CN102666429A - 氧化铟系烧结体及氧化铟系透明导电膜 - Google Patents

氧化铟系烧结体及氧化铟系透明导电膜 Download PDF

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CN102666429A
CN102666429A CN2010800480583A CN201080048058A CN102666429A CN 102666429 A CN102666429 A CN 102666429A CN 2010800480583 A CN2010800480583 A CN 2010800480583A CN 201080048058 A CN201080048058 A CN 201080048058A CN 102666429 A CN102666429 A CN 102666429A
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niobium
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indium oxide
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生泽正克
高见英生
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JX Nippon Mining and Metals Corp
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种氧化铟烧结体,含有铌作为添加物,其特征在于,铌的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为1~4%的范围,相对密度为98%以上,体电阻为0.9mΩ·cm以下。本发明提供虽然具有低电阻率,但是由于载流子浓度不过高因此在短波长和长波长区域具有高透射率特性的氧化铟系氧化物烧结体及氧化铟系透明导电膜。

Description

氧化铟系烧结体及氧化铟系透明导电膜
技术领域
本发明涉及氧化铟系氧化物烧结体及氧化铟系透明导电膜。
背景技术
作为透明导电膜,添加有锡的氧化铟(以下称为ITO)由于具有低电阻率、高透射率的优良特性因此作为FPD(平板显示器)等的电极材料而广泛使用。
透明导电体的用途除了平板显示器以外还有各种用途,其中,近年来,作为太阳能电池的光入射面侧的窗口层电极(窓層電極)材料的需求正在逐渐增长。
太阳能电池的分光灵敏度,对于结晶硅型为直到约1200nm,对于CIGS(Cu-In-Ga-Se系)型为直到约1300nm,因此在这样的长波长区域,要求高透射率。另外,非晶硅太阳能电池中,分光灵敏度为直到约300nm的短波长,因此透明导电膜的透射率要求直到短波长区域都要高。
但是,将ITO用作太阳能电池的窗口层电极材料时,ITO具有低电阻率的优点,但是另一面是载流子浓度高,因此在波长1200nm附近以上的长波长区域的透射率差,并且由于不能有效地利用太阳光的长波长区域,因此存在太阳能电池的转换效率差的问题。
作为ITO以外的透明导电膜,已知在氧化铟中添加有氧化锌的透明导电膜。但是,添加有氧化锌的氧化铟,虽然在不加热衬底的条件下可以得到比较良好的膜,但是由于含有锌,因此存在耐湿性差,长期稳定性不充分,短波长透射率低的问题。
在这样的情况下,作为在短波长以及长波长区域均具有高透射率、并且具有低电阻率的材料的候选,本发明着眼于添加有铌的氧化铟(以下称为INbO)。
作为迄今与INbO相关的报道,可以列举如下文献。
在专利文献1中,记载了通过在In2O3中添加铌等可以得到低电阻的透明导电膜的技术。但是,虽然这些材料的烧结体具有作为溅射靶所需要的特性是重要的,但是完全没有与靶特性相关的记载。
另外,在专利文献1中,述及了通过溅射成膜而得到的膜的一部分的电学及光学特性。但是,对于载流子浓度或波长550nm以外的短波长及长波长区域下的透射率完全没有公开。
另外,衬底温度为300℃这样的成膜条件,是作为通常的太阳能电池用透明导电膜制造工艺不能够容许的程度的高温,另外,溅射时的气体中氧气与氩气的比率为1∶9,说明使用了与通常的条件非常不同的氧气浓度高的混合气体。
在专利文献2中,记载了添加有铌的In2O3。但是,在说明书中公开了在In2O3中掺杂铌时,与锡成分组合使用对于所得物的低电阻化极其有效,而在实施例中没有记载在In2O3中单独添加铌的例子,而记载了在添加铌的情况下也必须一起添加锡而且要以至少3.5重量%以上的高浓度进行添加。
可见,在专利文献2中并未具体地公开在In2O3中单独添加铌的技术,而且即使是在一并添加锡的情况下,也不是要微量添加锡。
另外,专利文献2中溅射气体为纯氩气,并且从未添加氧气的情况来看,可以推测构成膜的氧化物的一部分容易被还原而成为金属成分,从而透射率降低。但是,关于所得膜的透射率,仅记载了波长550nm的结果,而短波长及长波长区域下的透射率不清楚。另外,关于衬底温度,也为350℃的高温。
在专利文献3中,记载了一种导电性氧化物粒子,其具有添加有铟原子、锑原子及氧原子、或者除此以外还添加有锌原子的氧化铟的结晶结构,并且记载了使用铌代替该锑的技术。而且,Nb/In的摩尔比在0.01~0.10的范围内。
但是,该专利文献3是利用微粒涂布的成膜方法,从而可以说与后述的本件发明的靶用的烧结体、及使用该烧结体进行溅射成膜而得到的透明导电膜是没有关系的技术。
附带说一下,没有在铟中单独添加铌的导电性氧化物粒子的具体例,而同时添加锑和铌的实施例记载在该文献3的表2中。但是,该表2中记载的实施例中,最低的电阻率值为3.1Ωcm。不得不说,该数值对于实现低电阻率是极其不充分的。这可能是因为:作为替代锑而使用的铌的添加量少。
无论如何都可以明确的是,专利文献3与后述的本申请发明存在偏离。在此列举仅为参考。
在专利文献4中,记载了以氧化铟粉末为主要成分,添加氧化钨粉末进行烧结,而制作高密度的烧结体的技术,并且作为该氧化钨的替代,记载了存在硅、钛、锌、镓、锗、铌、钼、钌、锡。但是,实施例几乎完全集中于氧化钨的添加,而替代元素的具体例仅有一例。
该一例的情况下,在单独添加时设定为何种程度的添加量,在多种添加时设定为何种程度的添加量,均不清楚。另外,均以提高密度为目标,因此电阻率如何完全不清楚。缺乏罗列的替代元素的具体性,从而作为由替代元素构成的透明导电膜用靶,并不能说是有公开价值的技术。
在非专利文献1中,记载了通过PLD(脉冲激光沉积)法将添加有铌的In2O3成膜时的衬底温度和膜的电学和光学特性的一部分。但是,显示出在衬底温度低的情况下,电阻率非常高,载流子浓度高。另外,衬底温度为200℃以上时,载流子浓度为1021cm-3水平的非常高的值,预计长波长区域的透射率非常低,但是该文献仅仅记载了直到波长1100nm的测定结果。另外,显示出短波长下的透射率低,并且在衬底温度低的情况下会更加低。
在非专利文献2中,记载了通过PLD法将添加有铌的In2O3成膜时的氧浓度和膜的电学和光学特性的一部分。但是,结果全部是在衬底温度为400℃这样的非常高的温度条件下实施而得到的值,因此电阻率低的情况下载流子浓度也高,因此预计长波长区域的透射率低,但是该文献仅仅显示出直到波长900nm的测定结果。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开平2-309511号公报
专利文献2:日本特开平3-15107号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2002-274848号公报
专利文献4:日本特开2006-22373号公报
非专利文献
非专利文献1:Journal of Crystal Growth 310(2008),4336-4339
非专利文献2:Materials Chemistry and Physics 112(2008)136-139
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供虽然具有低电阻率但是通过降低载流子浓度而在短波长及长波长区域具有高透射率特性的氧化铟系氧化物烧结体及氧化铟系透明导电膜,所述透明导电膜是通过不加热衬底条件下的成膜而得到的透明导电膜。
本发明人进行了广泛深入的研究,结果发现,通过在氧化铟中适量添加铌,可以降低电阻率并提高透射率,并且完成了本发明。
根据本发明,可以提供以下的氧化物烧结体及氧化物透明导电膜。
1.一种氧化铟烧结体,含有铌作为添加物,其特征在于,铌的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为1~4%的范围,相对密度为98%以上,体电阻为0.9mΩ·cm以下。
2.如上述1所述的氧化铟烧结体,其特征在于,除了所述添加物以外还含有锡,锡的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为0.01~0.2%的范围,相对密度为99.5%以上,体电阻为0.9mΩ·cm以下。
3.一种氧化铟透明导电膜,含有铌作为添加物,其特征在于,铌的原子数相对于透明导电膜中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为1~4%的范围,电阻率为8×10-4Ω·cm以下,载流子浓度为6×1020cm-3以下,波长1200nm下的透射率为87%以上,波长400nm下的透射率为70%以上。
4.如上述3所述的氧化铟透明导电膜,除了所述添加物以外还含有锡,其特征在于,锡的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为0.01~0.2%的范围,电阻率为8×10-4Ω·cm以下,载流子浓度为6×1020cm-3以下,波长1200nm下的透射率为87%以上,波长400nm下的透射率为70%以上。
发明效果
根据本发明,可以提供具有低电阻率、低载流子浓度,并且直到长波长区域都具有高透射率的透明导电膜,因此将这些透明导电膜作为太阳能电池用窗口层使用时,具有可以有效地利用太阳光的长波长区域,可以提高太阳能电池的转换效率的优良效果。
具体实施方式
本发明中,氧化物烧结体中或透明导电膜中的添加元素的含量,以添加元素的原子数相对于烧结体或透明导电膜中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率来规定。
例如,在包含铟-氧的氧化物烧结体中添加铌的情况下,烧结体中所含的全部金属元素为铟和铌,因此用In表示铟的原子数、用Nb表示铌的原子数时,{Nb/(In+Nb)×100}为铌的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率。
同样地,在包含铟-氧的氧化物烧结体中除了添加铌外还添加锡的情况下,烧结体中所含的全部金属元素为铟、铌和锡,因此用In表示铟的原子数、用Nb表示铌的原子数、用Sn表示锡的原子数时,{Sn/(In+Nb+Sn)×100}为锡的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率。
本发明的氧化物烧结体中或氧化物透明导电膜中铌的原子数相对于烧结体或透明导电膜中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率优选为1~4%的范围。
铌的原子数的比率低于1%时,释放电子从而使载流子浓度增加的掺杂剂过少,因此载流子浓度低,由该氧化物烧结体制作的膜不能得到低电阻率。另一方面,铌的原子数的比率超过4%时,电子从添加的铌中的释放不能充分地进行,中性杂质散射增大,从而由于迁移率的下降而成为高电阻率的膜。
本发明的氧化物烧结体或氧化物透明导电膜中锡的原子数的比率优选为0.01~0.2%的范围。
锡的原子数的比率低于0.01%时,氧化铟烧结体的密度不能充分提高。另一方面,锡的原子浓度超过0.2%时,不能进一步提高烧结密度,但是载流子浓度增加,从而使长波长区域下的透射率下降。
本发明中,烧结体的相对密度,在未添加锡的情况下为98%以上,在添加预定浓度的锡的情况下为99.5%以上。另外,体电阻为0.9mΩ·cm以下,优选0.5mΩ·cm以下。
通过象这样提高烧结体的相对密度、降低烧结体的体电阻,可以得到防止溅射时的异常放电或者抑制长时间溅射时产生的结瘤或飞弧的效果。
通过本发明得到的透明导电膜的电阻率为8×10-4Ω·cm以下,载流子浓度为6×1020cm-3以下。
通过形成这样的低电阻率的膜,作为太阳能电池用电极有用,另外,通过将载流子浓度抑制到一定值以下,可以确保长波长区域下的高透射率。
另外,通过本发明得到的透明导电膜,使用预定浓度的铌作为掺杂剂,因此与添加有氧化锌的氧化铟的透明导电膜相比,在短波长区域也可以得到高透射率。
本发明的氧化铟烧结体和透明导电膜,例如可以通过以下方法制作。
首先,使用氧化铟(In2O3)、氧化铌(Nb2O5)、并根据需要使用氧化锡(SnO2)作为原料粉末。
这些原料粉末优选使用比表面积为约10m2/g的粉末。这是因为:比表面积小时粒径增大,不能充分提高烧结体的密度。
然后,以达到预定的浓度比的方式称量这些原料粉末并进行混合。混合不充分时,烧结体中各成分发生偏析,从而存在高电阻率区域和低电阻率区域。特别是在高电阻率区域,在溅射成膜时由于带电而产生飞弧(异常放电),因此为了消除该问题需要充分混合。
例如,可以利用高速混合机在空气中以2000~4000rpm的转速、3~5分钟的旋转时间进行混合。原料粉末为氧化物,因此气氛气体不必特别地防止原料的氧化,因此没有必要使用氩气等高价的气体,在空气中也没有特别的问题。
作为混合方法,此外可以采用利用球磨机长时间混合的方法。另外,其它方法中只要能够实现原料均匀混合的目的,则可以使用任一种方法,没有特别问题。
然后,进行微粉碎。在此,在微粉碎前可以设置煅烧工序,通过煅烧可以提高烧结密度。
微粉碎用于使原料粉末的各组成在烧结体中均匀分散。微粉碎不充分进行时,存在粒径大的原料粉末,根据部位的不同会产生组成不均匀,从而引起溅射成膜时的异常放电。
具体而言,将煅烧粉末与二氧化锆微球一起投入到磨碎机(アトライタ一)中,以200~400rpm的转速、2~4小时的旋转时间进行微粉碎。微粉碎期望进行到原料粉末的粒径以平均粒径(D50)计为1μm以下,优选0.6μm以下。
然后,进行造粒。由此,可以改善原料粉末的流动性,改善压制成形时的填充状况。将微粉碎后的原料通过调节水量形成为固体成分40~60%的浆料后进行造粒。此时,优选入口温度设定为180~220℃、出口温度设定为110~130℃。
然后,进行压制成形。可以在400~800kgf/cm2的表面压力、保持1~3分钟的条件下对造粒粉末进行压制成形。这是因为:表面压力低于400kgf/cm2时,不能得到高密度的成形体。另一方面,即使表面压力超过800kgf/cm2,也得不到更高的密度,且需要多余的能量或成本,因此从生产角度考虑不优选。
然后,使用等静压装置(CIP),在1700~1900kgf/cm2的表面压力、保持1~3分钟的条件下进行成形,然后,利用电炉在氧气气氛中、在1400~1600℃下保持10~30小时进行烧结。由此,可以制作氧化物烧结体。
通过阿基米德法测定烧结体的密度后,除以理论密度,由此可以求出相对密度。另外,烧结体的体电阻可以利用四端子法测定。
然后,可以通过磨削等将所得到的烧结体加工为预定形状的溅射靶。而且,将其在添加有微量氧气的氩气气氛中、0.5Pa的压力下、不加热玻璃衬底的条件下,通过溅射进行成膜,可以得到透明导电膜。
膜的电阻率或迁移率可以通过霍尔测定(ホ一ル測定)求出。另外,透射率可以通过分光透射率计测定。
实施例
(实施例1)
以使得铌的原子数相对于全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为1%的方式称量平均粒径约2.0μm的氧化铟(In2O3)原料粉末和氧化铌(Nb2O5)粉末后,使用高速混合机,在空气中,以3000rpm转速、3分钟旋转时间进行混合。
然后,将该混合粉末与二氧化锆微球一起投入到磨碎机中,以300rpm转速、3小时旋转时间进行微粉碎,将平均粒径(D50)调节为0.8μm。调节水量将微粉碎后的原料形成为固体成分50%的浆料,并将入口温度设定为200℃、将出口温度设定为120℃进行造粒。
然后,在600kgf/cm2的表面压力、保持1分钟的条件下将该造粒粉末压制成形后,用等静压装置(CIP)在1800kgf/cm2的表面压力、保持1分钟的条件下进行成形。然后,将该成形品在电炉中、在氧气氛中、在1550℃保持20小时,由此进行烧结。所得烧结体的相对密度为98.7%,体电阻为0.47mΩ·cm。
通过磨削等将该烧结体加工为直径6英寸、厚度6mm的圆板状的溅射靶。将该靶设置到溅射装置内,在添加有1%氧气的氩气气氛中、0.5Pa的压力下、溅射功率1kW的条件下,通过溅射在未加热的玻璃衬底上成膜,得到透明导电膜。
进行该膜的霍尔测定,结果电阻率为0.79mΩ·cm,载流子浓度为4.0×1020cm-3,膜的透射率对于波长1200nm为87.9%、对于波长400nm为70.1%。将实施例1的代表性条件和结果总结在表1中。
表1
Figure BDA0000156614890000111
(实施例2~4、比较例1~2)
烧结体的制造方法和透明导电膜的制造方法与实施例1同样,仅改变铌的原子浓度(原子数)的比率。即,在实施例2中,铌的原子浓度为2.0%,在实施例3中铌的原子浓度为3.0%,在实施例4中铌的原子浓度为4.0%。另外,在比较例1中铌的原子浓度为0.5%,在比较例2中铌的原子浓度为5.0%。
所得到的烧结体和膜的特性的结果如表1所示。从这些结果可以看出,铌的原子数的比率在1~4%的范围以外时,电阻率变高,因此作为透明导电膜的性质不优选。另外,可以看出,虽然未添加锡,但是相对密度为98.7%以上是比较高的密度。
(比较例3)
在烧结体的制造方法中,将烧结体的烧结温度设定为1350℃,除此以外与实施例1同样。所得到的烧结体的相对密度为97.3%,低。另外,体电阻为1.2mΩ·cm,高。该结果未列在表中,但是可以看出,为了降低体电阻值,需要适度的烧结温度。
(实施例5~9、比较例4~6)
烧结体的制造方法和透明导电膜的制造方法与实施例1同样,将铌的原子数的比率设定为2.0%,并改变锡的原子浓度的比率。即,在实施例5中锡的原子浓度为0.01%,在实施例6中锡的原子浓度为0.05%,在实施例7中锡的原子浓度为0.10%,在实施例8中锡的原子浓度为0.15%,在实施例9中锡的原子浓度为0.20%。另外,在比较例4中锡的原子浓度为0.005%,在比较例5中锡的原子浓度为0.50%,在比较例6中锡的原子浓度为1.00%。所得到的烧结体和膜的特性的结果同样列在表1中。
从这些结果可以看出,虽然象实施例1这样锡浓度为零的情况下相对密度也为98.7%,较高,但是通过进一步添加适当浓度以上的锡,可以达到相对密度99.7%以上的更高密度。
另一方面,锡的原子数的比率为0.5%以上时,相对密度的提高达到饱和,并且所得到的膜的载流子浓度增加,在波长1200nm下的透射率下降。
(比较例7)
烧结体材料为添加有氧化锌的氧化铟,以锌的原子数相对于锌与铟的原子数的总和的比率为10%的方式称量平均粒径约2.0μm的氧化铟(In203)原料粉末和氧化锌(ZnO)原料粉末。后面的烧结体的制造方法和透明导电膜的制造方法与实施例1同样。
所得到的烧结体的相对密度为98.0%,体电阻为0.48mΩ·cm。膜的电阻率为0.48mΩ·cm,载流子浓度为6.1×1020cm-3,膜的透射率对于1200nm为83.9%、对于波长400nm为61.2%。可见,烧结体的组成不同时,载流子浓度为6.1×1020cm-3,偏离本申请发明的条件,得不到目标特性。
产业实用性
本发明的微量添加有铌的氧化铟烧结体,由于具有高密度,因此在作为溅射靶使用时,可以抑制在其表面产生结瘤,可以防止溅射时的异常放电。
另外,本发明的氧化铟烧结体的体电阻率低,因此可以降低通过溅射形成的膜的电阻率,对于透明导电膜形成用而言有用。
另外,本发明的氧化铟透明导电膜的电阻率低,并且从短波长区域到长波长区域的透射率高,因此作为太阳能电池用透明导电膜极其有用。

Claims (4)

1.一种氧化铟烧结体,含有铌作为添加物,其特征在于,铌的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为1~4%的范围,相对密度为98%以上,体电阻为0.9mΩ·cm以下。
2.如权利要求1所述的氧化铟烧结体,其特征在于,除了所述添加物以外还含有锡,锡的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为0.01~0.2%的范围,相对密度为99.5%以上,体电阻为0.9mΩ·cm以下。
3.一种氧化铟透明导电膜,含有铌作为添加物,其特征在于,铌的原子数相对于透明导电膜中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为1~4%的范围,电阻率为8×10-4Ω·cm以下,载流子浓度为6×1020cm-3以下,波长1200nm下的透射率为87%以上,波长400nm下的透射率为70%以上。
4.如权利要求3所述的氧化铟透明导电膜,除了所述添加物以外还含有锡,其特征在于,锡的原子数相对于烧结体中全部金属元素的原子数的总和的比率为0.01~0.2%的范围,电阻率为8×10-4Ω·cm以下,载流子浓度为6×1020cm-3以下,波长1200nm下的透射率为87%以上,波长400nm下的透射率为70%以上。
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