CN102612318B - 用于加溶低溶解度活性物质的树枝状聚脲 - Google Patents
用于加溶低溶解度活性物质的树枝状聚脲 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102612318B CN102612318B CN201080052031.1A CN201080052031A CN102612318B CN 102612318 B CN102612318 B CN 102612318B CN 201080052031 A CN201080052031 A CN 201080052031A CN 102612318 B CN102612318 B CN 102612318B
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having no bond to a nitrogen atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
- A01N47/24—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof containing the groups, or; Thio analogues thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/16—Catalysts
- C08G18/22—Catalysts containing metal compounds
- C08G18/222—Catalysts containing metal compounds metal compounds not provided for in groups C08G18/225 - C08G18/26
-
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种组合物,其包含两亲物和在20℃下于水中的溶解度不超过10g/L的活性成分,其中所述两亲物包含与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接的树枝状聚脲,且如果所述线性聚合物的重复单元由聚合的氧化烯构成,则所述连接经由双官能连接剂进行。本发明进一步涉及一种包含树枝状聚脲的两亲物和制备所述两亲物的方法。
Description
本发明提供一种组合物,其包含两亲物和在20℃下于水中的溶解度不超过10g/L的活性成分。本发明还涉及一种包含聚脲的两亲物,以及所述两亲物的制备方法。优选特征与其他优选特征的组合物也为本发明所涵盖。
许多情况要求疏水活性成分溶解于水中而不导致所述活性成分本身发生任何化学变化。为此,例如可制备乳液,其中所述活性成分处于该乳液的油相中。然而,对许多活性药物成分或者尤其是作物保护剂,尤其是借助体液传输或者在植物汁液中传输的那些成分而言,无法进行该类程序。在高剪切力的作用下,乳液可能破乳。此外,在许多情况下无法在消毒的同时维持乳液。
包含活性成分和基于聚脲的两亲物的组合物为公知常识:WO2006/087227公开了一种活性成分组合物,其包含含氮原子的超支化聚合物和在25℃下在水中的溶解度不超过10g/l的活性成分。合适的超支化聚合物为可与低分子量化合物或与聚醚醇进行类聚合物反应(polymer-analogousreaction)的聚脲。此时,直接与所述超支化聚合物进行类聚合物反应。WO2009/021986公开了一种拌种组合物,其包含活性成分和超支化聚合物,所述超支化聚合物例如可为超支化聚脲。所述超支化聚合物可用氧化烯烷氧基化或者直接与聚醚醇反应。
超支化聚脲是公知常识,其制备方法详细描述于例如WO2003/066702、WO2005/075541和WO2005/044897中。
用于在含水介质中加溶疏水活性成分的已知两亲物的缺点在于其仅能加溶少量活性成分。此外,两亲物本身也通常为非水溶性的或者非水分散性的,因此不适于在含水介质中加溶。另一缺点是树枝状聚脲的直接烷氧基化实际上几乎不转化成任何所需产物。其原因在于由于聚脲的受限溶解性,所述反应必须优选在醇中进行,因此很大程度上获得作为次要组分的乙氧基化溶剂(即乙氧基化的醇)。其他合适的溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺或二甲亚砜在烷氧基化反应条件(高温、碱性pH值)下被KOH催化剂部分分解或降解。尽管这能通过烷氧基化(例如在熔体中)获得产物,但是这些产物由于PEG链长不等,通常可为非水溶性的或者具有较差的应用性能。
本发明的目的是寻找一种适于在含水介质中加溶微溶性活性成分的替代两亲物。另一目的是寻找一种能加溶极高量的活性成分,尤其是活性农化成分的两亲物。此外,所述两亲物自身应为水溶性的或者水分散性的。最后,另一目的是寻找可由预先制备组分,如预先制备的聚合物制备的两亲物。
所述目的通过一种包含两亲物和在20℃下于水中的溶解度不超过10g/L的活性成分的组合物实现,其中所述两亲物包含与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接的树枝状聚脲,且如果所述线性聚合物的重复单元由聚合的氧化烯构成,则所述连接经由双官能连接剂进行。
所述活性成分在20℃下于水中的溶解度不超过10g/L,优选不超过2g/L,更优选不超过0.5g/L,尤其是不超过0.1g/L。所述组合物可包含一种或多种不同的活性成分。活性成分的实例为活性农化成分、活性化妆品成分、活性药物成分或者营养增补剂(如维生素和类胡罗卜素)。优选活性成分为活性农化成分。
活性化妆品成分的实例为化妆油、芳香剂和香料、维生素或UV吸收剂。化妆油包括花生油、霍霍巴油、椰子油、杏仁油、橄榄油、棕榈油、蓖麻油、大豆油或小麦胚芽油,或精油如矮松油、薰衣草油、迷迭香油、云杉针叶油、松针叶油、桉树油、薄荷油、鼠尾草油、香柠檬油、松节油、滇荆芥油、刺柏油、柠檬油、茴香油、小豆蔻油、樟脑油等或其混合物。UV吸收剂包括2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、2,2',4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮、2,2'-二羟基-4,4'-二甲氧基二苯甲酮、2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮、2'-乙基己基2-氰基-3,3-二苯基丙烯酸酯、2,4,6-三苯胺基对(羰基-2'-乙基己基-1'-氧基)-1,3,5-三嗪、3-(4-甲氧基亚苄基)樟脑、N,N-二甲基-4-氨基苯甲酸2-乙基己基酯、3,3,5-三甲基环己基水杨酸酯、4-异丙基二苯甲酰基甲烷、对甲氧基肉桂酸2-乙基己基酯和对甲氧基肉桂酸2-异戊基酯及其混合物。
芳香剂和香料的实例描述于WO01/49817或“Flavors andFragrances”,Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,Wiley-VCH,2002,在此引作参考。
维生素的实例为组A、C、E和F的维生素、维生素原和维生素前体,更特别地为3,4-二去氢视黄醇、β-胡萝卜素(维生素A的维生素原)、抗坏血酸(维生素C),以及棕榈酸酯、葡糖苷类或者抗坏血酸的磷酸酯,生育酚类,更特别地为α-生育酚及其酯如乙酸酯、烟酸酯、磷酸酯和琥珀酸酯;以及维生素F,其应理解为主要包括脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸。
活性药物成分的实例包括下列:苯并二氮杂类、抗高血压药、维生素、细胞抑制剂—尤其是紫杉醇,麻醉药、精神安定药、抗抑郁药,抗病毒剂如抗HIV剂、抗生素、抗真菌药、抗老年痴呆药、杀真菌剂、化学治疗剂、泌尿科用药、血小板聚集抑制剂、磺胺类药、解痉药、激素、免疫球蛋白、血清、甲状腺治疗药、精神活性药、抗帕金森剂和其他抗运动机能亢进剂、眼科用药、神经病产品、钙代谢调节剂、肌肉松弛剂、麻醉药、降脂剂、肝脏治疗药、冠状动脉治疗药、强心剂、免疫治疗药、调节肽及其抑制剂安眠药、镇静药、妇科用药、痛风治疗剂、溶纤剂、酶产物和转运蛋白质、酶抑制剂、催吐药、血流刺激剂、利尿药、诊断辅助剂、肾上腺皮质激素、胆碱能药物、胆囊治疗药、平喘药、支气管扩张药、β-受体阻断剂、钙拮抗剂、ACE抑制剂、动脉硬化治疗药、抗炎药、抗凝血药、抗低血压药、抗低血糖药、抗高血压药、抗纤维蛋白溶解药、抗癫痫药、止吐药、解毒药、抗糖尿病药、抗心律失常药、抗贫血药、抗过敏药、驱虫药、镇痛药、苏醒药、醛固酮拮抗剂、减肥药。
术语“活性农化成分”(下文也称为农药)是指至少一种选自如下组的活性成分:杀真菌剂、杀昆虫剂、杀线虫剂、除草剂、安全剂和/或生长调节剂。优选的农药为杀真菌剂、杀昆虫剂和除草剂,尤其是杀昆虫剂。也可使用两种或更多种上述类别农药的混合物。本领域技术人员熟知这类农药,其可例如参见Pesticide Manual,第14版(2006),The British CropProtection Council,London。合适的杀昆虫剂为选自如下类别的杀昆虫剂:氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷酸酯类、有机氯杀昆虫剂、苯基吡唑类、拟除虫菊酯类、新烟碱类、棘苷类、阿维菌素(avermectin)类、milbemycin类、保幼激素类似物、烷基卤、有机锡化合物、沙蚕毒素类似物、苯甲酰脲类、二酰基肼类、METI杀螨剂以及诸如氯化苦(chloropicrin)、拒嗪酮(pymetrozine)、氟啶虫酰胺(flonicamid)、四螨嗪(clofentezine)、噻螨酮(hexythiazox)、特苯唑(etoxazole)、杀螨硫隆(diafenthiuron)、克螨特(propargite)、三氯杀螨砜(tetradifon)、氟唑虫清(chlorfenapyr)、二硝甲酚(DNOC)、噻嗪酮(buprofezine)、灭蝇胺(cyromazine)、虫螨脒(amitraz)、灭蚁腙(hydramethylnon)、灭螨醌(acequinocyl)、嘧螨酯(fluacrypyrim)、鱼藤酮(rotenone)或其衍生物的杀昆虫剂。合适的杀真菌剂为选自如下类别的杀真菌剂:二硝基苯胺类、丙烯胺类、苯胺基嘧啶类、抗生素、芳族烃类、苯磺酰胺类、苯并咪唑类、苯并异噻唑类、二苯甲酮类、苯并噻二唑类、苯并三嗪类、苄基氨基甲酸酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、羧酰胺类、氯腈类、氰基乙酰胺肟类、氰基咪唑类、环丙烷羧酰胺类、二羧酰亚胺类、二氢二嗪类、二硝基苯基巴豆酸酯类、二硫代氨基甲酸酯类、二硫戊环类、乙基磷酸酯类、乙基氨基噻唑羧酰胺类、胍类、羟基(2-氨基)嘧啶类、羟基苯胺类、咪唑类、咪唑啉酮类、无机物、异苯并呋喃酮类、甲氧基丙烯酸酯类、甲氧基氨基甲酸酯类、吗啉类、N-苯基氨基甲酸酯类、唑烷二酮类、肟基乙酸酯类、肟基乙酰胺类、肽基嘧啶核苷类、苯基乙酰胺类、苯基酰胺类、苯基吡咯类、苯基脲类、膦酸酯类、硫代磷酸酯类、邻氨甲酰苯甲酸类、苯邻二甲酰亚胺类、哌嗪类、哌啶类、丙酰胺类、哒嗪酮类、吡啶类、吡啶基甲基苯甲酰胺类、嘧啶胺类、嘧啶类、嘧啶酮腙类、吡咯并喹啉酮类、喹唑啉酮类、喹啉类、醌类、磺酰胺类、氨磺酰三唑类、噻唑羧酰胺类、硫代氨基甲酸酯类、苯硫脲酯类(thiophanate)、噻吩羧酰胺类、甲苯酰胺类、三苯基锡化合物、三嗪类、三唑类。合适的除草剂为选自如下类别的除草剂:乙酰胺类、酰胺类、芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯类、苯甲酰胺类、苯并呋喃类、苯甲酸类、苯并噻二嗪酮类、联吡啶、氨基甲酸酯类、氯乙酰胺类、氯羧酸类、环己烷二酮类、二硝基苯胺类、二硝基酚、二苯基醚类、甘氨酸类、咪唑啉酮类、异唑类、异唑烷酮类、腈类、N-苯基苯邻二甲酰亚胺类、二唑类、唑烷二酮类、氧基乙酰胺类、苯氧基羧酸类、苯基氨基甲酸酯类、苯基吡唑类、苯基吡唑啉类、苯基哒嗪类、次膦酸、氨基磷酸盐、二硫代磷酸酯类、酞酰胺类、吡唑类、哒嗪酮类、吡啶类、吡啶羧酸类、吡啶羧酰胺类、嘧啶二酮类、嘧啶基(硫代)苯甲酸酯类、喹啉羧酸类、缩氨基脲类、磺酰氨基羰基三唑啉酮类、磺酰脲类、四唑啉酮类、噻二唑类、硫代氨基甲酸酯类、三嗪类、三嗪酮类、三唑类、三唑啉酮类、三唑羧酰胺类、三唑并嘧啶类、三酮类、尿嘧啶类、脲类。
在一个实施方案中,农药包含杀昆虫剂,优选农药由至少一种杀昆虫剂组成。优选的杀昆虫剂为锐劲特(fipronil)、丙烯除虫菊酯(allethrin)、α-氯氰菊酯(alpha-cypermethrin)、β-氟氯氰菊酯(beta-cyfluthrin)、氟氯菊酯(bifenthrin)、反丙烯除虫菊(bioallethrin)、4-氯-2-(2-氯-2-甲基丙基)-5-[(6-碘-3-吡啶基)甲氧基]-3(2H)-哒嗪酮(CAS登记号:120955-77-3)、氟唑虫清(chlorfenapyr)、毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)、氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)、(RS)氯氟氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)、醚菊酯(etofenprox)、双氧威(fenoxycarb)、氟虫脲(flufenoxuron)、灭蚁腙(hydramethylnon)、氰氟虫胺(metaflumizone)、氯菊酯(permethrin)、pyriproxifen、灭虫硅醚(silafluofen)、tebufenocide和四溴菊酯(tralomethrin)。特别优选的杀昆虫剂为锐劲特、α-氯氰菊酯、氟氯菊酯、氟唑虫清、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、醚菊酯、灭蚁腙、氰氟虫胺、氯菊酯。尤其优选的杀昆虫剂为锐劲特、α-氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氟唑虫清、灭蚁腙和氰氟虫胺。尤其优选的杀昆虫剂为锐劲特。在另一实施方案中,所述农药包含杀真菌剂,优选所述农药由至少一种杀真菌剂组成。优选的杀真菌剂为唑菌胺酯(pyraclostrobin)、环戊唑菌(metconazole)和氧唑菌(epoxiconazole)。在另一实施方案中,所述农药包含除草剂,优选所述农药由至少一种除草剂构成。在另一实施方案中,所述农药包含生长调节剂,优选所述农药由至少一种生长调节剂构成。
本发明的组合物通常包含基于该组合物为0.1-70重量%,优选1-50重量%,更优选3-30重量%的活性成分。
两亲物通常包含至少一个极性(亲水性)结构部分和至少一个非极性(疏水性)结构部分。两亲物通常为脂肪酸、表面活性剂和磷脂类。所述组合物可包含一种或多种不同的两亲物。
本发明组合物通常包含0.01-40重量%,优选0.05-30重量%,更优选0.1-20重量%两亲物。所述两亲物通常可溶于或可分散于水中,即可制备澄清的(即不含肉眼可见的颗粒)水溶液或分散体。
在本发明上下文中,术语“树枝状”聚合物通常涵盖其特征在于具有支化结构和高官能度的聚合物。就本发明而言,“树枝状聚合物”包括树枝状大分子、超支化聚合物和由其衍生的结构。
“树枝状大分子”为具有高度对称结构的呈分子水平均一的大分子。树枝状大分子就结构而言衍生自星形聚合物,其中星形支链又各自具有单链。其通过连续顺序重复反应由小分子获得,从而得到更高数量的支链,其中在每种情况下所述支链末端具有官能团,所述官能团又为其他支链的起始点。因此,单体端基的数量随着各反应步骤而增加,最终获得球形树状结构。树枝状大分子的特定特征为用于其合成的反应步骤的次数(代)。由于其均一结构,树枝状大分子通常具有确定的摩尔质量。
优选合适的为具有侧链的分子和结构水平上为非均一的超支化聚合物,所述侧链具有不同长度、不同支化度以及摩尔质量分布。就超支化聚合物的一般定义而言,也参见P.J.Flory,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1952,74,2718和H.Frey等,Chem.Eur.J.2000,6,第14期,2499。
适于合成这些超支化聚合物的尤其为所谓的ABx单体。这些单体具有两种不同的官能团A和B,其能彼此反应以形成连接。官能团A每分子仅存在一个,而官能团B存在两个或更多个。所述ABx单体彼此的反应形成具有规整分布支化点的基本上非交联的聚合物。所述聚合物几乎仅在链端具有B基团。其他细节可参见例如Journal of Molecular Science,Rev.Macromol.Chem.Phys.,C37(3),555-579(1997)。
本发明所用的超支化聚合物优选每分子具有10-100%,更优选10-90%,更特别地为10-80%的支化度(DB)。支化度的定义参见H.Frey等,Acta Polym.1997,48,30。
优选使用超支化聚合物,即具有分子和结构非均一性的聚合物。与树枝状大分子相比,它们通常更容易且因此更经济地制备。
本发明涉及特定类型的树枝状聚合物,即树枝状聚脲,更特别地为超支化聚脲。就本发明而言,术语“聚脲”涵盖除脲基之外,还可具有氨基甲酸酯基、脲基甲酸酯基、缩二脲基以及其他官能团如胺官能的聚合物。氨基甲酸酯基通常为O-烷基氨基甲酸酯基,其中烷基具有1-18个碳原子。优选为可通过使异氰酸酯基与已用作封闭剂的一元醇反应而获得的O-烷基氨基甲酸酯基。
优选重均分子量为500-100000g/mol,优选1000-50000g/mol的树枝状聚脲。该测定通常通过凝胶渗透色谱法使用折光计作为检测器进行。所述测定优选如实施例所述进行。
树枝状聚脲优选不可溶于或分散于水中,这意味着无法制备澄清的(即不含肉眼可见的颗粒)水溶液或分散体。
树枝状聚脲,尤其是超支化聚脲,是本领域技术人员所已知的,且可以以不同方式获得,例如通过脲与多胺的直接反应或者碳酸二烷基酯与多胺反应而获得。然而,本发明的聚脲优选可通过封闭的多异氰酸酯与多胺反应获得。已描述了其他制备方法;例如WO05044897A1描述了由碳酸酯(例如碳酸二乙酯;A2单体)和多官能胺(例如三胺;B3单体)合成超支化聚脲,或者WO05075541描述了由脲或脲衍生物(A2单体)与多官能胺(例如三胺;B3单体)合成超支化聚脲。
所述树枝状聚脲,更特别地为超支化聚脲,可优选通过包括如下步骤的方法获得:使至少双官能的封闭二-或多异氰酸酯与至少一种至少双官能的伯胺和/或仲胺反应,同时消去封闭剂,从而获得所述聚脲。
所述至少双官能的封闭二-或多异氰酸酯例如可通过二-或多异氰酸酯与脂族、芳脂族或芳族醇,优选一元醇的反应获得。此外,其例如可通过伯胺与醇和脲反应(根据EP-A-18586)、通过伯胺与O-烷基氨基甲酸酯反应(根据EP18588或者EP-A-28338)、通过伯胺与碳酸二甲酯反应(根据EP-A-570071)、通过甲酰胺与碳酸二甲酯反应或者伯胺与甲酸甲酯反应(根据EP-A-609786)而获得。通常也可使用二-或多异氰酸酯,其根据EP355443、EP566925、EP568782或DE19820114的说明书在不使用光气合成二-或多异氰酸酯中作为起始产物或中间体获得。
在二-或多异氰酸酯与二-或多胺反应以获得超支化聚脲的反应中,利用了异氰酸酯与醇的反应在主导反应条件下的可逆性,而异氰酸酯与胺的反应在主导反应条件下的不可逆性,从而获得受控的分子构造。此处所述醇原则上用作异氰酸酯基的封闭剂,换言之作为异氰酸酯与胺的极高反应性的调节剂。
合适的封闭剂包括一元醇或封闭剂,优选一元醇。合适的一元醇优选为直链或支化脂族一元醇如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇、己醇、庚醇、辛醇、异丙醇、异丁醇或2-乙基-1-己醇,或芳脂族一元醇如苄醇或苯乙醇。特别优选为直链或支化脂族一元醇以及苄醇。尤其优选为具有1-18个碳原子,优选1-6个碳原子的直链脂族一元醇。
另一实施方案由至少双官能的封闭二-或多异氰酸酯起始,所述NCO基团已如现有技术所述用所谓的封闭剂封闭。这些封闭剂的特征在于其能确保异氰酸酯基在通常低于160℃的温度下热可逆封闭。因此,使用这类封闭剂以改性用于可热固化单组分聚氨酯体系中的异氰酸酯基。所用封闭剂优选为酚类、己内酰胺、1H-咪唑、2-甲基咪唑、1,2,4-三唑、3,5-二甲基吡唑、丙二酸二烷基酯、N-乙酰苯胺、丙酮肟或丁酮肟。此处,由二胺或多胺获得超支化聚脲的反应也在消去封闭剂下反应。因此,在下文中,用一元醇或封闭剂封闭的NCO基团称为“封闭的NCO基团”。
反应后,即不进行改性,用氨基或封闭的NCO基团封端树枝状聚脲,更特别地为超支化聚脲。其易溶于极性溶剂,如醇类如甲醇、乙醇、丁醇,醇/水混合物,酯如乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯,以及二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚乙酯或碳酸亚丙酯。
在本发明的上下文中,树枝状聚脲,更特别地超支化聚脲意指具有脲基以及至少3个,优选至少6个,更优选至少8个官能团的产物。官能团的数量原则上没有上限,但具有极高数量官能团的产物可能呈现出不希望的性能,如高粘度或差的溶解性。本发明的高官能度聚脲通常具有不超过100个官能团,优选不超过50个官能团。
用于制备所述树枝状聚脲,更特别地超支化聚脲中的所述至少双官能的伯胺和/或仲胺选自具有至少2个能与氨基甲酸酯基反应的氨基的化合物。具有至少2个能与氨基甲酸酯基反应的氨基的化合物例如为乙二胺、N-烷基乙二胺、丙二胺、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、N-烷基丙二胺、丁二胺、N-烷基丁二胺、六亚甲基二胺、N-烷基六亚甲基二胺、甲苯二胺、二氨基二苯甲烷、二氨基二环己基甲烷、苯二胺、环己基二胺、二氨基二苯砜、异佛尔酮二胺、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,5-五亚甲基二胺、2,2,4-或2,4,4-三甲基-1,6-六亚甲基二胺、2-氨基丙基环己胺、3(4)-氨基甲基-1-甲基环己胺、1,4-二氨基-4-甲基戊烷、胺封端的聚氧化烯多元醇(称为Jeffamine)、胺化的聚四亚甲基二醇、N-氨基烷基哌啶、氨、双(氨基乙基)胺、双(氨基丙基)胺、双(氨基丁基)胺、双(氨基戊基)胺、双(氨基己基)胺、三(氨基乙基)胺、三(氨基丙基)胺、三(氨基己基)胺、三氨基己烷、4-氨基甲基-1,8-八亚甲基二胺、N’-(3-氨基丙基)-N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、三氨基壬烷或蜜胺。也可使用至少两种所述化合物的任意所需混合物。至少双官能的伯胺和/或仲胺优选为至少双官能的伯胺,更优选为双官能的脂族伯胺,更特别地为异佛尔酮二胺。
所述二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯为现有技术所已知且如下文所例示的脂族、脂环族、芳脂族、芳族二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯。其优选包括4,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯与低聚二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(聚合MDI)的混合物、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯三聚体、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯三聚体、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯三聚体、4,4’-亚甲基双环己基二异氰酸酯、苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、四甲基苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、十二烷基二异氰酸酯、赖氨酸烷基酯二异氰酸酯(其中烷基表示C1-C10)、1,4-二异氰酸酯基环己烷或4-异氰酸酯基甲基-1,8-八亚甲基二异氰酸酯。
特别优选适于制备所述聚脲的为具有不同反应性的NCO基团的二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯。此处可提及2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(2,4-TDI)、2,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(2,4’-MDI)、三异氰酸酯基甲苯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、2-丁基-2-乙基五亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2,2,4-或2,4,4-三甲基-1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2-异氰酸酯基丙基环己基异氰酸酯、3(4)-异氰酸酯基甲基-1-甲基环己基异氰酸酯、1,4-二异氰酸酯基-4-甲基戊烷、2,4’-亚甲基双环己基二异氰酸酯和4-甲基环己烷1,3-二异氰酸酯(HTDI)。同样适于制备所述聚脲的还有在起始阶段其NCO基团具有相同反应性,但在反应期间可通过反应物与NCO基团的首次加成诱发第二NCO基团反应性降低的异氰酸酯。其实例为其NCO基团通过离域π电子体系偶合的异氰酸酯,例如1,3-和1,4-苯二异氰酸酯、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯、二苯基二异氰酸酯、联甲苯胺二异氰酸酯或2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯。
此外还可使用例如经由氨基甲酸酯、脲基甲酸酯、脲、缩二脲、脲二酮、酰胺、异氰脲酸酯、碳二亚胺、脲酮亚胺、二嗪三酮或亚氨基二嗪二酮结构连接的且可由上述异氰酸酯、多异氰酸酯或其混合物制备的低聚异氰酸酯或聚异氰酸酯。
尤其优选适于制备所述聚脲的二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯为经由氨基甲酸酯、脲基甲酸酯、脲、缩二脲、脲二酮、酰胺、异氰脲酸酯、碳二亚胺、脲酮亚胺、二嗪三酮或亚氨基二嗪二酮结构,优选经由异氰脲酸酯结构连接且可由脂族、脂环族、芳脂族和芳族,优选脂族二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯制备的低聚异氰酸酯或聚异氰酸酯。这些低聚异氰酸酯或聚异氰酸酯通常具有2.1-4.9,优选2.9-4.4,尤其是3.4-3.9的平均NCO官能度。平均摩尔质量通常为300-3000g/mol,优选为400-1500g/mol,更优选为500-800g/mol。
在所述高官能度聚脲的制备过程中,必须对具有至少2个可与封闭NCO基团反应的氨基的化合物与封闭异氰酸酯的摩尔比进行设定,以使得所得的最简单缩合产物(下文称为缩合产物(A))平均包含一个封闭的NCO基团和多于一个的能与所述封闭的NCO基团反应的基团、或者一个能与所述封闭的NCO基团反应的基团和多于一个的封闭的NCO基团。由封闭的二-或多异氰酸酯(X)与二-或多胺(Y)形成的缩合产物(A)的最简单结构为XYn或XnY排列,其中n通常表示1-6,优选1-4,更优选1-3的数。在每种情况下,作为单独基团产生的反应性基团在下文通常称为“焦点基团”。
例如,当在由封闭的二异氰酸酯和二价胺制备所述最简单的缩合产物(A)中,二者的反应比为1:1时,则获得XY型分子。在由封闭的二异氰酸酯和三价胺以1:1的摩尔反应比制备缩合产物(A)的情况下,获得XY2型分子。此时焦点基团为封闭的异氰酸酯基。在由封闭的二异氰酸酯和四价二胺且同样以1:1的反应比制备缩合产物(A)的情况下,获得XY3型分子。此时焦点基团为封闭异氰酸酯基。此外,缩合产物(A)也可例如由封闭的二异氰酸酯和可与所述封闭的二异氰酸酯反应的三价组分以2:1的摩尔反应比制备。此时获得X2Y型分子,其中焦点基团为胺。当在所述组分中额外添加双官能化合物(其实例为具有两个封闭异氰酸酯基或具有两个氨基的那些)时,其结果是扩链。再次获得X2Y型分子,其中焦点基团为封闭的异氰酸酯基。
优选不分离反应产物(A)。优选在所述方法进一步进程中,使反应产物(A)直接与超支化聚脲(P)反应。
获得缩合产物(A)以及获得缩聚产物(P)的反应通常在0-250℃,优选在60-160℃的温度下在本体或溶液中进行。在这些反应中,通常可使用对各反应物呈惰性的任意溶剂。优选使用有机溶剂如癸烷、十二烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、二甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺或溶剂石脑油。在一个优选实施方案中,所述缩合反应在本体中进行。在与胺的反应过程中释放出的封闭剂(如用于氨基甲酸酯化的醇)可通过蒸馏(任选在减压下)从反应平衡中移除,从而促进反应。
在另一优选实施方案中,将用于封闭的醇用作反应溶剂。此时将氨基甲酸酯组分以处于醇中溶液形式引入,并将胺组分以合适的比例加入。当温度升高时,呈氨基甲酸酯形式结合的醇被胺组分代替,并形成本发明的脲。过量存在的醇组分也用作所形成的脲的溶剂。
为了促进所述反应,也可添加催化剂或催化剂混合物。合适的催化剂通常为能催化氨基甲酸酯反应的化合物,其实例为胺、铵化合物、有机铝、有机锡、有机锌、有机钛、有机锆或有机铋化合物。例如可使用二氮杂二环辛烷(DABCO)、二氮杂二环壬烯(DBN)、二氮杂二环十一碳烯(DBU),咪唑类如咪唑、1-甲基咪唑、2-甲基咪唑、1,2-二甲基咪唑,四丁氧基钛、氧化二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、二辛酸锡、乙酰丙酮锆或其混合物。催化剂通常以基于所用异氰酸酯的量为50-10000ppm(重量),优选100-5000ppm(重量)的量使用。此外,也可通过添加剂合适的催化剂和通过选择合适的温度控制分子间的缩聚反应。此外,所述聚合物(P)的平均分子量可通过起始组分的组成和通过停留时间调节。在升高的温度下制备的缩合产物(A)和缩聚产物(P)能在室温下稳定较长时间。
鉴于缩合产物(P)的性质,所述缩合反应可获得具有不同结构的缩聚产物(P),所述产物具有支链但不交联。此外,缩聚产物(P)包含封闭的异氰酸酯焦点基团和多于两个的能与封闭异氰酸酯基反应的基团,或者能与封闭异氰酸酯基反应的焦点基团和多于两个的封闭异氰酸酯基团。反应性基团的数量取决于所用缩合产物(A)的性质以及缩聚度。
分子间的缩聚反应的终止存在多种可能性。例如,可将温度降至反应停止且产物(A)或缩聚产物(P)储存稳定的范围。在优选实施方案中,一旦缩合产物(A)的分子间反应获得具有所需缩聚度的缩聚产物(P),则通过向产物(P)中添加具有能与(P)的焦点基团反应的基团的产物而终止反应。例如,在封闭的NCO焦点基团的情况下,可添加例如单胺、二胺或多胺。在胺焦点基团的情况下,可在产物(P)中添加例如能与胺反应的单氨基甲酸酯、二氨基甲酸酯或聚氨基甲酸酯,单异氰酸酯、二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯、醛、酮或酸衍生物。
所述树枝状聚脲通常在2毫巴至20巴的压力下,优选在大气压下,在间歇、半间歇或连续运行的反应器或级联反应器中制备。通过如上所述设定反应条件,且任选通过选择合适的溶剂,本发明产物可在其制备后进一步处理而无需进一步提纯。
所述两亲物优选包含与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接的树枝状聚脲,且如果所述线性聚合物的重复单元由聚合的氧化烯构成,则所述连接经由双官能连接剂进行。
树枝状聚脲与(线性和梳状聚合物的总和)的摩尔比通常为1:1-1:100,优选为1:1-1:50,更优选为1:1-1:25。
所述线性聚合物优选为:
a)包含极性烯属不饱和单体的均聚物或无规共聚物;
b)包含聚乙二醇嵌段或者基于至少一种极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段的嵌段聚合物;或
c)包含聚乙二醇的缩聚物;或
d)聚乙二醇;
其中聚乙二醇d)经由双官能连接剂与所述树枝状聚脲连接。所述线性聚合物更优选为上述聚合物a)、b)或c)中的一种。在另一特别优选的实施方案中,所述线性聚合物为上述聚合物a)、c)或d)中的一种。所述线性聚合物尤其优选为上述聚合物a)或c)中的一种,尤其为a)。
在一个实施方案中,所述线性聚合物可为包含极性烯属不饱和单体的均聚物或无规共聚物。数均摩尔质量Mn通常小于100000g/mol,优选小于50000g/mol,更优选小于20000g/mol,最优选小于10000g/mol,其可通过GPC和适当的标样测定。Mn通常高于200g/mol,优选高于500g/mol。
合适的极性烯属不饱和单体为具有电荷或具有可电离基团且包含可聚合烯属不饱和键的单体。具有电荷或可电离的基团实例为羧酸、磺酸、聚乙二醇、醇、腈、酰胺、胺、二烷基胺。极性烯属不饱和单体的实例为乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯酸、含磺基的(甲基)丙烯酸类(如2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸)、氨基官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类(如(甲基)丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯)、聚乙二醇衍生物的(甲基)丙烯酸酯(如聚乙二醇单甲醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯)、衣康酸、马来酸酐、被OH基团取代的(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C20烷基酯(如(甲基)丙烯酸羟乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羟丁酯)、(甲基)丙烯腈、(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-羟甲基(甲基)丙烯酰胺。优选的极性烯属不饱和单体为乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯酸、聚乙二醇单甲醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯。措辞“(甲基)丙烯酸”意指丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸。
包含极性烯属不饱和单体的线性均聚物的实例为上述极性烯属不饱和单体的均聚物,优选乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯酸、聚乙二醇单甲醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯的均聚物。
包含极性烯属不饱和单体的无规共聚物的实例为上述极性烯属不饱和单体的共聚物,优选乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯酸、聚乙二醇单甲醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯的共聚物。作为其他单体,所述无规共聚物可包含:丙烯酸与C1-C10链烷醇的酯,如丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸叔丁酯、丙烯酸正己酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯和丙烯酸3-丙基庚酯;甲基丙烯酸与C1-C10链烷醇的酯,如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯和甲基丙烯酸正己酯;丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的N-(C2-C10烷基)酰胺;以及丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的N-(C1-C2烷基)-N-(C2-C10烷基)酰胺,例如N-乙基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺、N-丁基丙烯酰胺、N-甲基-N-丙基丙烯酰胺、N-正己基丙烯酰胺、N-正辛基丙烯酰胺和相应的甲基丙烯酰胺;乙烯基芳族单体如苯乙烯、甲基苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯;具有2-10个碳原子的烯烃,优选具有3-10个碳原子的α-烯烃,如丙烯、1-丁烯、1-戊烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯和1-癸烯;脂族羧酸的乙烯酯如乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯、壬酸乙烯酯、癸酸乙烯酯,月桂酸乙烯酯和硬脂酸乙烯酯;不饱和腈如丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈;卤代烯烃如氯乙烯;优选具有3-6个碳原子的单烯属不饱和单羧酸的C11-C20烷基酯,如丙烯酸C11-C20烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸C11-C20烷基酯,如丙烯酸月桂基酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂基酯、丙烯酸异十三烷基酯、甲基丙烯酸异十三烷基酯、丙烯酸硬脂基酯、甲基丙烯酸硬脂基酯;优选具有4-8个碳原子的烯属不饱和二羧酸的二C1-C20烷基酯,例如富马酸和马来酸的二C1-C20烷基酯,如富马酸二甲酯、马来酸二甲酯、富马酸二丁酯和马来酸二丁酯;优选具有3-6个碳原子的单烯属不饱和单羧酸的缩水甘油酯,如丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯。优选其他单体为丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸与C1-C10链烷醇的酯。
在另一优选实施方案中,所述线性聚合物可为包含聚乙二醇嵌段或至少一种极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段的嵌段聚合物。摩尔质量Mn通常为200-10000g/mol,优选为300-2000g/mol,其可通过GPC测定。所述嵌段共聚物可为A-B或A-B-A型,优选为A-B型。这些类型的嵌段共聚物的制备是公知常识。合适且优选的极性烯属不饱和单体如上文所述。聚乙二醇嵌段的实例为摩尔质量Mn为200-10000g/mol的聚乙二醇或聚乙二醇单烷基醚。至少一种极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段的实例为聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮或聚(甲基)丙烯酸或聚乙二醇单甲醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯。在每种情况下,其他嵌段可由现有技术的聚合物嵌段形成。所述其他嵌段优选为非极性的;例如其由己内酯或氧化丙烯形成。在另一实施方案中,所述其他嵌段包括聚酯(例如基于二羧酸和二醇)、聚酰胺(例如基于二羧酸和二胺)、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯或聚脲。优选的嵌段聚合物为聚乙二醇-嵌段-聚己酸内酯、聚乙二醇单甲醚-嵌段-聚己酸内酯和聚丙二醇-嵌段-聚乙二醇。
在另一实施方案中,所述线性聚合物可为包含聚乙二醇的缩聚物。在本发明的上下文中,术语“缩聚物”也包括加聚产物。聚乙二醇的实例为摩尔质量Mn为200-10000g/mol的聚乙二醇或聚乙二醇单烷基醚。缩聚物的实例为聚醚、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯和聚脲,优选为聚醚和聚酯。优选的缩聚物为基于C3-C24氧化烯,尤其是氧化丙烯的聚醚,以及基于羟基羧酸化合物、二醇化合物或二酸化合物,尤其是羟基羧酸化合物的聚酯。优选的羟基羧酸化合物为内酯,尤其C4-C18烷基内酯,最优选为ε-己内酯。
在另一实施方案中,所述线性聚合物可为聚乙二醇,此时,所述聚乙二醇通过连接剂与所述聚脲连接。所述连接剂优选为多异氰酸酯。聚乙二醇的实例为具有200-10000g/mol,优选300-2000g/mol摩尔质量Mn的聚乙二醇或聚乙二醇单烷基醚。所述聚乙二醇优选为聚乙二醇单C1-C18烷基醚,尤其是聚乙二醇单甲醚。
在本文中,梳状聚合物应理解为意指通常在线性主链上以或多或少的规整间隔包含几乎等长的较长侧链,优选脂族侧链的梳状聚合物。摩尔质量Mn通常为500-100000g/mol,其可通过GPC测定。所述梳状聚合物优选包含呈聚合形式的聚亚烷基二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯或烯丙醇烷氧基化物(如聚乙二醇烯丙基醚),优选摩尔质量Mn为100-5000g/mo的聚乙二醇单烷基醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯。所述梳状聚合物更优选包含摩尔质量Mn在每种情况下为100-3000g/mol,优选200-1500g/mol的聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯或聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯。除聚亚烷基二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯或烯丙醇烷氧基化物之外,所述梳状聚合物也可包含任何所需的可共聚烯属不饱和单体。优选的其他单体为非极性单体和/或上述极性烯属不饱和单体。优选的非极性单体为(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C20烷基酯或具有至多20个碳原子的乙烯基芳族化合物。其实例包括(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸月桂基酯或(甲基)丙烯酸4-叔丁基环己酯。有用的乙烯基芳族化合物包括例如乙烯基甲苯、α-丁基苯乙烯、4-正丁基苯乙烯、4-正癸基苯乙烯或苯乙烯。优选的其他单体为(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸月桂基酯、丙烯酸硬脂基酯、苯乙烯、乙烯基吡咯烷酮或其混合物。
所述线性或梳状聚合物可通过公知方法制备(例如US5,556,918和EP742238)。在一个实施方案中,所述线性聚合物(其为包含极性烯属不饱和单体的均聚物或无规共聚物)、包含聚乙二醇嵌段或基于至少一种极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段的嵌段共聚物、以及梳状聚合物优选通过各单体在引发剂以及合适的话调节剂存在下的自由基引发的溶液聚合制备。优选使用分解时形成羟基(OH基)的引发剂和/或包含OH基或NH2基的调节剂。这些OH或NH2基团随后可用作连接剂反应性基团。
合适的引发剂为有机氢过氧化物如氢过氧化叔丁基、氢过氧化四氢呋喃、氢过氧化异丙苯或2,2’-偶氮双(2-甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)丙酰胺)。合适的调节剂为氨基醇、氨基酚以及尤其为硫代链烷醇如3-羟基丙硫醇、3-巯基-1,2-丙二醇、3-巯基丙酸2-羟乙酯,尤其是2-羟基乙硫醇(巯基乙醇)。当使用这类调节剂时,所述聚合反应也可在常规引发剂存在下进行,例如常规偶氮引发剂或有机过氧化物如偶氮二异丁腈、过氧化二叔丁基、过氧化二癸酰、过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧乙酸叔丁酯或2-甲基过氧丙酸叔丁酯。当所述聚合反应在一种上述调节剂存在下进行时,所述调节剂通常以基于单体的总量为0.1-12重量%,常常为0.2-8重量%,尤其为0.5-5重量%的量使用。引发剂通常以基于待聚合单体为0.05-5重量%,常常为0.1-4重量%,更优选为0.2-3重量%的量使用。其他细节尤其参见EP742238的第3页,其公开内容以引用形式并入本文。
所述线性或梳状聚合物优选借助双官能连接剂连接至所述树枝状聚脲上。通常首先使连接剂共价连接至所述线性或梳状聚合物上,从而随后使该含连接剂的聚合物连接至树枝状聚脲上。为了能制备所述含连接剂的聚合物,起始聚合物通常包含可与所述连接剂反应的基团(连接剂反应性基团)。连接剂反应性基团的平均数量通常为每聚合物分子不超过2个,优选为0.3-1.8个,特别是0.5-1.5个,尤其是0.6-1.4个。所述连接剂反应性基团可位于聚合物链中或者优选位于聚合物链末端。
在线性聚合物(其为包含极性烯属不饱和单体的均聚物或无规共聚物)、包含聚乙二醇嵌段或者基于至少一种极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段的嵌段聚合物或者梳状聚合物的情况下,所述连接剂反应性基团可如上文所述通过合适的引发剂和/或调节剂引入。或者,所述连接剂反应性基团可通过现有技术的受控自由基反应(如原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)、可逆加成断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)或氮氧自由基调控聚合(NMP))以受控方式引入链末端.同样也可将聚合物链中的官能团用作连接剂反应性基团,例如聚合的(甲基)丙烯酸羟乙酯的可能的若干OH基团之一。
在包含聚乙二醇的缩聚物的情况下,连接剂反应性基团可通过合适的化学计量比以及使用单官能单体而在所述缩聚物的链末端获得。所述连接剂反应性基团优选通过内酯的开环聚合物获得,从而在链末端正好形成一个官能羟基。
在聚乙二醇的情况下,所用连接剂反应性基团可为位于链末端的羟基。优选为在链末端正好具有一个连接剂反应性基团的聚乙二醇单烷基醚。
有用的双官能连接剂通常包括具有至少两个反应性基团的反应性多官能化合物。优选连接剂为具有基于异氰酸酯基为至少1.5,特别是1.5-4.5,尤其是1.8-3.5的官能度的多异氰酸酯,包括脂族、脂环族和芳族二-和多异氰酸酯,以及脂族、脂环族和芳族二异氰酸酯的异氰脲酸酯、脲基甲酸酯、脲二酮和缩二脲。所述多异氰酸酯优选每分子平均具有1.8-3.5个异氰酸酯基。合适多异氰酸酯的实例为芳族二异氰酸酯如2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯、2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯、2,4-和2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯的市售混合物(TDI)、苯二异氰酸酯、3,3’-二苯基-4,4’-联苯二异氰酸酯、4,4’-联苯二异氰酸酯、4,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、3,3’-二氯-4,4’-联苯二异氰酸酯、枯烯2,4-二异氰酸酯、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯、对苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、对苯二异氰酸酯、4-甲氧基-1,3-苯二异氰酸酯、4-氯-1,3-苯二异氰酸酯、4-乙氧基-1,3-苯二异氰酸酯、2,4-二亚甲基-1,3-苯二异氰酸酯、5,6-二甲基-1,3-苯二异氰酸酯、2,4-二异氰酸酯基二苯醚;脂族二异氰酸酯如亚乙基(ethylene)二异氰酸酯、乙叉(ethylidene)二异氰酸酯、亚丙基1,2-二异氰酸酯、1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)、1,4-四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、1,10-十亚甲基二异氰酸酯;和脂环族二异氰酸酯如异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、环己烷1,2-二异氰酸酯、环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯和双(4,4’-异氰酸酯基环己基)甲烷。在多异氰酸酯中,优选其异氰酸酯基具有不同反应性的那些,如甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯、甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯或这些化合物的混合物。
与多异氰酸酯的反应的反应条件取决于所述线性或梳状聚合物或树枝状聚合物的连接剂反应性基团的类型。所述反应原则上可在熔体或有机溶剂中进行。如果所述线性或梳状聚合物的连接剂反应性基团为羟基,则与所述连接剂的反应优选在非质子极性有机溶剂或这类溶剂的混合物中进行。实例为酮(如丙酮)、乙酸丁酯、四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲苯、氯苯、二甲亚砜(DMSO)或二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)。优选的溶剂为乙酸丁酯、四氢呋喃、二甲苯和丙酮。所述反应通常在升高的温度下进行,其中温度也可由所选溶剂的沸点决定。如果第一组分具有作为连接剂反应性基团的羟基,则所述多异氰酸酯可在20-80℃,但需要的话也可在20-100℃下与第一组分反应。
另一异氰酸酯基与树枝状聚脲的连接剂反应性基团的反应优选在-20℃至40℃的温度下进行,条件是所述聚脲的连接剂反应性基团为氨基。此时,所述反应又可在熔体或有机溶剂中进行。不同于与第一组分的反应(条件是其具有作为连接剂反应性基团的羟基),除已列出的溶剂之外,此时也可使用醇作为溶剂,因为剩余异氰酸酯与所述聚合物的氨基的反应比与醇溶剂组分的羟基的竞争性反应要快。优选的醇为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇和叔丁醇。用于第二异氰酸酯基与聚脲反应的尤其优选的溶剂为乙酸丁酯、四氢呋喃、二甲苯或丙酮(获自第一反应)和一种上述醇(其中所述HB聚脲可溶解以获得特别好的效果)的溶剂混合物。在一个具体实施方案中,所述线性或梳状聚合物与树枝状聚脲核的连接可在熔体中进行而不使用溶剂。
所述反应可以以等摩尔的方式进行,这意味着选择定量比,从而使得基于每摩尔待在官能化试剂中转化的羟基或者所述线性或梳状聚合物的羟基,使用1mol二异氰酸酯。优选使用稍微(例如0-15mol%)过量的羟基,从而降低未转化的二异氰酸酯的量。当借助引发剂或调节剂对所述自由基共聚物进行OH官能化时,相对于以此方式引入的OH基使等摩尔量或稍微不足的二异氰酸酯反应。在对称二异氰酸酯(如HDI)的情况下,使用过量二异氰酸酯,然后通过蒸馏除去过量二异氰酸酯也是可行的。
优选在催化剂存在下进行反应。合适的催化剂例如为叔胺,如三乙胺、三正丙胺,N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N-甲基哌啶和二氮杂二环辛烷(DABCO)、羧酸锌、羧酸铋、烷氧基钛,有机锡化合物,尤其是脂族羧酸的二烷基锡(IV)如二月桂酸二丁基锡和二辛酸二丁基锡,二链烷酸锡(II)如二辛酸锡,以及铯盐如乙酸铯。在一个实施方案中,特别合适的为羧酸锌、羧酸铋、烷氧基钛,其中所述羧酸盐优选为C1-C20羧酸盐(如甲酸盐、乙酸盐、丙酸盐、己酸盐、辛酸盐或新癸酸盐)。所述催化剂可以以基于全部固体为50-50000ppm,优选100-5000ppm的量使用。
与羟基的反应通常在40-120℃的升高的温度下进行。然而,与氨基的反应,尤其是与树枝状聚脲核的那些氨基的反应,优选在-20℃至40℃的温度下进行。在每种情况下,所选温度取决于所用有机溶剂的类型。随后可通过蒸馏除去所述溶剂。
所述反应通常以如下方式进行:首先使待用异氰酸酯基官能化的组分(例如所述线性或梳状聚合物)与二异氰酸酯在催化剂和任选溶剂的存在下反应,直至反应混合物中的异氰酸酯值降低一半。当使用稍微过量的羟基时,继续反应,直至达到对应于羟基完全转化的理论端值。这可例如借助滴定测量法以已知方式测定。在此之后添加其他组分(例如具有氨基的超支化聚脲)。树枝状聚脲与(线性聚合物和梳状聚合物总和)的摩尔比为1:1-1:100,优选为1:1-1:50,更优选为1:1-1:25。继续反应,直至异氰酸酯值降至零。
本发明组合物可通过使所述两亲物与在20℃下于水中的溶解度不超过10g/L的活性成分接触而获得,其中所述两亲物包含与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接的树枝状聚脲,且如果所述线性聚合物由聚氧化烯构成,则所述连接经由双官能连接剂进行。可通过公知的方法,如混合、乳化或悬浮使各组分接触。
活性成分与两亲物的重量比通常为100:1-1:100,优选为10:1-1:50,更优选为2:1-1:25。所述活性成分可呈溶解形式、固体形式或颗粒形式。所述活性成分颗粒可为结晶的或无定形的。粒度可为1nm至10μm。所述组合物可为活性成分的溶液、乳液、悬浮液或悬浮乳液。本发明组合物优选为含水组合物。优选其包含至少40重量%,更优选至少60重量%,更特别地为至少80重量%的水。所述组合物通常包含不超过99重量%的水。
本发明组合物可包含配制助剂,其中助剂的选择通常由具体施用形式和/或活性成分决定。合适配制助剂的实例为溶剂、固体载体、表面活性物质(如表面活性剂、保护性胶体、润湿剂和粘着剂)、有机和无机增稠剂、杀菌剂、防冻剂、消泡剂、需要的话颜料以及粘合剂(例如用于种子处理)。
所用表面活性物质(助剂、润湿剂、粘着剂、分散剂和乳化剂)包括芳族磺酸如木素磺酸(例如产品,挪威Borregaard)、苯酚磺酸、萘磺酸(产品,美国Akzo Nobel)和二丁基萘磺酸(Nekal类型,德国BASF SE)以及脂肪酸、烷基-和烷基芳基磺酸的碱金属盐、碱土金属盐和铵盐,烷基硫酸盐,月桂基醚硫酸盐和脂肪醇硫酸盐,以及硫酸化十六-、十七-和十八烷醇的盐,还有脂肪醇乙二醇醚的盐,磺化萘及其衍生物与甲醛的缩合物,萘或萘磺酸与苯酚和甲醛的缩合物,聚氧乙烯辛基酚醚,乙氧基化异辛基酚、辛基酚或壬基酚,烷基苯基或三丁基苯基聚乙二醇醚,烷基芳基聚醚醇,异十三烷醇,脂肪醇-氧化乙烯缩合物,乙氧基化蓖麻油,聚氧乙烯烷基醚或聚氧丙烯烷基醚,月桂醇聚乙二醇醚乙酸酯,山梨糖醇酯,木素亚硫酸盐废液和蛋白质,变性蛋白质,多糖(如甲基纤维素),疏水改性的淀粉,聚乙烯醇(产品,瑞士Clariant),聚羧酸盐类(产品,德国BASF SE),聚烷氧基化物,聚乙烯胺(产品,德国BASF SE),聚乙烯亚胺(产品,德国BASF SE),聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮及其共聚物。
合适的表面活性剂尤其包括阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性表面活性剂、嵌段聚合物和聚电解质。合适的阴离子表面活性剂为磺酸、硫酸、磷酸或羧酸的碱金属、碱土金属或铵盐。磺酸盐的实例为烷基芳基磺酸盐、二苯基磺酸盐、α-烯烃磺酸盐,脂肪酸和油的磺酸盐、乙氧基化烷基酚的磺酸盐、缩合萘的磺酸盐、十二烷基苯和十三烷基苯的磺酸盐、萘和烷基萘的磺酸盐、磺基琥珀酸盐或磺基琥珀酰胺酸盐。硫酸盐的实例为脂肪酸和油的硫酸盐、乙氧基化烷基酚的硫酸盐、醇的硫酸盐、乙氧基化醇的硫酸盐或脂肪酸酯的硫酸盐。磷酸化物的实例为磷酸酯。羧酸盐的实例为烷基羧酸酯和羧化的醇或烷基酚乙氧基化物。
合适的非离子表面活性剂为烷氧基化物、N-烷基化的脂肪酸酰胺、氧化胺、酯或糖基表面活性剂。烷氧基化物的实例为经烷氧基化的诸如醇、烷基酚、胺、酰胺、芳基酚、脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯的化合物。对烷氧基化而言,可使用氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯,优选氧化乙烯。N-烷基化的脂肪酸酰胺的实例为脂肪酸葡糖酰胺或脂肪酸链烷醇酰胺。酯的实例为脂肪酸酯、甘油酯或单酸甘油酯。糖基表面活性剂的实例为脱水山梨糖醇、乙氧基化的山梨糖醇、蔗糖酯和葡萄糖酯或烷基聚葡糖苷。合适的阳离子表面活性剂为季盐表面活性剂,其实例为具有一个或两个疏水基团的季铵化合物或者长链伯胺的盐。合适的两性表面活性剂为烷基甜菜碱和咪唑啉类。合适嵌段聚合物为包含聚氧化乙烯和聚氧化丙烯嵌段的A-B或A-B-A型嵌段聚合物,或者包含链烷醇、聚氧化乙烯和聚氧化丙烯的A-B-C型嵌段聚合物。合适聚电解质为多酸或多碱。多酸的实例为聚丙烯酸的碱金属盐。多碱的实例为聚乙烯基胺或聚乙烯胺。
本发明组合物可包含大量表面活性物质和表面活性剂。其可包含总量为0.1-40重量%,优选1-30重量%,更特别地为2-20重量%的表面活性物质和表面活性剂,基于所述组合物的总量。
助剂的实例为有机改性的聚硅氧烷,如Break Thru S醇烷氧基化物,如245、MBA1303、LF和ON;EO/PO嵌段聚合物,例如RPE2035和B;醇乙氧基化物,例如XP80;以及磺基琥珀酸二辛酯钠,例如RA。
增稠剂(即赋予组合物以改性的流动性能,即静止状态下的高粘度和运动状态下的低粘度的化合物)的实例是多糖以及有机和无机层状矿物如黄原胶(,CP Kelco),23(Rhodia)或(R.T.Vanderbilt)或(Engelhard Corp.)。
在一个优选实施方案中,所述活性化合物为农药且本发明组合物呈农化配制剂形式。合适的农化配制剂为水溶性浓缩物(SL,LS),可再分散的浓缩物(DC)、可乳化浓缩物(EC)、乳液(EW,EO,ES,ME)、悬浮液(SC,OD,FS)或悬浮乳液(SE)。所述组合物优选呈可乳化浓缩物(EC)、悬浮浓缩物(SC)、水溶性浓缩物(SL)、种子处理用溶液(LS)或可再分散的浓缩物(DC)形式。
所述农化配制剂通常在施用前稀释以制备所谓的桶混剂。用于稀释的合适试剂包括中至高沸点矿物油馏分,如煤油或柴油,此外还有煤焦油和植物或动物来源的油,脂族、环状和芳族烃类如甲苯、二甲苯、石蜡、四氢化萘、烷基化萘或其衍生物、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、环己醇、环己酮、异佛尔酮、强极性溶剂如二甲亚砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或水。优选使用水。也可仅在实际的桶混剂中添加所述两亲物。在该实施方案中,本发明组合物呈桶混剂形式。
经稀释的组合物通常通过喷雾或雾化施用。可紧临施用前,向桶混剂中添加剂各种类型的油、润湿剂、助剂、除草剂、杀菌剂或杀真菌剂(桶混剂)。这些试剂可以以1:100-100:1,优选1:10-10:1的重量比与本发明组合物混合。桶混剂中的农药浓度可在较宽范围内变化。浓度通常为0.0001-10%,优选为0.01-1%。在作物保护施用的情况下,且取决于所需效果的性质,施用率可为0.01-2.0kg活性成分/ha。
所述农化配制剂可用于防治植物病原性真菌和/或控制不希望的植物生长和/或不希望的昆虫或螨虫侵袭和/或调节植物生长,然后使所述组合物作用于相应害虫、其栖息地或待保护以免相应害虫侵袭的植物、土壤和/或不希望的植物和/或作物和/或其生长地。所述农化配制剂也可用于防治不希望的昆虫或螨虫对植物的侵袭和/或防治植物病原性真菌和/或控制不希望的植物生长,其中用所述组合物处理作物植物的种子。
本发明还提供了一种包含树枝状聚脲的两亲物,其中所述树枝状聚脲与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接,且如果所述线性聚合物的重复单元由聚合的氧化烯构成,则所述连接经由双官能连接剂进行。所述聚脲优选由多异氰酸酯和疏水性聚胺构成,且除呈伯氨基形式的氮之外,所述疏水性聚胺优选不具有其他杂原子。
优选的两亲物包含与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接的树枝状聚脲,其中所述线性聚合物为:
a)包含极性烯属不饱和单体的均聚物或无规共聚物;
b)包含聚乙二醇嵌段或者基于极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段的嵌段聚合物;或
c)包含聚乙二醇的缩聚物;或
d)聚乙二醇;
其中聚乙二醇d)经由双官能连接剂与所述聚脲连接。
合适且优选的线性或树枝状聚合物如上文所述。特别优选所述线性聚合物为上述聚合物a)、b)或c)中的一种。在另一特别优选的实施方案中,所述线性聚合物为上述聚合物a)、c)或d)中的一种。非常特别优选所述线性聚合物为上述聚合物a)或c)中的一种。尤其优选所述梳状聚合物包含呈聚合形式的聚乙二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯。优选的连接剂为多异氰酸酯。所述树枝状聚脲的其他优选实施方案已在上文加以描述。
本发明还提供了一种制备本发明两亲物的方法,包括:
a)使所述聚脲与所述线性或梳状聚合物反应,或者
b)使所述聚脲与单体反应,所述单体能通过开环聚合反应形成所述线性或梳状(优选线性)聚合物的一部分。
优选方案a)。
方案b)的合适单体例如为内酯、交酯或唑烷,优选ε-己内酯。根据方案b)中的开环聚合反应,通常使所得部分聚合物进一步反应以获得本发明的两亲物。例如,所述进一步反应可为常规的烷氧基化反应(例如用氧化乙烯)。
根据制备方案a),使所述线性或梳状聚合物与双官能连接剂反应。优选的双官能连接剂和反应条件如上文所述。根据特别优选的方案a),所述两亲物可通过如下获得:
i)提供树枝状聚脲和线性或梳状聚合物;
ii)然后用所述双官能连接剂将各组分连接。
特别优选所述两亲物以此方式获得。所述双官能连接剂优选为二异氰酸酯。
本发明的优点在于可使高浓度的活性化合物溶解,可借助连接剂非常容易且以工业规模实现由预先制备的聚合物制备所述两亲物,所述线性或梳状聚合物(更特别地为无规共聚物、极性均聚物以及聚乙二醇)非常容易获得且甚至可优化以适于具体两亲物,或者所述两亲物本身为水溶性的或水分散性的。
与树枝状聚脲的直接烷氧基化相比,本发明方法提供了如下优点:
i)因为氨基与异氰酸酯基的反应性高于与溶剂羟基的反应性,所述聚脲可在作为溶剂的醇中容易地与连接剂改性的聚乙二醇反应;由于聚脲通常不溶于较低极性的有机溶剂(丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸丁酯、二甲苯、甲苯)中,将醇用作树枝状聚脲的溶剂是必需的;使用有毒或高沸点偶极非质子溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺或二甲亚砜会导致副反应(KOH催化剂使溶剂分解);
ii)用具有相同链长的PRG链(其可以以具有极窄MW分布的“预先制备”形式获得)使聚脲官能化;相反,在烷氧基化的情况下,会产生如下问题:氨基与2EO单元的初始反应产生氨基二醇基团,所述氨基二醇基团自身能同时与EO进一步反应,从而生成不同长度的链(还由于所述聚合物的空间条件等);
iii)可通过连接剂本身对根据本发明制备的两亲物的两亲性及其应用性能进行调节(例如异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯连接剂提高了所得两亲物的疏水比例,且因此通过疏水相互作用改善了活性成分的吸收性能)。
其他优点为提高了活性成分的生物利用率,在叶面吸收的情况下提高了活性农化成分的内吸作用,即使是微溶性活性农化成分现在也可以以溶解形式(如SL(水溶性浓缩物)或LS(用于种子处理的溶液))配制,改善了活性农化成分在喷雾溶液中的分布,所述活性成分的可重复利用包装以及施用装置(如农药喷雾装置)可更有效地用水清洁。
下文实施例阐述本发明而非对其限制。
实施例
HI100:基于六亚甲基二异氰酸酯的多异氰酸酯,根据DIN ENISO11909的NCO含量为21.5重量%,23℃下根据DINEN ISO3219的粘度为3500mPas,购自BASF SE
DBTL:二月桂酸二丁基锡
IPDI:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯
PEGMEMA475:聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯(M=475g/mol)
PEGMENA1100:聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯(M=100g/mol)
AIBN:偶氮二异丁腈
所述超支化聚合物通过凝胶渗透色谱法并使用折光计作为检测器进行分析。所用流动相为六氟异丙醇,而用于确定分子量的标样为聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)。胺值(下文所给均为伯胺值)根据DIN EN13717测定。本发明聚合物的摩尔质量由母体超支化核分子的数均分子量、其胺值以及所选官能化程度(官能线性聚合物的NCO基团与核分子的可用氨基的化学计量比)数学计算确定,并假设连接剂反应性基团与连接剂发生定量加成反应。
合成实施例1:具有端氨基的超支化聚脲(A.1)
在通入干燥氮气下,引入135.8gHI100并在搅拌下加热至80℃。然后在连续搅拌下,经2小时以使得反应混合物的温度不超过80℃的速率添加104.5g无水正丁醇。在添加结束后,继续在80℃下搅拌1小时。然后将该批料冷却至60℃,并与59.7g异佛尔酮二胺和0.1g氢氧化钾(于2.0ml正丁醇中的溶液)混合。随后将该反应混合物在150℃下搅拌11.5小时,然后再添加0.2g氢氧化钾,随后再在150℃下搅拌2小时。在整个反应时间期间,通过用0.1N HCl滴定,监测反应混合物中的胺的消耗,以此方式测定转化率(相对于理论上可能的全部转化的百分比)。当达到60%的转化率时,通过将反应混合物冷却至RT而终止反应。获得呈高粘度黄色液体形式且不溶于水的包含正丁醇的聚合物(Mn=1710g/mol;Mw=3860g/mol;胺值:36mg KOH/g聚合物)。
合成实施例2:具有端氨基的超支化聚脲(A.2)
步骤1(A.2a):在通入干燥氮气下,引入1499.1gHI100并在搅拌下加热至80℃。然后在连续搅拌下,经3.0小时以使得反应混合物的温度不超过80℃的速率添加1155.9g正丁醇。反应结束后,在78℃下继续搅拌30分钟,然后将反应混合物冷却至RT。
步骤2(A.2):在通入干燥氮气下,引入146.4g反应产物A.2a和36.4g异佛尔酮二胺。在添加0.1g作为催化剂的氢氧化钾(于2ml正丁醇中的溶液)后,将反应混合物在搅拌下加热至150℃,并在该温度下搅拌12小时,随后通过冷却至RT而终止反应。
获得呈高粘度黄色液体形式且不溶于水的聚合物A.2(Mn=3600g/mol;Mw=12100g/mol;胺值:25mg KOH/g聚合物)。
合成实施例3:具有端氨基的超支化聚脲(A.3)
步骤1(A.3a):在通入干燥氮气下,引入1499.1gHI100并在搅拌下加热至80℃。然后在连续搅拌下,经3.0小时以使得反应混合物的温度不超过80℃的速率添加1155.9g正丁醇。在添加结束后,继续在78℃下搅拌30分钟,然后将反应混合物冷却至RT。
步骤2(A.3):引入240g反应产物A.3a和59.7g异佛尔酮二胺,并与0.02g作为催化剂的DBTL混合。将反应混合物在搅拌下加热至160℃,并在该温度下搅拌2小时,其中通过蒸馏分离出反应期间所释放出的正丁醇。在此期间,通过用0.1N HCl滴定,监测反应混合物中的胺的消耗,以此方式测定转化率(相对于理论上可能的全部转化的百分比)。当达到47%转化率时,通过冷却至RT而终止反应,在冷却过程中用100ml正丁醇稀释该产物。
获得呈高粘度黄色液体形式且不溶于水的包含正丁醇的聚合物A.3(Mn=2600g/mol;Mw=10200g/mol;胺值:55mg KOH/g聚合物)。
合成实施例4:具有端氨基的超支化聚脲(A.4)
在通入干燥氮气下,引入129.3gHI100并在搅拌下加热至80℃。然后在连续搅拌下,经1.5小时以使得反应混合物的温度不超过80℃的速率添加99.6g正丁醇。在添加结束后,继续在80℃下再搅拌30分钟。然后将该批料冷却至60℃,打开回流冷凝器,其为具有收集容器的下行冷凝器,将该反应混合物与71.1g异佛尔酮二胺和0.05g DBTL混合。将反应混合物在搅拌下加热至150℃,并在该温度下搅拌1.5小时,其中通过蒸馏分离出反应期间所释放的正丁醇。在反应期间,通过用0.1N HCl滴定,监测反应混合物中的胺的消耗,以此方式测定转化率(相对于理论上可能的全部转化的百分比)。当达到35%转化率时,通过将反应混合物冷却至RT而终止反应,在冷却过程中用100ml正丁醇稀释该产物。
获得呈高粘度黄色液体形式且不溶于水的包含正丁醇的聚合物A.4(Mn=2200g/mol;Mw=6600g/mol;胺值:33mg KOH/g聚合物)。
合成实施例5:基于疏水性超支化聚脲核(A.1)和线性PEG链的共聚物(A.5),官能化度100%
步骤1(A.5a):引入123.5g聚乙二醇单甲醚(Mn=500g/mol)并在80℃下减压除去残留水。在冷却至室温后,将该批料置于氮气下,并将所述聚合物溶于123.5g乙酸丁酯中。然后添加50.0g异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,并将该混合物加热至50℃。通过添加19mg处于1ml乙酸丁酯中的新癸酸锌溶液引发反应并在50℃下反应3.5小时,直至NCO含量为2.87%。然后通过冷却至-20℃而终止反应。反应产物A.5a不经后处理直接用于步骤2中。
步骤2(A.5):引入4.0g聚脲核A.1,在氮气下溶于36.0g异丁醇中,并与3.9g反应混合物A.5a混合。然后将该批料在25℃下搅拌72小时。在所有NCO基团反应完全(NCO含量0%)后,减压除去溶剂。这最终获得呈高粘度黄色液体形式且完全溶于水中的线性-树枝状共聚物A.5(Mn=249g/mol)。
合成实施例6:基于疏水性超支化聚脲核(A.2)和梳状PMMA-co-PS-co-PEGMEMA共聚物的共聚物(A.6),官能化度100%
步骤1(A.6a):在氮气下引入250.0g四氢呋喃,然后在回流下加热。借助两个计量泵向该批料中缓慢提供如下物质:经2小时提供由117.1g甲基丙烯酸甲酯、44.8g苯乙烯和315.7g PEGMEMA1100组成的混合物1;以及同时经4小时提供由5.4g AIBN和17.0g巯基乙醇的250.0g THF溶液构成的混合物2。在混合物2添加结束后,将该反应混合物在回流下再加热16小时。随后借助GC的监测残余单体表明MMA比例<1%,因此将该批料冷却,并将产物A.6a(Mn=2200g/mol)直接用于步骤2中。
步骤2(A.6b):引入200.0g反应混合物A.6a,并在减压下除去THF溶剂。在冷却至室温后,将该批料置于氮气下,并将残余物溶于97.0g乙酸丁酯中。然后加入8.78g异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,并将该混合物加热至50℃。通过添加处于1ml乙酸丁酯中的10mg新癸酸锌引发反应并在50℃下总共反应14小时,直至NCO含量为0.71%。随后通过冷却至-20℃而终止反应。反应产物A.6b不经后处理直接用于步骤3中。
步骤3(A.6):引入3.0g聚脲核A.2,在氮气下溶于27.0g异丁醇中,并与9.0g反应混合物A.6b混合。然后将该批料在25℃下搅拌48小时。在NCO基团反应完全后(NCO含量0%),减压除去溶剂。这最终获得呈高粘度黄色液体形式且完全溶于水中的线性-树枝状共聚物A.6(Mn=7120g/mol)。
合成实施例7:基于疏水性超支化聚脲核(A.3)和梳状PVP-co-聚丙烯酸月桂基酯-co-PEGMEMA共聚物的共聚物(A.7),官能化度100%
步骤1(A.7a):在氮气下引入100.0g四氢呋喃,然后在回流下加热。借助两个计量泵,向该批料中缓慢提供如下物质:经3小时提供由155.9g丙烯酸月桂基酯、144.2g N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮和163.3g PEGMEMA475的200.0gTHF溶液组成的混合物1,同时经4小时提供由8.8g AIBN和27.8g巯基乙醇溶液组成的200.0g THF溶液组成的混合物2。在混合物2添加结束后,在回流下将该反应混合物再加热18小时。随后借助GC监测残余单体表明丙烯酸月桂基酯比例<1%,因此将该批料冷却,并将产物A.7a(Mn=1000g/mol)直接用于步骤2中。
步骤2(A.7b):引入278.4g反应混合物A.7a并减压除去THF溶剂。在冷却至室温后,将该批料置于氮气下,并将残余物溶于140.0g乙酸丁酯中。然后加入20.0g异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,并将该混合物加热至50℃。通过添加处于1ml乙酸丁酯中的21mg新癸酸锌引发反应并在50℃下总共反应约12小时,直至NCO含量为1.06%。随后通过冷却至-20℃而终止反应。将反应产物A.7b不经后处理直接用于步骤3中。
步骤3(A.7):引入2.0g聚脲核A.3,在氮气下溶于18.0g异丁醇中,并与7.9g反应混合物A.7b混合。然后将该批料首先在25℃下搅拌17小时,随后在80℃下搅拌6小时。在所有NCO基团反应完全后(NCO含量0%),减压除去溶剂。这最终获得呈高粘度黄色液体形式且完全溶于水中的线性-树枝状共聚物A.7(Mn=5660g/mol)。
合成实施例8:基于疏水性超支化聚脲核(A.4)和线性PEG-嵌段-聚己酸内酯嵌段共聚物的共聚物(A.8),官能化度100%
步骤1(A.8a):引入150.0g聚乙二醇单甲醚(Mn=500g/mol),并在90℃和减压下从残余物中除去水。在冷却至室温后,将该批料置于氮气下并与205.0gε-己内酯混合。将该混合物加热到90℃,通过加入355mg三(2-乙基己酸)丁基锡引发己内酯的开环聚合反应。将该批料在90℃下再加热18小时,反应结束后冷却至室温。所得OH封端的嵌段共聚物A.8a(Mn=1180g/mol)不经进一步提纯直接用于步骤2中。
步骤2(A.8b):引入200.0g嵌段共聚物A.8a,将其置于氮气下并与34.1g异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯混合。将该混合物加热至50℃。通过加入处于1ml乙酸丁酯中的30mg新癸酸锌引发该反应,并在50℃下反应4小时,直至NCO含量为2.23%。随后通过冷却至-20℃而终止反应。反应产物A.8b不经进一步后处理直接用于步骤3中。
步骤3(A.8):引入18.0g聚脲核A.4,并在氮气下溶于72.0g异丁醇中。然后将该批料与20.0g反应混合物A.8b混合,首先在25℃下搅拌16小时,然后在80℃下搅拌4小时。在所有NCO基团完全反应后(NCO含量0%),将该批料冷却并减压除去溶剂。这最终获得呈高粘度黄色液体且完全溶于水的线性-树枝状共聚物A.8(Mn=4020g/mol)。
加溶试验:
UV光谱测量的波长(如果可行的话)总结于表1中。
表1:
待溶解的化合物 | UV测量的波长[nm] |
吡罗昔康 | 356 |
卡马西平 | 286 |
雌二醇 | 282 |
克霉唑 | HPLC分析 |
芘 | 334 |
唑菌胺酯 | 277 |
锐劲特 | 280 |
用吡罗昔康(piroxicam)、卡马西平(carbamazepine)、雌二醇和克霉唑(clotrimazole)进行加溶试验的一般程序1:将约2g聚合物称量入50mL玻璃烧杯中。然后将0.2g各活性成分称量入该批料中,从而获得过饱和溶液。接下来以使得聚合物:磷酸盐缓冲液的质量比为1:9的量加入磷酸盐缓冲液pH7.0。然后使用磁力搅拌器将所得混合物在室温下搅拌72小时。在静置1小时后,通过过滤除去未溶解的活性成分。然后借助UV光谱法或HPLC分析所得澄清或不透明溶液的活性成分含量。
表2:
a)非本发明
用芘、唑菌胺酯和锐劲特进行加溶试验的一般程序2:将约100mg聚合物称量入50mL玻璃烧杯中,并溶于9.900g蒸馏水中。然后将100mg各活性成分称量入该批料中,从而获得过饱和溶液。然后使用磁力搅拌器将该混合物在室温下搅拌24小时。在静置1小时后,通过离心除去未溶解的活性成分。然后借助UV光谱法分析所得澄清或不透明溶液的活性成分含量。
表3:
a)非本发明
核、壳、核/壳共混物以及本发明共聚物的加溶性能的对比如程序2所述测量溶解度。
表4a:
a)非本发明
表4a显示,本发明聚脲A.5(用PEG单甲醚官能化的A.1)具有比单独成分,即比核聚合物(A.1)、壳聚合物(PEG单甲醚)或比核聚合物与壳聚合物的混合物(即非共价结合)更高的加溶能力。
表4b:
a)非本发明
表4b显示,本发明聚脲A.7(用A.7a官能化的A.3)具有比单独成分,即比核聚合物(A.3)、壳聚合物(聚合物A.7a)或核聚合物与壳聚合物的混合物(即非共价结合)更高的加溶能力。
Claims (26)
1.一种组合物,其包含两亲物和在20℃下于水中的溶解度不超过10g/L的活性成分,其中所述两亲物包含与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接的树枝状聚脲,且如果所述线性聚合物的重复单元由聚合的氧化烯构成,则所述连接经由双官能连接剂进行,其中所述至少一种线性聚合物为:b)包含聚乙二醇嵌段或者基于极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段以及非极性嵌段的嵌段聚合物,其中所述极性烯属不饱和单体选自下组:乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯酸、聚乙二醇单甲醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯和聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯,以及所述至少一种梳状聚合物为包含呈聚合形式的聚亚烷基二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯或者烯丙醇烷氧基化物和非极性单体的梳状聚合物。
2.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述非极性嵌段为由己内酯或氧化丙烯形成的嵌段。
3.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述嵌段聚合物b)为A-B型。
4.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述非极性单体为(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C20烷基酯或具有至多20个碳原子的乙烯基芳族化合物。
5.如权利要求4的组合物,其中所述非极性单体选自(甲基)丙烯酸月桂基酯、丙烯酸硬脂基酯和苯乙烯。
6.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述梳状聚合物还包含极性烯属不饱和单体。
7.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述梳状聚合物除了包含呈聚合形式的聚亚烷基二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯或者烯丙醇烷氧基化物以外还包含呈聚合形式的选自下组的其它单体:(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸月桂基酯、丙烯酸硬脂基酯、苯乙烯、乙烯基吡咯烷酮或其混合物。
8.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述极性烯属不饱和单体为乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯酸、含磺基的单体、氨基官能的单体或者聚乙二醇衍生物的(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
9.如权利要求1的组合物,其中所述梳状聚合物包含呈聚合形式的聚乙二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯或者烯丙醇烷氧基化物。
10.如权利要求1-9中任一项的组合物,其中所述活性成分为农药。
11.如权利要求1-9中任一项的组合物,其中所述树枝状聚脲为超支化聚脲。
12.如权利要求11的组合物,其中所述超支化聚脲可通过包括如下步骤的方法获得:使至少双官能的封闭二-或多异氰酸酯与至少一种至少双官能的伯胺和/或仲胺反应,其中消去封闭剂。
13.如权利要求12的组合物,其中所述封闭剂为一元醇。
14.一种包含树枝状聚脲的两亲物,其中所述树枝状聚脲与至少一种线性或梳状聚合物连接,且如果所述线性聚合物的重复单元由聚合的氧化烯构成,则所述连接经由双官能连接剂进行,其中所述至少一种线性聚合物为:b)包含聚乙二醇嵌段或者基于极性烯属不饱和单体的嵌段以及非极性嵌段的嵌段聚合物,其中所述极性烯属不饱和单体选自下组:乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯酸、聚乙二醇单甲醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯和聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯,以及所述至少一种梳状聚合物为包含呈聚合形式的聚亚烷基二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯或者烯丙醇烷氧基化物和非极性单体的梳状聚合物。
15.如权利要求14的两亲物,其中所述非极性嵌段为由己内酯或氧化丙烯形成的嵌段。
16.如权利要求14的两亲物,其中所述嵌段聚合物b)为A-B型。
17.如权利要求14的两亲物,其中所述非极性单体为(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C20烷基酯或具有至多20个碳原子的乙烯基芳族化合物。
18.如权利要求17的两亲物,其中所述非极性单体选自(甲基)丙烯酸月桂基酯、丙烯酸硬脂基酯和苯乙烯。
19.如权利要求14的两亲物,其中所述梳状聚合物还包含极性烯属不饱和单体。
20.如权利要求14的两亲物,其中所述梳状聚合物除了包含呈聚合形式的聚亚烷基二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯或者烯丙醇烷氧基化物以外还包含呈聚合形式的选自下组的其它单体:(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸月桂基酯、丙烯酸硬脂基酯、苯乙烯、乙烯基吡咯烷酮或其混合物。
21.如权利要求14的两亲物,其中所述梳状聚合物包含呈聚合形式的聚乙二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
22.如权利要求14-21中任一项的两亲物,其中所述树枝状聚脲为超支化聚脲。
23.如权利要求22的两亲物,其中所述超支化聚脲可通过包括如下步骤的方法获得:使至少双官能的封闭二-或多异氰酸酯与至少一种至少双官能的伯胺和/或仲胺反应,其中消去封闭剂。
24.如权利要求23的两亲物,其中所用二-或多异氰酸酯为平均摩尔质量为300-3000g/mol的低聚异氰酸酯或聚异氰酸酯。
25.一种制备如权利要求14-24中任一项的两亲物的方法,包括:
a)使所述树枝状聚脲与所述线性或梳状聚合物反应,或者
b)使所述树枝状聚脲与单体反应,其中所述单体能通过开环聚合反应形成所述线性或梳状聚合物的一部分。
26.一种制备如权利要求1-13中任一项的组合物的方法,包括使所述两亲物与活性成分接触。
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US8728504B2 (en) * | 2010-02-05 | 2014-05-20 | Basf Se | Process for solubilizing hydrophobic active ingredients in aqueous medium |
JP5902926B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-25 | 2016-04-13 | Necトーキン株式会社 | 導電性高分子組成物、導電性高分子材料、導電性基材、電極および固体電解コンデンサ |
US10494473B2 (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2019-12-03 | Raven Lining Systems, Inc. | Hybrid novolac polyurea/polyurethane |
CN111690111B (zh) * | 2020-07-30 | 2021-07-27 | 中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 | 一种梳型聚合物及其制备方法和应用 |
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WO2011064185A1 (de) | 2011-06-03 |
AU2010323241A1 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
EP2503878A1 (de) | 2012-10-03 |
RU2012126318A (ru) | 2014-01-10 |
CN102612318A (zh) | 2012-07-25 |
CA2781637A1 (en) | 2011-06-03 |
JP2013512294A (ja) | 2013-04-11 |
US20120238641A1 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
BR112012011915A2 (pt) | 2015-10-13 |
KR20120114234A (ko) | 2012-10-16 |
US9725554B2 (en) | 2017-08-08 |
BR112012011915B1 (pt) | 2019-09-10 |
EP2503878B1 (de) | 2015-01-28 |
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