概述
本发明提供了用于重编程真核细胞(包括人或其它动物细胞)的分化状态的方法,通过将细胞与纯化的RNA制剂(包含一种或多种不同的各自编码重编程因子(例如,iPS细胞诱导因子)的单链mRNA分子或由所述单链mRNA分子组成)接触。纯化的单链mRNA分子优选包含至少一个经修饰的核苷(例如,选自假尿苷(Ψ)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)、5-甲基尿苷(m5U)、2′-O-甲基尿苷(Um或m2’-OU)、2-硫尿苷(s2U)和N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)),其替代相应的未修饰的A、C、G或T典型核苷的相应未修饰的典型核苷的至少一部分(例如,包括几乎全部)。此外,优选纯化单链mRNA分子至大体上不含RNA污染分子,所述RNA污染分子可在细胞中激活不期望的反应、减少单链mRNA的表达和/或激活RNA传感器(例如,双链RNA-依赖性酶)。在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂大体上不含比全长单链mRNA分子短或长的、为双链RNA和/或未加帽的RNA的RNA污染分子。在某些优选实施方案中,本发明提供了用于重编程分化的真核细胞(包括人或其它动物体细胞)的组合物和方法,该方法通过将细胞与包含一种或多种不同的各自编码iPS细胞诱导因子的单链mRNA分子或由所述单链mRNA分子组成的纯化的RNA制剂接触来进行。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于改变体细胞的分化状态的方法,包括:将编码iPS细胞诱导因子的mRNA引入体细胞以产生重编程去分化的细胞,其中mRNA包含至少一个5-甲基胞苷(或本文中描述的其它经修饰的碱基)。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于将展示第一分化状态或表型的细胞重编程成展示第二分化状态或表型的细胞的方法,包括:向展示第一分化状态的细胞引入包含编码至少一种重编程因子的经修饰的mRNA分子的纯化的RNA制剂和在其中细胞展示第二分化状态的条件下培养所述细胞。在某些实施方案中,经修饰的mRNA分子包含至少一种选自假尿苷或5-甲基胞苷的经修饰的核苷。在某些实施方案中,细胞选自人或动物。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂:i)包含编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的第一单链mRNA,其中大体上所有第一单链模板mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和ii)大体上不含能够激活所述体细胞中的RNA传感器的RNA污染分子。在某些实施方案中,RNA污染分子选自:仅编码一部分所述iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA、比全长mRNA短的RNA分子、比全长mRNA长的RNA分子、双链mRNA分子和未加帽的mRNA分子。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于重编程体细胞(例如,去分化或转分化)的方法,包括:将体细胞与纯化的RNA制剂接触以产生重编程细胞,其中纯化的RNA制剂:i)包含编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的第一单链mRNA,其中大体上所有第一单链完整mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,ii)大体上不含能够激活体细胞中的RNA传感器的重组分子(例如,RNA污染分子)。在具体实施方案中,RNA污染分子包括:仅编码一部分iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA,编码单链iPS细胞诱导因子和编码iPS细胞诱导因子的至少额外部分的单链连缀mRNA、双链mRNA分子和未加帽的mRNA分子。在某些实施方案中,第一单链mRNA也不编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的额外部分。
在某些实施方案中,重编程细胞是去分化细胞(例如,干细胞或干细胞-样细胞)。在其它实施方案中,重编程细胞是转分化细胞(例如,皮肤细胞被重编程为神经元或其它类型的改变)。在其它实施方案中,第一单链mRNA编码完全第一iPS诱导因子(例如,mRNA编码特定iPS诱导因子的完整编码序列)。在其它实施方案中,接触还包括将体细胞与生长因子和/或细胞因子接触(例如,在一段时间后)。在其它实施方案中,接触还包括将体细胞与免疫反应抑制剂接触。
在某些实施方案中,第一单链mRNA的所有或几乎所有尿苷核苷被假尿苷核苷替代。在其它实施方案中,第一单链mRNA的所有或几乎所有胞苷核苷被5-甲基胞苷核苷或本文中引述的另一种碱基替代。
在具体实施方案中,本发明提供了产生重编程细胞的方法,包括:将体细胞与纯化的RNA制剂接触以产生能够在培养中存活至少10天(例如,至少10天,至少13天,至少16天,至少20天,至少40天或能够形成细胞系)的重编程细胞,其中所述纯化的RNA制剂包含编码iPS细胞诱导因子的第一单链mRNA,并且其中大部分第一单链mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基。
在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂不含一定量的RNA污染分子,所述一定量的RNA污染分子将在体细胞中激活免疫反应以足以阻止重编程细胞系在培养中存活至少10天(例如,至少10天,至少15天,至少20天,至少40天或更长)。在其它实施方案中,RNA污染分子包括:仅编码一部分iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA、完全编码iPS细胞诱导因子和编码iPS细胞诱导因子的至少额外部分的单链连缀mRNA、双链mRNA分子、未加帽的mRNA分子、及其混合物。在某些实施方案中,产生的重编程细胞能够形成重编程细胞系。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂不含一定量的RNA污染分子,所述一定量的RNA污染分子将在体细胞中激活免疫反应以足以阻止重编程细胞系的产生。
在具体实施方案中,RNA污染分子选自:仅编码一部分iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA、编码iPS细胞诱导因子和编码iPS细胞诱导因子的至少额外部分的单链连缀mRNA、双链mRNA分子、未加帽的mRNA分子及其混合物。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于产生重编程细胞系的方法,包括:a)将体细胞与纯化的RNA制剂接触以产生重编程细胞,其中纯化的RNA制剂包含编码iPS细胞诱导因子的mRNA,并且其中大部分mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和b)培养去分化的细胞以产生重编程细胞系。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂不含一定量的污染分子,所述一定量的RNA污染分子将在体细胞中激活免疫反应以足以阻止重编程细胞系的产生。在某些实施方案中,免疫反应包括激活体细胞中的RNA传感器。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于重编程体细胞的方法,包括:将体细胞与纯化的RNA制剂接触以产生重编程细胞,其中纯化的RNA制剂:i)包含编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的第一单链mRNA,其中大体上所有第一单链mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和ii)大体上不含:a)仅编码一部分第iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA,和b)双链mRNA分子。在其它实施方案中,第一单链mRNA也不编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的额外部分。在具体实施方案中,第单链mRNA完全编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂也大体上不含(或基本上不含或实际上不含或不含)编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子和编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的至少额外部分的单链连缀mRNA。在其它实施方案中,大体上所有第一单链完整mRNA为5’加帽的。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂也大体上不含未加帽的mRNA分子。在某些实施方案中,大体上所有第一单链mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基。在其它实施方案中,大体上所有第一单链mRNA包含至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基。在其它实施方案中,大体上所有第一单链mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基。
在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂包括转染剂。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂通过包含大量部分mRNA和双链mRNA的RNA样品的HPLC纯化来获得。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂基本上不含部分mRNA和单链连缀mRNA。在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂基本上不含或实际上不含或不含双链mRNA分子。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂基本上不含或实际上不含或不含未加帽的mRNA。在某些实施方案中,大体上所有第一单链mRNA被多腺苷酸化。在其它实施方案中,第一单链完整mRNA使用7-甲基鸟苷进行加帽。
在某些实施方案中,第一iPS细胞诱导因子选自KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂:i)还包括编码第二iPS细胞诱导因子的第二单链mRNA,其中第二单链mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和ii)还大体上不含:a)仅编码一部分第二iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA,和b)双链mRNA。在其它实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂大体上也不含编码第二iPS细胞诱导因子和编码第二iPS细胞诱导因子的至少额外部分的单链连缀mRNA。在某些实施方案中,第二iPS细胞诱导因子选自KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2。在某些实施方案中,体细胞是成纤维细胞。在其它实施方案中,重编程细胞是多能干细胞。在其它实施方案中,去分化的细胞表达NANOG和TRA-1-60。在某些实施方案中,细胞是体外的。在其它实施方案中,细胞存在于培养中。在具体实施方案中,细胞存在于MEF条件化培养基中。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了包含纯化的RNA制剂的组合物,其中纯化的RNA制剂:i)包含编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的第一单链mRNA,其中所述第一单链mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和ii)大体上不含能够激活体细胞中的RNA传感器的RNA污染分子。在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了包含纯化的RNA制剂的组合物,其中纯化的RNA制剂:i)包含编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的第一单链mRNA,其中第一单链完整mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和ii)大体上不含:a)仅编码一部分第一iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA,和b)双链RNA。
在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂还大体上不含编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子和编码第一iPS细胞诱导因子的至少额外部分的单链连缀mRNA。在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂:i)还包括编码第二iPS细胞诱导因子的第二单链mRNA,其中第二单链完整mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和ii)大体上不含:a)仅编码一部分第二iPS细胞诱导因子的部分mRNA,和b)编码第二种第一iPS细胞诱导因子和编码第二iPS细胞诱导因子的至少额外部分的单链连缀mRNA。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了包含编码MYC基因的体外合成的mRNA的组合物,其中体外合成的mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基。在某些实施方案中,组合物大体上不含能够激活体细胞中的RNA传感器的RNA污染分子。
在具体实施方案中,本发明提供了用于诱导哺乳动物细胞产生MYC蛋白的方法,所述方法包括:将哺乳动物细胞与编码MYC基因的体外合成mRNA接触,其中体外合成的mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,从而诱导所述哺乳动物细胞产生MYC蛋白。在其它实施方案中,哺乳动物细胞是树突细胞。在其它实施方案中,哺乳动物细胞是肺泡细胞、星形胶质细胞、小神经胶质细胞或神经元。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了治疗受试者的方法,包括将受试者与上述和本文中描述的产生MYC蛋白的哺乳动物细胞接触。
在其它实施方案中,本发明提供了合成编码MYC基因的体外转录的RNA分子的方法,包括:在使得产生包含至少一个假尿苷或5-甲基胞苷残基的编码MYC基因的体外转录的RNA分子的条件下组合分离的RNA聚合酶、编码MYG基因的模板核酸序列、未修饰的核苷酸和假尿苷或5-甲基胞苷修饰的核苷酸。
在产生本发明的实施方案的过程中进行的实验显示可给细胞施用mRNA分子,所述mRNA分子诱导产生去分化的细胞(包括多能干细胞)的过程。因此,本发明提供了用于产生iPS细胞的组合物和方法。令人惊讶地,mRNA的施用可提供iPS细胞的高效产生。
本发明还提供了包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子、包含所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的基因治疗载体、合成所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的方法以及用于基因替代、基因疗法、基因转录沉默以及将治疗性蛋白质(包括所述分子)体内递送至组织的方法。本发明还提供了减少RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的免疫原性的方法。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于去分化体细胞的方法,包括:将编码一种或多种iPSC诱导因子的mRNA引入体细胞以产生去分化的细胞。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于去分化体细胞的方法,包括:将编码一种或多种iPSC诱导因子的mRNA引入体细胞和在其中细胞能存活并且被引入细胞的mRNA以充足的量被翻译以及并且充足的时间以产生去分化细胞的条件下维持细胞。在某些优选实施方案中,去分化的细胞是诱导的多能干细胞(iPSC)。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于改变真核细胞的分化的状态(或分化状态)的方法,包括:将编码一种或多种重编程因子的mRNA引入细胞和在其中细胞能存活并且被引入细胞的mRNA以充足的量被翻译并且进行充足的时间以产生与向其中引入mRNA的细胞相比较展示改变的分化状态的细胞的条件下维持细胞。在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于改变真核细胞的分化状态的方法,包括:将编码一种或多种重编程因子的mRNA引入细胞和在其中细胞能存活并且被引入细胞的mRNA以充足的量被翻译并且进行充足的时间以产生与向其中引入mRNA的细胞相比较展示改变的分化状态的细胞的条件下维持细胞。在某些实施方案中,改变的分化状态是与向其中引入mRNA的细胞相比较的分化的去分化状态。例如,在某些实施方案中,展示改变的分化状态的细胞是与向其中引入mRNA的体细胞(例如,分化为成纤维细胞、心肌细胞或另一种分化的细胞类型的体细胞)相比较为去分化的多能干细胞。在某些实施方案中,向其中引入mRNA的细胞是一种谱系、表型或功能的体细胞,并且展示改变的分化状态的细胞是展示与向其中引入mRNA的细胞的不同的品系、表型或功能的体细胞;因此,在这类实施方案中,所述方法导致转分化(Graf和Enver 2009)。
本发明的方法不限于其中引入了mRNA的特定细胞。在任何上述方法的某些实施方案中,其中引入了mRNA的细胞来源于任何多细胞真核生物。在任何上述方法的某些实施方案中,其中引入了mRNA的细胞选自人细胞和另一种动物细胞。虽然使用人或其它动物的细胞进行本文中显示的工作,但申请者还声明本发明的方法(包括通过将细胞与由一种或多种纯化的单链mRNA分子组成的纯化的RNA制剂接触来重编程人和动物细胞,所述单链mRNA分子各自编码蛋白重编程因子(例如,转录因子))还涉及其它真核细胞(例如植物细胞和真菌细胞)的重编程。在任何上述方法的某些实施方案中,其中引入了mRNA的细胞是来自无已知疾病的生物体的正常细胞。在任何上述方法的某些实施方案中,其中引入了mRNA的细胞为来自患有已知疾病的生物体的细胞。在任何上述方法的某些实施方案中,其中引入了mRNA的细胞为不具有已知病理学的细胞。在任何上述方法的某些实施方案中,其中引入了mRNA的细胞为展示疾病状态或已知病理学的细胞(例如,癌细胞或展示糖尿病细胞的代谢性质特征的胰岛β细胞)。
本发明在方法的实施方案中不限于使用特定细胞类型(例如,不限特特定的体细胞类型),所述方法包括引入编码一种或多种iPSC细胞诱导因子的mRNA以产生去分化的细胞(例如,iPS细胞)。考虑到经历使用iPS细胞诱导因子的去分化的任何细胞。这类细胞包括但不限于成纤维细胞、角质形成细胞、脂肪细胞、淋巴细胞、T细胞、B细胞、单核脐带血的细胞、颊粘膜细胞、肝细胞、HeLa、MCF-7或其它癌细胞。在某些实施方案中,细胞存在于体外(例如,培养中)或体内。在某些实施方案中,当在培养中产生时,使用无细胞条件化培养基(例如,MEF-条件化培养基)。如下文中显示的,所提供的这样的培养基增强iPS细胞的产生。然而,本发明不限于所使用的培养条件。预期将现在已知或以后被鉴定为对于本发明的方法(例如,从体细胞产生iPS细胞和维持所述细胞)是有用的任何培养条件或培养基与本发明一起使用。例如,虽然不是优选的,但在本发明的某些实施方案中,使用饲养细胞层而不用条件化培养基来培养使用所述方法处理的细胞。
在任何此类方法的某些实施方案中,引入mRNA的步骤包括利用转染剂(例如,TRANSITTM mRNA转染剂,MirusBio,Madison,WI)将mRNA递送入细胞(例如,人或其它动物体细胞)。
然而,本发明不限于所利用的转染方法的性质。事实上,考虑到已知的或将来鉴定的能够将mRNA分子体外或体内递送入细胞的任何转染方法,包括将mRNA递送入培养中或生命维持培养基(life-supporting medium)中的细胞(无论所述细胞包括分离的细胞还是包含真核组织或器官的细胞)的方法,或将mRNA体内递送入生物体例如人、动物、植物或真菌中的细胞的方法。在某些实施方案中,转染剂包括脂质(例如,脂质体、胶束等)。在某些实施方案中,转染剂包括纳米颗粒或纳米管。在某些实施方案中,转染剂包括阳离子化合物(例如,聚乙烯亚胺或PEI)。在某些实施方案中,转染法使用电流将mRNA递送入细胞(例如,通过电穿孔)。在某些实施方案中,转染法使用微粒轰击法(bolistics method)将mRNA递送入细胞(例如,“基因枪”或微粒轰击递送系统)。
本文中提供的数据显示,对于被引入细胞的mRNA,本文中描述的实施例中使用的一定量的mRNA导致比其它量的mRNA更高效且更快速地从使用的特定体细胞诱导多能干细胞。然而,本发明的方法不限于使用特定量的mRNA引入细胞。例如,在某些实施方案中,将总共3个剂量(每一个剂量包含18微克的6种不同mRNA的每一种,每一种RNA编码不同的人重编程因子)用于将mRNA引入10-cm平板中的约3×105个人成纤维细胞(例如,使用含脂质的转染剂递送的),虽然在其它实施方案中,将更高或更低量的mRNA用于引入细胞。
本发明不限于使用的mRNA的特定化学形式,虽然mRNA的某些形式可产生更高效的结果。然而,在某些优选实施方案中,mRNA包含至少一个经修饰的核苷(例如,选自假尿苷(Ψ)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)、5-甲基尿苷(m5U)、2′-O-甲基尿苷(Um或m2’-OU)、2-硫尿苷(s2U)和N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)),其替代至少一部分相应的未修饰的典型核苷(例如,在某些优选实施方案中,至少一个经修饰的核苷替代所有相应的未修饰的A、C、G或T典型核苷)。在某些实施方案中,mRNA被多腺苷酸化。在某些优选实施方案中,通过多腺苷酸化体外转录的(IVT)RNA来制备mRNA,所述方法包括将IVT RNA与聚腺苷酸聚合酶(例如,酵母RNA聚合酶或大肠杆菌(E.coli)多聚腺苷聚合酶)接触。在某些实施方案中,使用编码多聚腺苷酸尾的DNA模板在IVT期间多腺苷酸化mRNA。无论RNA是使用聚腺苷酸聚合酶被多腺苷腺化的还是在DNA模板的IVT过程中被多腺苷酸化的,在某些优选实施方案中,mRNA包含多聚腺苷酸尾(例如,具有50-200个核苷酸,例如优选100-200、150-200个核苷酸或超过150个核苷酸的多聚腺苷酸尾),虽然在某些实施方案中,使用更长或更短的多聚腺苷酸尾。在某些实施方案中,给方法中使用的mRNA加帽。为了使细胞中的表达的效率最大化,优选大部分mRNA分子包含帽。在某些优选实施方案中,通过在加帽酶系统存在的情况下温育未加帽的初级RNA来体外合成方法中使用未加帽的mRNA分子。在某些优选实施方案中,通过体外转录(IVT)编码待合成的RNA的DNA分子来合成加帽酶反应中使用的初级RNA。编码待合成的RNA的DNA包含RNA聚合酶启动子,RNA聚合酶结合所述启动子并且从其起始转录。在本领域还已知mRNA分子通常具有位于翻译起始密码子之前和未被翻译的翻译终止密码子之后的不同序列的区域。这些区域(分别称为5’端非翻译区(5′UTR)和3’端非翻译区(3′UTR))可影响mRNA稳定性、mRNA定位和与它们连接的mRNA的翻译效率。已知某些5’和3’UTR例如α和β球蛋白的5’和3’UTR提高mRNA稳定性和mRNA的表达。因此。在某些优选实施方案中,编码重编程因子(例如,iPSC诱导因子)的mRNA展示在细胞中导致更高的mRNA稳定性和更高的mRNA表达的5’UTR和/或3’UTR(例如,α球蛋白或β球蛋白5’UTR和/或3’UTR;例如,非洲爪蟾或人α球蛋白或β球蛋白5’UTR和/或3’UTR,或例如烟草蚀纹病毒(TEV)5’UTR)。
可使用任何RNA聚合酶进行IVT,只要mRNA从编码RNA的DNA模板的合成特异性地且充分地起始于各自同源的RNA聚合酶启动子并且获得全长mRNA。在某些优选实施方案中,RNA聚合酶选自T7RNA聚合酶、SP6RNA聚合酶和T3RNA聚合酶。在某些其它实施方案中,通过在IVT反应中使用二核苷酸帽类似物共转录地合成加帽的RNA(例如,使用AMPLICAPTM T7试剂盒或MESSAGEMAXTM T7 ARCA-CAPPED MESSAGE Transcription试剂盒;EPICENTRE或CellScript,Madison,WI,USA)。如果共转录地进行加帽,则优选二核苷酸帽类似物为抗-反向帽类似物(anti-reversecap analog)(ARCA)。然而,使用单独的IVT反应,然后用加帽酶系统进行加帽(这导致约100%的RNA被加帽)优于共转录加帽,所述共转录加帽通常导致仅约80%的RNA被加帽。因此,在某些优选实施方案中,本发明的方法中使用的高百分比的mRNA分子被加帽(例如,大于80%、大于90%、大于95%、大于98%、大于99%、大于99.5%或、大于99.9%的mRNA分子的群体被加帽)。在某些优选实施方案中,本发明的方法中使用的mRNA具有拥有帽1(cap1)结构的帽,意指相对于帽核苷酸的倒数第二个核苷酸的核糖的2’羟基被甲基化。然而,在某些实施方案中,方法中使用的mRNA具有拥有帽0结构的帽,意指相对于帽核苷酸的倒数第二个核苷酸的2’羟基未被甲基化。对于某些但非全部转录物,利用具有拥有帽1结构的mRNA转染真核细胞,与用相同mRNA(但具有拥有帽0结构的帽)转染相同细胞相比较,在转染的细胞中导致更高的蛋白质表达水平或更长的蛋白质表达持续时间。在某些实施方案中,本发明的方法中使用的mRNA具有经修饰的帽核苷酸。在于本文中实施例中提供的实验之前进行的某些实验中,本申请发现,当用包含尿苷或假尿苷(替代尿苷)的OCT4mRAN转染1079或IMR90人成纤维细胞时,含假尿苷的mRNA以比包含尿苷的mRNA更高的水平翻译或进行更长的持续时间。因此,在某些优选实施方案中,本发明的方法中使用的mRNA中包含的一个或多个或全部尿苷被假尿苷替代(例如,通过在IVT反应中替代假尿苷-5’三磷酸以合成RNA,替代尿甘-5’-三磷酸)。然而,在某些实施方案中,本发明的方法中使用的mRNA包含尿苷并且不包含假尿苷。在某些优选实施方案中,mRNA包含至少一个经修饰的核苷(例如,选自假尿苷(Ψ)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)、5-甲基尿苷(m5U)、2′-O-甲基尿苷(Um或m2’-OU)、2-硫尿苷(s2U)和N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)),其替代至少一部分相应的未修饰的典型核苷(例如,替代大体上所有相应的未修饰的A、C、G或T典型核苷)。在某些优选实施方案中,mRNA包含至少一个选自由假尿苷(Ψ)和5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)组成的组的经修饰的核苷。在某些优选实施方案中,mRNA包含假尿苷(Ψ)和5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)两者。此外,为了实现指定的目标,以本发明的任何方法引入真核细胞的mRNA的一个或多个核苷酸的核酸碱基、糖部分或核苷酸间连接可包含经修饰的核酸碱基、糖部分或核苷酸间连接。
本发明也不限于以本发明的任何方法将其递送入真核细胞的mRNA的来源。在某些实施方案例如实施例中描述的那些实施方案中,通过体外转录包含线性化质粒载体中克隆的基因的DNA模板或通过体外转录利用PCR或RT-PCR合成的DNA模板(即,通过PCR扩增产物的IVT),使用加帽酶系统或通过共转录加帽(通过在IVT过程中整合二核苷酸帽类似物(例如,ARCA))进行加帽以及使用聚腺苷酸聚合酶多腺苷酸化来合成mRNA。在某些优选实施方案中,通过DNA模板的IVT合成mRNA,所述DNA模板包含线性化的质粒载体中克隆的基因或PCR或RT-PCR扩增产物,其中DNA模板编码3’聚腺苷酸尾。在某些其它实施方案中,被以本发明的任何方法递送入真核细胞的mRNA直接来源于细胞或生物样品。例如,在某些实施方案中,通过使用RNA扩增反应扩增来自细胞或生物样品的mRNA,以及使用加帽酶系统或通过共转录加帽(通过在IVT过程中整合二核苷酸帽类似物(例如,ARCA))进行加帽来获得来源于细胞或生物样品的mRNA,并且,如果扩增的mRNA还未包含来自RNA扩增反应的模板编码的多聚腺苷酸尾,则使用多聚腺苷酸聚合酶多腺苷酸化扩增的mRNA。
关于包括引入编码一种或多种iPS细胞诱导因子的mRNA以产生去分化的细胞(例如,iPS细胞),本发明不限于所使用的iPS细胞诱导因子的性质。考虑目前已知或以后发现的用于去分化的编码一种或多种蛋白诱导因子的任何mRNA用于本发明。在某些实施方案中,使用一个或多个编码KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4或SOX2的mRNA。Oct-3/4和Sox基因家族的某些成员(Sox1、Sox2、Sox3和Sox15)已被鉴定为参与诱导过程的转录调节剂。然而,其它基因,包括Klf家族(Klf1、Klf2、Klf4和Klf5)、Myc家族(C-myc、L-myc和N-myc)的某些成员Nanog和LIN28,经鉴定增加诱导效率。需要时,可使用任何一种或多种这类因子。
虽然本发明的组合物和方法可用于产生iPS细胞,但本发明不限于这类细胞的产生。例如,在某些实施方案中,将编码一种或多种重编程因子的mRNA引入细胞以产生与向其中引入mRNA的细胞相比较具有改变的分化状态的细胞。例如,在某些实施方案中,编码一种或多种iPS细胞诱导因子的mRNA用于产生不为iPS细胞的去分化的细胞。这类细胞用于研究、药品筛选和其它应用。
在某些实施方案中,本发明还包括使用通过上述方法产生的去分化细胞的方法。例如,这类细胞用于研究、药物筛选和人或其它动物的治疗性应用。例如,在某些实施方案中,产生的细胞用于鉴定和表征iPS细胞诱导因子以及与分化或去分化相关的其它因子。在某些实施方案中,将产生的去分化细胞移植入生物体或体外或体内存在的组织。在某些实施方案中,将具有产生的细胞的生物体、组织或培养系统暴露于测试化合物,观察或测量所述测试化合物对细胞或生物体、组织或培养系统的作用。
在某些其它实施方案中,进一步处理使用上述方法产生的去分化细胞(例如,iPS细胞)以产生与从其产生去分化细胞的体细胞相比较具有相同的分化状态或细胞类型的分化的细胞。在某些其它实施方案中,进一步处理使用上述方法产生的去分化细胞(例如,iPS细胞)以产生与从其产生去分化细胞的体细胞相比较具有不同的分化状态或细胞类型的分化的细胞。在某些实施方案中,从产生的去分化细胞(例如,产生的iPS细胞)产生分化的细胞,这通过将编码一种或多种重编程因子的mRNA引入在一个或多个处理过程中产生的iPS细胞并且在条件(其中细胞能存活并且分化为与向其中引入编码一种或多种重编程因子的mRNA的产生的去分化细胞(例如,产生的iPS细胞)相比较具有改变的分化状态或细胞类型的细胞)下维持向其中引入mRNA的细胞。在这些实施方案的某些实施方案中,具有改变的分化状态的产生的分化细胞用于研究、药物筛选或治疗性应用(例如,在人或其它动物中)。例如产生的分化细胞用于鉴定和表征与分化相关的重编程因子。在某些实施方案中,将产生的分化细胞移植入生物体或体外或体内存在的组织。在某些实施方案中,将具有产生的分化细胞的生物体、组织或培养系统暴露于测试化合物,观察或测量所述测试化合物对细胞或生物体、组织或培养系统的作用。
在方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的充足时间少于1周,所述方法包括将编码一种或多种iPSC诱导因子的mRNA引入体细胞和在其中细胞能存活并且被引入细胞的mRNA以充足的量被表达并且进行充足的时间以产生去分化细胞的条件下维持细胞(例如,其中去分化细胞是诱导的多能干细胞)。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于50个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于100个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于150个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于200个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于300个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于400个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于500个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于600个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于700个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于800个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于900个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。在该方法的某些优选实施方案中,产生去分化细胞的重编程效率大于或等于1000个去分化细胞(例如,iPSC)/3×105个向其中引入mRNA的输入细胞。因此,在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的2倍。在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的5倍。在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的10倍。在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的20倍。在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的25倍。该方法在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的30倍。在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的35倍。在某些优选实施方案中,该方法的效率为包括利用病毒载体(例如,慢病毒载体)递送重编程因子的公布的方案的40倍。
本发明还提供了方法中使用或有用的和/或通过本文中描述的方法产生的组合物(系统、试剂盒、反应混合物、细胞、mRNA)。例如,在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了编码iPS细胞诱导因子的mRNA、用假尿苷替代尿苷的mRNA。
本发明还提供了包含转染剂和编码iPS细胞诱导因子的mRNA的组合物(例如,转染剂与mRNA的混合物)。在某些实施方案中,组合物包含编码多种(例如,2种或更多种,3种或更多种,4种或更多种,5种或更多种或6种)iPS细胞诱导因子包括但不限于KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2的mRNA。
组合物还包含对于实施本文中描述的任何方法是充足的、必需的或有用的任何其它试剂或组分。这类试剂或组分包括但不限于转染剂、培养基(例如,MEF条件化培养基)、细胞(例如,体细胞、iPS细胞)、容器、盒子、缓冲剂、抑制剂(例如,RNA酶抑制剂)、标记物(例如,荧光、发光、放射性标记物等)、阳性和/或阴性对照分子、用于产生加帽的mRNA的试剂、干冰或其它冷冻剂、使用说明书、细胞培养设备、检测/分析设备等。
本发明提供了包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子、包含所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的基因治疗载体、包括所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的基因疗法和基因转录沉默法、减小所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的免疫原性的方法以及合成所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的方法。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包含假尿苷残基的信使RNA。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了编码目的蛋白的RNA分子,所述RNA分子包含假尿苷残基。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外转录的RNA分子,所述分子包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外合成的寡核糖核苷酸,其包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷,其中经修饰的核苷为m5C、m5U、m6A、s2U、Ψ或2′-O-甲基-U。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了基因治疗载体(包括体外合成的多核苷酸分子),其中多核苷酸分子包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了双链RNA(dsRNA)分子,所述分子包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷作为其序列的部分并且还包含siRNA或shRNA。在另一个实施方案中,dsRNA分子在长度上超过50个核苷酸。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于诱导哺乳动物细胞产生重组蛋白质的方法,包括将哺乳动物细胞与体外合成的编码重组蛋白质的RNA分子、体外合成的包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的RNA分子接触,从而诱导哺乳动物细胞产生重组蛋白质。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的贫血症的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码红细胞生成素的RNA分子接触,从而治疗受试者的贫血症。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的血管痉挛的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码可诱导的一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的RNA分子接触,从而治疗受试者的血管痉挛。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于提高受试者的细胞的存活率的的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码热激蛋白的RNA分子接触,从而提高受试者的细胞的存活率。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于在进行扩大血管的方法后降低血管的再狭窄的发病率的方法,包括将血管的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码热激蛋白的RNA分子接触,从而降低受试者的再狭窄的发病率。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于增加毛发从受试者的头皮的毛囊生长的方法,包括将头皮的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码端粒酶或免疫抑制蛋白的RNA分子接触,从而增加毛发从毛囊生长。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了诱导具有抗氧化剂活性的酶在细胞中表达的方法,包括将细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、编码酶的体外合成的RNA分子接触,从而诱导具有抗氧化剂活性的酶在细胞中表达。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的囊性纤维化的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、编码囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节剂(Transmembrane Conductance Regulator,FTR)的RNA分子,从而治疗受试者的囊性纤维化。
另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的X连锁丙种球蛋白缺乏血症(X-linked agammaglobulinemia)的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码Bruton’s酪氨酸激酶的RNA分子接触,从而治疗X连锁丙种球蛋白缺乏血症。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的腺苷脱氨酶严重联合免疫缺陷症(ADA SCID)的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码ADA的RNA分子接触,从而治疗ADA SCID。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于产生重组蛋白质的方法,包括将体外翻译装置与体外合成的多核糖核苷酸接触,体外合成的多核苷酸包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷,从而产生重组蛋白质。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用假尿苷经修饰的核苷合成包含经修饰的核苷酸的体外转录的RNA分子的方法,包括将分离的聚合酶与未修饰的核苷酸和修饰的核苷酸的混合物接触。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外转录装置,包括:未修饰的核苷酸、包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的核苷酸和聚合酶。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外转录试剂盒,包括:未修饰的核苷酸、包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的核苷酸和聚合酶。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
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下列附图形成本说明书的部分并且被包括以进一步显示本发明的某些方面。可通过参考与本文中所示的具体实施方案的详细描述组合的这些附图的一个或多个附图来更好地理解本发明。
图1显示了翻译如实施例中所述制备的编码6种人重编程因子的每一种的mRNA以及在转染入人新生儿1079成纤维细胞后其被定位至预测的亚细胞位置。未处理的人1079成纤维细胞:照片A、E、I、M、Q和U显示未用编码重编程因子的mRNA转染的未处理的人1079成纤维细胞的相差图像,照片B、F、J、N、R和V显示在用特异于每一种重编程因子的抗体对细胞进行染色后相同视野的荧光图像;这些结果显示在未处理的人1079成纤维细胞中几乎不存在或不存在这类内源重编程因子蛋白。处理的人1079成纤维细胞:照片C、G、K、O、S和W显示用编码指定的重编程因子的mRNA转染的人1079成纤维细胞的相差图像,照片D、H、L、P、T和X显示在转染后24小时用特异于每一种重编程因子的抗体对细胞进行染色后的相同视野的荧光图像。这些结果显示每一种重编程因子蛋白在用编码各自重编程因子的mRNA转染后24小时在人1079成纤维细胞中表达并且重编程因子蛋白被定位在预测的亚细胞位置。A-T放大20倍。U-X放大10倍。
图2显示编码人重编程因子(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)的mRNA在人体细胞中产生iPS细胞。图2显示在用编码重编程因子的mRNA的最终转染后第12天iPS细胞集落的明视场(A、C)和免疫荧光(B、D)图像。在集落#1(B、D)中观察到NANOG染色。图像A和B放大10倍。C和D放大20倍。
图3显示来源于人1079和IMR90体细胞的iPS集落对于NANOG和TRA-1-60呈阳性。图3显示来源于1079细胞(A、D)和IMR90细胞(G)的iPS集落的相差(A、D、G)和免疫荧光(B、C、E、F、H、I)图像。(A)中显示的相同iPS集落对于NANOG(B)和TRA-1-60(C)都呈阳性。(D)中显示的iPS集落呈NANOG-阳性(E)和TRA-1-60-阳性(F)。从IMR90成纤维细胞(G)产生iPS集落对于NANOG(H)和TRA-1-60(I)也都呈阳性。所有图像放大20倍。
图4显示通过在MEF条件化培养基中用编码重编程因子的mRNA转染细胞实现快速、效率增强的iPS集落形成。在最终转染后3天选择200多个集落;在10-cm培养皿中,用36μg的每一种重编程mRNA(即,编码KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)转染IMR90细胞3次。代表性iPSC集落显示为4倍(A、B)、10倍(C-E)和20倍放大(F)。在用编码6种重编程因子的mRNA进行终mRNA转染后8天,在用18μg(G、I)或36μg(H)的6种mRNA的每一种转染的IMR90细胞中计数了超过1000个iPSC集落。通过放大4倍(G-H)和放大10倍(I)来显示代表性集落。
图5显示1079-和IMR90-来源的iPSC集落对于NANOG和TRA-1-60呈阳性。在用36μg的6种重编程因子的每一种的mRNA进行终mRNA转染后8天,1079来源的iPSC集落(A、D和G中显示的)对于NANOG(B、E和H)和TRA-1-60(C、F和I)呈阳性。在用18μg(J-L)或36μg(M-O)的6种重编程因子的每一种的mRNA进行终mRNA转染后8小时,IMR90来源的iPS集落也对于NANOG(K、N)和TRA-1-60(L、O)呈阳性。
图6.利用天然RNA转染的MDDC进行的TNF-aα的产生显示未修饰的体外合成的RNA以及细菌RNA和哺乳动物线粒体RNA是高免疫原性的,虽然其它哺乳动物RNA是弱免疫原性的。用单独的或与R-848(1μg/ml)或RNA(5μg/ml)复合的温育人MDDC,所述RNA来自293细胞(总RNA,细胞核RNA和细胞质RNA)、小鼠心脏(polyA+mRNA)、人血小板线粒体RNA、牛tRNA、细菌tRNA和总RNA(大肠杆菌)(用或未用RNA酶降解的)。8小时后,利用ELISA测量上清液中的TNF-α。显示了平均值±SEM。结果代表3个独立实验。
图7.通过RNA进行的TLR-依赖性激活显示m6A和s2U修饰阻断TLR3信号转导,然而所有修饰阻断TLR7和TLR8信号转导,并且修饰程度较低的细菌RNA和未修饰的体外转录的RNA激活所有3种TLR。(A)在变性琼脂糖凝胶上分析不具有(无)或具有m5C、m6A、Ψ、m5U或S2U核苷修饰的体外转录的RNA-1571的等分(1μg),然后进行溴化乙锭染色和UV-照明。(B)用单独的 (1μg/ml)或RNA(5μg/ml)处理表达TLR3、TLR7、TLR8和对照载体的293细胞。显示存在于RNA-730和RNA-1571中的修饰碱基。(C)从大鼠肝、小鼠细胞系(TUBO)和人脾(整个)、人血小板线粒体RNA或从两个不同的大肠杆菌来源获得CpGODN-2006(5μg/ml)、LPS(1.0μg/ml)和RNA分离物。293-hTLR9细胞用作对照。8小时后,利用ELISA测量上清液中的IL-8。显示平均值±SEM。用星号指示含有hTLR3-靶向siRNA的细胞系。结果代表4个独立实验。
图8.由RNA转染的DC进行的细胞因子产生显示所有修饰阻断产生细胞因子的DC的激活,虽然只有尿苷修饰阻断血液来源的DC激活。用单独的(1μg/ml)或RNA(5μg/ml)处理用GM-CSF/IL-4(A、C)或GM-CSF/IFN-αMDDCs(B)以及原代DC1和DC2(D)产生的MDDC,进行8至16小时。显示了存在于RNA-1571中的经修饰的核苷。利用ELISA测量上清液中的TNF-α、IL-12(p70)和IFN-α。显示了平均值±SEM。结果代表10个(A和C)、4个(B)和6个(D)独立实验。E.RNA对DC的激活。用单独的或与1μg/ml poly(I):(C)或R-848(作为阳性对照)复合的(上图框)或与指定的RNA复合的(5μg/ml;下图框)处理MDDC,进行20小时。显示了存在于RNA-1886中的经修饰的核苷。通过流式细胞术测定CD83、CD80和HLA-DR的表达。
图9.RNA对DC的激活显示所有核苷修饰抑制RNA介导的DC激活。利用单独的(lμg/ml)或RNA-1571(如所指定的修饰的)(5μg/ml)处理MDDC,进行20小时。(A)CD83和HLA-DR染色。(B)上清液中的TNF-α水平和响应RNA的温育的CD80和CD86的平均荧光。使培养基的体积增加至30倍以进行流式细胞术,如由星号指示的。数据代表4个独立的实验。
图10.转录包含不同量(0%、1%、10%、50%、90%、99%和100%的经修饰的核苷,相对于相应的未修饰的NTP)的加帽的RNA-1571,发现只有数个核苷的修饰导致DC的激活的抑制。A.将所有转录物消化成单磷酸酯,利用反相HPLC进行分析以测定经修饰的核苷整合的相对量。显示了在指定的(Ψ∶U)比率上获得的代表性吸光度谱。记录假尿苷(Ψ)、胞苷(C)、鸟苷(G)、尿苷(U)、7-甲基鸟苷(″m7G″)和腺苷(″A″)的3′-单磷酸酯的洗脱时间。(B)经RNA-1571的修饰的核苷的含量。基于转录反应中的修饰的NTP的相对量和RNA-1571的核苷组成(A:505,U:451,C:273,G:342)计算预期的RNA-1571中的m6A%、Ψ(假尿苷)%或m5C%。基于HPLC色谱图的定量测定测量的经修饰的核苷含量的值。注意:A:m6ATP、ΨTP和m5CTP分别相对于ATP、UTP和CTP的值(%)。B:m6A、Ψ和m5C单磷酸酯相对于所有NMP的值。(C)利用复合的加帽的RNA-1571(5μg/ml)(含有指定量的m6A、Ψ或m5C)转染MDDC。8小时后,测量上清液中的TNF-α。数据表示为TNF-α的相对抑制。显示了3个独立实验中获得的平均值±SEM。
图11.由寡核糖核苷酸-转染的DC产生的TNF-α表达显示少至一种经修饰的核苷减少DC激活。(A)显示了化学合成(ORN1-4)(SEQID NO:6-9)或体外转录(ORN5-6)(SEQ ID NO:10-11)的寡核糖核苷酸(ORN)的序列。突出显示经修饰的核苷Um(2′-O-甲基尿苷)、m5C和Ψ的位置。用单独的(培养基)、R-848(1μg/ml)或与RNA(5μg/ml)复合的转染人MDDC。其中要指出的是,用2.5μg/ml环己酰亚胺(CHX)处理细胞。(B).8小时温育后,测量上清液中的TNF-α。(C)通过Northern印迹法分析细胞的RNA。显示了3个独立实验的代表性平均值±SEM。
图12.A.Ψ-修饰的mRNA不刺激促炎性细胞因子的体内产生。利用ELISA分析血清样品(注射后6小时),所述样品显示3μg未修饰的mRNA与3μgΨ-修饰的mRNA相比较诱导更高水平的IFN-α(P<0.001)。由3μgΨ-修饰的mRNA诱导的IFN-α水平与当用未复合的lipofectin注射的动物时获得的水平相似。值表示为平均值±s.em.(n=3或5只动物/组)。B.对于TNF-α观察到类似结果。
图13.含有假尿苷(Ψ)的mRNA不激活PKR。Ψ:假尿苷。对照:未修饰的RNA。m5C:具有m5C修饰的mRNA。
图14.增加的荧光素酶从兔网织红细胞裂解物的含有假尿苷的mRNA的表达。Luc-Y:具有假尿苷修饰的mRNA;luc-C:未修饰的RNA。通过将荧光素酶活性针对未修饰的荧光素酶RNA标准化来表示数据。
图15.增加的海肾荧光素酶从培养细胞的含有假尿苷的mRNA的表达。A.293细胞。B.鼠原代、骨髓源性小鼠树突细胞。海肾-Y:具有假尿苷修饰的mRNA;海肾-C:未修饰的RNA。用m5C、m6A和m5U修饰RAN,如所指示的。
图16.A.3′和5′元件对Ψ-修饰的mRNA的翻译效率的累加效应。用萤火虫荧光素酶常规和Ψ-修饰的mRNA转染293细胞,所述两种mRNA具有5′帽(capLuc)、50nt-长的3′聚腺苷酸尾(TEVlucA50)、这两个元件(分别地capTEVlucA50和Luc)中的两个或任一个。4小时后裂解细胞,测量总裂解物的等分(1/20)的荧光素酶活性。B.Ψ-修饰的mRNA比未修饰的mRNA的更稳定。在转染后在指定的时间上裂解用含有未修饰的或Ψ-经修饰的核苷的capTEVlucAn转染的293细胞。测试等分(1/20)的裂解物的荧光素酶。标准误差太小以至于不能用误差棒显现。C.与常规mRNA相比较使用Ψ-修饰的mRNA增强β-半乳糖苷酶的表达。用lipofectin-复合的编码细菌β-半乳糖苷酶(lacZ)的mRNA(0.25μg/孔)转染接种在96孔平板中的293细胞。转录物具有帽和30nt-长(caplacZ)或~200nt-长(caplacZ-An)的3′多聚苷酸尾。转染后24小时,测试使用常规U或Ψ核苷制备的构建体。固定细胞,并用X-gal染色。利用倒置显微镜(40和100倍的放大倍数)从代表性孔获取图像。
图17.A。在脑内注射经修饰的或未修饰的编码mRNA后海肾的表达。以8个位置/动物注射大鼠脑皮层。一个半球用具有假尿苷修饰的加帽的海肾编码RNA(capRenilla-Y)注射,而相应的半球用无核苷修饰的加帽的RNA(capRenilla-C)注射。显示了来自2只动物(6个注射位置)的数据。BG;更低的测定检测水平。B.静脉内-递送的Ψ-修饰的mRNA在脾中表达。通过尾静脉注射施用Lipofectin-复合物ψmRNA(0.3μg capTEVlucAn/小鼠)。在注射后2和4小时处死动物,测量在裂解缓冲液中匀浆的器官的等分(1/10)的荧光素酶活性。值代表整个器官中的荧光素酶活性。C.Ψ-修饰的mRNA在体内展示更大的稳定性和翻译。将具有或不具有Ψ修饰的Lipofectin-复合的capTEVlucAn(0.3μg/60μl/动物)静脉内递送至小鼠。在注射后1、4和24小时处死动物,处理1/2的它们的脾以进行荧光素酶测量(左图框)并且另一半用于RNA分析(右图框)。测量从一半脾制备的匀浆物的等分(1/5)的荧光素酶活性。标绘值代表整个脾的荧光素酶活性并且表示为平均值±s.e.m.(n=3或4/点)。D.气管内注射mRNA后荧火虫荧光素酶的表达。capTEVluc-Y:编码加帽的荧火虫荧光素酶的假尿苷修饰的RNA。CapTEVluc-C:不具有核苷修饰的加帽的RNA。
图18.蛋白质产量取决于小鼠中静脉内递送的mRNA的量。通过静脉内注射以60μl/动物的体积将指定的量的lipofectin-复合的核酸,具有或不具有Ψ组分的capTEVlucAn mRNA和pCMVluc质粒DNA递送入小鼠。分别在注射后6或24小时处死用mRNA或质粒DNA注射的动物,测量在裂解缓冲液中匀浆的它们的脾的等分(1/10)的荧光素酶活性。显示来自每一只动物的值,短水平线表示平均值;N.D.,不可检测的。
图19。在编码mRNA的气管内递送后萤火虫荧光素酶的表达。将mRNA与lipofectin(或PEI,如指出的)复合,用0.3μg具有或不具有Ψ修饰的萤火虫荧光素酶编码mRNA注射动物,然后3小时后处理动物。收获肺,匀浆,测量裂解的器官的等分的荧光素酶活性。
图20.Ψ-修饰的mRNA在经肺递送后不诱导炎性介质。在气管内递送编码荧光素酶的未修饰的mRNA或Ψ修饰的mRNA后血清中TNF-α和IFN-α的诱导。在mRNA递送后24小时通过ELISA测定TNF-α和IFN-α的血清水平。
图21显示实施例35的结果:将具有指定的修饰的萤火虫或海肾荧光素酶编码mRNA与lipofectin复合并且递送至鼠树突细胞(A)和HEK293T(B)细胞。用与具有指定的修饰(C)的TransIT复合的萤火虫或海肾荧光素酶编码mRNA转染人DC。数据表示为与未修饰的mRNA相比较的倍数变化。
图22显示实施例36的结果:用于产生mRAN的T7聚合酶转录反应导致大量的正确尺寸的RNA,但也包含污染物。这通过将RNA应用于反相HPLC柱(在变性条件下基于尺寸分离RNA)来显现。将Ψ-修饰的TEV-荧光素酶-A51 RNA用于38%缓冲液B中的HPLC柱,将其经历缓冲液B递增至55%的线性梯度。特征谱显示小于预期的污染物和大于预期的污染物两者。
图23显示实施例37的结果:(A)将具有指定的修饰以及利用或未利用HPLC纯化的EPO编码mRNA递送至鼠DC,24小时后测量上清液的EPO水平。虽然m5C/Ψ修饰的mRNA在HPLC纯化之前具有最高翻译水平,但Ψ-修饰的mRNA在HPLC纯化后具有最高翻译。(B)用利用或未利用HPLC纯化的具有指定的修饰的海肾编码mRNA转染人DC。
图24显示实施例38的结果:(A)用利用或不利用HPLC纯化的复合至具有指定的修饰的TransIT的RNA转染人DC。24小时后测量IFN-α水平。HPLC纯化增加未修饰的RNA的免疫原性,所述免疫原性依赖于序列,因为其它未修饰的RNA在HPL纯化C后具有相似的IFN-α水平或减少的水平。Ψ-修饰的RAN具有不可测量的IFN-α水平,与对照处理的DC相似。(B)使用斑点印迹,利用特异于dsRNA(J2)的单克隆抗体分析HPLC纯化之前(-)和之后(P1+P2)的Ψ-修饰的RNA。RNA的纯化除去dsRNA污染。(C)编码iPS因子的Ψ-修饰的RNA具有免疫原性,其通过RNA的HPLC纯化除去。
图25提供了KLF4(SEQ ID NO:12)和LIN28(SEQ ID NO:13)的mRNA编码序列。
图26提供了cMYC(SEQ ID NO:14)和NANOG(SEQ ID NO:15)的mRNA编码序列。
图27提供了OCT4(SEQ ID NO:16)和SOX2(SEQ ID NO:17)的mRNA编码序列。
图28显示编码人重编程因子(KLF4、c-MYC、OCT4和SOX2)的mRNA在原代人角质形成细胞中产生iPS细胞。图28显示用编码4个重编程因子的mRNA转染后第2天(A)的HEKn细胞的相差图像以及所述mRNA转染后第11天(B)和第20天(C)的iPS集落形成。图像放大10倍。
图29显示编码人重编程因子(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)的mRNA在人角质形成细胞中产生对于已知的iPS细胞标志呈阳性的iPS细胞。图29显示源自HEKn细胞的集落的相差图像(A、D和G)。(A)中显示的相同iPS集落对于KLF4(B)和LIN28(C)呈阳性。(D)中显示的iPS集落呈SSEA4-阳性(E)和TRA-1-60-阳性(F)。(G)中显示的iPS集落呈NANOG-阳性(H)。所有图像放大20倍。
图30显示用4个重编程mRNA(KLF4、c-MYC、OCT4和SOX2)(不包括重编程因子NANOG)转染的HEKn细胞中3个iPS-相关信使的表达的增加。通过qPCR检测到增加的信使的表达,将其针对GAPDH表达进行标准化。相对于原始细胞系中发现的水平描述每一个信使的表达水平。
定义
基于下面定义的术语理解和解释本发明。
如本文中所使用的涉及包含假尿苷或5-甲基胞苷残基的单链完整mRNA的“大体上所有”意指在存在于样品中的所有单链完整mRNA中,至少95%具有假尿苷或5-甲基胞苷残基。
如本文中所使用的涉及包含假尿苷或5-甲基胞苷残基的单链完整mRNA的“基本上所有”意指在存在于样品中的所有单链完整mRNA中,至少99%具有假尿苷或5-甲基胞苷残基。
如本文中所使用的“RNA污染分子”为这样的分子,其包含RNA残基并且当转染入细胞时可至少部分激活细胞的免疫系统(例如,通过激活RNA传感器例如RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR)、维甲酸诱导型基因-I(RIG-I)、Toll-样受体分子(TLR)3、TLR7、TLR8和寡腺苷酸合成酶(OAS)或可至少部分激活RNA干扰(RNAi)反应(例如,包括对大双链RNA分子或小双链RNA分子(siRNA)的反应))的RNA。示例性RNA污染分子包括但不限于:仅编码一部分重编程因子(例如,非全长iPS细胞诱导因子)的部分或非全长mRNA;大于编码重编程因子(例如,iPS细胞诱导因子)的全长mRNA的单链mRNA,例如,不受理论束缚,通过“连缀IVT”或其它机制;双链大或小mRNA分子;和未加帽的mRNA分子。
如本文中所使用的,当RNA制剂中少于0.5%的纯化的总RNA由RNA污染分子(或特别地引用的RNA污染物)组成时,纯化的RNA制剂“大体上不含”RNA污染分子(或特别地引用的RAN污染物)。可通过HPLC或本领域中用于分离和定量RNA分子的其它方法测定非污染mRNA分子和RNA污染分子(或特定RNA污染物)的量和相对量。
如本文中所使用的,当纯化的RNA制剂中少于1.0%的总RNA由RNA污染分子(或特别引用的RNA污染物)组成时,纯化的RNA制剂“基本上不含”RNA污染分子(或特别引用的RNA污染物)。可通过HPLC或本领域中用于分离和定量RNA分子的其它方法测定非污染mRNA分子和RNA污染分子(或特别的RNA污染物)的量和相对量。
如本文中所使用的,当在纯化的RNA制剂少于0.1%的总RNA由RNA污染分子(或特别地引用的RNA污染物)组成时,纯化的RNA制剂“实际上不含”RNA污染分子(或特别的引用的RNA污染物)。可利用HPLC或本领域中用于分离和定量RNA分子的其它方法测定非污染mRNA分子和RNA污染分子(或特定的RNA污染物)的量和相对量。
如本文中所使用的,当纯化的RNA制剂中少于0.01%的总RNA由RNA污染分子(或特别引用的RNA污染物)组成时,纯化的RNA制剂“不含”RNA污染分子(或特别引用的RNA污染物)。可利用HPLC或本领域中用于分离和定量RNA分子的其它方法测定非污染mRNA分子和RNA污染分子(或特定的RNA污染物)的量和相对量。
除非另外指出,否则术语“包含”、“含有”、“具有”、“包括”和“包含”被解释为“包括,但不限于”。除非另外指出,否则描述本发明的上下文中和特别地所附权利要求的上下文中术语“一个/一种(a)”、“一个/一种(an)”和“该(the)”和类似的所指物被解释为包括单数和复数形式。除非另外要求,否则任何和所有实例或示例性语言(“举例”、“例如”、“诸如”)的使用仅意欲举例说明本发明的方面或实施方案,并且不被解释为限制其范围。
关于单词“来源”的用途,例如用于“来源”于样品、生物样品、细胞、肿瘤等的RNA(包括mRNA)或多肽,其意指RNA或多肽存在于样品、生物样品、细胞、肿瘤等中,或可通过方法例如体外转录反应或RNA扩增反应使用样品、生物样品、细胞、肿瘤等中的RNA来制备,其中所述RNA或多肽由原始样品、生物样品、细胞、肿瘤等中的所有或部分RNA或多肽分子编码或为其拷贝。例如,这类RNA可来自体外转录或RNA扩增反应(使用或未使用cDNA的克隆)而非直接获自样品、生物样品、细胞、肿瘤等,只要用于体外转录或RNA扩增反应的原始RNA来自样品、生物样品、细胞、肿瘤等。
术语“样品”和“生物样品”以它们最广的意义使用并且包括获自包含或可包含真核细胞的任何来源(包括生物和环境来源)的样品或样本。如本文中所使用的,术语“样品”,当用于指获自生物体的生物样品时,包括体液(例如,血液或唾液)、粪便、生物活检组织、拭子(例如,口腔拭子(buccal swab))、分离的细胞、渗出物等。生物体包括真菌、植物、植物、动物和人。然而,这些实例不被解释为限制用于本发明的样品或生物体的类型。此外,为了进行调查或研究,结果与本发明的方法或组合物的使用相关,在某些实施方案中,“样品”或“生物样品”包含固定的细胞、处理的细胞、细胞裂解物等。在某些实施方案,例如其中将mRNA递送入来自患有已知疾病的生物体的细胞或展示疾病状态或已知的病状的细胞的方法的实施方案中,“样品”或“生物样品”还包括细菌或病毒。
如本文中所使用的,术语“温育”及其变型意指将反应物的一个或多个组分与另一个组分在使得期望的反应产物能够形成的条件下接触并且进行充足的时间。
如本文中所使用的,“核苷”由共价地连接至戊糖(例如,核糖或2’-脱氧核糖)的核酸碱基(例如,典型的核酸碱基:鸟嘌呤(G)、腺嘌呤(A)、胸腺嘧啶(T)、尿嘧啶(U)和胞嘧啶(C));或经修饰的核酸碱基(例如,5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C))组成,然而“核苷酸”或“单核苷酸”由在戊糖的羟基之一上被磷酸化的核苷组成。线性核酸分子据认为具有“5′端”(5′末端)和“3′端”(3′末端),因为除了加帽或腺苷酰化(例如,利用连接酶的腺苷酰化)外,单核苷酸以这样的方式在一个方向上通过磷酸二酯键连接以产生寡核苷酸或多核苷酸,以便将一个单核苷酸糖部分的5′碳上的磷酸连接至其相邻单核苷酸的糖部分的3′碳上的氧。因此,线性单链寡核苷酸或多核苷酸的末端或线性双链核酸(RNA或DNA)的一条链上的末端称为“5′末端”(如果其5′磷酸未被连结或连接至单核苷酸糖部分的3′碳的氧的话)和称为“3′末端”(如果其3′氧未被连接至连接于另一个单核苷酸的糖的5′磷酸的话)。如本文中所使用的末端核苷酸是在3′或5′端的末端位置上的核苷酸。
为了实现指定的目标,被以本发明的任何方法引入真核细胞的mRNA的一个或多个核苷酸中的核酸碱基、糖部分或核苷间(或核苷酸间)连接可包含经修饰的碱基、糖部分或核苷间连接。例如,除了在本文中其它地方论述的用于进行本发明的方法的其它经修饰的核苷酸外,mRAN的一个或多个核苷酸还可具有经修饰的核苷酸碱基,包括或由如下物质组成:黄嘌呤;丙烯胺基-尿嘧啶(allyamino-uracil);丙烯胺基-胸苷;次黄嘌呤;2-氨基腺嘌呤;5-丙炔基尿嘧啶;5-丙炔基胞嘧啶;4-硫尿嘧啶;6-硫鸟嘌呤;氮杂或脱氮尿嘧啶;氮杂或脱氮胸苷;氮杂或脱氮胞嘧啶;氮杂或脱氮腺嘌呤;或氮杂或脱氮鸟嘌呤;或利用生物素部分、地高辛部分、荧光或化学发光部分、淬灭部分或某些其它部分衍生以实现一个或多个特定的其它目的的核酸碱基;和/或mRNA的一个或多个核苷酸可具有糖部位,例如但不限于:2′-氟-2′-脱氧核糖或2′-O-甲基-核糖,其提供了针对某些核酸酶的抗性;或2′-氨基-2′-脱氧核糖或2′-叠氮基-2′-脱氧核糖,其可通过将它们与可见染料、荧光染料、红外荧光染料或其它可检测染料或具有亲电、光反应性、炔基或其它反应性化学部分的化学药品反应来进行标记。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,mRNA的一个或多个核苷酸包含经修饰的核苷间连接例如硫代磷酸酯、二硫代磷酸酯、硒代磷酸酯或二硒代磷酸酯连接(所述连接抗某些核酸酶),包括用于进行RNA的共转录加帽的IVT反应的二核苷酸帽类似物(Grudzien-Nogalska等,2007)或聚腺苷酸尾(例如,通过在RNA的IVT过程中整合具有经修饰的硫代磷酸酯、二硫代磷酸酯、硒代磷酸酯或二硒代磷酸酯连接的核苷酸或,例如,通过使用聚腺苷酸聚合酶,经多腺苷酸化将包含经修饰的硫代磷酸酯、二硫代磷酸酯、硒代磷酸酯或二硒代磷酸酯连接的ATP掺入RNA上的聚腺苷酸尾)在内。本发明不限于被提供用以显示可用于方法的特定目的实例的所列的经修饰的核酸碱基、糖部分或核苷间连接。
如本文中所使用的,“核酸”或“多核苷酸”或“寡核苷酸”为共价连接的核苷酸的序列,其中一个核苷酸的糖部分的3′位置被磷酸二酯键连接至紧接的核苷酸的糖部分的5′位置(即,3′至5′磷酸二酯键),并且其中核苷酸以特定的顺序连接;即核苷酸的线性顺序。在某些实施方案中,核酸或多核苷酸或寡核苷酸由2′-脱氧核糖核苷酸(DNA)组成或包含2′-脱氧核糖核苷酸(DNA)。在某些实施方案中,寡核苷酸由核糖核苷酸(RNA)组成或包含所述核糖核苷酸。
术语“分离的”或“纯化的”,当结合多核苷酸或核酸使用时,如在“分离的RNA”或“纯化的RNA”中,是指被鉴定的并且与至少一种通常在其来源中与其结合的污染物分离的核酸。因此,分离的或纯化的核酸(例如,DNA和RNA)以与其中其被天然发现的形式或设置不同的形式或设置存在,或以与将其经历处理或纯化法之前存在的形式或设置不同的形式或设置存在。例如,给定的DNA序列(例如,基因)与其它基因以及结构和功能蛋白一起发现于宿主细胞染色体上,并且特定的RNA(例如,编码特定蛋白的特定mRNA)作为与许多其它RNA和其它细胞组分的混合物发现于细胞中。分离或纯化的多核苷酸或核酸可以以单链或双链形式存在。
“帽”或“帽核苷酸”意指在适当的反应条件下用作加帽酶系统的底物,从而被连接至包括初级RNA转录物的未加帽的RNA或具有5′-二磷酸的RNA的5′末端的核苷-5′-三磷酸。被这样连接至RNA的核苷酸在本文中也称为“帽核苷酸”。“帽核苷酸”是通过其5′末端连接至初级RNA转录物的5’末端的鸟嘌呤核苷酸。具有连接至其5′末端的帽核苷酸的RNA称为“加帽的RNA”或“加帽的RNA转录物”或“加帽的转录物”。常见帽核苷为7-甲基鸟苷或N7-甲基鸟苷(有时称为“标准帽”),其具有称为“m7G”的结构,在该情况下加帽的RNA或“m7G-加帽的RNA”具有称为m7G(5′)ppp(5′)N1(pN)x-OH(3′)或更简单地称为m7GpppN1(pN)x或m7G[5′]ppp[5′]N的结构,其中m7G代表7-甲基鸟苷帽核苷酸,ppp代表帽核苷的5′碳与初级RNA转录物的第一核苷酸之间的三磷酸桥,N1(pN)x-OH(3′)代表初级RNA转录物,其中N1为最5′-核苷酸,“p”代表磷酸基团,“G”代表鸟苷核苷,“m7”代表鸟嘌呤的7-位置上的甲基,“[5′]”表示“p”被连接至mRNA转录物(“N”)的帽核苷酸和第一核苷的核糖上的位置。除了该“标准帽”外,许多种其它天然存在和合成帽类似物在本领域是已知的。具有任何帽核苷酸的RNA称为“加帽的RNA”。加帽的RNA可从生物样品天然发生或其可通过用加帽酶系统(例如,牛痘加帽酶系统或酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)加帽酶系统)对具有5′三磷酸基团的RNA或具有5′二磷酸基团的RNA进行体外加帽来获得。可选择地,可通过使用本领域已知的方法(例如,使用AMPLICAPTM T7加帽试剂盒或MES SAGEMAXTM T7 ARCA-CAPPED MES SAGE Transcription试剂盒,EPICENTRE或CellScript)体外转录(IVT)包含RNA聚合酶启动子的DNA模板来获得加帽的RNA,其中,除了GTP外,IVT反应还包含二核苷酸帽类似物(例如,m7GpppG帽类似物或N7-甲基、2′-O-甲基-GpppG ARCA帽类似物或N7-甲基、3′-O-甲基-GpppGARCA帽类似物)。
5′-三磷酸化初级mRNA转录物的体内加帽(或使用体外加帽酶系统)通过几个酶促步骤发生(Higman等,1992,Martin等,1975,Myette和Niles 1996)。
下列酶促反应参与真核mRNA的加帽:
(1)RNA三磷酸酶将mRNA的5′-三磷酸切割成二磷酸,pppN1(p)Nx-OH(3′)→ppN1(pN)x-OH(3′)+Pi;以及随后
(2)RNA鸟苷酰转移酶催化GTP至mRNA的最5′核苷酸(N1)的5′-二磷酸的连接,
ppN1(pN)x-OH(3′)+GTP→G(5′)ppp(5′)N1(pN)x-OH(3′)+PPi;和最终,
(3)鸟嘌呤-7-甲基转移酶,使用S-腺苷-甲硫氨酸(AdoMet)作为辅因子,催化帽核苷酸中的鸟嘌呤的7-氮的甲基化,
G(5′)ppp(5′)N1(pN)x-OH(3′)+AdoMet→m7G(5′)ppp(5′)N1(pN)x-OH(3′)+AdoHyc。
因RNA三磷酸酶和RNA鸟苷酰转移酶活性的作用而产生的RNA以及额外地被鸟嘌呤-7-甲基转移酶酶促活性甲基化的RNA在本文中称为“5′加帽的RNA”或“加帽的RNA”,本文中的“加帽酶系统”或更简单地“加帽酶”意指一种或多种多肽的任何组合,所述多肽具有导致“加帽的RNA”的酶促活性。加帽酶系统,包括这类酶的克隆形式,已被鉴定并且从许多来源纯化,并且在本领域是公知的(Banerjee1980,Higman等,1992,Higman等,1994,Myette和Niles 1996,Shuman 1995,Shuman 2001,Shuman等,1980,Wang等,1997)。可将具有5’磷酸的未加帽的RNA转化为加帽的RNA的任何加帽酶可用于提供用于本发明的任何实施方案的加帽的RNA。在某些实施方案中,加帽酶系统是痘病毒加帽酶系统。在某些优选实施方案中,加帽酶系统是痘苗病毒加帽酶。在某些实施方案中,加帽酶系统是酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)加帽酶。同样地,鉴于来自一个来源的编码RNA三磷酸酶、RNA鸟苷酰转移酶和鸟嘌呤-7-甲基转移酶的基因可互补来自另一个来源的一个或所有这类基因的缺陷的事实,加帽酶系统也可源于一个来源,或RNA三磷酸酶、RNA鸟苷酰转移酶和/或鸟嘌呤-7-甲基转移酶活性的一个或多个活性可包括来自不同来源的多肽。
本发明的“修饰的帽核苷酸”意指其中糖、核酸碱基或核苷间连接与相应的典型7-甲基鸟苷帽核苷酸相比较被化学修饰的帽核苷酸。修饰的帽核苷酸的实例包括帽核苷酸,所述帽核苷酸包含:(i)经修饰的2′-或3’-脱氧鸟苷-5’-三磷酸(或鸟嘌呤2′-或3′-脱氧核糖核酸-5′-三磷酸),其中脱氧核糖糖部分的2′-或3′-脱氧位置被包含氨基、叠氮基、氟基、甲氧基、硫氢基(或巯基)或甲硫基(或甲基巯基)的基团取代;或(ii)经修饰的5’-三磷酸鸟苷,其中鸟嘌呤碱基的O6氧被甲基化;或(iii)3′-脱氧鸟苷。为了清楚起见,在本文中应理解,“烷氧基-取代的脱氧鸟苷-5′-三磷酸”也可称为“O-烷基-取代的5’-三磷酸鸟苷”;例如,但不限于,2′-甲氧基-2′-脱氧鸟苷-5′-三磷酸(2′-甲氧基-2′-dGTP)和3′-甲氧基-3′-脱氧鸟苷-5′-三磷酸(3′-甲氧基-3′-dGTP)在本文中也可分别称为2′-O-甲基鸟苷-5′-三磷酸(2′-OMe-GTP)和3′-O-甲基鸟苷-5′-三磷酸(3′-OMe-GTP)。在将经修饰的帽连接至未加帽的包括初级RNA转录物的RNA(或具有5′-二磷酸的RNA))的5′-末端后,被连接至未加帽的包括初级RNA转录物的RNA(或具有5′-二磷酸的RNA)的所述经修饰的帽核苷酸的部分可在本文中称为“经修饰的帽核苷”(即,不提及其所连接的磷酸基团),但有时其称为“经修饰的帽核苷酸”。
“经修饰的核苷酸-加帽的RNA”是使用加帽酶系统合成和经修饰的帽核苷酸合成的加帽的RNA分子,其中在其5′端上的帽核苷酸包括经修饰的帽核苷酸,或在包含经修饰的二核苷酸帽类似物的体外转录物反应中共转录合成的加帽的RNA,其中二核苷酸帽类似物在帽核苷酸中包含化学修饰。在某些实施方案中,经修饰的二核苷酸帽类似物为抗抗-反向帽类似物或ARCA(Grudzien等,2004,Jemielity等,2003,Grudzien-Nogalska等,2007,Peng等,2002,Stepinski等,2001)。
“初级RNA”或“原代RNA转录物”意指由RNA聚合酶体外或体内合成的RNA分子并且该RNA分子在其最5′核苷酸的5′-碳上具有三磷酸。
“RNA扩增反应”或“RNA扩增法”意指用于增加样品中相应于一个或多个期望的RNA序列的RNA的量的方法。例如,在某些实施方案中,RNA扩增法包括:(a)通过与期望的RNA分子退火的一个或多个引物的RNA-依赖性DNA聚合酶延伸合成与一个或多个期望的RNA分子互补的第一链cDNA;(b)由第一链cDNA使用其中功能性RNA聚合酶启动子连接于其的方法合成双链cDNA;和(c)在转录条件下将双链cDNA与结合所述启动子的RNA聚合酶接触,从而获得相应于一个或多个期望的RNA分子的RNA。关于本发明的特定实施方案,除非另外指出,否则根据本发明的RNA扩增反应意指有义RNA扩增反应,意指合成有义RNA(例如,与mRNA或其它初级RNA转录物而非该序列的互补序列具有相同序列的RNA)的RNA扩增反应。包括在本定义内的本领域已知的有义RNA扩增反应包括但不限于,Ozawa等(Ozawa等,2006)和美国专利申请No.20090053775、20050153333、20030186237、20040197802和20040171041中描述的合成有义RNA的方法。美国专利申请No.20090053775中描述的RNA扩增法是用于获得来源于一个或多个细胞的扩增的RNA的优选方法,随后将所述扩增的RNA用于产生用于本发明的方法的mRNA。
“聚腺苷酸聚合酶”(“PAP”)意指在大多数真核生物、原核生物和真核生物病毒中发现的不依赖于模板的RNA聚合酶,所述聚合酶选择性使用ATP将AMP残基掺入RNA的3′-羟基化末端。由于已被研究的来自植物、动物、细菌和病毒的PAP酶(全都催化相同的总反应)(Edmonds 1990)在结构上高度保守(Gershon 2000)并且如果将PAP与识别AAUAAA多腺苷酸化信号的蛋白质分离,则缺乏对特定序列或RNA分子的尺寸的固有特异性(Wilusz和Shenk 1988),因此可将来自任何来源种类的纯化的野生型和重组型PAP酶用于本发明。在某些实施方案中,来自酵母菌属(Saccharomyces)(例如,来自酿酒酵母)的PAP酶用于多腺苷酸化以产生包含一种或多种经修饰的mRNA或由所述mRNA组成的纯化的RNA制剂,所述mRNA各自编码重编程因子(例如,iPS细胞诱导因子)。在某些实施方案中,来自大肠杆菌的PAP酶用于多腺苷酸化以产生包含一种或多种经修饰的mRNA的纯化的RNA制剂,所述mRNA各自编码重编程因子(例如,iPS细胞诱导因子)。
“重编程因子”意指当单独地或与其它因子或条件组合地使用时,引起其中引入或表达重编程因子的细胞的分化状态改变的蛋白质、多肽或其它生物分子。在本发明的方法的某些优选实施方案中,重编程因子为由被引入细胞,从而产生与其中引入mRNA的细胞相比较展示改变的分化状态的细胞的mRNA编码的蛋白质或多肽。在本发明的方法的某些优选实施方案中,重编程因子为转录因子。本发明的方法中使用的重编程因子的一个实施方案为“iPS细胞诱导因子”。
“iPS细胞诱导因子”或“iPSC诱导因子”是当单独或与其它重编程因子组合使用时导致iPS细胞从体细胞产生的蛋白质、多肽或其它生物分子。iPS细胞诱导因子的实例包括OCT4、SOX2、c-MYC、KLF4、NANOG和LIN28。iPS细胞诱导因子包括全长多肽序列或其生物活性片段。同样地,编码iPS细胞诱导因子的mRNA可编码全长多肽或其生物活性片段。编码示例性iPS诱导因子的序列的mRNA示于图25(KLF4和LIN28)、26(cMYC和NANOG)以及27(OCT4和SOX2)。在某些实施方案中,本发明使用这些图中显示的序列或相似序列,包括额外地包括、连接至这些mRNA序列的mRNA分子、展示5’和3’UTR序列的任一个的寡核糖核苷酸、Kozak序列、IRES序列、帽核苷酸和/或聚腺苷酸序列(用于本文中描述的实验)或通常在本领域中是已知的并且可通过将它们连接至这些蛋白质编码mRNA序列来用于替代本文中使用的序列(为了最优化各mRNA分子在细胞中的翻译和提高它们在细胞中的稳定性以实现本文中描述的方法)的序列。
“分化”或“细胞分化”意指展示不太特化的分化状态或细胞类型的细胞(例如,受精卵细胞、胚胎中的细胞或真核生物体中的细胞)籍以成为展示更加特化的分化状态或细胞类型的细胞的天然发生的生物过程。科学家,包括生物学家、免疫学家和胚胎学家,使用多种方法和标准,根据它们的“细胞类型”、“分化状态”或“分化的状态”来定义、描述或分类不同的细胞。一般地,根据其“细胞类型”、“分化状态”或“分化的状态”(基于一个或多个由该细胞展示的表型)来定义、描述或分类细胞,所述表型可包括形状、生物化学或代谢活性或功能,某些生物分子在细胞中(例如,基于与特定生物分子的染色)或细胞上(例如,基于一种或多种与细胞表面上的特定生物分子反应的抗体的结合)的存在。例如,在某些实施方案中,使用细胞分选仪或荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)仪鉴定和分选不同细胞类型。“分化”或“细胞分化”还可对培养中的细胞发生。
如本文中所使用的术语“重编程”意指响应于一种或多种重编程因子直接(例如,通过蛋白质或多肽重编程因子至细胞内的递送)或间接(例如,通过包含一种或多种各自编码重编程因子的mRNA分子的本发明的纯化的RNA制剂的递送)至细胞内的递送而发生的分化或细胞分化和在有助于分化的条件(例如,培养基、温度、氧和CO2水平、基质以及其它环境条件)下维持细胞。术语“重编程”,当在本文中使用时,无意表示或指分化的具体方向或途径(例如,从不太特化的细胞类型至更特化的细胞类型)并且不排除以与通常在自然界中观察到的不同的分化方向或途径进行的过程。因此,在本发明的不同实施方案中,“重编程”意指和包括下列方面的任何方面和全部:
(1)“去分化”,意指展示更加特化的分化状态或细胞类型的细胞(例如,哺乳动物成纤维细胞、角质形成细胞、肌肉细胞或神经细胞)的细胞变成展示不太特化的分化状态或细胞类型的细胞(例如,iPS细胞)的过程;
(2)“转分化”,意指展示更加特化的分化状态或细胞类型的细胞(例如,哺乳动物成纤维细胞、角质形成细胞或神经细胞)变成另一种更加特化的分化状态或细胞类型的细胞(例如,从成纤维细胞或角质形成细胞至肌肉细胞)的过程;和
(3)“再分化”或“预期的分化”或“天然分化”,意指展示任何特定分化状态或细胞类型的细胞变成另一种分化状态或细胞类型的过程,如果细胞存在于其天然位置和环境中(例如,在胚胎或生物体中),这预期可天然发生,无论所述过程在生物体中体内发生还是在培养中(例如,响应一种或多种重编程因子)发生。
发明描述
本发明提供了重编程真核细胞(包括人或其它动物细胞)的分化状态的组合物和方法,通过将细胞与包含一种或多种不同的各自编码重编程因子(例如,iPS细胞诱导因子)的单链mRNA分子或由所述单链mRNA分子组成的纯化的RNA制剂接触。纯化的单链mRNA分子优选包含至少一个经修饰的核苷(选自假尿苷(Ψ)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)、5-甲基尿苷(m5U)、2′-O-甲基尿苷(Um或m2’-OU)、2-硫尿苷(s2U)和N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)),其替代相应的未修饰的A、C、G或T典型核苷的相应未修饰的典型核苷的至少一部分(例如,包括大体上全部)。此外,优选纯化单链mRNA分子以大体上不含可在细胞中激活不期望的反应、减少单链mRNA的表达和/或激活RNA传感器的RNA污染分子。在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂大体上不为比全长单链mRNA分子更短或更长的、为双链RNA和/或未加帽的RNA的RNA污染分子。在某些优选实施方案中,本发明提供了用于重编程分化的真核细胞(包括人或其它动物体细胞)的组合物和方法,通过将细胞与包含一种或多种不同的各自编码iPS细胞诱导因子的单链mRNA分子或由所述单链mRNA分子组成的纯化的RNA制剂接触。
在某些实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂中使用的mRNA被纯化以大体上、基本上或实际上除去所有污染物,包括大体、基本上或实际上所有RNA污染物。本发明不限于用于纯化mRNA的纯化方法,并且本发明包括使用本领域已知的或将来开发的任何方法以纯化mRNA和除去污染物(包括RNA污染物),所述污染物干扰mRNA的期望的用途。例如,在优选实施方案中,mRNA的纯化除去对细胞具有毒性(例如,通过诱导细胞中的先天性免疫反应,或在包含双链RNA的RNA污染物的情况下,通过例如经由siRNA或长RNAi分子诱导RNA干扰(RNAi))的污染物以及直接或间接减少细胞中mRNA翻译的污染物。在某些实施方案中,使用本文中包括实施例中描述的方法通过HPLC纯化mRNA。在某些实施方案中,在聚合物树脂使用包含C18衍生的苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物的基质纯化mRNA,将三乙胺乙酸酯(TEAA)离子配对剂用于柱缓冲液中,同时使用乙腈梯度以洗脱mRNA并且以尺寸依赖性方式将其与RNA污染物分离;在某些实施方案中,使用HPLC进行mRNA纯化,但在某些其它实施方案中,将重力流动柱用于纯化。在某些实施方案中,使用标题为由Douglas T.Gjerde,Lee Hoang,和David Hornby编著,Wiley-VCH,2009出版的标题为“RNA Purification and Analysis”的书籍(通过引用并入本文)中描述的方法纯化mRNA。在某些实施方案中,以非变性模式(例如,在低于约50℃的温度,例如在环境温度下)进行mRNA纯化。在某些实施方案中,以部分变性模式(例如,在低于约50℃和72℃的温度下)进行mRNA纯化。在某些实施方案中,以部分变性模式(例如,在高于约72℃的温度下)进行mRNA纯化。当然,本领域技术人员将知道,变性温度取决于待纯化的mRNA的解链温度(Tm)以及污染所述mRNA的RNA、DNA或RNA/DNA杂交体的解链温度。在某些其它实施方案中,如由Mellits KH等所描述的(Removal ofdouble-stranded contaminants from RNA transcripts:synthesis ofadenovirus VA RNAl from a T7 vector.Nucleic Acids Research 18:5401-5406,1990,通过引用整体并入本文)纯化mRNA。这些作者使用3步骤纯化来除去可在本发明的实施方案中使用的污染物。步骤1为7M尿素(变性条件)中进行的8%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳。从凝胶片切取主RNA条带,将其在非变性条件(无尿素)下经历8%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,从凝胶片回收主条带。使用乙醇-盐缓冲液流动相在纤维素CF-11柱上进行进一步纯化,其可将双链RNA与单链RNA分开(Franklin RM.1966.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 55:1504-1511;Barber R.1966.Biochem.Biophys.Acta 114:422;和Zelcer A等,1982.J.Gen.Virol.59:139-148,将所述全部文献通过引用并入本文),最终的纯化步骤是纤维素层析。在某些其它实施方案中,使用羟基磷灰石(HAP)柱在非变性条件下或在更高温度下(例如,如由Pays E.1977.Biochem.J.165:237-245;Lewandowski LJ等,1971.J.Virol.8:809-812;Clawson GA和Smuckler EA.1982.Cancer Research42:3228-3231;和/或Andrews-Pfannkoch C等,2010.Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology 76:5039-5045(将所述全部文献通过引用并入本文)描述的)纯化mRNA。在某些其它实施方案中,在非变性条件下利用弱阴离子交换液相色谱纯化mRNA(例如,如由Easton LE等,2010.RNA 16:647-653关于净化体外转录反应所描述的,通过引用并入本文)。在某些实施方案中,使用任何上述方法或本领域已知或将来开发的另一种方法的组合纯化mRNA。在另一个实施方案中,使用方法纯化本发明的组合物和方法中使用的mRNA,所述方法包括用特异性作用(例如,消化)一种或多种污染RNA或污染核酸(例如,包括DNA)但不作用于(例如,不消化)期望的mRNA的酶处理mRNA。例如,在某些实施方案中,使用方法纯化本发明的组合物和方法中使用的mRNA,所述方法包括用核糖核酸酶III(RNA酶III)(例如,大肠杆菌RNA酶III)处理mRNA,随后从RNA酶II消化产物纯化出mRNA。本文中的核糖核酸酶III(RNA酶III)意指将超过约12个碱基对的双链RNA降解成短双链RNA片段的酶。在某些实施方案中,使用方法纯化本发明的组合物和方法中使用的mRNA,所述方法包括用一种或多种特异性消化一种或多种污染RNA或污染核酸(例如,包括DNA)的其它酶处理mRNA。
本发明提供了包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子、包含所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的基因治疗载体、包括所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸的基因疗法和基因转录沉默法、减少RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的免疫原性的方法以及合成所述RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸的方法。这些修饰的序列优选存在于本文中描述的纯化的RNA制剂中。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包含假尿苷残基的信使RNA。在另一个实施方案中,信使RNA编码目标蛋白质。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了编码目标蛋白质的RNA分子,所述RNA分子包含假尿苷残基。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外转录的包含假尿苷的RNA分子。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外转录的RNA分子,其包含经修饰的核苷。
如本文中所提供的,本发明提供了用于合成体外转录的包含假尿苷和/或经修饰的核苷的RNA分子的方法。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包含假尿苷残基的信使RNA分子。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的体外转录的RNA分子由T7噬菌体RNA聚合酶合成。在另一个实施方案中,分子由SP6噬菌体RNA聚合酶合成。在另一个实施方案中,分子由T3噬菌体RNA聚合酶合成。在另一个实施方案中,分子由选自上述聚合酶的聚合酶合成。在另一个实施方案中,体外转录的RNA分子为寡核糖核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,体外转录的RNA分子为多核糖核苷酸。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外合成的包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的寡核糖核苷酸,其中经修饰的核苷为m5C、m5U、m6A、s2U、Ψ或2′-O-甲基-U。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外合成的包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的多核糖核苷酸,其中经修饰的核苷为m5C、m5U、m6A、s2U、Ψ或2′-O-甲基-U。
在另一个实施方案中,体外合成的寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸为短发夹(sh)RNA。在另一个实施方案中,体外合成的寡核糖核苷酸为小干扰RNA(siRNA)。在另一个实施方案中,体外合成的寡核糖核苷酸为本领域已知的任何其它类型的寡核糖核苷酸。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子还包括编码功能性蛋白质的开放阅读框架。在另一个实施方案中,RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸分子发挥作用而不编码功能性蛋白质(例如在转录沉默中)如RNzyme等。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子还包括聚腺苷酸尾。在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子不包括聚腺苷酸尾。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子还包含m7GpppG帽。在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子不包含m7GpppG帽。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子还包含不依赖于帽的翻译增强子。在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子不包含不依赖于帽的翻译增强子。在另一个实施方案中,不依赖于帽的翻译增强子为不依赖于烟草蚀纹病毒(TEV)帽的翻译增强子。在另一个实施方案中,不依赖于帽的翻译增强子是本领域已知的任何其它不依赖于帽的翻译增强子。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了基因疗法载体,其包含体外合成的多核苷酸分子,其中所述多核苷酸分子包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子包含假尿苷。在另一个实施方案中,RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸分子包含经修饰的核苷。在另一个实施方案中,RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸分子为体外合成的RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
“假尿苷”在另一个实施方案中是指m1acp3Ψ(1-甲基-3-(3-氨基-3-羧丙基)假尿苷。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指m1Ψ(1-甲基假尿苷)。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指Ψm(2′-O-甲基假尿苷。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指m5D(5-甲基二氢尿苷)。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指m3Ψ(3-甲基假尿苷)。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指未被进一步修饰的假尿苷部分。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指任何上述假尿苷的单磷酸酯、二磷酸脂或三磷酸酯。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指本领域已知的任何其它假尿苷。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子是治疗性寡核糖核苷酸。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了将重组蛋白质递送至受试者的方法,所述方法包括将受试者与本发明的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸、多核苷酸分子或基因治疗性载体接触,从而将重组蛋白质递送至受试者。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了双链RNA(dsRNA)分子,所述分子包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷并且还包括siRNA或短发夹RNA(shRNA)。在另一个实施方案中,dsRNA分子在长度上超过50个核苷酸。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独的实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,假尿苷或经修饰的核苷在siRNA序列内。在另一个实施方案中,假尿苷或经修饰的核苷在siRNA序列之外。在另一个实施方案中,1个或更多个假尿苷和/或经修饰的核苷残基存在于siRNA序列之内和之外。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独的实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,siRNA或shRNA包含在dsRNA分子内。在另一个实施方案中,siRNA或shRNA包含在dsRNA分子的一个末端上。在另一个实施方案中,一个或多个siRNA或shRNA包含在dsRNA分子的一个末端上,然而另一个或多个包含在内部。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子(例如单链RNA(ssRNA)或dsRNA分子)的长度超过30个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸的长度超过35个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少40个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少45个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少55个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少60个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少60个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少80个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少90个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少100个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少120个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少140个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少160个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少180个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少200个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少250个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少300个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少350个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少400个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少450个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少500个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少600个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少700个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少800个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少900个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1000个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1100个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1200个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1300个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1400个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1500个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1600个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少1800个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少2000个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少2500个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少3000个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少4000个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,长度为至少5000个核苷酸。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的dsRNA分子通过体外转录来产生。在另一个实施方案中,体外转录的步骤使用T7噬菌体RNA聚合酶。在另一个实施方案中,体外转录使用SP6噬菌体RNA聚合酶。在另一个实施方案中,体外转录使用T3噬菌体RNA聚合酶。在另一个实施方案中,体外转录使用选自上述聚合酶的RNA聚合酶。在另一个实施方案中,体外转录使用本领域已知的任何其它RNA聚合酶。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,dsRNA分子通过被细胞酶加工以产生siRNA或shRNA。在另一个实施方案中,细胞酶是内切核酸酶。在另一个实施方案中,细胞酶为切丁酶(Dicer)。切丁酶为RNA酶III家族核酸酶,其通过产生决定这些基因沉默途径的特异性的小RNA来起始RNA干扰(RNAi)和相关现象(Bernstein E,Caudy AA等,Rolefor a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference.Nature 2001;409(6818):363-6)。在另一个实施方案中,细胞酶是本领域已知的能够切割dsRNA分子的任何其它细胞酶。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,dsRNA分子包含两个siRNA或shRNA。在另一个实施方案中,dsRNA分子包含3个siRNA或shRNA。在另一个实施方案中,dsRNA分子包含超过3个siRNA或shRNA。在另一个实施方案中,siRNA和/或shRNA通过细胞酶从dsRNA分子释放。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了给细胞施用siRNA或shRNA的方法,包括施用本发明的dsRNA分子,其中所述细胞加工dsRNA分子以产生siRNA或shRNA,从而给细胞施用siRNA或shRNA。
在另一个实施方案中,在本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子中被修饰的核苷为尿苷(U)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷是胞苷(C)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷是腺苷(A)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷为鸟苷(G)。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷本发明的方法和组合物为m5C(5-甲基胞苷)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷是5U(5-甲基尿苷)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷为m6A(N6-甲基腺苷)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷是s2U(2-硫尿苷)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷为Ψ(假尿苷)。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的核苷为Um(2′-O-甲基尿苷)。
在其它实施方案中,经修饰的核苷为m1A(1-甲基腺苷);m2A(2-甲基腺苷);Am(2′-O-甲基腺苷);ms2mGA(2-甲硫基-N6-甲基腺苷);iGA(~-异戊烯腺苷);mszi6A(2-甲基硫-N6异戊烯腺苷);io6A(N6-(顺-羟基异戊烯基)腺苷);ms2io6A(2-甲硫基-N6-(顺-羟基异戊烯基)腺苷);g6A(N6-甘氨酰氨甲酰腺苷);t6A(N6-苏氨酰氨甲酰腺苷);ms2t6A(2-甲硫基-N6-苏氨酰氨甲酰腺苷);m6t6A(N6-甲基-N6-苏氨酰氨甲酰腺苷);hn6A(N6-羟基正缬氨酰氨甲酰腺苷);ms2hn6A(2-甲硫基-N6-羟基正缬氨酰氨甲酰腺苷);Ar(p)(2′-O-核糖基腺苷(磷酸));I(肌苷);m1I(1-甲基肌苷);m1Im(1,2′-O-二甲基肌苷);m3C(3-甲基胞苷);Cm(2′-O-甲基胞苷);S2C(2硫胞苷);ac4C(N4-乙酰胞苷);f5C(5-甲酰胞苷);m5Cm(5,2′-O-二甲基胞苷);ac4Cm(N4-乙酰基-2′-O-甲基胞苷);k2C(赖西丁);m1G(1-甲基鸟苷);m2G(N2-甲基鸟苷);m7G(7-甲基鸟苷);Gm(2′-O-甲基鸟苷);m2 2G(N2,N2-二甲基鸟苷);m2Gm(N2,2′-O-二甲基鸟苷);m2 2Gm(N2,N2,2′-O-三甲基鸟苷);Gr(p)(2′-O-核糖基鸟苷(磷酸));yW(怀丁苷);o2yW(过氧怀丁苷);OHyW(羟基怀丁苷);OHyW*(修饰不足的羟基怀丁苷);imG(Y核苷(wyosine));mimG(甲基Y核苷);Q(q核苷);oQ(环氧q核苷);galQ(半乳糖基-q核苷);manQ(甘露糖基q核苷);preQ0(7-氰基-7-脱氮鸟苷);preQ1(7-氨基甲基-7-脱氮鸟苷);G+(古嘌苷);D(二氢尿苷);m5Um(5,2′-O-二甲基尿苷);S4U(4-硫尿苷);m5s2U(5-甲基-2-硫尿苷);s2Um(2-硫-2′-O-甲基尿苷);acp3U(3-(3-氨基-3-羧丙基)尿苷);ho5U(5-羟基尿苷);mo5U(5-甲氧基尿苷);cmo5U(尿苷5-羟乙酸);mcmo5U(尿苷5-羟乙酸甲酯);chm5U(5-(羧基羟基甲基)尿苷));mchm5U(5(羧羟基甲基)尿苷甲酯);mcm5U(5-甲氧基羧基甲基尿苷);mcm5Um(5-甲氧基羰基甲基-2′-O-甲基尿苷);mcm5s2U(5-甲氧羰基甲基-2-硫尿苷);nm5s2U(5-氨基甲基-2-硫尿苷);mnm5U(5-甲基氨基甲基尿苷);mnm5s2U(5-甲基氨基甲基-2-硫尿苷);mnmse2U(5-甲基氨基甲基-2-硒尿苷);ncm5U(5-氨甲酰甲基尿苷);ncm5Um(5-氨甲酰甲基-2′-O-甲基尿苷);cmnm5U(5-羧甲基氨基甲基尿苷);cmnm5Um(5-羧甲基氨基甲基-2′-甲基尿苷);cmnm5s2U(5-羧甲基氨基甲基-2-硫尿苷);m6 2A(N6,N6-二甲基腺苷);Im(2′-O-甲基肌苷);m4C(N4-甲基胞苷);m4Cm(N4,2′-O-二甲基胞苷);hm5C(5-羟基甲基胞苷);m3U(3-甲基尿苷);cm5U(5-羧甲基尿苷);m6Am(N6,2′-O二甲基腺苷);m6 2Am(N6,N6,2′-O-三甲基腺苷);m2,7G(N2,7-二甲基鸟苷);m2,2,7G(N2,N2,7-三甲基鸟苷);m3Um(3,2′-O-二甲基尿苷);m5D(5-甲基二氢尿苷);f5Cm(5-甲酰基-2′-O甲基胞苷);m1Gm(1,2′-O-二甲基鸟苷);m1Am(1,2′-O-二甲基腺苷);τm5U(5-牛磺酸甲基尿苷);τm5s2U(5-牛磺酸甲基-2-硫尿苷));imG-14(4-脱甲基丫苷);imG2(异丫苷)或ac6A(N6-乙酰基腺苷)。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子包括2个或更多个上述修饰的组合。在另一个实施方案中,RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸分子包括3个或更多个上述修饰的组合。在另一个实施方案中,RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸分子包括超过3个上述修饰的组合。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物中的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子的0.1%至100%的残基被修饰(例如,存在假尿苷或经修饰的核苷碱基)。在另一个实施方案中,0.1%的残基被修饰。在另一个实施方案中,0.2%的残基被修饰。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.3%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.4%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.6%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.8%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为1%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为1.5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为2%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为2.5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为3%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为4%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为6%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为8%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为10%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为12%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为14%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为16%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为18%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为20%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为25%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为30%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为35%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为40%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为45%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为50%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为60%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为70%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为80%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为90%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为100%。
在另一个实施方案中,分数低于5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于3%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于1%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于2%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于4%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于6%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于8%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于10%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于12%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于15%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于20%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于30%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于40%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于50%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于60%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于70%。
在另一个实施方案中,0.1%的给定的核苷酸(尿苷、胞苷、鸟苷或腺嘌呤)的残基被修饰。在另一个实施方案中,核苷酸的分数为0.2%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.3%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.4%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.6%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为0.8%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为1%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为1.5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为2%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为2.5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为3%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为4%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为6%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为8%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为10%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为12%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为14%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为16%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为18%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为20%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为25%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为30%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为35%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为40%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为45%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为50%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为60%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为70%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为80%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为90%。在另一个实施方案中,分数为100%。
在另一个实施方案中,给定的核苷酸的分数低于8%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于10%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于5%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于3%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于1%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于2%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于4%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于6%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于12%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于15%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于20%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于30%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于40%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于50%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于60%。在另一个实施方案中,分数低于70%。
在另一个实施方案中,术语“核糖核苷酸”、“寡核糖核苷酸”和“多核糖核苷酸”是指至少2个碱基-糖磷酸组合的串。在另一个实施方案中,术语包括含有其中糖部分为核糖的核苷酸的化合物。在另一个实施方案中,术语包括RNA和其中主链被被修饰的RNA衍生物。在另一个实施方案中,“核苷酸”是指核酸聚合物的单体单元。在另一个实施方案中,RNA可以以tRNA(转运RNA)、snRNA(小核RNA)、rRNA(核糖体RNA)、mRNA(信使RNA)、反义RNA、小干扰RNA(siRNA)、微RNA(miRNA)和核酶的形式存在。已描述了siRNA和miRNA的用途(Caudy AA等,Genes & Devel 16:2491-96和其中引用的参考资料)。此外,RNA的这类形式可以是单链、双链、三链或四链的。在另一个实施方案中,术语还包括可包含其它类型的主链但相同碱基的人工核酸。在另一个实施方案中,人工核酸为PNA(肽核酸)。PNA包含肽主链和核苷酸碱基并且在另一个实施方案中能够结合DNA和RNA分子。在另一个实施方案中,核苷酸为氧杂环丁烷修饰的。在另一个实施方案中,核苷酸通过用硫代磷酸酯键替代一个或多个磷酸二酯键来进行修饰。在另一个实施方案中,人工核酸可包含本领域已知的天然核酸的磷酸主链的任何其它变体。硫代磷酸酯核酸和PNA的使用对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的并且描述于例如,Neilsen PE,Curr Opin Struct Biol 9:353-57~和Raz NK等,BiochemBiophys Res Commun.297:1075-84中。核酸的产生和使用对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的并且描述于例如Molecular Cloning(2001),Sambrook和Russell(编著)以及Methods in Enzymology:Methods formolecular cloning in eukaryotic cells(2003)Purchio和G.C.Fareed中。每一种核酸衍生物代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,术语“寡核苷酸”是指包含少于25个核苷酸(nt)的串。在另一个实施方案中,”寡核苷酸”是指少于24个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,”寡核苷酸”是指少于23个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“寡核苷酸”是指少于22个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“寡核苷酸”是指少于21个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“寡核苷酸”是指少于20个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“寡核苷酸”是指少于19个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“寡核苷酸”是指少于18个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“寡核苷酸”是指少于17个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“寡核苷酸”是指少于16个核苷酸的串。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,术语“多核糖核苷酸”是指包含超过25个核苷酸(nt)的串。在另一个实施方案中,“多核糖核苷酸”是指包含超过26个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“多核糖核苷酸”是指包含超过28个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过30个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过32个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过35个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过40个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,术“术语”是指超过50个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过60个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过80个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过100个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过120个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过150个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过200个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过300个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过400个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过500个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过600个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过800个核苷酸。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过1000个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过1200个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过1400个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过1600个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过1800个核苷酸的串。在另一个实施方案中,“术语”是指超过2000个核苷酸的串。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于诱导哺乳动物细胞产生目标蛋白质的方法,包括将哺乳动物细胞与体外合成的编码重组蛋白质的RNA分子、体外合成的包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的RNA分子接触,从而诱导哺乳动物细胞产生目标蛋白质。在另一个实施方案中,目标蛋白质是重组蛋白质。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,“编码”是指编码目标蛋白质的RNA分子。在另一个实施方案中,RNA分子包含编码目标蛋白质的开放阅读框架。在另一个实施方案中,还编码一种或多种其它蛋白质。在另一个实施方案中,目标蛋白质是唯一的编码的蛋白质。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了诱导哺乳动物细胞产生重组蛋白质的方法,包括将哺乳动物细胞与体外合成的编码重组蛋白质的RNA分子、体外合成的还包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的RNA分子接触,从而诱导哺乳动物细胞产生重组蛋白质。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子在细胞中比具有相同序列的未修饰的RNA分子更有效地被翻译。在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子展示增强的被靶细胞翻译的能力。在另一个实施方案中,翻译相对于其未修饰的对应物增强至约2倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至3倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至5倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至7倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至10倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至15倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至20倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至50倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至100倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至200倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至500倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至1000倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译增强至2000倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至10-1000倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至10-100倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至10-200倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至10-300倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至10-500倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至20-1000倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至30-1000倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至50-1000倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至100-1000倍。在另一个实施方案中,增强至200-1000倍。在另一个实施方案中,翻译被增强至任何其它显著量或量的范围。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
测定翻译效率的方法在本领域是公知的,包括例如测量编码的报告蛋白(例如,荧光素酶或海肾[本文中的实施例]或绿色荧光蛋白[Wall AA,Phillips AM等,Effective translation of the second cistron intwo Drosophila dicistronic transcripts is determined by the absence ofin-frame AUG codons in the first cistron.J Biol Chem 2005;280(30):27670-8])的活性或测量掺入翻译的蛋白质的放射性标记(NgosuwanJ,Wang NM等,Roles of cytosolic Hsp70and Hsp40 molecularchaperones in post-translational translocation of presecretory proteinsinto the endoplasmic reticulum.J Biol Chem 2003;278(9):7034-42)。
每一种方法代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在本文中提供的某些表达研究中,从复合至(GibcoBRL,Gaithersburg,MD,USA)和注射入小鼠的尾静脉的RNA测量翻译。在脾裂解物中,假尿苷-修饰的RNA比未修饰的RNA更加显著有效地被翻译(图17B)。在本文中使用的条件下,本发明的基于转染的方法的效率与转染剂渗透入组织的能力相关,从而提供了为什么作用在脾细胞中最显著的解释。脾脏血流是开放系统,血液内容物直接接触红髓和白髓组分,包括淋巴样细胞。
在另一个实验中,在加帽的海肾编码mRNA(0.5和0.05ng/μl)存在的情况下,使用重组人PKR及其底物eIF2α进行体外磷酸化测定。包含假尿苷(Ψ)的mRNA不激活PKR,如通过PKR的自身磷酸化和eIF2α的磷酸化的不存在所检测的,然而无核苷修饰的RNA和具有m5C修饰的mRNA激活PKR。已知磷酸化的eIF2α阻断mRNA翻译的起始,从而在另一个实施方案中,磷酸化的不存在使得能够增强包含假尿苷(Ψ)的mRNA翻译。
在另一个实施方案中,增强的翻译存在于细胞中(相对于具有相同序列的未修饰的RNA分子在相同细胞中的翻译;实施例13-14)。在另一个实施方案中,增强的翻译存在于体外(例如在体外翻译混合物或网织红细胞裂解物中;实施例13-14)。在另一个实施方案中,增强的翻译存在于体内(实施例13)。在各自情况下,增强的翻译是相对于在相同的条件下具有相同序列的未修饰的RNA分子的。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子的免疫原性显著低于具有相同序列的未修饰的体外合成的RNA分子。在另一个实施方案中,经修饰的RNA分子的免疫原性为其未修饰的对应物的1/2。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/3。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/5。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/7。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/10。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/15。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/20。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/50。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/100倍。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/200倍。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/500。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/1000。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/2000。在另一个实施方案中,免疫原性减小至1/另一个倍数差异。
在另一个实施方案中,“显著更小的免疫原性”是指可检测的免疫原性的减小。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指免疫原性的倍数减少(例如,上文例举的倍数减少之一)。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指减少以便可施用有效量的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子而不触发可检测的免疫反应。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指减少以更可重复施用RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子而不引发足以可检测地减少重组蛋白质的表达的免疫反应。在另一个实施方案中,减少是以便可重复施用RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子而不引发足以消除重组蛋白质的可检测的表达的免疫反应。
在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子的“有效量”是指足以产生疗效的量。在另一个实施方案中,术语是指足以引发可检测的量的重组蛋白质的表达的量。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
本文中证明了本发明的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的减小的免疫原性(实施例4-11)。
测定免疫原性的方法在本领域是公知的,包括例如测量细胞因子(例如IL-12、IFN-α、TNF-α、RANTES、MIP-1α或β、IL-6、IFN-β或IL-8;本文中的实施例)的分泌,测量DC激活标志(例如CD83、HLA-DR、CD80和CD86;本文中的实施例)的表达或测量用作适应性免疫应答的佐剂的能力。每一种方法代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,通过测定引发上述反应之一至与给定的量的未修饰的核苷酸相同的程度所需的经修饰的核苷酸量来测定经修饰的核苷酸及其未修饰的对应物的相对免疫原性。例如,如果需要多至两倍的经修饰的核苷酸来引发相同的反应,那么所述经修饰的核苷酸的免疫原性低至未修饰的核苷酸的1/2。
在另一个实施方案中,通过测定响应于经修饰的核苷酸的施用而分泌的细胞因子(例如IL-12、IFN-α、TNF-α、RANTES、MIP-1α或β、IL-6、IFN-β或IL-8)相对于相同量的未修饰的核苷酸的量来测定经修饰的核苷酸及其未修饰的对应物的相对免疫原性。例如,如果分泌多至一半的细胞因子,那么所述经修饰的核苷酸的免疫原性低至未修饰的核苷酸的1/2。在另一个实施方案中,在于上述方法中计算免疫原性之前扣除刺激的本底水平。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法还包括在接触步骤之前将RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子与转染剂混合。在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法还包括将RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子与转染剂一起施用。在另一个实施方案中,转染剂是阳离子性脂质试剂(实施例6)。
在另一个实施方案中,转染剂是基于脂质的转染剂。在另一个实施方案中,转染剂是基于蛋白质的转染剂。在另一个实施方案中,转染剂是基于聚乙烯亚胺的转染剂。在另一个实施方案中,转染剂是磷酸钙。在另一个实施方案中,转染剂是或在另一个实施方案中,转染剂是本领域已知的任何其它转染剂。
在另一个实施方案中,转染剂形成脂质体。在另一个实施方案中,脂质体增加细胞内稳定性,增加摄取效率和提高生物活性。在另一个实施方案中,脂质体是由以与组成细胞膜的那些脂质相似的方式排列的脂质组成的中空球形小囊泡。在另一个实施方案中,它们具有用于捕获水溶性化合物并且大小范围为直径0.05至数微米的内部水性空间。在另一个实施方案中,脂质体可以以生物活性形式将RNA递送至细胞。
每一种类型的转染剂代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法的靶细胞为抗原呈递细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为动物细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为树突细胞(实施例14)。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为神经细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为脑细胞(实施例16)。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为脾细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为淋巴样细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为肺细胞(实施例16)。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为皮肤细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为角质形成细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为内皮细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为星形胶质细胞、小神经胶质细胞或神经元(实施例16)。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为肺泡细胞(实施例16)。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为表面肺泡细胞(实施例16)。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为肺泡巨噬细胞。在另一个实施方案中细胞为肺泡肺细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为血管内皮细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为间充质细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为上皮细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为造血细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为结肠上皮细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为肺上皮细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为骨髓细胞。
在其它实施方案中,靶细胞为克劳迪厄斯细胞、汉森细胞、梅克尔细胞、穆勒胶质细胞(Muller cell)、潘氏细胞、浦肯野细胞、许旺细胞(Schwann cell)、支持细胞、嗜酸细胞(acidophil cell)、腺泡细胞、脂肪母细胞、脂肪细胞、棕色或白色α细胞、无长突细胞、β细胞、被囊细胞、牙骨质细胞、主细胞、成软骨细胞、软骨细胞、嗜铬细胞、嫌色细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素细胞、δ细胞(delta cell)、朗格汉斯细胞、滤泡树突细胞、肠嗜铬细胞、室管膜细胞、上皮细胞、基细胞、鳞状细胞、内皮细胞、移行细胞、成红血细胞、红血球、成纤维细胞、纤维细胞、滤泡细胞、生殖细胞、配子、卵子、精子、卵母细胞、初级卵母细胞、次级卵母细胞、精子细胞、精母细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、生殖上皮、巨细胞、神经胶质细胞、成星形细胞(astroblast)、星形胶质细胞、成少突胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞、成胶质细胞、杯形细胞、促性腺激素细胞、颗粒细胞、成血细胞、毛细胞、成肝细胞(hepatoblast)、肝细胞、玻璃体细胞、间质细胞、′肾小球旁细胞(juxtaglomerular cell)、角质形成细胞、角膜细胞、神经膜细胞(lemmal cell)、白细胞、粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、淋巴母细胞、B淋巴母细胞、T淋巴母细胞、淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞、诱导性T淋巴细胞、Th1 T-淋巴细胞、Th2T-淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞、胸腺细胞、巨噬细胞、肝巨噬细胞、肺泡巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞、组织细胞、黄体细胞(luteal cell)、淋巴细胞干细胞、淋巴样细胞、淋巴系干细胞、大神经胶质细胞(macroglialcell)、促乳激素细胞、肥大细胞、成神经管细胞、原巨核细胞、巨核细胞、黑色素母细胞(melanoblast)、黑色素细胞(melanocyte)、肾小球膜细胞、间皮细胞、晚幼粒细胞(metamyelocyte)、原单核细胞、单核细胞、颈粘液细胞、肌细胞、心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞、平滑肌细胞、髓细胞、髓样细胞、髓样干细胞、成肌细胞、肌上皮细胞、肌成纤维细胞(myofibrobast)、成神经细胞、神经上皮细胞、神经元、成牙本质细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、骨细胞、泌酸细胞(oxyntic cell)、滤泡旁细胞、傍黄体细胞(paraluteal cell)、胃酶细胞(peptic cell)、周细胞、外周血单核细胞、嗜铬细胞(phaeochromocyte)、指细胞、松果体细胞、垂体细胞、浆细胞、血小板、足细胞、原红细胞、前单核细胞(promonocyte)、早幼粒细胞(promyeloblast)、早幼粒细胞(promyelocyte)、原红细胞、网织红细胞、视网膜色素上皮细胞、成视网膜细胞、小细胞、促生长激素细胞、干细胞、支持细胞、端胶质细胞(teloglial cell)或产酶细胞。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
可通过应用本发明的方法来治疗多种障碍,包括,除其它以外,单基因障碍、感染性疾病、获得性障碍、癌症等。示例性单基因障碍包括腺苷脱氨酶缺乏症(ADA deficiency)、囊性纤维化、家族性高胆固醇血症、血友病、慢性肉芽肿病、杜氏肌营养不良、范科尼贫血、镰状细胞性贫血、戈谢病、亨特氏综合征、X-连锁SCID等。在另一个实施方案中,治疗的障碍牵涉下文所列的蛋白质之一。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,由本发明的方法和组合物的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子编码的重组蛋白质为外-核苷三磷酸二磷酸水解酶。
在另一个实施方案中,重组蛋白质为红细胞生成素(EPO)。在其它实施方案中,编码的重组蛋白质为ABCA4;ABCD3;ACADM;AGL;AGT;ALDH4AI;ALPL;AMPD1;APOA2;AVSD1;BRCD2;C1QA;C1QB;C1QG;C8A;C8B;CACNA1S;CCV;CD3Z;CDC2L1;CHML;CHS1;CIAS1;CLCNKB;CMD1A;CMH2;CMM;COL11A1;COL8A2;COL9A2;CPT2;CRB1;CSE;CSF3R;CTPA;CTSK;DBT;DIO1;DISC1;DPYD;EKV;ENO1;ENO1P;EPB41;EPHX1;F13B;F5;FCGR2A;FCGR2B;FCGR3A;FCHL;FH;FMO3;FMO4;FUCA1;FY;GALE;GBA;GFND;GJA8;GJB3;GLC3B;HF1;HMGCL;HPC1;HRD;HRPT2;HSD3B2;HSPG2;KCNQ4;KCS;KIF1B;LAMB3;LAMC2;LGMD1B;LMNA;LOR;MCKD1;MCL1;MPZ;MTHFR;MTR;MUTYH;MYOC;NB;NCF2;NEM1;NPHS2;NPPA;NRAS;NTRK1;OPTA2;PBX1;PCHC;PGD;PHA2A;PHGDH;PKLR;PKP1;PLA2G2A;PLOD;PPOX;PPT1;PRCC;PRG4;PSEN2;PTOS1;REN;RFX5;RHD;RMD1;RPE65;SCCD;SERPINC1;SJS1;SLC19A2;SLC2A1;SPG23;SPTA1;TAL1;TNFSF6;TNNT2;TPM3;TSHB;UMPK;UOX;UROD;USH2A;VMGLOM;VWS;WS2B;ABCB11;ABCG5;ABCG8;ACADL;ACP1;AGXT;AHHR;ALMS1;ALPP;ALS2;APOB;BDE;BDMR;BJS;BMPR2;CHRNA1;CMCWTD;CNGA3;COL3A1;COL4A3;COL4A4;COL6A3;CPSI;CRYGA;CRYGEP1;CYP1B1;CYP27A1;DBI;DES;DYSF;EDAR;EFEMPI;EIF2AK3;ERCC3;FSHR;GINGF;GLC1B;GPD2;GYPC;HADHA;HADHB;HOXD13;HPE2;IGKC;IHH;IRSI;ITGA6;KHK;KYNU;LCT;LHCGR;LSFC;MSH2;MSH6;NEB;NMTC;NPHP1;PAFAH1P1;PAX3;PAX8;PMS1;PNKD;PPH1;PROC;REG1A;SAG;SFTPB;SLC11A1;SLC3A1;SOS1;SPG4;SRD5A2;TCL4;TGFA;TMD;TPO;UGT1A;UV24;WSS;XDH;ZAP70;ZFHX1B;ACAA1;AGS1;AGTR1;AHSG;AMT;ARMET;BBS3;BCHE;BCPM;BTD;CASR;CCR2;CCR5;CDL1;CMT2B;COL7A1;CP;CPO;CRV;CTNNB1;DEM;ETM1;FANCD2;FIH;FOXL2;GBE1;GLB1;GLC1C;GNAI2;GNATI;GP9;GPX1;HGD;HRG;ITIH1;KNG;LPP;LRS1;MCCCI;MDS1;MHS4;MITF;MLH1;MYL3;MYMY;OPA1;P2RY12;PBXP1;PCCB;POU1F1;PPARG;PROS1;PTHR1;RCA1;RHO;SCA7;SCLC1;SCN5A;SI;SLC25A20;SLC2A2;TF;TGFBR2;THPO;THRB;TKT;TM4SF1;TRH;UMPS;UQCRC1;USH3A;VHL;WS2A;XPC;ZNF35;ADH1B;ADH1C;AFP;AGA;AIH2;ALB;ASMD;BFHD;CNGA1;CRBM;DCK;DSPP;DTDP2;ELONG;ENAM;ETFDH;EVC;F11;FABP2;FGA;FGB;FGFR3;FGG;FSHMD1A;GC;GNPTA;GNRHR;GYPA;HCA;HCL2;HD;HTN3;HVBS6;IDUA;IF;JPD;KIT;KLKB1;LQT4;MANBA;MLLT2;MSX1;MTP;NR3C2;PBT;PDE6B;PEE1;PITX2;PKD2;QDPR;SGCB;SLC25A4;SNCA;SOD3;STATH;TAPVR1;TYS;WBS2;WFS1;WHCR;ADAMTS2;ADRB2;AMCN;AP3BI;APC;ARSB;B4GALT7;BHR1;C6;C7;CCAL2;CKN1;CMDJ;CRHBP;CSF1R;DHFR;DIAPH1;DTR;EOS;EPD;ERVR;F12;FBN2;GDNF;GHR;GLRA1;GM2A;HEXB;HSD17B4;ITGA2;KFS;LGMD1A;LOX;LTC4S;MAN2A1;MCC;MCCC2;MSH3;MSX2;NR3C1;PCSK1;PDE6A;PFBI;RASAI;SCZDI;SDHA;SGCD;SLC22A5;SLC26A2;SLC6A3;SM1;SMA;SMN1;SMN2;SPINK5;TCOF1;TELAB1;TGFBI;ALDH5A1;ARG1;AS;ASSP2;BCKDHB;BF;C2;C4A;CDKN1A;COL10A1;COL11A2;CYP21A2;DYX2;EJM1;ELOVL4;EPM2A;ESR1;EYA4;F13A1;FANCE;GCLC;GJA1;GLYS1;GMPR;GSE;HCR;HFE;HLA-A;HLA-DPBI;HLA-DRA;HPFH;ICS1;IDDM1;IFNGR1;IGAD1;IGF2R;ISCW;LAMA2;LAP;LCA5;LPA;MCDR1;MOCS1;MUT;MYB;NEU1;NKS1;NYS2;OA3;ODDD;OFC1;PARK2;PBCA;PBCRA1;PDB1;PEX3;PEX6;PEX7;PKHD1;PLA2G7;PLG;POLH;PPAC;PSORS1;PUJO;RCD1;RDS;RHAG;RP14;RUNX2;RWS;SCA1;SCZD3;SIASD;SOD2;ST8;TAPl;TAP2;TFAP2B;TNDM;TNF;TPBG;TPMT;TULP1;WISP3;AASS;ABCB1;ABCB4;ACHE;AQP1;ASL;ASNS;AUTS1;BPGM;BRAF;C7orf2;CACNA2D1;CCM1;CD36;CFTR;CHORDOMA;CLCN1;CMH6;CMT2D;COL1A2;CRS;CYMD;DFNA5;DLD;DYT11;EEC1;ELN;ETV1;FKBP6;GCK;GHRHR;GHS;GLI3;GPDS1;GUSB;HLXB9;HOXA13;HPFH2;HRX;IAB;IMMP2L;KCNH2;LAMB1;LEP;MET;NCF1;NM;OGDH;OPN1SW;PEX1;PGAM2;PMS2;PON1;PPP1R3A;PRSS1;PTC;PTPN12;RP10;RP9;SERPINE1;SGCE;SHFM1;SHH;SLC26A3;SLC26A4;SLOS;SMAD1;TBXAS1;TWIST;ZWS1;ACHM3;ADRB3;ANK1;CA1;CA2;CCAL1;CLN8;CMT4A;CNGB3;COH1;CPP;CRH;CYP11B1;CYP11B2;DECR1;DPYS;DURS1;EBS1;ECA1;EGI;EXT1;EYA1;FGFR1;GNRH1;GSR;GULOP;HR;KCNQ3;KFM;KWE;LGCR;LPL;MCPH1;MOS;MYC;NAT1;NAT2;NBS1;PLAT;PLEC1;PRKDC;PXMP3;RP1;SCZD6;SFIPC;SGM1;SPG5A;STAR;TG;TRPS1;TTPA;VMD1;WRN;ABCA1;ABL1;ABO;ADAMTS13;AK1;ALAD;ALDH1A1;ALDOB;AMBP;AMCD1;ASS;BDMF;BSCL;C5;CDKN2A;CHAC;CLA1;CMD1B;COL5A1;CRAT;DBH;DNAI1;DYS;DYT1;ENG;FANCC;FBP1;FCMD;FRDA;GALT;GLDC;GNE;GSM1;GSN;HSD17B3;HSN1;IBM2;INVS;JBTS1;LALL;LCCS1;LCCS;LGMD2H;LMX1B;MLLT3;MROS;MSSE;NOTCH1;ORM1;PAPPA;PIP5K1B;PTCH;PTGS1;RLN1;RLN2;RMRP;ROR2;RPD1;SARDH;SPTLC1;STOM;TDFA;TEK;TMC1;TRIM32;TSC1;TYRP1;XPA;CACNB2;COL17Al;CUBN;CXCL12;CYP17;CYP2C19;CYP2C9;EGR2;EMX2;ERCC6;FGFR2;HK1;HPS1;IL2RA;LGI1;LIPA;MAT1A;MBL2;MKI67;MXI1;NODAL;OAT;OATL3;PAX2;PCBD;PEO1;PHYH;PNLIP;PSAP;PTEN;RBP4;RDPA;RET;SFTPA1;SFTPD;SHFM3;SIAL;THC2;TLX1;TNFRSF6;UFS;UROS;AA;ABCC8;ACAT1;ALX4;AMPD3;ANC;APOA1;APOA4;APOC3;ATM;BSCL2;BWS;CALCA;CAT;CCND1;CD3E;CD3G;CD59;CDKN1C;CLN2;CNTF;CPT1A;CTSC;DDB1;DDB2;DHCR7;DLAT;DRD4;ECB2;ED4;EVR1;EXT2;F2;FSHB;FTH1;G6PT1;G6PT2;GIF;HBB;HBBP1;HBD;HBE1;HBG1;HBG2;HMBS;HND;HOMG2;HRAS;HVBS1;IDDM2;IGER;INS;JBS;KCNJ11;KCNJ1;KCNQ1;LDHA;LRP5;MEN1;MLL;MYBPC3;MYO7A;NNO1;OPPG;OPTB1;PAX6;PC;PDX1;PGL2;PGR;PORC;PTH;PTS;PVRL1;PYGM;RAG1;RAG2;ROM1;RRAS2;SAA1;SCA5;SCZD2;SDHD;SERPING1;SMPD 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1A;SHFM2;SLC25A5;SMAX2;SRPX;SRS;STS;SYN1;SYP;TAF1;TAZ;TBX22;TDD;TFE3;THAS;THC;TIMM8A;TIMP1;TKCR;TNFSF5;UBE1;UBE2A;WAS;WSN;WTS;WWS;XIC;XIST;XK;XM;XS;ZFX;ZIC3;ZNF261;ZNF41;ZNF6;AMELY;ASSP6;AZFI;AZF2;DAZ;GCY;RPS4Y;SMCY;SRY;ZFY;ABAT;AEZ;AFA;AFD1;ASAH1;ASD1;ASMT;CCAT;CECR9;CEPA;CLA3;CLN4;CSF2RA;CTSI;DF;DIH1;DWS;DYT2;DYT4;EBR3;ECT;EEF1A1L14;EYCL2;FANCB;GCSH;GCSL;GIP;GTS;HHG;HMI;HOAC;HOKPP2;HRPT1;HSD3B3;HTC1;HV1S;ICHQ;ICR1;ICR5;IL3RA;KAL2;KMS;KRT18;KSS;LCAT;LHON;LMM;MANBB;MCPH2;MEB;MELAS;MIC2;MPFD;MS;MSS;MTATP6;MTCOI;MTCO3;MTCYB;MTND1;MTND2;MTND4;MTND5;MTND6;MTRNR1;MTRNR2;MTTE;MTTG;MTTI;MTTK;MTTL1;MTTL2;MTTN;MTTP;MTTS1;NAMSD;OCD1;OPD2;PCK2;PCLD;PCOS1;PFKM;PKD3;PRCA1;PRO1;PROP1;RBS;RFXAP;RP;SHOX;SLC25A6;SPG5B;STO;SUOX;THM;或TTD。每一种重组蛋白质代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的贫血症的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码红细胞生成素的RNA分子接触,从而治疗受试者的贫血症。在另一个实施方案中,体外合成的RNA分子还包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为皮下组织细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为肺细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为成纤维细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为淋巴细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为平滑肌细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞为本领域已知的任何其它类型的细胞。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的血管痉挛的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码可诱导的一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的RNA分子接触,从而治疗受试者的血管痉挛。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于提高受试者的细胞的存活率的方法,包括将细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码热激蛋白的RNA分子接触,从而提高受试者的细胞的存活率。
在另一个实施方案中,其存活率得到提高的细胞为局部缺血的细胞。在另一个实施方案中,细胞未局部缺血。在另一个实施方案中,已将细胞暴露于局部缺血环境。在另一个实施方案中,已将细胞暴露于环境应激。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于在进行扩大血管的方法后降低血管的再狭窄的发病率的方法,包括将血管的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码热激蛋白的RNA分子接触,从而降低受试者的再狭窄的发病率。
在另一个实施方案中,方法是血管成形术。在另一个实施方案中,方法是本领域已知的扩大血管的任何其它方法。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于增加毛发从受试者的头皮的毛囊生长的方法,包括将头皮的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码端粒酶或免疫抑制蛋白的RNA分子接触,从而增加毛发从毛囊生长。
在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制蛋白为α-促黑色素细胞激素(α-MSH)。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制蛋白为转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制蛋白为胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)。在另一个实施方案中,免疫抑制蛋白为本领域已知的任何其它免疫抑制蛋白。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了在细胞中诱导具有抗氧化剂活性的酶的表达,包括将细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码所述酶的RNA分子接触,从而在细胞中诱导具有抗氧化剂活性的酶的表达。
在一个实施方案中,酶是过氧化氢酶。在另一个实施方案中,酶是谷胱甘肽过氧化酶。在另一个实施方案中,酶是磷脂过氧化氢谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶。在另一个实施方案中,酶是超氧化物歧化酶-1。在另一个实施方案中,酶是超氧化物歧化酶-2。在另一个实施方案中,酶是本领域内已知的具有抗氧化活性的任何其它酶。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的囊性纤维化的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节剂(CFTR)的RNA分子接触,从而治疗治疗受试者的囊性纤维化。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的X连锁丙种球蛋白缺乏血症的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码Bruton’s酪氨酸激酶的RNA分子接触,从而治疗X连锁丙种球蛋白缺乏血症。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于治疗受试者的腺苷脱氨酶严重联合免疫缺陷症(ADA SCID)的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码ADA的RNA分子接触,从而治疗ADA SCID。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于减轻皮肤的免疫反应和改善皮肤病状的方法,包括将受试者的细胞与体外合成的RNA分子、体外合成的编码外-核苷三磷酸二磷酸水解酶的RNA分子接触,从而减轻皮肤的免疫反应和改善皮肤病状。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的RNA分子或核糖核苷酸分子被封装在纳米颗粒中。用于纳米颗粒包装的方法在本领域是公知的,并且描述于例如Bose S,等(Role of Nucleolin in Human ParainfluenzaVirus Type 3 Infection of Human Lung Epithelial Cells.J.Virol.78:8146.2004);Dong Y等,Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)/montmorillonitenanoparticles for oral delivery of anticancer drugs.Biomaterials 26:6068.2005);Lobenberg R.等(Improved body distribution of 14C-labelledAZT bound to nanoparticles in rats determined by radioluminography.JDrug Target 5:171.1998);Sakuma SR等(Mucoadhesion of polystyrenenanoparticles having surface hydrophilic polymeric chains in thegastrointestinal tract.Int J Pharm 177:161.1999);Virovic L等,Noveldelivery methods for treatment of viral hepatitis:an update.Expert OpinDrug Deliv 2:707.2005);和Zimmermann E等,Electrolyte-andpH-stabilities of aqueous solid lipid nanoparticle(SLN)dispersions inartificial gastrointestinal media.Eur J Pharm Biopharm 52:203.2001)中。
每一种方法代表本发明的单独实施方案。
本发明的化合物的剂量范围的不同实施方案可用于本发明的方法。在一个实施方案中,剂量范围为1-10μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-10μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-10μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-10μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-20μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-20μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-20μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-20μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-40μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-40μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-40μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20-40μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-50μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-50μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20-50μg/天。在一个实施方案中,剂量为1-100μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-100μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-100μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-100μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-100μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20-100μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为40-100μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为60-100μg/天。
在另一个实施方案中,剂量为0.1μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为0.2μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为0.3μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为0.5μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为1μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2mg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为15μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为30μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为40μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为60μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为80μg/天。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为100μg/天。
在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为30μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为40μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为60μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为80μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为100μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为150μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为200μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为300μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为400μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为600μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为800μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为1000μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为1.5mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为15mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为30mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为50mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为80mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为100mg/剂。
在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-20μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20-30μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为20-40μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为30-60μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为40-80μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为50-100μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为50-150μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为100-200μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为200-300μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为300-400μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为400-600μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为500-800μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为800-1000μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为1000-1500μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为1500-2000μg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-3mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-5mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-10mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-20mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-30mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-50mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-80mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为2-100mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-10mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-20mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-30mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-50mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-80mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为3-100mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-10mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-20mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-30mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-50mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-80mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为5-100mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-20mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-30mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-50mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-80mg/剂。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为10-100mg/剂。
在另一个实施方案中,剂量为日剂量。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为周剂量。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为月剂量。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为年剂量。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为一系列确定数量的剂量之一。在另一个实施方案中,剂量为一次剂量。如下文中描述的,在另一个实施方案中,本发明的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子的有利方面为它们效力越大,使得能够使用越小的剂量。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于产生重组蛋白的方法,包括将体外翻译装置与体外合成的寡核糖核苷酸、体外合成的包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的寡核苷酸接触,从而产生重组蛋白质。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于产生重组蛋白的方法,包括将体外翻译装置与本发明的体外组转录的RNA分子、体外转录的包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的RNA分子接触,从而产生重组蛋白质。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外转录装置,包括:未修饰的核苷酸、包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的核苷酸和聚合酶。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了体外转录试剂盒,包括:未修饰的核苷酸、包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷的核苷酸和聚合酶。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,体外翻译装置包括网织红细胞裂解物。在另一个实施方案中,网织红细胞裂解物是兔网织红细胞裂解物。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了减小寡核糖核苷酸分子或RNA分子的免疫原性的方法,所述方法包括用包含经修饰的核苷或假尿苷的经修饰的核苷酸替代寡核糖核苷酸分子或RNA分子的核苷酸的步骤,从而减小寡核糖核苷酸分子或RNA分子的免疫原性。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了减小包含多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的基因治疗载体的免疫原性的方法,所述方法包括用包含经修饰的核苷或假尿苷的经修饰的核苷酸替代多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的核苷酸的步骤,从而减小基因治疗载体的免疫原性。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了增强从寡核糖核苷酸分子或RNA分子的体外翻译的方法,所述方法包括用包含经修饰的核苷或假尿苷的经修饰的核苷酸替代寡核苷酸分子或RNA分子的核苷酸的步骤,从而增强从寡核糖核苷酸分子或RNA分子的体外翻译。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了增强从包含多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的基因治疗载体的体内翻译的方法,所述方法包括用包含经修饰的核苷或假尿苷的经修饰的核苷酸替代多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的核苷酸的步骤,从而增强从基因治疗载体的体内翻译。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了利用包含多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的基因治疗载体增加重组蛋白质的递送的效率的方法,所述方法包括用包含经修饰的核苷或假尿苷的经修饰的核苷酸替代多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的核苷酸的步骤,从而增加通过基因治疗载体递送重组蛋白质的效率。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了增强包含多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的基因治疗载体的体内稳定性的方法,所述方法包括用包含经修饰的核苷或假尿苷的经修饰的核苷酸替代多核苷酸分子或RNA分子的核苷酸的步骤,从而增加基因治疗载体的体内稳定性。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了合成包含假尿苷核苷的体外转录的RNA分子的方法,所述方法包括将分离的聚合酶与未修饰的核苷酸和经修饰的核苷酸的混合物接触(实施例5和10)。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的体外转录法利用来自动物细胞的提取物。在另一个实施方案中,提取物来自网织红细胞或具有类似的体外转录效率的细胞。在另一个实施方案中,提取物来自本领域已知的任何其它类型的细胞。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,可在本发明的任何方法中使用本发明的任何RNA分子或寡核糖核苷酸分子。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了增强对抗原的免疫反应的方法,包括将抗原与线粒体(mt)RNA组合施用(实施例4和8)。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了降低RNA分子刺激树突细胞(DC)的能力的方法,包括利用本发明的方法(例如,参见实施例)修饰RNA分子的核苷。
在另一个实施方案中,DC为DC1细胞。在另一个实施方案中,DC为DC2细胞。在另一个实施方案中,DC为DC1细胞或DC2细胞亚型。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了降低RNA分子刺激由TLR3介导的信号转导的能力的方法,包括利用本发明的方法修饰RNA分子的核苷。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了降低RNA分子刺激由TLR7介导的信号转导的能力的方法,包括利用本发明的方法修饰RNA分子的核苷。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了降低RNA分子刺激由TLR8介导的信号转导的能力的方法,包括利用本发明的方法修饰RNA分子的核苷。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子中的所有核苷间或核苷酸间连接都为磷酸二酯键。在另一个实施方案中,核苷酸间连接主要为磷酸二酯。在另一个实施方案中,大多数核苷酸间连接为硫代磷酸酯。在另一个实施方案中,大多数核苷酸间连接为磷酸二酯。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,作为磷酸二酯的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子中的核苷酸间连接的百分比高于50%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于10%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于15%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于20%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于25%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于30%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于35%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于40%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于45%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于55%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于60%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于65%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于70%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于75%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于80%.在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于85%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于90%。在另一个实施方案中,百分比高于95%。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的方法包括增加RNA分子中的经修饰的核苷的数目、百分比或频率以减小免疫原性或增加翻译效率。如本文中所提供的(例如,参见实施例),在另一个实施方案中,RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子中的经修饰的残基的数目决定本发明中观察到的效应的量级。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于将重组蛋白质引入受试者的细胞的方法,包括将受试者与体外转录的编码重组蛋白的RNA分子、体外转录的还包含假尿苷或另一种经修饰的核苷的RNA分子接触,从而将重组蛋白质引入受试者的细胞。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于减少响应于受试者的基因治疗载体的TNF-α产量的方法,包括对载体进行工程改造以包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷碱基的步骤,从而减少响应于受试者的基因治疗载体的TNF-α产量。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于减少响应于受试者的基因治疗载体的IL-12产量的方法,包括对载体进行工程改造以包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷碱基的步骤,从而减少响应于受试者的基因治疗载体的IL-12产量。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了减小基因治疗载体的免疫原性的方法,包括将经修饰的核苷引入所述基因治疗载体,从而减小基因治疗载体的免疫原性。
如本文中所提供的,本发明的发现显示原代DC具有额外的RNA信号转导实体,其识别m5C-和m6A-修饰的RNA并且其信号转导被U残基的修饰抑制。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸和多核苷酸分子的有利方面是RNA不整合至基因组中(与基于DNA的载体相反)。在另一个实施方案中,有利方面是RNA的翻译,从而编码的产物的出现是瞬时的。在另一个实施方案中,有利方面是从mRNA产生的蛋白质的量可通过递送更多或更少的RNA来调节。在另一个实施方案中,有利方面是纯化的假尿苷或其它修饰的RNA、寡核糖核苷酸或多核苷酸分子的重复递送不诱导免疫反应,然而未修饰的RNA的重复递送可诱导通过RNA传感器的信号转导途径。
在另一个实施方案中,有利方面是不存在免疫原性,从而使得能够重复递送而不产生炎症细胞因子。在另一个实施方案中,RNA的稳定性通过环化(从而减少外切核酸酶的降解)来增加。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了治疗患有包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应的疾病的受试者的方法,包括给受试者施用TLR-3分子的拮抗剂,从而治疗患有疾病的受试者,所述受试者包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了治疗患有包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应的疾病的受试者的方法,包括给受试者施用TLR-7分子的拮抗剂,从而治疗患有包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应的疾病的受试者。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了治疗患有包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应的疾病的受试者的方法,包括给受试者施用TLR-8分子的拮抗剂,从而治疗患有包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应的疾病的受试者。
在另一个实施方案中,包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应的疾病为自身免疫疾病。在另一个实施方案中,疾病为全身性红斑狼疮(SLE)。在另一个实施方案中,疾病为本领域已知的另一种疾病,所述疾病包括抗自身RNA分子的免疫反应。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包括进行本发明的方法中使用的试剂的试剂盒。在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包括本发明的组合物、工具或仪器的试剂盒。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于测量或研究由TLR-3、TLR-7和TLR-8受体介导的信号转导的试剂盒,如实施例7中举例说明的。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的治疗方案是治疗性的。在另一个实施方案中,方案是预防性的。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在一个实施方案中,短语“接触细胞”或“接触群体”是指暴露的方法,其可以是直接的或间接的。在一个方法中,这样的接触包括通过本领域公知的任何方法例如显微注射进行的细胞的直接注射。在另一个实施方案中,至细胞的提供是间接的,例如通过在包围细胞的培养基中提供,或给受试者施用,或通过本领域已知的任何途径的提供。在另一个实施方案中,术语“接触”意指将本发明的分子引入接受治疗的受试者,并且使分子在体内与细胞接触。每一种可能性代表本发明的单独实施方案。
用于定量网织红细胞频率和测量EPO生物活性的方法在本领域是公知的,并且描述于例如Ramos,AS等(Biological evaluation ofrecombinant人erythropoietin in pharmaceutical products.Braz J MedBiol Res 36:1561)中。每一种方法代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,可通过本领域技术人员已知的任何方法例如胃肠外、癌旁(paracancerally)、透粘膜(transmucosally)、经皮、肌内、静脉内、皮内、皮下、腹膜内、心室内、颅内、阴道内或瘤内施用本发明的组合物。
在本发明的方法和组合物的另一个实施方案中,口服施用组合物,从而以适合用于口服施用的方式(即作为固体或液体制剂)配制组合物。适当的固体口服制剂包括片剂、胶囊、丸剂、粒剂、小丸(pellet)等。适当的液体口服制剂包括溶液、混悬液、分散液、乳液、油等。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,将活性成分配制在胶囊中。根据该实施方案,本发明的组合物,除了活性化合物和惰性载体或稀释剂外,还包含硬明胶化胶囊。
在其它实施方案中,通过静脉内、动脉内或肌内注射液体制剂来施用药物组合物。适当的液体制剂包括溶液、混悬液、分散液、乳液、油等。在另一个实施方案中,静脉内施用药物组合物,由此以适合用于静脉内施用的形式配制。在另一个实施方案中,动脉内施用药物组合物,由此以适合于动脉内施用的形式配制。在另一个实施方案中,肌内施用药物组合物,由此以适合于肌内施用的形式配制。
在另一个实施方案中,将药物组合物局部施用至身体表面,由此以适合于局部施用的形式配制。适合的局部制剂包括凝胶剂、软膏剂、乳膏剂、洗剂、滴剂等。为了进行局部施用,制备组合物或它们的生理上可耐受的衍生物,以生理上可接受的稀释剂(具有或不具有药用载体)中的溶液、混悬液或乳液施用。
在另一个实施方案中,以栓剂例如直肠栓剂或尿道栓剂的形式施用组合物。在另一个实施方案中,通过皮下植入小丸施用药物组合物。在另一个实施方案中,小丸在一段时间内提供受控的试剂释放。
在另一个实施方案中,将活性化合物于小囊泡例如脂质体中进行递送(参见Langer,Science 249:1527-1533(1990);Treat等,inLiposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer,Lopez-Berestein和Fidler(编),Liss,New York,pp.353-365(1989);Lopez-Berestein,如上,pp.317-327;通常参见如上)。
如本文中所使用的“药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂”对于本领域技术人员来说是公知的。在不同的实施方案中,载体或稀释剂可以是用于固体配制的固体载体或稀释剂、用于液体配制的液体载体或稀释剂或其混合物。
在另一个实施方案中,固体载体/稀释剂包括但不限于树胶、淀粉(例如玉蜀黍淀粉、预胶化淀粉)、糖(例如,乳糖、甘露醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖)、纤维质材料(例如微晶纤维素)、丙烯酸酯(例如聚丙烯酸甲酯)、碳酸钙、氧化镁、滑石或其混合物。
在其它实施方案中,用于液体制剂的药学上可接受的载体可以是水性或非水性溶液、混悬液、乳液或油。非水性溶剂的实例是丙二醇、聚乙二醇和可注射有机酯例如油酸乙酯。水性载体包括水、醇/水溶液性、乳液或悬浮液,包括盐水和缓冲介质。油的实例为石油、动物、植物或合成来源的油,例如花生油、大豆油、矿物油、橄榄油、向日葵油和鱼肝油。
胃肠外媒介物(用于皮下、静脉内、动脉内或肌内注射)包括氯化钠溶液、林格氏葡萄糖(Ringer′s dextrose)、葡萄糖和氯化钠、乳酸林格氏溶液和不挥发油。静脉内媒介物包括液体和营养补充剂(nutrientreplenisher)、电解质补充剂例如基于林格氏葡萄糖的那些补充剂等。实例是无菌液体(含或不含表面活性剂或其它药学上可接受的佐剂),例如水和油。一般地,水、盐水、葡萄糖水溶液和相关糖溶液以及二醇类例如丙二醇或聚乙二醇是优选的液体载体,特别是对于可注射溶液。油的实例是石油、动物、植物或合成来源的那些油,例如,花生油、大豆油、矿物油、橄榄油、向日葵油和鱼肝油。
在另一个实施方案中,组合物还包含粘合剂(例如阿拉伯胶、玉蜀黍淀粉、明胶、卡波姆、乙基纤维素、瓜尔胶、羟丙基纤维素、羟基羟丙甲基纤维素、聚维酮)、崩解剂(例如,玉蜀黍淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、海藻酸、二氧化硅、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、交聚维酮、瓜尔胶、淀粉羟乙酸钠)、不同pH和离子强度的缓冲剂(例如,Tris-HCI、醋酸盐、磷酸盐)、阻止吸附至表面的添加剂例如白蛋白或明胶、去垢剂(例如,Tween 20、Tween 80、Pluronic F68、胆汁酸盐)、蛋白酶抑制剂、表面活性剂(例如十二烷基硫酸钠)、渗透促进剂、增溶剂(例如,甘油、聚乙二醇)、抗氧化剂(例如,抗坏血酸、偏亚硫酸氢钠、丁基化羟基茴香醚)、稳定剂(例如羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素)、增粘剂(例如,卡波姆、二氧化硅胶体、乙基纤维素、瓜尔胶)、甜味剂(例如,阿司帕坦、柠檬酸)、防腐剂(例如,硫柳汞、苯甲醇、对羟苯甲酸酯)、滑润剂(例如硬脂酸、硬脂酸镁、聚乙二醇、十二烷基硫酸钠)、助流剂(例如二氧化硅胶体)、增塑剂(例如邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、柠檬酸三乙酯)、乳化剂(例如,卡波姆、羟丙基纤维素、十二烷基硫酸钠)、聚合物包衣(例如,泊洛沙姆或泊洛沙胺)、包衣剂和成膜剂(例如乙基纤维素、丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯)和/或佐剂。上述赋形剂各自代表本发明的单独实施方案。
在另一个实施方案中,本文中提供的药物组合物是控制释放组合物,即其中化合物在施用后一段时间内释放的组合物。控制释放或持续释放组合物包括亲脂贮库(例如脂肪酸、石蜡、油)中的制剂。在另一个实施方案中,组合物为即释(immediate-release)组合物,即其中全部化合物在施用后立即释放的组合。
在另一个实施方案中,通过共价连接水溶性聚合物例如聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇与聚丙二醇的共聚物、羧甲基纤维素、葡聚糖、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或聚脯氨酸来修饰本发明的分子。已知经修饰的化合物在静脉内注射后在血液中展示比相应的未修饰的化合物显著更长的半衰期(Abuchowski等,1981;Newmark等,1982;和Katre等,1987)。在另一个实施方案中,这类修饰也增加化合物在水溶液中的溶解度,消除聚集,增强化合物的生理和化学稳定性,以及极大地减小化合物的免疫原性和反应性。因此,可通过以比未修饰的化合物更低的频率或更小的剂量施用这类聚合物-化合物加成物来获得期望的体内生物活性。
在另一个实施方案中,将活性化合物以经中和的药学上可接受的盐形式配制到组合物中。药学上可接受的盐包括酸加成盐(例如,与多肽或抗体分子的游离氨基形成的),其可用无机酸例如盐酸或磷酸或这样的有机酸如醋酸、草酸、酒石酸、扁桃酸等来形成。由游离羧基形成的盐还可由无机碱例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钙或氢氧化铁,以及这样的有机碱如异丙胺、三甲胺、2-乙氨基乙醇、组氨酸、普鲁卡因等产生。
每一种上述添加剂、赋形剂、制剂和施用方法代表本发明的单独实施方案。
实施例
除非另外指出,否则在下面提供的实施例中使用下列实验方案。
实施例1-3的材料和方法
细胞培养。将新生儿人包皮成纤维细胞1079细胞(Cat#CRL-2097,ATCC,Manassas,VA)和人IMR90细胞(Cat#CCL-186,ATCC)培养在补充有10%热灭活胎牛血清(FBS,Hyclone Laboratories,Logan,UT)、2mM Glutamax(Invitrogen)、0.1mM β-巯基乙醇(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)和青霉素/链霉素的(Invitrogen)的高级MEM培养基(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)中。将所有细胞在37℃和5%CO2下生长。在某些实验中,将使用本文中描述的方法诱导的人iPS细胞在用0.1%的在DMEM/F12培养基中的明胶(Millipore,Phillipsburg,NJ)预包被的10-cm平板上的被辐射的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)(R&DSystems,Minneapolis,MN)上维持,所述DMEM/F12培养基补充有20%敲除血清替代者(KnockOut serum replacer)、0.1mM L-谷氨酰胺(全都来自Invitrogen)、0.1mM β-巯基乙醇(Sigma)和100ng/ml碱性成纤维生长因子(Invitrogen)。在某些实验中,将使用本文中描述的方法诱导的人iPS细胞维持在如先前所述收集的MEF-条件化培养基中(Xu等,2001)。
载体的构建。从cDNA克隆(ODen Biosystems,Huntsville,AL)PCR扩增KLF4、LIN28、NANOG和OCT4的开放阅读框架(ORF)的cDNA,将其在T7RNA聚合酶启动子的下游克隆入质粒载体(Mackie 1988,Studier和Moffatt 1986)(例如,不同的pBluescriptTM,Agilent,La Jolla,CA或pGEMTM,Promega,Madison,WI,载体)并且对其进行测序。从cDNA克隆(Invitrogen)PCR扩增SOX2的ORF,通过RT-PCR从HeLa细胞总RNA分离c-MYC的ORF。也将SOX2和c-MYC ORF都在T7RNA聚合酶启动子的下游克隆入质粒载体并且对其进行测序。
可将包含人(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)的开放阅读框架的替代质粒载体克隆入pBluescriptII。这些pBluescriptII载体可通过将上述开放阅读框架连接入在描述的5’与3’光滑爪蟾β-球蛋白非翻译区之间的EcoRV(cMyc)或EcoRV/SpeI(KLF4、LIN28、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)位点来构建(Krieg和Melton 1984)。
mRNA的产生。用BamHI线性化含T7 RNA聚合酶启动子的质粒构建体(pT7-KLF4、pT7-LIN28、pT7-c-MYC、pT7-OCT4、pT7-SOX2或pT7-XBg-KLF4、pT7-XBg-LIN28、pT7-XBg-c-MYC、pT7-XBg-OCT4和pT7-XBg-SOX2),并且用Xba I线性化pT7-NANOG和pT7-XBg-NANOG。将mSCRIPTTM mRNA产生系统(EPICENTRE或CellScript,Madison,WI,USA)用于产生具有5’帽1结构和3’聚腺苷酸尾(例如,具有约150个腺苷酸残基)的mRNA,除用假尿苷-5’-三磷酸(TRILINK,San Diego,CA)在体外转录反应中替代T7RNA聚合酶中的尿苷-5’-三磷酸外。
mRNA的产生和分析。在某些实验的实施方案中,利用HPLC纯化mRNA,收集柱级分,如“实施例35-38的材料和方法”中所述和/或如图22-24中描述和显示的分析mRNA级分的纯度和免疫原性。在某些实验的实施方案中,将包含编码一种或多种重编程因子的mRNA或由所述mRNA组成的纯化的RNA制剂(所述制剂展示几乎无或无免疫原性)用于将人体细胞重编程为iPS细胞的实验。
在MEF上重编程人体细胞。将1079成纤维细胞以1×105个细胞/孔涂铺在用0.1%明胶(Millipore)预包被的6孔培养皿上并且生长过夜。使用TransIT mRNA转染剂(MirusBio,Madison,WI),用等量的每一种重编程因子mRNA(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)转染1079成纤维细胞。进行总共3次转染,每隔一天进行一次转染,在第一次和第二次转染后第二天改变培养基。在第三次转染后第二天,用胰蛋白酶处理细胞,将3.3×105个细胞于1079培养基中涂铺在前一天用7.5×105个MEF接种的0.1%明胶预包被的10-cm平板上。将转染的1079成纤维细胞涂铺在MEF上后第二天,将培养基改变成iPS细胞培养基。每天改变iPS细胞培养基。将转染的细胞涂铺在MEF上后8天,使用MEF-条件化培养基。如选前所述(Xu等,2001)收集MEF条件化培养基。每天使用倒置显微镜筛选板上存在的具有iPS形态学的集落。
还使用用于在MEF上重编程1079和IMR90成纤维细胞的替代方案。将MEF以1.25×105个细胞/孔涂铺在0.1%明胶预包被的6孔培养皿并且在完全成纤维细胞培养基中温育过夜。将1079或IMR90成纤维细胞以3×104个细胞/孔涂铺在前一天用MEF接种的6孔培养皿上,于37℃/5%CO2下生长过夜。随后将mScript试剂盒用于从下列用于这类每日转染的载体(pT7-Xβg-KLF4、pT7-Xβg-LIN28、pT7-Xβg-c-MYC、pT7-Xβg-NANOG、pT7-Xβg-OCT4和pT7-Xβg-SOX2)产生帽1/多腺苷酸化mRNA。将所有6种重编程mRNA稀释至100ng/μl的每一种mRNA。使用下列转换系数(将OCT4设置在1并且将所有其它mRNA乘以这些转换系数以获得每一种mRNA混合物的等克分子浓度)一起添加等克分子浓度的每一种mRNA。KLF=1.32、LIN28=0.58、c-MYC=1.26、NANOG=0.85、OCT4=1和SOX2=0.88。为了获得等克分子浓度的每一种因子,可一起加入132μl的KLF4、58μl的LIN28、126μl的c-MYC、85μl的NANOG、100μl和OCT4和88μl的SOX2mRNA(各自在100ng/μl)。用于转染的600μg总剂量意指使用100ng(使用上述克分子浓度换算)的6种重编程mRNA中的每一种。将Trans-IT mRNA转染剂用于转染这些mRNA剂量。对于所有转染,将mRNA混合物添加至250μl的不具有添加剂的DMEM/F12培养基或不具有添加剂的高级MEM培养基。将5μl的mRNA加强剂和5μl的TransIT转染剂添加至每一个管中,在室温下温育2分钟,然后将转染混合物添加至2.5ml的含有10%FBS+100ng/ml hFGFb的高级MEM培养基或含有100ng/ml hFGFb的iPS培养基。每天重复转染,进行10-16天。在每一次转染后4小时改变培养基。在某些实验中,用胰蛋白酶处理细胞,在初次转染后5-8天将其涂铺在新的MEF平板上。将1079细胞分成6份或12份,将每一份涂铺在新的MEF平板上,同时将IMR90细胞分成3份或6份,将每一份涂铺在新的MEF平板上。
在MEF-条件化培养基中重编程人体细胞。将1079或IMR90成纤维细胞以3×105个细胞/10cm用0.1%明胶(Millipore)预包被的培养皿上,生长过夜。使用TransIT mRNA转染剂(MirusBio,Madison,WI),用等量的重编程因子mRNA(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)转染1079或IMR90成纤维细胞。对于每一次转染,每10-cm培养皿使用6μg、18μg或36μg的每一种重编程mRNA(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)。进行总共3次转染,每隔一天进行一次转染,在第一次和第二次的每一次转染后第二天改变培养基。在MEF条件化培养中进行所有转染。在第三次转染后第二天,用胰蛋白酶处理细胞,将3×105个细胞涂铺在用0.1%明胶(Millipore)预包被的10-cm培养皿上。将细胞在MEF条件化培养基中生长进行实验的持续时间。
也如先前部分中所描述的进行类似的日mRNA转染,唯一的差别是不将MEF用作饲养层,仅使用MEF条件化培养基。
免疫荧光。用PBS洗涤1079细胞或1079-源性iPS细胞平板,在室温下将其在4%在PBS中的多聚甲醛中固定30分钟。随后用PBS洗涤iPS细胞3次,每次5分钟,然后用PBS+0.1%Triton X-100洗涤3次。随后在室温下在封闭缓冲液(PBS+0.1%Triton,2%FBS和1%BSA)中封闭iPS细胞1小时。随后用以1∶500稀释于封闭缓冲液中的一抗(小鼠抗-人OCT4 Cat# sc-5279,Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Santa Cruz,CA)、(兔抗-人NANOG Cat #3580、兔抗-人KLF4 Cat#4038、小鼠抗-人LIN28 Cat#5930、兔抗-人c-MYC Cat#5605、兔抗-人SOX2 Cat# 3579和小鼠抗i-TRA-1-60,全部来自Cell SignalingTechnology,Beverly,MA)在室温下温育细胞2小时。于PBS+0.1%Triton X-100中洗涤5次后,用以1∶1000稀释于封闭缓冲液中的抗-兔Alexa Fluor 488抗体(Cat # 4412,Cell Signaling Technology)、抗-小鼠FITC二抗(Cat# F5262,Sigma)或抗-小鼠Alexa Fluor 555(Cat#4409,Cell Signaling Technology)温育iPS细胞2小时。使用NIS-elements软件(Nikon)在具有2-兆象素单色数码相机(Nikon)的Nikon TS100F倒置显微镜(Nikon,Tokyo,Japan)上获取图像。
实施例1
本实施例描述了确定利用编码KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2的mRNA的转染是否导致每一种各自的蛋白质产物在新生儿胎儿包皮1079成纤维细胞中表达和正确的亚细胞定位的测试。利用假尿苷-5’-三磷酸替代尿苷-5’-三磷酸来制备用于实验的mRNA(Kariko等,2008)。6孔培养皿的每一个孔用4μg的每一种mRNA转染1079成纤维细胞,转染后24小时进行免疫荧光分析。内源KLF4、LIN28、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2的蛋白水平通过未转染的1079细胞中的免疫荧光(图1:B、F、N、R、V)未能检测到。c-MYC的内源水平在未转染的1079细胞中相对较高(图1J)。利用编码转录因子KLF4、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2的mRNA的转染在mRNA转染后24小时都导致每一种蛋白质的主要细胞核定位(primarily nuclear localization)(图1:D、L、P、T、X)。细胞质mRNA结合蛋白LIN28被定位至细胞质(图1:H)。
实施例2
由于已显示高效mRNA转染和正确的重编程蛋白质亚细胞定位,因此本实施例描述了用于从体细胞成纤维细胞产生iPS细胞的方案的开发。将等量(按重量计)的KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2mRNA转染入1079成纤维细胞3次(每隔一天一次)。在第三次转染后第二天,将细胞涂铺在被辐射的MEF饲养细胞上并且在iPS细胞培养基中生长。将1079成纤维细胞涂铺至被辐射的MEF上后6天,两个假定的iPS细胞集落开始出现在用3μg的每一种重编程因子mRNA(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)转染的10-cm平板上。使集落生长直至最后一次转染后12天,然后将它们固定以用于免疫荧光分析。内细胞团(inner cell mass)-特异性标志NANOG通常用于测定iPS细胞集落是否为真实iPS集落(Gonzalez等,2009,Huangfu等,2008)。基于关于mRNA的稳定性和表达的持续时间的先前报导(Kariko等,2008),从12天前转染的mRNA产生的NANOG表达可忽略不计。NANOG的染色显示这两种iPS细胞集落都呈NANOG阳性(图2B、图D,和未显示的)。不为iPS细胞集落的部分的周围成纤维细胞呈NANOG阴性,这表明它们未被重编程为iPS细胞。
在使用相同方案进行的随后实验中,用相同重编程mRNA转染1079成纤维细胞和人IMR90成纤维细胞。早至将转染的细胞涂铺在被辐射的MEF后4天检测到多个集落。当将6μg的每一种mRNA(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)在6孔培养皿中用于转染时,后来在涂铺在10-cm平板中的MEF上后在两个细胞系中都检测到3个假定的iPS细胞集落(图3)。除了分析这些克隆的NANOG、TRA-1-60的表达外,还将完全重编程的iPS细胞的更严格的标志(Chan等,2009)用于免疫荧光分析。从1079成纤维细胞(图3A-F)和IMR90成纤维细胞(图3G-I)产生的iPS集落对于NANOG和TRA-1-60都呈阳性,表明这些克隆为完全重编程的III型iPS细胞集落。该方案(包括编码所有6种重编程因子的mRNA的3次转染和随后将其涂铺至MEF饲养细胞上)产生相似的重编程效率(3-6个iPS集落/1×106个输入细胞),如先前通过方案(包括通过表达质粒的转染来递送相同的重编程因子)所报导的(Aoi等,2008)。
实施例3
本实施例描述了使用mRNA提高重编程分化细胞的效率的努力。在一个方法中,使用如下方案,所述方案包括在MEF条件化培养基中而非在成纤维细胞培养基中用编码6种重编程因子的mRNA转染1079或IMR90成纤维细胞转染3次(每隔一天一次),随后在MEF条件化培养基中生长经处理的1079成纤维细胞而非在处理后将它们涂铺在MEF饲养层上。在使用的最高转染剂量(36μg的每一种重编程因子/10-cm培养皿)上,在最终转染后3天检测到208个iPS细胞集落(图A-F)。有趣地,在3天的时间点上在用6或18μg的每一种重编程因子转染的培养皿中未检测到iPS细胞集落,这表明高于18μg的剂量在这些条件下对于在MEF-条件化培养基中在3天内形成iPS细胞集落是非常重要的。IMR90细胞显示甚至更多数目的iPS细胞集落,在最终转染后8天,在用3个6-μg剂量的6种重编程因子mRNA的每一种转染的平板中具有约200个集落,以及在用18-μg或36-μg剂量的6种重编程mRNA的每一种转染3次的IMR90细胞(图4G-I)中具有超过1000个集落。在1079细胞中在最终转染后3天可看到集落,然而在IMR90细胞中在最终转染后6-7天才可看到集落。因此,来源于1079细胞的更成熟的集落与IMR90集落相比较更大和更密集并且在明视野图像中更暗(图4)。用36μg的每一种重编程mRNA转染3次的1079平板上的所有集落在最终mRNA转染后8天对于NANOG和TRA-1-60都呈阳性(图5A-I)。所有更成熟的IMR90 iPS集落对于NANOG和TRA-1-60也呈阳性(图5J-O),但因它们与更成熟的1079集落相比较不太密集的细胞性质而对于两个标志显示不太强的染色(图5A-I)。本方案(包括在EF条件化培养基中将mRNA递送入1079或IMR90细胞)具有200至超过1000多个集落/3×105个输入细胞的重编程效率。诱导iPS细胞的该方案比公开的方案(包括在成纤维细胞培养基中用编码这6种相同重编程因子的DNA质粒转染成纤维细胞)更快并且效率高出其几乎2-3个数据级(Aoi等,2008)。然而,基于公开的数据:重编程因子至1079新生儿成纤维细胞的慢病毒递送导致约57个iPS细胞集落/6×105个输入细胞(Aoi等,2008),本方案的效率为公开的方案(包括利用慢病毒递送重编程因子)的7至40倍。本方案也比公开的方法快得多。
实施例4
天然存在的RNA分子展示差异的激活树突细胞的能力材料及实验方法
质粒和试剂
分别从ATCC(Manassas,VA)和InvivoGen(San Diego,CA)获得质粒pT7T3D-MART-1和pUNO-hTLR3。pTEVluc获自Dr DanielGallie(UC Riverside),其包含pT7-TEV(烟草蚀纹病毒基因组RNA的前导序列)-荧光素酶-A50,并且描述于Gallie,DR等,1995.Thetobacco etch viral 5′leader and poly(A)tail are functionally synergisticregulators of translation.Gene 165:233)中。通过用BamHI和NotI消化除去萤火虫荧光素酶编码序列、进行末端充填,然后再连接从p2luc产生pSVren(Grentzmann G,Ingram JA等,A dual-luciferase reportersystem for studying recoding signals.RNA 1998;4(4):479-86)。
通过将编码与人TLR3(nt 703-722,登录号:NM_003265)具有20-nt长的同源物的shRNA的合成ODN插入质粒pSilencer4.1-CMV-neo(Ambion,Austin,TX)来构建人TLR3-特异性siRNA,pTLR3-sh。通过首先将hTLR3-特异性PCR引物(nt 80-2887;登录号NM_003265)克隆入pCRII-TOPO(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA),然后用Nhe I-Hind III切割释放,将其亚克隆入pcDNA3.1(Invitrogen)的相应位点来获得pCMV-hTLR3。LPS(大肠杆菌055:B5)获自SigmaChemical Co,St.Louis,MO。CpG ODN2006和R-848获自InvivoGen。
细胞和细胞培养
将人胚胎肾293细胞(ATCC)在补充有谷氨酰胺(Invitrogen)和10%FCS(Hyclone,Ogden,UT)的DMEM(完全培养基)中进行繁殖。在本文中的所有情况下,“293细胞”是指人胚胎肾(HEK)293细胞。通过用pUNO-hTLR3转化293细胞来产生293-hTLR3细胞。将细胞系293-hTLR7、293-hTLR8和293-hTLR9(InvivoGen)生长在补充有杀稻瘟菌素(10μG/ml)(Invivogen)的完全培养基中。如所描述的(Kariko等,2004,mRNA is an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 3.J BiolChem 279:12542-12550)培养细胞系293-ELAM-Iuc和TLR7-293(M.Lamphier,Eisai Research Institute,Andover MA)和TLR3-293细胞。用pTLR3-sh稳定地转染细胞系293、293-hTLR7和293-hTLR8,利用G-418(400μg/ml)(Invitrogen)进行选择。筛选抗新霉素集落,只有不表达TLR3,确定为缺乏对poly(I):(C)的IL-8分泌loin反应的那些集落才被用于进一步的研究。白细胞单采术(Leukopheresis)样品通过IRB-批准的方案获自未感染HIV的志愿者。
鼠DC的产生
通过从6-8周龄的C57BL/6小鼠的胫骨和股骨收集骨髓细胞,然后裂解红细胞来产生鼠DC。将细胞于2ml DMEM+10%FCS和20ng/ml muGM-CSF(R&D Systems)中以106个细胞/孔接种在6孔平板中。在第3天,添加2ml具有muGM-CSF的新鲜培养基。在第6天,收集2ml培养基/孔,将细胞沉淀,重悬浮于具有muGM-CSF的新鲜培养基中。在培养的第7天,收获、洗涤muDC。
天然RNA
使用分级分离裂解法(线粒体分离试剂盒;Pierce,Rockford,IL)从获自University of Pennsylvania Blood Bank的血小板分离线粒体。利用Master(BioRad,Hercules,CA)从293细胞、未分级分离的293细胞、大鼠肝、小鼠细胞系TUBO和大肠杆菌的DH5α株系未纯化的线粒体、细胞质和细胞核级分分离RNA。牛tRNA、小麦tRNA、酵母tRNA、大肠杆菌tRNA、来自小鼠心脏的聚腺苷酸+mRNA和poly(I):(C)购自Sigma,来自人脾和大肠杆菌RNA的总RNA购自Ambion。化学合成寡核糖核苷酸-5′-一磷酸(Dharmacon,Lafayette,CO)。
在Benzonase核酸酶(1U/5μl的RNA(1微克/微升(μg/μl))进行1小时)(Novagen,Madison,WI)存在的情况下温育等分的RNA样品。用碱性磷酸酶(New England Biolabs)消化RNA-730的等分。通过变性琼脂糖或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析RNA样品以确保质量。使用Limulus Amebocyte Lysate凝胶凝固测定法对RNA制剂中的LPS的测定呈阴性,灵敏度为3皮克/毫升(pg/ml)(University of Pennsylvania,Core Facility)。
HPLC分析
通过HPLC分离和显现一磷酸核苷。为了释放游离核苷3′-一磷酸,用0.1U的10μl 50mM NaOAc和2mM EDTA缓冲液(pH 4.5)中的RNA酶T2(Invitrogen)降解5μg的RNA等分,进行过夜,随后使用Waters Symmetry C18柱(Waters,Milford,MA)将样品注射到Agilent 1100 HPLC中。在60分钟内以1mL/分钟的流速运行100%缓冲液A(30mM KH2PO4和10mM磷酸四乙铵[PicA reagent,Waters],pH 6.0)至30%缓冲液B(乙腈)的梯度。在254nm上使用光电二极管阵列检测核核苷酸。通过保留时间和光谱验证身份。
树突细胞测定
用R-848、或处理96孔平板中的树突细胞(大约1.1×105个细胞/孔)1小时,然后改变培养基。在8小时(除非另外指出)结束时,收获细胞以进行RNA分离或流式细胞术,同时将收集的培养基经历细胞因子ELISA。利用夹心ELISA测量上清液中的IL-12(p70)(BD Biosciences Pharmingen,San Diego,CA)、IFN-α、TNF-α和IL-8(Biosource International,Camarillo,CA)的水平。以一式三份或一式四份进行培养,以一式两份进行测量。
Northern印迹分析
在如上所述处理后8小时温育后,从MDDC分离RNA。应注意,在刺激前30分钟和贯穿整个温育期间用2.5μg/ml环己酰亚胺(Sigma)处理细胞。处理RNA样品,如所描述的(Kariko等,2004,ibid)使用来源于获自ATCC的质粒(分别地pE4和pHcGAP)的人TNF-α和GAPDH探针在Northern印迹上分析所述样品。
结果
为了测定不同细胞RNA亚型的免疫刺激潜能,从不同的亚细胞组分-即细胞质、细胞核和线粒体分离RNA。将这些RNA级分以及总RNA、tRNA和聚腺苷酸尾选择的mRNA(全部来自哺乳动物来源)与复合并且被添加至MDDC。然而哺乳动物的总RNA、细胞核RNA和细胞质RNA都刺激MDDC,如通过可检测的TNF-α分泌证明的,TNF-α水平远低于通过体外合成的mRNA诱导的水平(图6)。此外,哺乳动物tRNA不诱导任何可检测水平的TNF-α,然而线粒体(mt)RNA诱导比其它哺乳动物RNA亚型多得多的TNF-α。细菌总RNA也是MDDC的强有力激活剂;相比之下,细菌tRNA仅诱导低水平的TNF-α。来自其它来源(酵母、小麦胚、牛)的tRNA是非刺激性的。当测试来自其它哺乳动物来源的RNA时观察到相似结果。当用Benzonase(其切割ssRNA和dsRNA)消化RNA样品时,MDDC中的RNA信号转导被消除,从而验证了TNF-α分泌归因于制剂中的RNA。测试的RNA类型的激活潜能与核苷酸修饰的程度呈反相关。在本实施例中描述的实验中对于两种类型的产生细胞因子的DC获得相似的结果。
这些发现证明RNA的免疫原性受核苷修饰的程度影响,更大程度的修饰倾向于减小免疫原性。
实施例5
具有经修饰的核苷的RNA分子的体外合成材料和实验方法体外转录的RNA
通过使用体外转录测定法(MessageMachine和MegaScript试剂盒;Ambion),如所描述的(Kariko等,1998,Phosphate-enhancedtransfection of cationic lipid-complexed mRNA and plasmid DNA.Biochim Biophys Acta 1369,320-334)利用T7RNA聚合酶(RNAP)产生下列长RNA(注意:模板的名称示于括号中;RNA名称中的数字指定长度):RNA-1866(Nde I-线性化pTEVluc)编码萤火虫荧光素酶和50nt-长的聚腺苷酸尾。RNA-1571(Ssp I-线性化pSVren)编码海肾荧光素酶。RNA-730(Hind III-线性化pT7T3D-MART-l)编码人黑色瘤抗原MART-I。RNA-713(EcoR I-线性化pTIT3D-MART-l)相应于MART-1的反义序列,RNA497(Bgl II-线性化pCMV-hTLR3)编码hTLR3的部分5′片段。RNA分子的序列如下:
为了获得经修饰的RNA,通过用经修饰的核苷酸5-甲基胞苷、5-甲基尿苷、2-硫尿苷、N6-甲基腺苷或假尿苷的相应的三磷酸酯衍生物(TriLink,San Diego,CA)替代基本NTP的一种(或二种)来装配转录反应。在每一个转录反应中,以7.5毫摩尔(mM)的浓度提供所有4种核苷酸或它们的衍生物。在选择的实验中,如所指示的,还包括6mM m7GpppG帽类似物(New England BioLabs,Beverly,MA)以获得加帽的RNA。使用DNA寡脱氧核苷酸模板和T7 RNAP(siRNA构建试剂盒,Ambion)产生ORN5和ORN6。
结果
为了进一步测试核苷修饰对免疫原性的影响,开发了利用假尿苷或经修饰的核苷产生RNA分子的体外系统。进行体外转录反应,其中用相应的核苷经修饰的NTP替代4种核苷酸三磷酸(NTP)的1或2种。转录数组RNA,所述RNA具有长度在0.7-1.9kb的范围内的不同一级序列,并且包含0、1或2种类型的经修饰的核苷的RNA。经修饰的RNA与其非修饰对应物在它们在变性凝胶电泳中的迁移率方面无区别,这显示它们是完整的或否则未被修饰(图7A)。该方法对于T7、SP6和T3噬菌体聚合酶的任一种是非常有效力飞,从而可被推广至多种RNA聚合酶。
这些发现提供了用于产生具有经修饰的核苷的RNA分子的新型体外系统。
实施例6
体外转录的RNA刺激人TLR3,并且核苷修饰减小RNA材料的免疫原性和实验方法
将亲代-293;293-hTLR7和293-hTLR8细胞(都表达TLR3-特异性siRNA)以及293hTLR9、TLR3-293接种入96-孔平板(5×104个细胞/孔)并且在无抗生素的情况下进行培养。第二天,如所描述的(Kariko等,1998,如上)将细胞暴露于R-848或与(Invitrogen)复合的RNA。1小时后除去RNA,将细胞在完全培养基中再温育7小时。收集上清液以进行IL-8测量。
结果
为了确定核苷的修饰是否影响TLR的RNA介导的激活,稳定地转化人胚胎肾293细胞以表达人TLR3。利用-复合的RNA处理细胞系,监控TLR激活,如通过白细胞介素(IL)-8释放所指示的。测试几种不同的RNA分子。未修饰的体外转录的RNA引发高水平的IL-8分泌。但相反地,含有m6A或s2U核苷修饰的RNA未诱导可检测的IL-8分泌(图7B)。测试的其它核苷修饰(即m5C、m5U、Ψ和m5C/Ψ)对TLR3刺激具有更小的抑制作用(图7B)。″Ψ″是指假尿苷。
因此,核苷修饰例如m6A S2U、m5C、m5U、Ψ减小通过TLR3信号转导介导的RNA的免疫原性。
实施例7
体外转录的RNA刺激人TLR7和TLR8,并且核苷修饰减少RNA的免疫原性
为了测试293表达内源TLR3(其干扰RNA对特定TLR受体的作用的评估)的概率,通过用表达TLR3-特异性短发夹(sh)RNA(也称为siRNA)的质粒稳定地转染细胞从293-TLR8细胞系来消除内源TLR3的表达。将该细胞系用于进一步研究,因为其对poly(I):(C)、LPS和含有CpG的寡脱氧核苷酸(ODN)不起反应,这表明TLR3、TLR4和TLR9的不存在,但对R-848(人TLR8的同源配体)起反应(图7B)。当用体外转录的RNA转染表达TLR3-靶向shRNA的293-hTLR8细胞(293-hTLR8shRNA-TLR3细胞)时,它们分泌大量IL-8。相反地,包含大多数核苷修饰(m5C、m5U、Ψ和m5C/Ψ、S2U)的RNA消除刺激(IL-8的产量不超过阴性对照(即空载体))。m6A修饰具有可变效应,在某些情况下消除,在其它情况下减少IL-8释放(图7B)。
本实施例和先前实施例的结果显示(a)具有天然磷酸二酯核苷酸间连接的RNA(例如体外转录的RNA)刺激人TLR3、TLR7和TLR8;和(b)核苷修饰例如m6A、m5C、m5U、s2U和Ψ单独地和组合地减小通过TLR3、TLR7和TLR8信号转导介导的RNA的免疫原性。此外,这些结果提供了用于研究通过特异性TLR受体介导的信号转导的新型系统。
实施例8
核苷修饰减小通过TLR7和TLR8信号转导介导的RNA的免疫原性
下一组实验测试从天然来源分离的RNA刺激TLR3、TLR7和TLR8的能力。将来自不同哺乳动物种的RNA转染入先前实施例中描述的表达TLR3、TLR7和TLR8的293细胞系。哺乳动物RNA样品都不诱导高于阴性对照的水平的IL-8分泌。相反地,从两个不同大肠杆菌来源获得的细菌总RNA在用TLR3、TLR7和TLR8但非TLR9转染的细胞中诱导强劲的IL-8分泌(图7C)。LPS和未甲基化的DNA(CpG ODN)(细菌RNA分离物中的潜在污染物)激活测试的TLR3、TLR7或TLR8。从人血小板分离的线粒体RNA刺激人TLR8,但不刺激TLR3或TLR7。
这些结果证明未修饰的体外转录的RNA和细菌RNA是TLR3、TLR7和TLR8的激活剂,线粒体RNA刺激TLR8。此外,这些结果确认了发现:RNA的核苷修饰减小其刺激TLR3、TLR7和TLR8的能力。
实施例9
核苷修饰减小RNA诱导DC进行细胞因子分泌和激活标志表达的能力
材料和实验方法
DC刺激测定
在用RNA温育20小时后,用CD83-藻红蛋白mAb(ResearchDiagnostics Inc,Flanders,NJ)、HLA-DR-Cy5PE和CD80或CD86-异硫氰酸荧光素mAb对DC染色,使用软件(BDBiosciences)在流式细胞仪上进行分析。在20小时的温育结束时收获细胞培养上清液,将其经历细胞因子ELISA。通过ELISA测量上清液中IL-12(p70)(BD Biosciences Pharmingen,SanDiego,CA)、IFN-α和TNF-α(Biosource International,Camarillo,CA)的水平。以一式三份或一式四份进行培养,以一式两份测量每一个样品。
结果
随后的实验测试含经修饰的或未修饰的核苷的RNA刺激产生细胞因子的MDDC的能力。核苷修饰可重现性地减小5RNA诱导产生GM-CSF/lL-4的MDDC和产生(GMCSF)/IFN-α的MDDC分泌TNF-α和IL-12的能力,在大多数情况下,至不超过阴性对照的水平(图8A和B)。当测试其它组的具有相同碱基修饰但不同一级序列和长度的RNA时,或当通过添加5′帽结构和/或3′-末端聚腺苷酸尾或通过除去5′三磷酸部分进一步修饰RNA时,结果相似。不同长度和序列的RNA由DC诱导不同量的TNF-α,通常小于2倍的差异(图8C)。
随后,对原代DC1和DC2进行测定。从外周血纯化原代单核细胞样(DCI,BDCA1+)和类浆细胞(DC2,BDCA4+)DC。当暴露于R-848时,两种细胞类型都以极低的水平产生TNF-α,但只有DC1对poly(I):(C)起反应,这表明DC2中不存在TLR3活性。体外转录物的转染在DC1和DC2中都诱导TNF-α分泌,然而m5U、Ψ或s2U-修饰的转录物无刺激性(图8D)。与产生细胞因子的DC相反,RNA的m5C和m6A修饰在原代DC1和DC2中不减小其刺激性能力。具有m6A/Ψ双修饰的转录物无刺激性,然而RNA分子与单一类型的修饰(m6A+Ψ)的混合物是强细胞因子诱导剂。因此,尿苷修饰在原代DC中对RNA分子产生顺式显性抑制效应。这些结果在测试的所有供体之间是一致的。
这些发现显示体外转录的RNA刺激DC产生细胞因子。此外,由于DC2不表达TLR3或TLR8,并且RNA的m5C和m6A修饰减小其对TLR7的刺激能力,因此这些发现显示原代DC具有另外的RNA信号转导实体,所述实体识别m5C-和m6A-修饰的RNA并且其信号转导被U残基的修饰抑制。
作为另外的免疫原性指示剂,CD80、CD83、CD86和MHC II类分子的细胞表面表达以及TNF-α的分泌通过用RNA-1571和其修饰形式处理的MDDC的FACS分析来测量。利用假尿苷和经修饰的核苷(m5C、m6A、s2U和m6A/Ψ)对RNA的修饰减少了这些标志(图9),从而验证了先前的发现。
总之,RNA诱导DC成熟和分泌细胞因子的能力取决于DC的亚型以及存在于RNA中的核苷修饰的特征。递增量的修饰减小RNA的免疫原性。
实施例10
RNA-介导的免疫刺激的抑制与存在于RNA中的经修饰的核苷的数目成比例
材料和实验方法
人DC
对于产生细胞因子的DC,通过不连续Percoll梯度离心从PBMC纯化单核细胞。使用特异于CD2、CD16、CD19和CD56的磁珠(Dynal,Lake Success,NY)耗尽低密度级分(富集单核细胞的)的B、T和NK细胞,产生高度纯化的单核细胞,如使用抗-CD14(>95%)或抗-CD11c(>98%)mAb通过流式细胞术测定的。
为了产生未成熟DC,将纯化的单核细胞培养在AIM V无血清培养基(Life Technologies)中以产生所述单核细胞源性DC(MDDC)(Weissman,D等,2000.J Immunol 165:4710-4717),所述培养基补充有AIM V培养基(Invitrogen)中的GM-CSF(50ng/ml)+IL-4(100ng/ml)(R & D Systems,Minneapolis,MN)。DC还可通过利用GM-CSF(50ng/ml)+IFN-α(1,000V/ml)(R & D Systems)处理以获得IFN-αMDDC来产生(Santini等,2000.Type I interferon as a powerfuladjuvant for monocyte-derived dendritic cell development and activity invitro and in Hu-PBL-SCID mice.J Exp Med 191:1777-178)。
分别使用BDCA-1和BDCA-4细胞分离试剂盒(Miltenyi BiotecAuburn,CA)从外周血获得原代骨髓样和类浆细胞DC(DC1和DC2)。
结果
大多数迄今使用的核苷修饰的RNA包含一种类型的在RNA中约25%的总核苷酸(例如所有尿苷碱基)中发生的修饰。为了确定足以在本文中利用的条件下减小免疫原性的特定经修饰的核苷的最低频率,产生具有有限数目的经修饰的核苷的RNA分子。在第一组实验中,在不同比率的m6A、Ψ(假尿苷)或m5C对它们的相应未修饰的NTP存在的情况下体外转录RNA。经修饰的核苷磷酸至RNA内的掺入的量预期与转录反应中包含的比率成正比,因为利用T7RNAP获得的RNA产率显示酶利用m6A、Ψ或m5C的NTP的效率几乎与基本NTP一样。为了验证该预期,消化在50∶50比率的UTP∶Ψ存在的情况下转录的RNA,发现其以几乎50∶50的比率包含UMP和Ψ(图10A)。
将具有递增的经修饰的核苷含量的RNA分子转染入MDDC,评估TNF-α分泌。每一种修饰(m6A、Ψ和m5C)以与经修饰的碱基的分数成正比地抑制TNF-α分泌。即使最小量的测试的经修饰的碱基(0.2-0.4%,相应于3-6个经修饰的核苷/1571nt分子),也足以可测量地抑制细胞因子分泌(图10B)。具有1.7-3.2%经修饰的核苷水平(14-29个修饰/分子)的RNA展示50%的TNF-α表达的诱导的减小。在表达TLR的293细胞中,需要更高百分比(2.5%)的经修饰的核苷来抑制RNA介导的信号转导事件。
因此,假尿苷和经修饰的核苷减小RNA分子的免疫原性,即使当以小分数的残基存在时亦如此。
在其它实验中,合成具有磷酸二酯核苷酸间连接的21聚体寡核糖核苷酸(ORN),其中经修饰的核苷(m5C、Ψ或2′-O-甲基-U[Um])在特定的位置被置换(图11A)。然而未修饰的ORN诱导TNF-α分泌,该效应因单个核苷修饰的存在而消除(图11B)。对于TLR-7和TLR-8-转化的表达TLR3-靶向siRNA的293细胞获得相似结果。
上述结果通过使用上述21聚体ORN(ORN1)和31聚体体外合成的转录物(ORN5和ORN6),利用Northern印迹测定法测量MDDC的TNF-αmRNA水平得到验证。为了扩增信号,将阻断所选择的mRNA消化的环己酰亚胺添加至某些样品,如附图中所指示的。未修饰的ODN升高TNF-αmRNA水平,然而含有单个经修饰的核苷的ORN具有显著更低的刺激性;ORN2-Um展示TNF-α产量的最大减少(图11C)。在小鼠巨噬细胞-样RAW细胞中和人DC中观察到相似结果。
概括而言,测试的每一种修饰(m6A、m5C、m5U、s2U、Ψ和2′-O-甲基)抑制RNA介导的免疫刺激,即使当以小分数的残基存在时亦如此。此外,当增加经修饰的核苷的比例时观察到进一步的抑制。
实施例11
RNA的假尿苷-修饰减小其体内免疫原性
为了测定假尿苷修饰对RNA的体内免疫原性的影响,将0.25μgRNA复合至将其气管内注射入小鼠,24小时后将小鼠放血,从血清样品测定TNF-α和IFN-α的循环水平。与由未修饰的mRNA引发的相比较,加帽的、假尿苷-修饰的mRNA明显诱导更少的TNF-α和IFN-αmRNA(图12A-B)。
这些结果还提供了假尿苷-修饰的mRNA比未修饰的RNA具有显著更小的体内免疫原性的证据。
实施例12
含有假尿苷的RNA展示减小的激活PRK的能力材料和实验方法
PKR磷酸化测定
在镁/ATP混合物(Upstate)、激酶缓冲液和[γ32p]ATP混合物和RNA分子存在的情况下于30℃下温育活性PKR琼脂糖(Upstate)的等分30分钟。测试未修饰的RNA和具有核苷修饰(m5C、假尿苷、m6A、m5U)的RNA和dsRNA。添加人重组eIF2a(BioSource),将样品在30℃下再温育5分钟。通过添加具有还原剂(Invitrogen)的NuPage LDS样品缓冲液来终止反应,在70℃变性10分钟,然后在10%PAGE上进行分析。将凝胶干燥,然后暴露于胶片。将肝素(1U/μl),PKR激活剂用作阳性对照。
结果
为了确定含有假尿苷的mRNA是否激活dsRNA-依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR),在加帽的编码海肾荧光素的mRNA(0.5和0.05ng/μl)存在的情况下,使用重组人PKR及其底物eIF2α(真核生物起始因子2α)进行体外磷酸化测定。含有假尿苷(Ψ)的mRNA不激活PKR,如通过PKR的自身磷酸化和eIF2α的磷酸化的不存在检测的,然而不具有核苷修饰的RNA和具有m5C修饰的mRNA激活PKR(图13)。因此,假尿苷修饰减小RNA的免疫原性。
实施例13
增强的蛋白质从含有假尿苷和m5C的RNA的体外翻译材料和实验方法
mRNA在兔网织红细胞裂解物中的体外翻译
在兔网织红细胞裂解物(Promega,Madison WI)中进行体外翻译。用1μl(1μg)mRNA补充9-μl的裂解物等分,在30℃温育60分钟。取出1μl等分用以进行分析,使用萤火虫和海肾测定系统(Promega,Madison WI),以及LUMAT LB 950光度计(Berthold/EG&G Wallac,Gaithersburg,MD)和10秒测量时间。
结果
为了测定假尿苷修饰对RNA体外翻译效率的影响,将(0.1μg/μl)未加帽的用假尿苷修饰的编码萤火虫荧光素酶的mRNA在兔网织红细胞裂解物中于30℃下温育1小时,测定荧光素酶活性。在兔网织红细胞裂解物中但非在小麦提取物或大肠杆菌裂解物中,含有假尿苷的mRNA的翻译效率为不含有假尿苷的RNA的2倍以上(图14),这显示假尿苷修饰增加RNA翻译效率。对于m5C-修饰的RNA获得相似结果。当将聚腺苷酸尾添加至含有假尿苷的mRNA时,观察到翻译效率进一步增加10倍。(图10)。
因此,假尿苷和m5C修饰增加RNA的翻译效率,添加聚腺苷酸尾至含有假尿苷的mRNA进一步增加翻译效率。
实施例14
在培养的细胞中增强的蛋白质从含有假尿苷的RNA的翻译材料和实验方法
细胞的翻译测定
在转染前1天以5×104个细胞/孔接种具有96个孔的平板。装配复合物,在除去培养基(0.2μg mRNA-0.8μglipofectin于50μl/孔中)后将其直接添加至细胞单层。在37℃,5%CO2培养箱中用转染混合物温育细胞,然后用新鲜、预温热的含有10%FCS的培养基替代混合物,随后如先前实施例中所述分析细胞。
结果
为了测定假尿苷修饰对培养的细胞的RNA翻译的影响,用体外转录的、核苷修饰的加帽的编码报告蛋白海肾的mRNA转染293细胞。在转染开始后3小时裂解细胞,通过酶促测定测量海肾的水平。在293细胞中,假尿苷-和m5C-修饰的DNA的翻译效率分别为未修饰的mRNA的几乎10倍和4倍(图l5A)。
随后,利用原代骨髓源性小鼠DC进行实验,在该情况下在转染后3小时和8小时裂解细胞。含有假尿苷修饰的RNA的翻译效率为未修饰的RNA的15-30倍(图l5B)。
使用人DC以及其它原代细胞和已建立的细胞系(包括CHO和小鼠巨噬细胞-样RAW细胞)获得相似表达结果。在所有细胞类型中,假尿苷修饰产生测试的修饰的最大增强。
因此,假尿苷修饰增加所有测试的细胞类型(包括不同类型的专门的抗原呈递细胞和非专门的抗原呈递细胞)的RNA翻译效率,提供了假尿苷修饰增加RNA翻译的效率的进一步证据。
实施例15
5′和3′元件还增强ψmRNA在哺乳动物细胞中的翻译
为了测试其它RNA结构元件对因假尿苷修饰而产生的翻译的增强的影响,合成一组编码萤火虫荧光素的ψmRNA,所述mRNA包含下列修饰的组合:1)独特的5′未翻译序列(TEV,不依赖于帽的翻译增强子),2)帽和3)聚腺苷酸尾。评估这些修饰增强ψmRNA或常规mRNA的翻译的能力(图16A)。这些结构元件累加性地增强常规和ψmRNA的翻译效率,在所有结构中,ψmRNA展示更大的蛋白质产量。
然后,在293细胞中在24小时的过程中检查蛋白质从最高效的萤火虫荧光素酶ψmRNA构建体capTEVlucA50(包含TEV、帽和延长的聚腺苷酸尾)表达的能力(图16B)。与等量的常规mRNA构建体相比较,ψmRNA在每一个测试的时间点上产生更多蛋白质和赋予更持久的荧光素酶表达,从而显示ψ-修饰稳定mRNA。
为了测试mRNA的ψ-修饰是否原位提高哺乳动物细胞的翻译效率,产生具有或不具有延长的聚腺苷酸尾(An)和编码β-半乳糖苷酶(lacZ)的caplacZ-ψmRNA构建体,将其用于转染293细胞。mRNA递送后24小时,通过X-gal显现与相应的对照(常规)转录物相比较在caplacZ和caplacZ-An中检测到β-半乳糖苷酶水平的的显著升高(图16C)。当分析表达可检测水平的β-半乳糖苷酶的数目或单个细胞的信号强度时观察到该倾向。
实施例13
增强的蛋白质从含有假尿苷的RNA的体内翻译材料和实验方法
脑内RNA注射
所有动物方法遵照国立卫生研究所的实验动物管理与使用指南(NIH Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals)并且通过动物管理和使用委员会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)批准。通过腹膜内注射戊巴比妥钠(60mg/kg体重)麻醉雄性Wistar大鼠(CharlesRiver Laboratories,Wilmington,MA)。将头置于立体定位架中,两侧产生8个均匀间隔的直径1.5mm的钻孔(相对于前卤点的坐标:前面/后面+3,0,-3,-6mm;侧面±2.5mm),使脑硬膜保持完整。使用25μl注射器(Hamilton,Reno,NV)利用30规、1英寸无菌针(Beckton 25Dickinson Labware,Franklin Lakes,NJ)进行脑内注射,将所述针固定至大探头架和立体定位臂。为了在注射器中避免空气间隔,在连接针之前用55μl复合物充满针头接口,通过针头将抽动剩余样品。确定相对于硬膜表面的注射深度(2mm),以单次快速造影剂团滴注(rapid bolus infusion)施用4μl复合物(32ng mRNA)。3小时后,利用氟烷无痛致死大鼠,取出脑置于冷冻磷酸缓冲盐溶液。
RNA至小鼠尾静脉内的注射
用60μl-复合的RNA(0.26μg)注射(快速注射)雌性BALB/c小鼠(Charles River Laboratories)的尾静脉。取出器官,使用研杵将其在微量离心管中于荧光素酶或海肾裂解缓冲液中进行匀浆。将匀浆物离心,分析上清液的活性。
RNA至肺的递送
使用氯胺酮(l00mg/kg)和甲苯噻嗪(xylasine)(20mg/kg)麻醉雌性BALB/c小鼠。在邻近气管的皮肤中产生小切口。当暴露气管时,将501-11-复合的RNA(0.2μg)滴入朝向肺的气管。封闭切口,使动物恢复。在RNA递送后3小时,通过颈椎脱位术处死小鼠,取出肺,在荧光素酶或海肾裂解缓冲液(250μl)中进行匀浆,测定活性。在不同组的动物中,从尾静脉收集血液样品(100μl/动物),将其凝固,离心。如上述实施例中所描述的,使用小鼠特异性抗体,通过ELISA将血清级分用于测定TNF和IFNα的水平。
结果
为了测定假尿苷修饰在体内对RNA翻译的影响,用加帽的编码海肾荧光素酶的假尿苷修饰的RNA或未修饰的RNA注射大鼠脑皮层的每一个半球,测量RNA翻译。假尿苷-修饰的RNA比未修饰的RNA显著更高效地翻译(图17A)。
然后,在小鼠中进行表达研究。编码萤火虫荧光素酶的mRNA,由于无内源哺乳动物酶,干扰其检测。用帽、TEV(capTEVA50)和延长的(-200nt)聚腺苷酸尾构建转录物(未修饰的和ψmRNA)。将0.25μg-复合的RNA注射入小鼠(经尾静脉静脉内(i.v.))。观察许多器官的荧光素酶活性以确定最佳测量位置。0.3μg capTEVlucAnψmRNA的施用在脾中诱导高荧光素酶表达以及在骨髓中诱导中等表达,但在肺、肝、心脏、肾或脑中几乎不诱导表达(图17B)。在随后的研究中,研究脾。
然后在时间过程实验中比较常规与ψmRNA(0.015mg/kg;0.3μg/动物,静脉内给予)的翻译效率。在常规或ψmRNA施用后,荧光素酶活性可在1小时时被容易的检测到,在4小时达到峰值,24小时时下降,但所有时间在给予ψmRNA的动物中显著更大(图17C,左图框)。24小时时,只有注射了ψmRNA的动物显示可检测的脾荧光素酶活性(高于本底4倍)。当将编码海肾荧光素酶mRNA(具有或不具有ψ修饰的capRen)而非萤火萤火虫荧光素酶注射入动物时,或当将分离的小鼠脾细胞在培养中暴露于mRNA时,获得相似的相对表达模式(经修饰的与未修饰的mRNA之间)。
在随后的实验中,通过气管内注射将0.25μg递送至小鼠肺。加帽的假尿苷-修饰的RNA比加帽的不具有假尿苷修饰的RNA更高效地翻译(图17D)。
因此,假尿苷修饰在培养的细胞中体外增加RNA翻译效率,和在多个动物模型中和通过多个施用途径在体内增加RNA翻译效率,这显示其广泛用作增加RNA翻译效率的方法。
实施例17
假尿苷修饰增强RNA体内稳定性
来自先前实施例的动物的注射后1和4小时时的脾RNA的Northern分析显示:施用的mRNA(以其完整和部分降解的形式存在的)可被容易地检测(图17C,右图框)。相反地,在第24小时,未修饰的capTEVlucAn mRNA低于检测的水平,然而capTEVlucAnψmRNA,尽管部分降解,仍然可被清晰地检测到。因此,ψmRNA在体内比对照mRNA更稳定地保存。
为测试体内蛋白质产量是否定量地取决于静脉内递送的mRNA的浓度,以0.015-0.150mg/kg(0.3-3.0μg capTEVlucAn/动物)给小鼠施用mRNA,如上所述在6小时后分析脾。荧光素酶表达在数量上与注射的RNA的量(图18)和每个浓度相关。
这些发现确认了实施例15的结果,从而证明ψmRNA比未修饰的RNA更稳定。此外ψ-mRNA的免疫原性比未修饰的RNA小,如上文中所描述的(图12和图17C,右图框)。
概括实施例16-17,也在体内观察到体外观察到的ψ-mRNA与常规mRNA相比较的3个有利方面(增强的翻译、增加的稳定性和减小的免疫原性)。
实施例18
经呼吸道递送的ψmRNA表现与静脉内施用的mRNA类似的行为
为了测试ψmRNA通过吸入递送的能力,通过气管内途径将编码萤火虫荧光素酶的-或PEI-复合的mRNA递送至小鼠,其中将针置入气管,将mRNA溶液喷入肺。与静脉内递送相似,与未修饰的mRNA相比较,对于ψmRNA观察到显著更多的荧光素酶表达(图19),虽然与静脉内途径相比较,对于气管内途径产生显著更少的蛋白质。与媒介物对照相比较,通过气管内途径施用的未修饰的mRNA与炎症细胞因子(IFN-α和TNF-α)的显著更高的浓度相关。然而ψmRNA并非如此(图19)。
因此,可通过吸入递送ψmRNA而不激活先天性免疫反应。
实施例19
EPO-ψmRNA至293细胞的递送
从包含人EPO cDNA的质粒产生ψmRNA。当将0.25μgEPO-ψmRNA转染入106个培养的293细胞时,产生超过600mU/ml的EPO蛋白。因此,本发明的经修饰的RNA分子在递送重组蛋白至细胞上是有效的。
实施例20
改进的EPO-编码ψmRNA构建体的制备
材料和实验方法
使用限制性内切酶技术克隆EPO编码序列以产生2个新质粒pTEV-EPO和pT7TS-EPO,所述质粒用作EPO-ψmRNA产生的模板。通过体外转录(和试剂盒;Ambion),使用T7RNA聚合酶(RNAP),以等摩尔(7.5mM)浓度掺入核苷来从这些模板产生EPO-ψmRNA。为了掺入核苷-修饰,ψ三磷酸(TriLink,San Diego,CA)在转录反应中替代UTP。为了确保ψmRNA的加帽,还包括非可逆帽-类似物6mM 3′-O-Me-m7GpppG(New EnglandBioLabs,Beverly,MA)。在30℃下混合的~1.5μg/μl RNA、5mMATP和60U/μl酵母聚腺苷酸聚合酶(USB,Cleveland,OH)的反应中给mRNA添加聚腺苷酸尾,进行3至24小时。通过变性琼脂糖凝胶电泳评估ψmRNA的质量。还使用鲎变形细胞溶解物(LimulusAmebocyte Lysate)凝胶凝固测定法测定mRNA制剂中的LPS,灵敏度为3pg/ml。
结果
EPO-ψmRNA的近端3′-非翻译区(3′UTR)保持来自新生EPOmRNA的~90nt-长的富含嘧啶的稳定元件,其通过与遍在蛋白,红细胞生成素mRNA-结合蛋白(ERBP)特异性结合来稳定EPO mRNA。为了使EPO-ψmRNA的稳定性最大化,将2个改变掺入EPO质粒以提高转录的mRNA的稳定性和翻译效率:1)将烟草蚀纹病毒(TEV)的5′UTR序列整合在EPO编码序列的上游以产生pTEV-EPO。2)产生质粒pT7TS-EPO,其中EPO cDNA侧翼连接相应于非洲爪蟾β-球蛋白mRNA的5′和3′UTR的序列。
此外,在ψmRNA从这些质粒模板产生的过程中聚腺苷酸尾的长度通过增加聚腺苷酸聚合酶反应的温育时期来进行延长。更长的聚腺苷酸尾减小翻译过程中ψmRNA降解的速率。
这些改进导致增强的体内翻译效率,从而使终产物的治疗剂量减少至最小。
实施例21
蛋白质从EPO mRNA构建体产生的体外分析
材料和实验方法
哺乳动物细胞的制备.
将人胚胎肾293细胞(ATCC)在补充有谷氨酰胺(Invitrogen)和10%FCS(Hyclone,Ogden,UT)的DMEM(完全培养基)中进行繁殖。通过IRB-批准的方案从未感染HIV的志愿者获得白细胞单采术样品。如上所述产生DC,用AIM V培养基(Invitrogen)中的GM-CSF(50ng/ml)+IL-4(100ng/ml)(R & D Systems)进行培养。
通过公开的方法获得鼠脾细胞和DC。简而言之,无菌取出BALB/c小鼠的脾,用摄子于完全培养基中将其切碎。通过重力沉淀组织碎片,洗涤单细胞悬浮物和用AKC裂解缓冲液(Sigma)进行裂解。鼠DC来源于从6-9周龄BALB/c小鼠的股骨和胫骨收集的骨髓细胞。将细胞于含有10%FCS(Invitrogen)和50ng/ml muGM-CSF(R&D)的DMEM中进行培养,在第7天使用。
细胞的转染以及EPO和促炎细胞因子的检测
在磷酸缓冲液存在的情况下用Lipofectin(用于脾和体外细胞表达的有效递送方法)进行转染。以一式三份向每一种细胞类型中添加EPO-ψmRNA(0.25μg/孔;100,000个细胞),进行1小时,用新鲜培养基替换上清液。24小时后,收集上清液以用于EPO、IFN-α或β和TNF-α的ELISA测量。
结果
为了评估独特的UTR对ψmRNA转录效率的增强的影响,使用包含常规核苷的EPO mRNA作为对照,测试包含或未包含每一个改进(5′TEV元件,(β-球蛋白5′和3′UTR)和长聚腺苷酸尾)的EPO-ψmRNA的体外蛋白质产量和体外免疫激活。对于每一种mRNA,评估哺乳动物细胞细胞系(HEK293、CHO)、人和鼠原代DC以及脾细胞中蛋白质从每一种mRNA产生的效率。评价所有细胞类型中产生的总EPO和原代细胞的免疫原性(上清液相关促炎细胞因子)的测量。将显示高EPO产量(在1个或多个细胞类型中)和低细胞因子引发的最佳组合的mRNA构建体用于随后的研究。EPO-ψmRNA的5′和3′UTR的改进和更长的聚腺苷酸尾导致估计2-10倍的翻译效率的增强,免疫原性不增加。
实施例22
EPO产量和体外对EPO-ψmRNA的生物反应的表征
材料和实验方法
EPO-ψmRNA至小鼠的施用
本文中描述的所有动物研究都遵照国立卫生研究所的实验动物管理与使用指南(NIH Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals)并且通过宾夕法尼亚大学的动物管理和使用委员会批准。使用3.5%的在N2O和O2(70∶30)的混合物中的氟烷麻醉雌性BALB/c小鼠(n=5/实验条件;6周,18-23g;Charles River Laboratories),随后将氟烷降至1%,使用鼻罩维持麻醉。使用37℃温暖的加热垫在整个过程中维持动物体温。将EPO-ψmRNA-lipofectin复合物(通过将不同量的核酸与1μl lipofectin在60μl终体积中混合构建的)注射入侧面尾静脉。在时间-过程研究中,mRNA注射后,每天收集血液样品3次,进行3天,在剂量-反应研究中在1个最佳时间点上收集血液样品,在网状细胞增多的研究中从第2-6天每天收集血液样品。
通过流式细胞术测定网状细胞
使用Retic-COUNT试剂(BD Diagnostics)对全血样品进行染色,在FACScan流式细胞仪上获得数据事件。通过前向散射和侧向散射性质选择红细胞(RBC),分析其对噻唑橙(Thiazole Orange)的摄取。通过荧光检测用Retic-COUNT试剂染色的细胞,网状细胞表示为总RBC的百分比。每样品计算至少50,000个事件。
结果
为了最优化响应于EPO-编码mRNA的生物功能性人EPO蛋白(hEPO)的产生,进行下列研究:
EPO-ψmRNA单次注射后EPO产生的时间过程。在静脉内施用1μg EPO-ψmRNA后,在EPO-ψmRNA施用后1-96小时通过ELISA连续测量hEPO以测定EPO蛋白在血清中的半衰期。该半衰期为EPO蛋白的半衰期和EPO-ψmRNA的功能性半衰期的结果。将用于在EPO-ψmRNA施用后测量EPO蛋白的所得的最佳时间点用于随后的研究。
EPO-ψmRNA单次注射后EPO产量的剂量反应。为了确定产生的EPO蛋白的量与施用的EPO-ψmRNA的量之间的关系,施用浓度递增的EPO-ψmRNA(0.01至1μg/动物),在最佳时间点上测量EPO。
hEPO产量与网状细胞增多之间的关系。为了测量EPO-ψmRNA对EPO活性的生物关系的影响,使用流式细胞术测定血液中的网织红细胞频率)。流式细胞术具有<3%的变化的变动系数。小鼠接受单剂EPO-ψmRNA,从2-6天每天从小鼠收集血液。随后在最大网状细胞增多的时间点上评价EPO-ψmRNA剂量与网织红细胞频率之间的关系。将导致至少5%的网织红细胞计数的增加的EPO-ψmRNA的剂量用于随后的研究。获得估计为50mU/ml的小鼠的血清hEPO浓度和/或估计为5%的网织红细胞频率的增加。
实施例23
体外测量对EPO-ψmRNA的免疫反应
材料和实验方法
血浆中的细胞因子的检测
使用ELISA试剂盒分析血清样品(获自在7个日lipofectin-复合的mRNA施用过程中和之后的不同时间点上收集的血液)的小鼠IFN-α、TNF-α和IL-12,收集所述血液。
Northern印迹分析
通过变性1.4%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离从脾分离的RNA样品的等分(2.0μg),将其转移至带电荷的膜(Schleicher和Schuell),在(Stratagene)中进行杂交。探测膜上的TNF-α、下游IFN信号转导分子(例如IRF7、IL-12、p35以及p40和GAPDH)和免疫激活的其它标志。通过测序确认所有探针的特异性。为了探测膜,利用随机引物标记试剂盒(Roche),使用Redivue[α-32P](Amersham)标记50ng的DNA。在-70℃下使用MS增光屏(intensifier screen)将杂交的膜暴露于Kodak BioMax MS胶片。
组织病理学
收获来自EPO-ψmRNA-处理的以及阳性和阴性对照处理的小鼠的脾,对其进行固定、切片、利用苏木精和伊红进行染色,由兽医学病理学家检查其免疫激活的征兆。
结果
为了验证本发明的RNA分子的减小的免疫原性,小鼠(n=5)接受日剂量的EPO-ψmRNA,进行7天,随后评价其免疫介导的不利事件,如通过血清细胞因子浓度、编码炎症蛋白的mRNA的脾表达以及病理学检查显示的。最大施用剂量为3μg或5×有效单个剂量(如上所述测定的)。分别将未修饰的mRNA和单独用作阳性对照和阴性对照。
这些研究验证了本发明的RNA分子的减小的免疫原性。
实施例24
EPO-ψmRNA递送法的进一步改进
纳米颗粒复合.
将聚合物和ψmRNA溶液混合以形成复合物。测试不同制剂浓度并且对其进行最优化:(1)通过在不混合的条件下向1体积PEI水溶液中添加25体积mRNA进行15分钟来制备sub-22nm聚乙稀亚胺(PEI)/mRNA复合物。(2)在涡旋的条件下,通过向1体积在乙酸盐抗衡离子缓冲液中的CK30-PEG10k缓慢添加9体积mRNA来合成具有12×150nm的平均尺度的杆样多聚-L-赖氨酸-聚乙二醇(PLL-PEG)。(3)为了合成生物可降解基因载体聚合物,通过N-(苄氧羰基)L-天冬氨酸酸酐与乙二醇的开环缩聚来合成聚癸二酸酐-聚乙二醇共聚物(polyaspartic anhydrideco-ethylene glycol)(PAE)。随后,将天冬氨酸的悬垂胺去保护,通过用氯化氢酸化使其质子化,与mRNA凝集。(4)为了纳米颗粒的最后产生,将等份的原液CK30PEG10k作为醋酸铵(1.25mL;6.4mg/mL)添加入硅化Eppendorf管。随后将mRNA在1-2分钟内缓慢地添加至CK30PEG10k(2.5mg于11.25mL不含RNA酶的H2O中)。15分钟后,将其以1∶2稀释于不含RNA酶的H2O中。
气管内递送
在麻醉室中用3%氟烷(70%N2O+30%O2)麻醉小鼠,在手术过程中使用鼻锥用1%氟烷(70%N20+30%O2)维持。暴露气管,使用250μl Hamilton注射器(Hamilton,Reno,NV)(利用27G 1/2″针头),将50μl mRNA复合物与150μl空气一起通过气管输注入肺。
结果
为了提高通过气管内(i.t.)途径施用的ψmRNA的递送和表达的效率,将ψmRNA封装在纳粒中。纳米颗粒包装包括使用化学药品(包括多聚-L-赖氨酸和聚乙二醇)将DNA(例如)凝集和封装入小于核膜的孔的颗粒。将RNA包装入4种不同的纳米颗粒制剂(PEI、PLL、PAE和CK30PEG10k),将ψmRNA递送的效率与编码荧光素酶的ψmRNA(Luc-ψmRNA)相比较。随后使用EPO-ψmRNA表征递送动力学和剂量-反应。
实施例25
通过给颈动脉递送编码重组热激蛋白的经修饰的mRNA来预防再狭窄
材料和实验方法
实验设计
在即将进行气囊血管成形术时通过气管内注射将RNA施用至颈动脉,然后使血流恢复。注射后3小时处死大鼠,切取颈动脉切片,收获血管内皮细胞,匀浆,如上述实施例中所述测定荧光素酶活性。
结果
将编码荧光素酶的假尿苷修饰的RNA施用至大鼠颈动脉。3小时后,可在递送位置但非邻近位置检测到荧光素酶RNA。
然后,在动物再狭窄模型中使用该方案通过递送经修饰的RNA来预防在气囊血管成形术之后的血管再狭窄,所述RNA编码热激蛋白例如HSP70;生长因子(例如血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、血管内皮生长因子(V-EGF)或胰岛素-样生长因子(IGF);或下调或拮抗生长因子信号转导的蛋白质。经修饰的RNA的施用降低再狭窄的发病率。
实施例26
通过将编码CFTR的经修饰的mRNA分子递送至呼吸上皮来治疗囊性纤维化
如实施例16中所述,将编码CFTR的假尿苷或核苷修饰的RNA递送至囊性纤维化动物模型的肺,如Scholte BJ等(Animal models ofcystic fibrosis.J Cyst Fibros 2004;3Suppl2:183-90)或Copreni E等,Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to the respiratory epithelium:apromising approach to gene therapy of cystic fibrosis.GeneTher 2004;11Suppl 1:S67-75)中所述评估其对疾病的作用。RNA的施用改善了囊性纤维化。
在其它实验中,将本发明的经修饰的mRNA分子或具有治疗价值的其它重组蛋白用于例如通过递送RNA的吸入器递送至肺。
实施例27
通过将编码ADA的经修饰的mRNA分子递送至造血细胞来治疗丙种球蛋白缺乏血症
将编码ADA的假尿苷或核苷修饰的RNA递送至X连锁血中丙球蛋白贫乏血症动物模型的造血细胞,如Tanaka M,Gunawan F等,Inhibition of heart transplant injury and graft coronary artery disease afterprolonged organ ischemia by selective protein kinase C regulators.JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129(5):1160-7)或Zonta S,Lovisetto F等,Uretero-neocystostomy in a swine model of kidney transplantation:a new technique.J Surg Res.2005Apr;124(2):250-5)中所述评估其对疾病的作用。发现RNA的施用改善XLA。
实施例28
通过将编码免疫调节蛋白的经修饰的mRNA分子递送至移植位置来预防器官排斥
将编码细胞因子、趋化因子或干扰素IS(例如IL-4、IL-13、IL-I0或TGF-β)的假尿苷或核苷修饰的RNA递送至器官移植排斥动物模型的移植位置,如Yu PW,Tabuchi R S等,Sustained correction of B-celldevelopment and function in a murine model of X-linkedagammaglobulinemia(XLA)using retroviral-mediated gene transfer.Blood.2004 104(5):1281-90)或Satoh M,Mizutani A等,X-linkedimmunodeficient mice spontaneously produce lupus-related anti20 RNAhelicase A autoantibodies,but are resistant to pristane-induced lupus.IntImmunol 2003,15(9):1117-24)中所述评估其对排斥的发病率的途径。RNA的施用降低移植排斥的发病率。
实施例29
通过将经修饰的mRNA递送至身体组织来治疗尼曼-皮克病、粘多糖贮积症和其它先天性代谢缺陷
将编码鞘磷酯酶的假尿苷或核苷修饰的RNA递送至尼曼-皮克病A型和B型动物模型的肺、脑或其它组织,如Passini MA,MacauleySL等,AAV vector-mediated correction of brain pathology in a mousemodel of Niemann-Pick A disease.Mol Ther 2005;11(5):754-62)或Buccoliero R,Ginzburg L等,Elevation of lung surfactantphosphatidylcholine in mouse models of Sandhoff and of Niemann-PickA disease.J Inherit Metab Dis 2004;27(5):641-8)中所述评估其对疾病的作用。发现RNA的施用改善所述疾病。
将编码α-L-艾杜糖醛酸酶、艾杜糖醛酸-2-硫酸酯酶或相关酶的假尿苷或核苷修饰的RNA递送至粘多糖贮积症动物模型的身体组织,如Simonaro CM,D′Angelo M等,Joint and bone disease inmucopolysaccharidoses VI and VII:identification of new therapeutictargets and biomarkers using animal models.Pediatr Res 2005;57(5 Pt1):701-7)或McGlynn R,Dobrenis K等,Differential subcellularlocalization of cholesterol,gangliosides,and glycosaminoglycans inmurine models of mucopolysaccharide storage disorders.J Comp Neurol200420;480(4):415-26)中所述评估其对疾病的作用。RNA的施用改善所述疾病。
在其它实验中,将本发明的经修饰的mRNA分子用于提供凝血因子(例如用于血友病患者)。在其它实验中,将本发明的经修饰的mRNA分子用于提供酸-b-葡糖苷酶以治疗戈谢病。在其它实验中,将本发明的经修饰的mRNA分子用于提供α-半乳糖苷酶A以治疗法布里病。在其它实验中,将本发明的经修饰的mRNA分子用于提供细胞因子以治疗感染性疾病。
在其它实验中,通过施用mRNA分子将本发明的经修饰的mRNA分子用于校正其它先天性代谢缺陷,所述mRNA分子编码例如ABCA4;ABCD3;ACADM;AGL;AGT;ALDH4Al;ALPL;AMPD1;APOA2;AVSD1;BRCD2;C1QA;C1QB;C1QG;C8A;C8B;CACNA1S;CCV;CD3Z;CDC2L1;CHML;CHS1;CIAS1;CLCNKB;CMD1A;CMH2;CMM;COL11AI;COL8A2;COL9A2;CPT2;CRB1;CSE;CSF3R;CTPA;CTSK;DBT;DIO1;DISC1;DPYD;EKV;ENO1;ENO1P;EPB41;EPHX1;F13B;F5;FCGR2A;FCGR2B;FCGR3A;FCHL;FH;FMO3;FMO4;FUCA1;FY;GALE;GBA;GFND;GJA8;GJB3;GLC3B;HF1;HMGCL;HPC1;HR;HRPT2;HSD3B2;HSPG2;KCNQ4;KCS;KIF1B;LAMB3;LAMC2;LGMD1B;LMNA;LOR;MCKD1;MCL1;MPZ;MTHFR;MTR;MUTYH;MYOC;NB;NCF2;NEM1;NPHS2;NPPA;NRAS;NTRK1;OPTA2;PBX1;PCHC;PGD;PHA2A;PHGDH;PKLR;PKP1;PLA2G2A;PLOD;PPOX;PPT1;PRCC;PRG4;PSEN2;PTOS1;REN;RFX5;RHD;RMD1;RPE65;SCCD;SERPINC1;SJS1;SLC19A2;SLC2A1;SPG23;SPTA1;TAL1;TNFSF6;TNNT2;TPM3;TSHB;UMPK;UOX;UROD;USH2A;VMGLOM;VWS;WS2B;ABCB11;ABCG5;ABCG8;ACADL;ACP1;AGXT;AHHR;ALMS1;ALPP;ALS2;APOB;BDE;BDMR;BJS;BMPR2;CHRNA1;CMCWTD;CNGA3;COL3A1;COL4A3;COL4A4;COL6A3;CPS1;CRYGA;CRYGEP1;CYP1B1;CYP27A1;DBI;DES;DYSF;EDAR;EFEMP1;EIF2AK3;ERCC3;FSHR;GINGF;GLC1B;GPD2;GYPC;HADHA;HADHB;HOXD13;HPE2;IGKC;IHH;IRS1;ITGA6;KHK;KYNU;LCT;LHCGR;LSFC;MSH2;MSH6;NEB;NMTC;NPHP1;PAFAH1P1;PAX3;PAX8;PMS1;PNKD;PPH1;PROC;REGIA;SAG;SFTPB;SLC11A1;SLC3A1;SOS1;SPG4;SRD5A2;TCL4;TGFA;TMD;TPO;UGT1A;UV24;WSS;XDH;ZAP70;ZFHX1B;ACAA1;AGS1;AGTR1;AHSG;AMT;ARMET;BBS3;BCHE;BCPM;BTD;CASR;CCR2;CCR5;CDL1;CMT2B;COL7A1;CP;CPO;CRY;CTNNB1;DEM;ETM1;FANCD2;F1H;FOXL2;GBE1;GLB1;GLC1C;GNAI2;GNAT1;GP9;GPX1;HGD;HRG;ITIH1;KNG;LPP;LRS1;MCCC1;MDS1;MHS4;MITF;MLH1;MYL3;MYMY;OPA1;P2RY12;PBXPI;PCCB;POU1FI;PPARG;PROS1;PTHR1;RCA1;RHO;SCA7;SCLC1;SCN5A;SI;SLC25A20;SLC2A2;TF;TGFBR2;THPO;THRB;TKT;TM4SF1;TRH;UMPS;UQCRC1;USH3A;VHL;WS2A;XPC;ZNF35;ADH1B;ADH1C;AFP;AGA;AIH2;ALB;ASMD;BFHD;CNGA1;CRBM;DCK;DSPP;DTDP2;ELONG;ENAM;ETFDH;EVC;F11;FABP2;FGA;FGB;FGFR3;FGG;FSHMD1A;GC;GNPTA;GNRHR;GYPA;HCA;HCL2;HD;HTN3;HVBS6;IDUA;IF;JPD;KIT;KLKB1;LQT4;MANBA;MLLT2;MSX1;MTP;NR3C2;PBT;PDE6B;PEE1;PITX2;PKD2;QDPR;SGCB;SLC25A4;SNCA;SOD3;STATH;TAPVR1;TYS;WBS2;WFS1;WHCR;ADAMTS2;ADRB2;AMCN;AP3BI;APC;ARSB;B4GALT7;BHR1;C6;C7;CCAL2;CKN1;CMDJ;CRHBP;CSF1R;DHFR;DIAPH1;DTR;EOS;EPD;ERVR;F12;FBN2;GDNF;GHR;GLRA1;GM2A;HEXB;HSD17B4;ITGA2;KFS;LGMD1A;LOX;LTC4S;MAN2A1;MCC;MCCC2;MSH3;MSX2;NR3C1;PCSK1;PDE6A;PFBI;RASA1;SCZD1;SDHA;SGCD;SLC22A5;SLC26A2;SLC6A3;SM1;SMA;SMN1;SMN2;SPINK5;TCOF1;TELAB1;TGFBI;ALDH5Al;ARG1;AS;ASSP2;BCKDHB;BF;C2;C4A;CDKN1A;COL10A1;COL11A2;CYP21A2;DYX2;EJM1;ELOVL4;EPM2A;ESR1;EYA4;F13A1;FANCE;GCLC;GJA1;GLYS1;GMPR;GSE;HCR;HFE;HLA-A;HLA-DPB1;HLA-DRA;HPFH;ICS1;IDDM1;IFNGR1;IGAD1;IGF2R;ISCW;LAMA2;LAP;LCA5;LPA;MCDR1;MOCS1;MUT;MYB;NEU1;NKS1;NYS2;OA3;OODD;OFC1;PARK2;PBCA;PBCRA1;PDB1;PEX3;PEX6;PEX7;PKHD1;PLA2G7;PLG;POLH;PPAC;PSORS1;PUJO;RCD1;RDS;RHAG;RP14;RUNX2;RWS;SCA1;SCZD3;SIASD;SOD2;ST8;TAP1;TAP2;TFAP2B;TNDM;TNF;TPBG;TPMT;TULP1;WISP3;AASS;ABCB1;ABCB4;ACHE;AQP1;ASL;ASNS;AUTS1;BPGM;BRAF;C7orf2;CACNA2D1;CCM1;CD36;CFTR;CHORDOMA;CLCN1;CMH6;CMT2D;COL1A2;CRS;CYMD;DFNA5;DLD;DYT11;EEC1;ELN;ETV1;FKBP6;GCK;GHRHR;GHS;GLI3;GPDS1;GUSB;HLXB9;HOXA13;HPFH2;HRX;IAB;IMMP2L;KCNH2;LAMB1;LEP;MET;NCF1;NM;OGDH;OPN1SW;PEX1;PGAM2;PMS2;PON1;PPP1R3A;PRSS1;PTC;PTPN12;RP10;RP9;SERPINE1;SGCE;SHFM1;SHH;SLC26A3;SLC26A4;SLOS;SMAD1;TBXAS1;TWIST;ZWS1;ACHM3;ADRB3;ANKI;CA1;CA2;CCAL1;CLN8;CMT4A;CNGB3;COH1;CPP;CRH;CYP11B1;CYP11B2;DECR1;DPYS;DURS1;EBS1;ECA1;EGI;EXT1;EYA1;FGFR1;GNRH1;GSR;GULOP;HR;KCNQ3;KFM;KWE;LGCR;LPL;MCPH1;MOS;MYC;NAT1;NAT2;NBS1;PLAT;PLEC1;PRKDC;PXMP3;RP1;SCZD6;SFTPC;SGM1;SPG5A;STAR;TG;TRPS1;TTPA;VMD1;WRN;ABCA1;ABL1;ABO;ADAMTS13;AK1;ALAD;ALDH1A1;ALDOB;AMBP;AMCD1;ASS;BDMF;BSCL;C5;CDKN2A;CHAC;CLA1;CMD1B;COL5A1;CRAT;DBH;DNAI1;DYS;DYT1;ENG;FANCC;FBP1;FCMD;FRDA;GALT;GLDC;GNE;GSM1;GSN;HSD17B3;HSN1;IBM2;INVS;JBTS1;LALL;LCCS1;LCCS;LGMD2H;LMX1B;MLLT3;MROS;MSSE;NOTCH1;ORM1;PAPPA;PIP5K1B;PTCH;PTGS1;RLN1;RLN2;RMRP;ROR2;RPD1;SARDH;SPTLC1;STOM;TDFA;TEK;TMC1;TRIM32;TSC1;TYRP1;XPA;CACNB2;COLl7A1;CUBN;CXCL12;CYP17;CYP2C19;CYP2C9;EGR2;EMX2;ERCC6;FGFR2;HK1;HPSI;IL2RA;LGI1;LIPA;MAT1A;MBL2;MKI67;MXI1;NODAL;OAT;OATL3;PAX2;PCBD;PEO1;PHYH;PNL1P;PSAP;PTEN;RBP4;RDPA;RET;SFTPA1;SFTPD;SHFM3;SIAL;THC2;TLX1;TNFRSF6;UFS;UROS;AA;ABCC8;ACAT1;ALX4;AMPD3;ANC;APOA1;APOA4;APOC3;ATM;BSCL2;BWS;CALCA;CAT;CCND1;CD3E;CD3G;CD59;CDKN1C;CLN2;CNTF;CPT1A;CTSC;DDB1;DDB2;DHCR7;DLAT;DRD4;ECB2;ED4;EVR1;EXT2;F2;FSHB;FTH1;G6PT1;G6PT2;GIF;HBB;HBBP1;HBD;HBE1;HBG1;HBG2;HMBS;HND;HOMG2;HRAS;HVBS1;IDDM2;IGER;INS;JBS;KCNJ11;KCNJ1;KCNQ1;LDHA;LRP5;MEN1;MLL;MYBPC3;MYO7A;NNO1;OPPG;OPTB1;PAX6;PC;PDX1;PGL2;PGR;PORC;PTH;PTS;PVRL1;PYGM;RAG1;RAG2;ROM1;RRAS2;SAA1;SCA5;SCZD2;SDHD;SERPING1;SMPD1;TCIRG1;TCL2;TECTA;TH;TREH;TSG101;TYR;USH1C;VMD2;VRN1;WT1;WT2;ZNF145;A2M;AAAS;ACADS;ACLS;ACVRL1;ALDH2;AMHR2;AOM;AQP2;ATD;ATP2A2;BDC;C1R;CD4;CDK4;CNA1;COL2A1;CYP27B1;DRPLA;ENUR2;FEOM1;FGF23;FPF;GNB3;GNS;HAL;HBP1;HMGA2;HMN2;HPD;IGF1;KCNA1;KERA;KRAS2;KRT1;KRT2A;KRT3;KRT4;KRT5;KRT6A;KRT6B;KRTHB6;LDHB;LYZ;MGCT;MPE;MVK;MYL2;OAP;PAH;PPKB;PRB3;PTPN11;PXR1;RLS;RSN;SAS;SAX1;SCA2;SCNN1A;SMAL;SPPM;SPSMA;TBX3;TBX5;TCF1;TPI1;TSC3;ULR;VDR;VWF;ATP7B;BRCA2;BRCD1;CLN5;CPB2;ED2;EDNRB;ENUR1;ERCC5;F10;F7;GJB2;GJB6;IPF1;MBS1;MCOR;NYS4;PCCA;RB1;RHOK;SCZD7;SGCG;SLC10A2;SLC25A15;STARP1;ZNFl98;ACHM1;ARVDI;BCH;CTAA1;DAD1;DFNB5;EML1;GALC;GCH1;IBGC1;IGH;IGHC group;IGHG1;IGHM;IGHR;IV;LTBP2;MCOP;MJD;MNG1 MPD1;MPS3C;MYH6;MYH7;NP;NPC2;PABN1;PSEN1 PYGL;RPGRIP1;SERPINA1;SERPINA3;SERPINA6;SLC7A7;SPG3A;SPTB;TCL1A;TGMI;TITF1;TMIP;TRA;TSHR;USH1A;VP;ACCPN;AHO2;ANCR;B2M;BBS4;BLM;CAPN3;CDAN1;CDAN3;CLN6;CMH3;CYP19;CYP1A1;CYP1A2;DYX1;EPB42;ETFA;EYCL3;FAH;FBN1;FES;HCVS;HEXA;IVD;LCS1;LIPC;MYO5A;OCA2;OTSC1;PWCR;RLBP1;SLC12A1;SPG6;TPM1;UBE3A;WMS;ABCC6;ALDOA;APRT;ATP2A1;BBS2;CARD15;CATM;CDH1;CETP;CHST6;CLN3;CREBBP;CTH;CTM;CYBA;CYLD;DHS;DNASE1;DPEP1;ERCC4;FANCA;GALNS;GAN;HAGH;HBA1;HBA2;HBHR;HBQ1;HBZ;HBZP;HP;HSD11B2;IL4R;LIPB;MC2R;MEFV;MHC2TA;MLYCD;MMVP1;PHKB;PHKG2;PKD1;PKDTS;PMM2;PXE;SALL1;SCA4;SCNN1B;SCNN1G;SLC12A3;TAT;TSC2;VDI;WT3;ABR;ACACA;ACADVL;ACE;ALDH3A2;APOH;ASPA;AXIN2;BCL5;BHD;BLMH;BRCA1;CACD;CCA1;CCZS;CHRNB1;CHRNE;CMT1A;COL1A1;CORD5;CTNS;EPX;ERBB2;G6PC;GAA;GALK1;GCGR;GFAP;GH1;GH2;GP1BA;GPSC;GUCY2D;ITGA2B;ITGB3;ITGB4;KRT10;KRT12;KRT13;KRT14;KRT14L1;KRT14L2;KRT14L3;KRT16;KRT16L1;KRT16L2;KRT17;KRT9;MAPT;MDB;MDCR;MGI;MHS2;MKS1;MPO;MYO15A;NAGLU;NAPB;NF1;NME1;P4HB;PAFAH1B1;PECAM1;PEX12;PHB;PMP22;PRKAR1A;PRKCA;PRKWNK4;PRP8;PRPF8;PTLAH;RARA;RCV1;RMSA1;RP17;RSS;SCN4A;SERPINF2;SGCA;SGSH;SHBG;SLC2A4;SLC4A1;SLC6A4;SMCR;SOST;SOX9;SSTR2;SYM1;SYNS1;TCF2;THRA;TIP2;TOC;TOP2A;TP53;TRIM37;VBCH;ATP8B1;BCL2;CNSN;CORD1;CYB5;DCC;F5F8D;FECH;PEO;LAMA3;LCFS2;MADH4;MAFD1;MC2R;MCL;MYP2;NPC1;SPPK;TGFBRE;TGIF;TTR;AD2;AMH;APOC2;APOE;ATHS;BAX;BCKDHA;BCL3;BFIC;C3;CACNA1A;CCO;CEACAM5;COMP;CRX;DBA;DDU;DFNA4;DLL3;DM1;DMWD;E11S;ELA2;EPOR;ERCC2;ETFB;EXT3;EYCL1;FTL;FUT1;FUT2;FUT6;GAMT;GCDH;GPI;GUSM;HB1;HCL1;HHC2;HHC3;ICAM3;INSR;JAK3;KLK3;LDLR;LHB;LIG1;LOH19CR1;LYL1;MAN2B1;MCOLN1;MDRV;MLLT1;NOTCH3;NPHS1;OFC3;OPA3;PEPD;PRPF31;PRTN3;PRX;PSG1;PVR;RYR1;SLC5A5;SLC7A9;STK11;TBXA2R;TGFB1;TNNI3;TYROBP;ADA;AHCY;AVP;CDAN2;CDPD1;CHED1;CHED2;CHRNA4;CST3;EDN3;EEGV1;FTLL1;GDF5;GNAS;GSS;HNF4A;JAG1;KCNQ2;MKKS;NBIA1;PCK1;PI3;PPCD;PPGB;PRNP;THBD;TOP1;AIRE;APP;CBS;COL6A1;COL6A2;CSTB;DCR;DSCR1;FPDMM;HLCS;HPE1;ITGB2;KCNE1;KNO;PRSS7;RUNX1;SOD1;TAM;ADSL;ARSA;BCR;CECR;CHEK2;COMT;CRYBB2;CSF2RB;CTHM;CYP2D6;CYP2D7P1;DGCR;DIA1;EWSR1;GGT1;MGCR;MN1;NAGA;NF2;OGS2;PDGFB;PPARA;PRODH;SCO2;SCZD4;SERPIND1;SLC5A1;SOX10;TCN2;TIMP3;TST;VCF;ABCD1;ACTL1;ADFN;AGMX2;AHDS;AIC;AIED;AIH3;ALAS2;AMCD;AMELX;ANOP1;AR;ARAF1;ARSC2;ARSE;ARTS;ARX;ASAT;ASSP5;ATP7A;ATRX;AVPR2;BFLS;BGN;BTK;BZX;C1HR;CACNA1F;CALB3;CBBM;CCT;CDR1;CFNS;CGF1;CHM;CHR39C;CIDX;CLA2;CLCN5;CLS;CMTX2;CMTX3;CND;COD1;COD2;COL4A5;COL4A6;CPX;CVD1;CYBB;DCX;DFN2;DFN4;DFN6;DHOF;DIAPH2;DKC1;DMD;DSS;DYT3;EBM;EBP;ED1;ELK1;EMD;EVR2;F8;F9;FCP1;FDPSL5;FGD1;FGS1;FMR1;FMR2;G6PD;GABRA3;GATA1;GDI1;GDXY;GJB1;GK;GLA;GPC3;GRPR;GTD;GUST;HMS1;HPRT1;HPT;HTC2;HTR2C;HYR;IDS;IHG1;IL2RG;INDX;IP1;IP2;JMS;KAL1;KFSD;L1CAM;LAMP2;MAA;MAFD2;MAOA;MAOB;MCF2;MCS;MEAX;MECP2;MF4;MGC1;MIC5;MID1;MLLT7;MLS;MRSD;MRX14;MRX1;MRX20;MRX2;MRX3;MRX40;MRXA;MSD;MTM1;MYCL2;MYP1;NDP;NHS;NPHL1;NR0B1;NSX;NYS1;NYX;OA1;OASD;OCRL;ODT1;OFD1;OPA2;OPD1;OPEM;OPN1LW;OPN1MW;OTC;P3;PDHA1;PDR;PFC;PFKFB1;PGK1;PGK1P1;PGS;PHEX;PHKA1;PHKA2;PHP;PIGA;PLP1;POF1;POLA;POU3F4;PPMX;PRD;PRPS1;PRPS2;PRS;RCCP2;RENBP;RENS1;RP2;RP6;RPGR;RPS4X;RPS6KA3;RS1;S11;SDYS;SEDL;SERPINA7;SH2D 1A;SHFM2;SLC25A5;SMAX2;SRPX;SRS;STS;SYN1;SYP;TAF1;TAZ;TBX22;TDD;TFE3;THAS;THC;TIMM8A;TIMP1;TKCR;TNFSF5;UBE1;UBE2A;WAS;WSN;WTS;WWS;XIC;XIST;XK;XM;XS;ZFX;ZIC3;ZNF261;ZNF41;ZNF6;AMELY;ASSP6;AZF1;AZF2;DAZ;GCY;RPS4Y;SMCY;SRY;ZFY;ABAT;AEZ;AFA;AFD1;ASAH1;ASD1;ASMT;CCAT;CECR9;CEPA;CLA3;CLN4;CSF2RA;CTS1;DF;DIH1;DWS;DYT2;DYT4;EBR3;ECT;EEF1A1L14;EYCL2;FANCB;GCSH;GCSL;GIP;GTS;HHG;HMI;HOAC;HOKPP2;HRPT1;HSD3B3;HTC1;HV1S;ICHQ;ICR1;ICR5;IL3RA;KAL2;KMS;KRT18;KSS;LCAT;LHON;LIMM;MANBB;MCPH2;MEB;MELAS;MIC2;MPFD;MS;MSS;MTATP6;MTCO1;MTCO3;MTCYB;MTND1;MTND2;MTND4;MTND5;MTND6;MTRNR1;MTRNR2;MTTE;MTTG;MTTI;MTTK;MTTL1;MTTL2;MTTN;MTTP;MTTS1;NANSD;OCD1;OPD2;PCK2;PCLD;PCOS1;PFKM;PKD3;PRCA1;PRO1;PROP1;RBS;RFXAP;RP;SHOX;SLC25A6;SPG5B;STO;SUOX;THM;或TTD。
实施例30
通过将编码iNOS-的经修饰的mRNA分子递送至身体组织来治疗血管痉挛
将编码可诱导的一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的假尿苷或核苷修饰的RNA递送至血管痉挛动物模型(例如蛛网膜下腔出血)的血管内皮,如Pradilla G,Wang PP等,Prevention of vasospasm by anti-CD 11/CD 18monoclonal antibody therapy following subarachnoid hemorrhage inrabbits.J Neurosurg 2004;101(1):88-92)或Park S,Yamaguchi M等,Neurovascular protection reduces early brain injury after subarachnoidhemorrhage.Stroke 2004;35(10):2412-7)中所述评估其对疾病的作用。RNA的施用改善所述疾病。
实施例31
通过递送编码免疫抑制蛋白的经修饰的mRNA来恢复毛发生长
将编码端粒酶或免疫抑制蛋白(例如α-MSH、TGF-β1或IGF-I)的假尿苷或核苷修饰的RNA递送至用作脱发或秃头的模型的动物的毛囊,如Jiang J,Tsuboi R等,Topical application of ketoconazolestimulates hair growth in C3H/HeN mice.J Dermatol 2005;32(4):243-7)或McElwee KJ,Freyschmidt-Paul P等,Transfer of CD8(+)cells induceslocalized hair loss whereas CD4(+)/CD25(-)cells promote systemicalopecia areata and CD4(+)/CD25(+)cells blockade disease onset in theC3H/HeJ mouse model.J Invest Dermatol 2005;124(5):947-57)中所描述的评估其对毛发生长的作用。RNA的施用恢复毛发生长。
实施例32
体外转录的包含siRNA的具有改变的核苷的RNA分子的合成
按照下列步骤合成包含假尿苷或经修饰的核苷以及还包含小干扰RNA(siRNA)或短发夹RNA(shRNA)的双链RNA(dsRNA)分子:如实施例5中所述,通过体外转录(例如通过T7、SP6或T3噬菌体RNA聚合酶)合成具有包含尿甘或1个或多个经修饰的核苷的期望的序列的互补RNA链。dsRNA分子展示减小的免疫原性。在其它实验中,设计dsRNA分子以使其被细胞酶加工来产生期望的siRNA或shRNA。因为数百个核苷酸的dsRNA分子容易合成,因此还设计每一种dsRNA以包含几个siRNA或shRNA分子来帮助多个siRNA或shRNA至单个靶细胞的递送。
实施例33
体外转录的具有改变的核苷的RNA分子用于递送siRNA的用途
用转染剂(例如阳离子性转染剂、基于脂质的转染剂、基于蛋白质的转染剂、基于聚乙烯亚胺的转染剂或磷酸钙)复合先前实施例的dsRNA分子,将其递送至目标靶细胞。靶细胞中或表面上的酶将dsRNA降解成期望的siRNA或shRNA分子。该方法有效地沉默了1个或多个相应于siRNA或shRNA序列的细胞基因的转录。
实施例34
测试其它核苷修饰对RNA免疫原性和翻译效率的作用
使用上文实施例5和10中描述的方法,将其它核苷修饰引入体外转录的RNA,分别如实施例4-11和12-18中所述,测试它们对免疫原性和翻译效率的作用。发现某些其它修饰减小免疫原性和增强翻译。这类修饰是本发明的方法和组合物的其它实施方案。
测试的修饰包括例如:
m1A;m2A;Am;ms2m6A;i6A;ms2i6A;io6A;ms2i06A;g6A;t6A;ms2t6A;m6t6A;hn6A;ms2hn6A;Ar(p);I;m1I;m1Im;m3C;Cm;S2C;ac4C;f5c;m5Cm;ac4Cm;k2c;m1G;m2G;m7G;Gm;m2 2G;m2Gm;m2 2Gm;Gr(p);yW;o2yW;OHyW;OHyW*;imG;mimG;Q;oQ;galQ;manQ;preQ0;preQ1;G+;D;m5Um′,m1Ψ;Ψm;S4U;·m5s2U′,S2Um,′acp3U·,ho5u.,mo5U·;cmo5U·;mcmo5U;chm5U;mchm5U·;mcm5U;mcm5Um;mcm5s2U;nm5s2U;mnm5U;mnm5s2U;mnm5se2U;ncm5U;ncm5Um;cmnm5U;cmnm5Um;cmnm5s2U;m6 2A;Im;m4C;m4Cm;hm5C;m3U;m1acp3Ψ;cm5U;m6Am;m6 2Am;m2,7G;m2,2,7G;m3Um;m5D;m3Ψ;f5Cm;m1Gm;m1Am;τm5U;τm5s2U;imG-14;imG2和ac6A。
用于实施例35-38的材料和方法
RNA的HPLC纯化:使用烷基化无孔聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯(PS-DVB)共聚物微球(2.1μm)的柱基质(21mm×100mm柱)和具有乙腈梯度的三乙基乙酸铵(TEAA)的缓冲系统通过HPLC纯化通过T7聚合酶转录产生的mRNA。缓冲液A包含0.1M TEAA并且缓冲液B包含0.1M TEAA和25%乙腈。用38%在缓冲液A中的缓冲液B平衡柱子,加载RNA,随后利用至55%缓冲液B的梯度以5ml/分钟运行30分钟。收集相应于期望的峰的级分。利用相同柱基质和缓冲系统,但以1.0ml/分钟和25分钟的梯度持续时间使用7.8mm×50mm柱进行RNA分析。
从柱级分分离RNA:将收集的级分混合,首先使用具有30K膜(Millipore)的Amicon Ultra-15离心过滤单元来浓缩它们的RNA内容物。用15ml样品充满过滤装置,使用浮桶式转头在Thermo ScientificSorvall ST16R离心机中以4,000xg离心10分钟(4℃)。在这些条件下,可除去~98%的溶剂体积。当收集的级分具有超过15ml的体积时,通过用其它柱级分充满,然后再次离心直至所有RNA存在于一个管中来再使用过滤单元。为从浓缩的RNA除去盐和溶剂,加入不含核酸酶的水(达到15ml),再次离心过滤单元。重复“洗掉”步骤直至乙腈的浓度低于0.001%。从过滤装置取出脱盐且不含溶剂的样品,通过在-20℃下于NaOAc(0.3M,pH 5.5)、异丙醇(1体积)和糖原(3μl)中沉淀过夜来恢复RNA。收集沉淀的RNA,用冰冷的75%乙醇洗涤2次,在水中复原。
dsRNA斑点印迹:将RNA(25-100ng)印迹至硝酸纤维素膜上,使其干燥,用5%在TBS缓冲液(补充有0.05%Tween-20(TBS-T))中的脱脂干乳粉进行封闭,用dsRNA-特异性mAb J2或K1(English&Scientific Consulting)温育60分钟。用TBS-T洗涤膜6次,随后与缀合有HR的驴抗-小鼠抗体(Jackson Immunology)反应。在洗涤6次后,通过添加SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent底物(Pierce)检测dsRNA,在Fujifilm LAS1000数字成像系统上进行30秒至2分钟来捕获图像。
树突细胞的产生:通过IRB批准的方案从正常志愿者获得单核细胞生成样品。通过用AIM V培养基(Invitrogen)中的GM-CSF(50ng/ml)+IL-4(100ng/ml)(R&D Systems)处理单核细胞7天来产生人DC。在第3和6天,添加50%体积的具有细胞因子的新鲜培养基。
通过从Balb/c小鼠分离骨髓单核细胞和在补充有鼠GM-CSF(20ng/ml,Peprotech)的RPMI+10%FBS培养基中进行培养来产生鼠DC。在第3和6天,添加50%体积的具有GM-CSF的新鲜培养基。在7天培养后,使用非贴壁细胞。
RNA的Lipofectin复合:将磷酸缓冲液原液添加至无血清DMEM中以产生20mM磷酸钾和100ng/ml BSA(pH 6.4)的终浓度。对于96孔平板的3个孔,以下列比率制备lipofectin复合的RNA:将2.4μl lipofectin添加至21.3μl具有磷酸缓冲液的无血清DMEM培养基中,在室温下温育10分钟。随后,加入0.75μg在9.9μl无血清DMEM中的RNA,将混合物在室温下再温育另外10分钟。最后,添加116.4ml无血清DMEM以使终体积达到150ml。涡旋混合物。
RNA的TransIT复合:对于96孔平板的每一个孔,在冰上将0.25μg RNA添加至17.3μl无血清DMEM。在涡旋的条件下添加TransIT mRNA试剂(0.3ul),然后添加0.2μl的mRNA加强剂,涡旋。在形成的5分钟内添加复合的RNA。
细胞转染:对于lipofectin复合的RNA,将50μl(0.25μg RNA/孔)直接添加至细胞,5×105个/孔。将转染的细胞在37°℃下于5%CO2培养箱中温育1小时。取出lipofectin-RNA混合物,并用200μl预温热的含血清培养基替代。对于TransIT复合的RNA,将17μl复合物于200μl含血清培养基中添加至细胞,5×105个/孔。在特殊裂解培养基中裂解细胞,转染后3至24小时,在光度计上利用特异性底物测量萤火虫或海肾荧光素酶活性。
RNA免疫原性分析:用培养基或lipofectin或TransIT复合的RNA处理96孔/平板(5×105个细胞/孔)的DC(鼠或人)。24小时后收集上清液,将其经历分析。利用ELISA测量上清液中的IFN-α(TransIT递送的RNA)或TNF-α(Lipofectin 递送的RNA)(BiosourceInternational,Camarillo,CA)的水平。以一式三份至一式四份进行培养,以一式二份测量。
实施例35
本实施例检查Ψ-、m5C和Ψ/m5C-修饰的mRNA相对于未修饰的(U)RNA的翻译的序列和细胞类型依赖性。将具有指定的修饰的萤火虫或海肾荧光素酶编码mRNA与lipofectin复合并且递送至鼠树突细胞(A)和HEK293T(B)细胞。用与TransIT(C)复合的具有指定的修饰的编码萤火虫或海肾荧光素酶的mRNA转染人DC。数据显示取决于RNA的序列和翻译其的细胞的类型,最佳修饰可变化。还显示与转化细胞系相比较,原代细胞的通过经修饰的核苷的掺入引起的增强明显更大。使用特异性底物测量裂解的细胞中的酶活性,光度计中产生的光的测量,将其表示为与未修饰的(U)RNA相比较倍数的增加。
实施例36
用于产生mRNA的噬菌体聚合酶转录反应导致大量的正确尺寸的RNA,但也包含污染物。这可通过将RNA用于在变性条件下基于尺寸分离RNA的反相HPLC柱上来显现。38%缓冲液B中的Y-修饰的TEV-荧光素酶-A51RNA用于HPLC柱,将其经历缓冲液B递增至55%的线性梯度。特征谱显示小于预期和大于预期的污染物。这些结果示于图22。
实施例37
HPLC纯化增加所有类型的经修饰的或未修饰的RNA的翻译,但Ψ-修饰的mRNA翻译最好。结果示于图23:(A)。将具有指定的修饰和利用或未利用HPLC纯化的EPO编码mRNA递送至鼠DC,24小时后测量上清液中的EPO水平。虽然m5C/Y修饰的mRNA在HPLC纯化之前具有最高的翻译水平,但Ψ-修饰的mRNA在HPLC纯化后具有最高翻译。(B)用具有指定的修饰和利用或未利用HPLC纯化的海肾编码mRNA转染人DC。与鼠DC和EPO mRNA类似,在HPLC纯化后,Y-修饰的mRNA具有最高水平的翻译。
实施例38
利用HPLC纯化后,Ψ、m5C和Ψ/m5C-修饰的mRNA具有被减小至对照水平的低水平免疫原性。结果示于图24:(A)中。用具有指定的修饰和利用或未利用HPLC纯化的复合至TransIT的RNA转染人DC。24小时后测量IFN-α水平。HPLC纯化增加示修饰的RNA的免疫原性,这依赖于序列,因为其它未修饰的RNA具有相似的IFN-α水平或降低的水平。Ψ-修饰的RNA具有与对照处理的DNA相似的不可测量的IFN-α水平。(B)在HPLC纯化之前(-)和之后(P1和P2),使用斑点印迹,利用特异于dsRNA(J2)的单克隆抗体分析Ψ-修饰的RNA的dsRNA。RNA的纯化除去了dsRNA污染。(C)编码iPS因子的Ψ-修饰的RNA具有免疫原性,这可通过RNA的HPLC纯化除去。
用于实施例39-41的材料和方法
细胞培养。将新生儿人表皮角质形成细胞(HEKn)(Invitrogen)培养在补充有角质形成细胞生长补充剂和青霉素/链霉素(Invitrogen)的EpiLife培养基中。将所有细胞在37℃和5%CO2下生长。使用本文中所述的方法诱导人iPS细胞,转染后将其转移至hESC-定量基质胶基质(BD Biosciences)包被的6-孔平板。
载体的构建。通常与实施例1-3相同。
mRNA的产生。通过与实施例1-3的相同。
mRNA的纯化和分析。在某些实验的实施方案中,通过HPLC纯化mRNA,收集柱级分,如“用于实施例35-38的材料和方法”中所描述的和/或如对于图22-24所描述和显示的,分析mRNA级分的纯度和免疫原性。在某些优选实验实施方案中,包含编码一种或多种重编程因子的mRNA或由所述mRNA组成的纯化的RNA制剂用于将人体细胞重编程为iPS细胞的实验,所述mRNA显示几乎无或无免疫原性。
原代角质形成细胞的重编程。将HEKn细胞以1×105个细胞/孔于EpiLife培养基中涂铺在6孔培养皿上,然后生长过夜。使用ransITTMmRNA转染剂(MirusBio,Madison,WI),用等量的每一种重编程因子mRNA(KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2)或一亚组因子转染细胞。进行3次转染,每隔一天一次,每天改变培养基。在第3次转染后第二天,用胰蛋白酶处理细胞,将其于mTeSR1培养基(StemCell Technologies)中涂铺在基质胶包被的6孔平板中。每天改变mTeSR细胞培养基。将细胞在37℃和5%CO2下维持。使用倒置显微镜筛选平板中的形态学改变。
还利用等量的每一种重编程因子mRNA进行电穿孔,通过单次转染重编程HEKn细胞。将细胞以1×105个细胞/6孔培养皿或7.5×105个细胞/10cm培养皿的密度于mTeSR1培养基中直接涂铺在基质胶包被的平板上,每天改变所述培养基。
免疫荧光。通常与实施例1-3一样。
定量RT-PCR(qPCR)使用标准方法和oligo d(T)21引物从等量的细胞RNA逆转录细胞RNA。利用SYBR绿色检测和GAPDH标准化,使用基因特异性引物和实时PCR扩增3个信使。测定相对于原始HEKn细胞系中的表达水平的表达水平,将其描述为循环阈值(CT)水平的改变。
实施例39
本实施例描述了用于从体细胞角质形成细胞产生iPS细胞的方案的开发。用TranSITTM mRNA试剂将等量(按重量计)的KLF4、c-MYC、OCT4和SOX2mRNA转染入HEKn细胞3次(每隔一天一次)。每天改变培养基。第三次转染后第二天,将细胞涂铺在基质胶包被的培养皿上,并且于mTeSR1细胞培养基中进行生长。到第一次转染后11天,重编程细胞的形态学开始显现(图28)。
实施例40
本实施例描述了因用等量的KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2mRNA转染原代角质形成细胞而产生的细胞的表征。用5微克的每一种mRNA对100万个HEKn细胞进行一次电穿孔,将所述细胞于mTeSR1细胞培养基中涂铺在基质胶包被的10cm培养皿上。转染后15天,将细胞固定以用于免疫荧光分析。所得的集落对于iPS标志KLF4、LIN28、SSEA4、TRA-1-60和NANOG呈阳性(图29)。
实施例41
本实施例描述了原代角质形成细胞与用等量的KLF4、c-MYC、OCT4和SOX2 mRNA重编程的角质形成细胞之间的表达差异。用3或5微克的每一种mRNA对7.5×105个HEKn细胞进行一次电穿孔,将其于mTeSR1培养基中涂铺在基质胶包被的10cm培养皿上。每天更换一次培养基。转染后13天,将细胞转移至新包被的基质胶包平板。转染后21天,从未转染的HEKn细胞和两个孔的重编程细胞纯化总细胞RNA。将等量的每一种细胞RNA转化成cDNA,通过qPCR进行分析。使用信使特异性引物通过qPCR检测到升高的NANOG、CRIPTO和REX1水平(图30)。已显示这三种信使在iPS细胞中升高(Aasen T等,2008.Nature Biotech 26:1276)。这三种因子都未通过转染引入细胞;从而表达的改变归因于被引入的重编程因子的影响。
实施例42
利用mRNA转分化细胞
使用本文中描述的纯化的mRNA制剂或本文中描述的经修饰的mRNA或包含本文中描述的经修饰的mRNA的纯化的mRNA制剂转分化细胞。在本实施例中,使用包含具有至少一个假尿苷或一个5-甲基胞苷的OCT4 mRNA的纯化的RNA制剂。在由Szabo等的方案(Nature 468:521-528,2010,将其通过引用整体并入本文就如同本文中完全显示的)和在由Racila等描述的方案(Gene Therapy,1-10,2010,将其通过引用整体并入本文中就如同在本文中完全显示的)中用此类纯化的和经修饰的OCT4mRNA替代编码OCT4的载体。在每一个这类方法的一个实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂包括OCT 4mRNA或由OCT 4mRNA组成,其中所有尿苷核苷被假尿苷核苷替代。在这类方法的每一个方法的一个实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂包含OCT 4mRNA或由OCT 4mRNA组成,其中所有胞苷核苷被5-甲基胞苷核苷替代。在这类方法的每一个方法的一个实施方案中,纯化的RNA制剂包含OCT 4mRNA或由OCT 4mRNA组成,其中所有尿苷核苷被假尿苷核苷替代并且所有胞苷核苷被5-甲基胞苷核苷替代。在优选实施方案中,OCT4mRNA被纯化为不含污染RNA。Racilla等的参考资料描述了其中通过被再定向至可选择的分化途径来转分化人角质形成细胞的系统。具体地,利用转录因子OCT4对人皮肤角质形成细胞进行瞬时转染。2天后,这些转染的细胞显示内源胚胎基因的表达并且显示减少的基因组甲基化。已显示此类细胞可被转化成神经元和收缩间质细胞类型。
Szabo等的参考资料证明了从人皮肤成纤维细胞直接产生具有造血命运的祖细胞和成熟细胞而无需建立多能性的能力。具体地,OCT4激活的造血转录因子的异位表达与特定的细胞因子处理允许产生表达全白细胞标志CD45的细胞。这些独特的成纤维细胞源性细胞产生了粒细胞谱系、单核细胞谱系、巨核细胞谱系和红细胞谱系,并且显示了体内植入能力。
除了使用OCT4外,这两个方案还使用细胞因子或生长因子例如转化生长因子(TGF)、PDGF-BB、干细胞因子(SCF)和FMS-样酪氨酸激酶3配体(Flt3L)。可使用其它生长因子和细胞因子,例如粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、IL-3、IL-6、红细胞生成素、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、胰岛素样生长因子2(IGFII)和骨形态发生蛋白4(BMP-4)。这样,在某些实施方案中,通过经修饰的OCT4mRNA(例如,假尿苷修饰的和/或5-甲基胞苷修饰的)的替代以及上述生长因子或细胞因子的使用重复Racilla等或Szabo等的方案。在某些实施方案中,将细胞与使用的细胞因子和/或生长因子蛋白接触。在某些其它实施方案中,将细胞与经修饰的mRNA(如本申请中描述的经修饰的mRNA,例如,假尿苷修饰的和/或5-甲基胞苷修饰的)接触,所述经修饰的mRNA编码一种或多种用于转分化方案的细胞因子和/或生长因子。根据本说明书明确的是,本发明包括将人或动物细胞与包含编码重编程因子的mRNA或由编码重编程因子的mRNA组成的纯化的RNA制剂接触以将具有第一分化状态或表型的细胞转分化为具有第二分化状态或表型的细胞。
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Claims (18)
1.一种用于将展示第一分化状态或表型的人或动物细胞重编程为展示第二分化状态或表型的细胞的方法,包括:将包含编码至少一种重编程因子的经修饰的mRNA分子的纯化的RNA制剂引入展示第一分化状态的细胞,以及在其中所述细胞展示第二分化状态的条件下培养所述细胞。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述经修饰的mRNA分子包含至少一种经修饰的核苷替代至少一部分相应的未修饰的典型核苷,所述经修饰的核苷选自:假尿苷(Ψ)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)、5-甲基尿苷(m5U)、2′-O-甲基尿苷(Um或m2’-OU)、2-硫尿苷(s2U)和N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)。
3.权利要求2所述的方法,其中存在所述至少一种经修饰的核苷替代大体上所有相应的未修饰的典型核苷。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述纯化的RNA制剂:
i)包含至少一种编码iPS细胞诱导因子的单链mRNA,其中大体上所有所述第一单链mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,和
ii)大体上不含能够激活所述体细胞中的RNA传感器的RNA污染分子。
5.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述RNA污染分子选自:仅编码一部分所述重编程因子的部分mRNA、比全长mRNA短的RNA分子、比全长mRNA长的RNA分子、双链mRNA分子和未加帽的mRNA分子。
6.权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其中展示第二分化状态的所述细胞为iPS细胞或去分化细胞。
7.权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其中展示第二分化状态的所述细胞为iPS细胞或转分化细胞。
8.权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其中展示第二分化状态的所述重编程细胞为再分化细胞。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其中编码至少一种重编程因子的所述经修饰的mRNA分子选自KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2。
10.权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括将展示第一分化状态或表型的所述细胞与至少一种生长因子和/或细胞因子接触。
11.权利要求1-10中任一项所述的方法,其中所述经修饰的mRNA中的所有尿苷核苷被假尿苷核苷替代。
12.权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述经修饰的mRNA中的所有胞苷核苷被5-甲基胞苷核苷替代。
13.权利要求1-12中任一项所述的方法,其中所述纯化的RNA制剂不含一定量的RNA污染分子,所述一定量的RNA污染分子将在展示第一分化状态的所述细胞中激活免疫反应以阻止展示第二分化状态的所述细胞在培养中存活至少10天。
14.权利要求1-13中任一项所述的方法,其中展示第二分化状态的所述细胞能够形成细胞系。
15.权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述去分化细胞表达NANOG和TRA-1-60。
16.一种包含纯化的RNA制剂的组合物,其中所述纯化的RNA制剂:
i)包含编码至少一种重编程因子的单链mRNA分子,其中所述单链mRNA分子包含至少一个选自假尿苷(Ψ)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)、5-甲基尿苷(m5U)、2′-O-甲基尿苷(Um或m2’-OU)、2-硫尿苷(s2U)和N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)的核苷,和
ii)大体上不含能够激活人或动物细胞中的RNA传感器的RNA污染分子。
17.权利要求16所述的组合物,其中所述纯化的RNA制剂包含编码选自KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4和SOX2的至少一种重编程因子的单链mRNA分子。
18.一种用于诱导细胞产生MYC蛋白的方法,包括:将细胞与体外合成的编码MYC基因的mRNA接触,其中所述体外合成的mRNA包含至少一个假尿苷残基和/或至少一个5-甲基胞苷残基,从而诱导哺乳动物细胞产生所述MYC蛋白。
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