CN102905570B - 带有布置在能量吸收层处的促滑物的头盔 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种包括能量吸收层(2)和促滑物(5)的头盔。所述促滑物设置在所述能量吸收层(2)内侧。本发明还提供了一种制造包括促滑物的头盔的方法。所述方法包括步骤:在模具中提供能量吸收层,以及提供接触所述能量吸收层的促滑物。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及一种头盔,该头盔包括能量吸收层(带有或不带有任何外部壳体)以及设置在所述能量吸收层内侧的促滑物(slidingfacilitator)。
背景技术
为避免或减少颅骨和脑受伤,人们在很多活动中需要使用头盔。多数头盔由坚硬的外部壳体(通常用塑料或复合材料制造)和称为衬里的能量吸收层组成。如今,保护性头盔必须设计为满足特定的法定要求,这特别涉及特定撞击下将在脑的重心处产生的最大加速度。通常会进行一些测试,在测试中,配有头盔的所谓假人颅骨受到朝向头部的径向冲击。这促成了在针对颅骨的径向冲击方面具有良好的能量吸收能力的现代头盔,然而对于其他的撞击方向的能量吸收并不理想。
在径向冲击的情况下,头部将以平动运动进行加速,产生线加速度。平动加速度将导致颅骨破裂和/或脑组织的压迫或磨损伤害。然而根据伤害统计,纯粹的径向冲击很少见。
另一方面,仅使头部产生角加速度的纯粹的切向撞击也很少见。
最常见的冲击类型是斜向冲击,其是同一时刻作用于头部的径向力和切向力的组合,引起(例如)脑震荡。斜向冲击产生脑的平动加速度和转动加速度。转动加速度使得脑在颅骨中转动,对将脑连接至颅骨的机体组织和脑本身造成伤害。
转动伤害的示例一方面是硬膜下血肿(SDH)——血管破裂导致的出血,而另一方面是弥散性轴索损伤(DAI)——这可以概括为由脑组织中的高度剪切形变导致的神经纤维过度拉伸。根据转动力的特点,例如持续时间、幅度和增大速率,引发SDH或DAI,或者并发SDH和DAI。一般来说,SDH出现在短时且大强度的撞击情况下,而DAI出现在加速度持续时间更长且分布更广的撞击情况下。考虑到这些现象以便可以为颅骨和脑提供良好的保护是非常重要。
头部具有天然的保护系统,该系统使用头皮、坚硬的颅骨和在颅骨下的脑脊髓液来缓冲这些力。在冲击过程中,通过压缩和在颅骨上滑动,头皮和脑脊髓液起到转动减震器的作用。如今使用的多数头盔并不提供针对于转动伤害的保护。
例如自行车、骑马和滑雪用头盔的重要特征是,它们的空气流通性很好并且具有空气动力学形状。现代的自行车头盔通常是模内成型壳体的类型,其通过在成型过程中纳入薄的刚性壳体而制造。该技术允许制造出比坚硬壳体的头盔更复杂的形状并产生更大的通气孔。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种头盔,该头盔包括能量吸收层和设置在所述能量吸收层内侧的促滑物。
根据一个实施例,所述头盔包括附接设备,用于将头盔附接至佩戴者的头部。所述附接设备旨在至少部分地与头部或颅骨的顶部接触。附接设备还可以额外地具有紧固装置,用于调整与佩戴者的头顶部附接的尺寸和程度。下颏部的带或类似装置不是根据本文的头盔实施例的附接设备。
所述促滑物能够固定至附接设备和/或能量吸收层的内侧,用于提供能量吸收层和附接设备之间的滑动性。
优选地,外部壳体设置在能量吸收层的外侧。据此设计的头盔可以使用模内成型技术制造,但是可以将所公开的想法用于所有类型的头盔,例如坚硬壳体类型的头盔(例如摩托车头盔)。
根据另一实施例,所述附接设备通过至少一个固定件固定至能量吸收层和/或外部壳体,所述至少一个固定件能够适于通过弹性、半弹性或塑性方式的形变来吸收能量和力。在冲击过程中,能量吸收层通过被压缩而起到冲击吸收物的作用,并且如果使用外部壳体,其将使冲击能量在壳体上分散。促滑物将允许附接设备和能量吸收层之间的滑动,提供了一种将原本传递至脑的转动能量吸收的可控方式。该转动能量能够通过摩擦热、能量吸收层形变或者至少一个固定件的形变或移位而被吸收。吸收的转动能量将减小影响脑的转动加速度的量,由此减小了脑在颅骨中的转动。
所述固定件可以包括至少一个具有第一部分和第二部分的悬吊件。悬吊件的第一部分能够适于固定至能量吸收层,而悬吊件的第二部分能够适于固定至附接设备。
所述促滑物赋予头盔一种功能(滑动性)并且可以以多种不同的方式设置。例如,其可以是低摩擦材料,设置在附接设备的面对能量吸收层的表面上或与附接设备的面对能量吸收层的表面结为一体,和/或设置在能量吸收层的面对附接设备的内侧表面上或与能量吸收层的面对附接设备的内侧表面结为一体。
本发明还提供了一种制造包括促滑物的头盔的方法。该方法包括步骤:提供模具,在模具中提供能量吸收层,以及提供接触能量吸收层的促滑物。根据一个实施例,该方法可以进一步包括步骤:使用至少一个固定件将附接设备固定至壳体、能量吸收层和促滑物中的至少一个。
促滑物提供了在任何方向上的滑动运动的可能性。并不将运动限制为围绕特定轴线。
注意,任何实施例或者实施例的一部分,以及任何方法或者方法的一部分可以以任意方式组合。
附图说明
现在通过示例的形式,参照附图描述本发明,其中:
图1示出了根据一个实施例的头盔的截面图,
图2示出了根据一个实施例的头盔戴在佩戴者头上时的截面图,
图3示出了当受到前方冲击时戴在佩戴者头上的头盔,
图4示出了当受到前方冲击时戴在佩戴者头上的头盔,
图5更加详细地示出了附接设备,
图6示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图7示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图8示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图9示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图10示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图11示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图12示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图13示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图14示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图15示出了固定件的可选择实施例,
图16示出了测试结果的表格,
图17示出了测试结果图,以及
图18示出了测试结果图。
具体实施方式
下面将给出对实施例的具体描述。将会理解的是,附图只是用于例示的目的而不以任何方式对范围进行限制。由此,对方向的任何参考(例如“上”或“下”)仅针对图中所示的方向。
保护性头盔的一个实施例包括能量吸收层以及设置在所述能量吸收层内侧的促滑物。根据一个实施例,提供了适合骑自行车使用的模内成型的头盔。该头盔包括外部的优选为薄的刚性壳体,该壳体由聚合物材料制造,例如聚碳酸酯、ABS、PVC、玻璃纤维、Aramid、Twaron、碳纤维或Kevlar。还可以想到略去外部壳体。在壳体的内侧上设置能量吸收层,所述能量吸收层可以是聚合物泡沫材料,例如EPS(发泡聚苯乙烯)、EPP(发泡聚丙烯)、EPU(发泡聚氨酯)或其他结构(例如类蜂窝结构)。促滑物设置在能量吸收层的内侧,并且适于相对于所述能量吸收层或者相对于附接设备滑动,所述附接设备设置为将头盔附接至佩戴者的头部。附接设备通过固定件固定至能量吸收层和/或壳体,所述固定件适于吸收冲击能量和力。
促滑物可以是具有低摩擦系数的材料,或者涂覆有低摩擦材料:可以想到的材料的示例是PTFE、ABS、PVC、PC、尼龙、纤维材料。还可以想到的是能够通过材料的结构实现滑动,例如通过具有纤维结构的材料,使得纤维相对于彼此滑动。
在冲击过程中,能量吸收层通过被压缩而起到冲击吸收物的作用,并且如果使用外部壳体,其将使冲击能量在能量吸收层上分散。促滑物将允许附接设备和能量吸收层之间的滑动,提供了一种将原本传递至脑的转动能量吸收的可控方式。该转动能量能够通过摩擦热、能量吸收层形变或者至少一个固定件的形变或移位而被吸收。吸收的转动能量将减小影响脑的转动加速度的量,由此减小了脑在颅骨中的转动。转动伤害(例如硬膜下血肿(SDH)、血管破裂、脑震荡和DAI)的风险由此减小。
图1示出了根据一个实施例的头盔,其中该头盔包括能量吸收层2。能量吸收层2的外表面1可以用与能量吸收层2相同的材料设置,或者还可以想到的是,外表面1可以是由与能量吸收层2不同的材料制造的刚性壳体1。促滑物5相比于附接设备3设置在能量吸收层2的内侧,附接设备3的设置是用于头盔与佩戴者头部的附接。根据图1所示的实施例,促滑物5固定至能量吸收层2或者结合到能量吸收层2中,然而同样可以想到的是,出于提供能量吸收层2和附接设备3之间的滑动性的这个同样的目的,促滑物5设置在附接设备3上或者与附接设备3结为一体。图1的头盔具有多个通气孔17,允许气流通过头盔。
附接设备3通过四个固定件4a、4b、4c和4d固定至能量吸收层2和/或外部壳体1,所述四个固定件4a、4b、4c和4d适于通过弹性、半弹性或塑性方式的形变来吸收能量。还可以通过摩擦生热和/或所述附接设备或头盔的任何其他部分的形变来吸收能量。根据图1所示的实施例,四个固定件4a、4b、4c和4d是具有第一部分8和第二部分9的悬吊件4a、4b、4c、4d,其中悬吊件4a、4b、4c、4d的第一部分8适于固定至附接设备3,而悬吊件4a、4b、4c、4d的第二部分9适于固定至能量吸收层2。
促滑物5可以是低摩擦材料,其在示出的实施例中设置在附接设备3的面对能量吸收层2的外侧上,然而在其他实施例中,同样可以想到的是促滑物5设置在能量吸收层2的内侧上。所述低摩擦材料可以是蜡质聚合物(例如PTFE、PFA、FEP、PE和UHMWPE),或者是能够注入润滑剂的粉状材料。所述低摩擦材料可以应用于促滑物和能量吸收层中的任意一个或两个,在一些实施例中,能量吸收层自身适于起到促滑物的作用并且可以包括低摩擦材料。
附接设备可以由弹性或半弹性聚合物材料(例如PC、ABS、PVC或PTFE)或者天然纤维材料(例如棉纱)制造。例如,织物制备的盖或网状物可以构成附接设备。所述盖可以设有促滑物,例如低摩擦材料片。在一些实施例中,所述附接设备自身适于起到促滑物的作用并且可以包括低摩擦材料。图1进一步示出了调整设备6,用于为特定的佩戴者调整头带的直径。在其他实施例中,所述头带可以是弹性头带,在这种情况下可以去除调整设备6。
图2示出了与图1中的头盔相似的头盔的实施例,此时头盔戴在佩戴者头上。然而在图2中,附接设备3仅通过两个固定件4a、4b固定至能量吸收层,所述两个固定件4a、4b适于以弹性、半弹性或塑性的方式吸收能量和力。图2的实施例包括由不同于能量吸收层2的材料制造的坚硬的外部壳体1。
图3示出了根据图2的实施例的头盔正受到前方的斜向冲击I,该冲击对头盔产生转动力,引起能量吸收层2相对于附接设备3滑动。附接设备3通过固定件4a、4b固定至能量吸收层2。所述固定件通过弹性或半弹性形变吸收所述转动力。
图4示出了根据图2的实施例的头盔正受到前方的斜向冲击I,该冲击对头盔产生转动力,引起能量吸收层2相对于附接设备3滑动。附接设备3通过可裂开的固定件4a、4b固定至能量吸收层2,所述固定件4a、4b通过塑性形变吸收转动能量,并由此需要在冲击后进行更换。图3和图4的实施例的组合是非常容易想到的,即,固定件的一部分裂开,以塑性方式吸收能量,而固定件的另一部分形变并以弹性方式吸收力。在组合的实施例中可以想到,仅是塑性形变的部分需要在冲击后进行更换。
图5的上半部分示出了根据一个实施例的附接设备3的外侧,其中附接设备3包括头带3a、背腹带3b和横向带3c,头带3a适于围住佩戴者的头部,背腹带3b从佩戴者的前额到达佩戴者头部的后部,并且附接至头带3a,横向带3c从佩戴者头部的左侧到达佩戴者头部的右侧,并且附接至头带3a。附接设备3的部件或一部分可以设有促滑物。在示出的实施例中,附接设备的材料自身可以起到促滑物的作用。还可以想到的是,为附接设备3提供添加的低摩擦材料。
图5进一步示出了固定至附接设备3的四个固定件4a、4b、4c、4d。在其他实施例中,附接设备3可以仅是头带3a,或是适于整体覆盖佩戴者头部上方部分的完整的盖,或是用于起到安装在佩戴者头部的附接设备的作用的任何其他设计。
图5的下半部分示出了附接设备3的内侧,公开了用于为特定佩戴者调整头带3a的调整设备6。在其他实施例中,头带3a可以是弹性头带,在这种情况下,可以去除调整设备6。
图6示出了固定件4的可选择实施例,其中固定件4的第一部分8固定至附接设备3,而固定件4的第二部分9通过粘合剂固定至能量吸收层2。固定件4适于通过弹性、半弹性或塑性方式的形变来吸收冲击能量。
图7示出了固定件4的可选择实施例,其中固定件4的第一部分8固定至附接设备3,而固定件4的第二部分9通过进入能量吸收层2的材料的机械式固定元件10固定至能量吸收层2。
图8示出了固定件4的可选择实施例,其中固定件4的第一部分8固定至附接设备3,而固定件4的第二部分9固定至能量吸收层2内,例如通过将固定设备在能量吸收层2内成型。
图9以截面图和A-A视图示出了固定件4。根据该实施例,附接设备3通过固定件4附接至能量吸收层2,固定件4具有放入凹部12的适于弹性、半弹性或塑性形变的第二部分9,以及连接至附接设备3的第一部分8。所述凹部12包括凸缘13,当处于固定件4引起的足够大的应变下时,所述凸缘13适于以弹性、半弹性或塑性方式弯曲或形变,从而第二部分9可以离开所述凹部12。
图10示出了固定件4的可选择实施例,其中固定件4的第一部分8固定至附接设备3,而固定件4的第二部分9一直穿过能量吸收层2而固定至壳体1的内侧。这可以例如通过将固定设备4在能量吸收层材料2内成型而实现。还可以想到的是将固定设备4经过壳体1中的孔从头盔外侧放入(未示出)。
图11示出了一个实施例,其中附接设备3在其周缘通过膜或密封泡沫24固定至能量吸收层2,所述膜或密封泡沫24可以是弹性的或适于塑性形变。
图12示出了一个实施例,其中附接设备3通过机械式固定元件附接至能量吸收层2,所述机械式固定元件包括机械啮合件29,所述机械啮合件29带有与自锁带4相似的自锁功能。
图13示出了一个实施例,其中固定件是相互连接的夹层27,例如夹布,其可以包括能够弹性、半弹性或塑性形变的纤维,该纤维将附接设备3连接至能量吸收层2并且适于在施加剪切力时切变,由此吸收转动能量或力。
图14示出了一个实施例,其中固定件包括磁性固定件30,其可以包括两个具有吸引力的磁体,例如超磁体,或者一个部件包括磁体而一个部件包括磁性吸引材料,例如铁。
图15示出了一个实施例,其中固定件能够通过可拆卸连接(所谓的卡扣固定)的弹性凸部28和/或弹性凹部12再次附接,使得当足够大的应变施加在头盔上时(发生冲击时),凸部28从凹部12中脱离,并且凸部28能够再次插入凹部12,以重新发挥作用。还可以想到的是将固定件卡扣固定,而在足够大的应变下不可拆卸且不可再次附接。
在此公开的实施例中,能量吸收层和附接设备之间的距离可以从实际上不存在变为具有实质的距离,这不违背本发明的概念。
在此公开的实施例中,更可以想到的是固定件是高弹性的,使材料以弹性方式吸收能量但同时部分地发生塑性形变,而不会完全失效。
在包括多个固定件的实施例中,更可以想到的是其中一个固定件是主固定件,所述主固定件适于在足够大的应变下塑性形变,而另外的固定件适于纯粹弹性形变。
图16是由测试得到的表格,该测试将具有促滑物的头盔(MIPS)与附接设备和能量吸收层之间没有滑动层的普通头盔(原有的(Original))进行对比。该测试使装备好的假人头部自由落体,与水平移动的钢板发生碰撞。这样的斜向冲击产生平动加速度和转动加速度的组合,这比常见的测试方法(其中头盔在纯粹的竖直方向与水平碰撞表面发生碰撞)更加真实。可以在水平方向和竖直方向均达到最高10m/s(36km/h)的速度。在假人头部存在一个具有九个加速计的系统,这九个加速计安装为测量平动加速度和围绕所有轴线的转动加速度。在当前的测试中,头盔从0.7m处落下。这产生3.7m/s的竖直速度。水平速度选择为6.7m/s,合成7.7m/s(27.7km/h)的冲击速度和29度的冲击角度。
该测试揭示了传递到头部的平动加速度的减小,以及传递到头部的转动加速度和头部的转动速度的显著减小。
图17示出了具有促滑物的头盔(MIPS_350;MIPS_352)与附接设备和假人头部之间没有滑动层的普通头盔(Org_349;Org_351)相比的转动加速度随时间的变化图。
图18示出了具有促滑物的头盔(MIPS_350;MIPS_352)与附接设备和假人头部之间没有滑动层的普通头盔(Org_349;Org_351)相比的平动加速度随时间的变化图。
注意,任何实施例或者实施例的一部分,以及任何方法或者方法的一部分可以以任意方式组合。此处的全部示例应当视为一般性描述的一部分,并因此可以以任意方式概括地进行组合。
Claims (4)
1.一种头盔,包括:
能量吸收层(2);
可选地布置在所述能量吸收层(2)的外侧的外部壳体(1);以及
附接设备(3),所述附接设备(3)被提供为将所述头盔附接至佩戴者的头部,当所述头盔不包括外部壳体时,所述附接设备固定至所述能量吸收层,或者当所述头盔包括外部壳体时,所述附接设备(3)固定至所述能量吸收层(2)和/或所述外部壳体(1);
其特征在于:所述附接设备旨在至少部分地与佩戴者的头部的顶部或佩戴者的头部的颅骨的顶部接触;
所述头盔进一步包括促滑物(5),所述促滑物(5)设置在所述能量吸收层(2)的内侧并且固定至所述附接设备(3)和/或所述能量吸收层(2)的内侧,用于提供所述能量吸收层(2)和所述附接设备(3)之间的滑动性;以及
在冲击过程中,通过压缩所述能量吸收层,所述能量吸收层起到冲击吸收物的作用,并且所述促滑物允许所述附接设备和所述能量吸收层之间的滑动,从而提供吸收转动能量的可控方式。
2.根据权利要求1所述的头盔,其中所述固定件(4)能够通过弹性、半弹性或塑性方式的形变来吸收能量和力。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的头盔,其中所述固定件(4)包括至少一个具有第一部分(8)和第二部分(9)的悬吊件(4),其中所述悬吊件(4)的第一部分(8)适于固定至所述附接设备(3),并且其中所述悬吊件(4)的第二部分(9)适于固定至所述能量吸收层(2)。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的头盔,其中所述促滑物(5)是低摩擦材料,所述低摩擦材料连接至所述附接设备(3)的面对所述能量吸收层(2)的表面或与所述附接设备(3)的面对所述能量吸收层(2)的表面结为一体,和/或设置在所述能量吸收层(2)的面对所述附接设备(3)的内侧表面上或与所述能量吸收层(2)的面对所述附接设备(3)的内侧表面结为一体。
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SE534868C2 (sv) * | 2010-05-07 | 2012-01-24 | Mips Ab | Hjälm med glidningsfrämjare anordnad vid ett energiabsorberande lager |
JP2013538270A (ja) * | 2010-08-24 | 2013-10-10 | ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー | 圧縮永久歪みが小さい弾性低密度ポリウレタンフォームの製造方法 |
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