CN102459182A - 制备芳基吡啶基化合物的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
描述了在催化量的锌盐和催化量的钯与双齿膦的复合物的存在下通过卤代吡啶和芳基卤化镁之间的芳基-芳基交叉偶联反应制备芳基吡啶化合物的方法。锌盐优选选自ZnCl2、ZnBr2和/或Zn(OAc)2,而钯与双齿膦的复合物优选选自(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)、(1,3-二(二苯基膦)丙烷)氯化钯(II)和(1,4-二(二苯基膦)丁烷)氯化钯(II)。最优选的是(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)。因此,基于芳基卤化镁和催化容量小于1∶1500计算,可得到高于95%的摩尔收率。该方法尤其适用于制备4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛,然后可将其有效地转化成N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-(4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基)肼。
Description
芳基吡啶化合物在有机合成中通常用作用于制备各种化合物的中间体;其中,4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛在抗病毒药物、尤其是HIV蛋白酶抑制剂的制备中是有用的中间体,例如国际专利申请WO 97/40029所述的氮杂己烷杂环衍生物,在此将其引入作为参考;在所涉及的抗病毒药物中,尤其令人感兴趣的化合物之一是例如在Drugs of the Future 1999,24(4):375中通过缩写BMS-232632所示的化合物,其结构式如下所示。
US 6,765,097B1公开了制备芳基吡啶化合物的方法,该方法包括将卤代吡啶和芳基卤化镁(格利雅试剂)在催化量的锌盐和钯的存在下反应。锌盐通常选自ZnCl2、ZnBr2和Zn(OAc)2,而钯基本上以钯四三苯基膦[Pd(PPh3)4]或钯盐、通常是乙酸钯或氯化钯的形式存在。可任选地存在双齿膦例如1,3-二(二苯基膦)丙烷(DPPP)或1,4-二(二苯基膦)丁烷(DPPB)。
具体地讲,US 6,765,097B1公开了适于制备4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛的交叉偶联反应,其按照以下流程1进行。
流程1
其中X是Br或Cl,cat Zn**/Pd**代表包含上述的锌盐、钯盐或复合物和膦的催化体系。
根据X的性质不同,催化体系是不同的。下表总结了US 6,765,097B1中公开的当X是Cl的某些结果。
在根据US 6,765,097B1的实施例23按比例放大制备4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛的方法的过程中,出乎意料地得到了约90%的收率(基于2-氯吡啶计)和约80%的收率(基于格利雅试剂计)。在水性后处理的过程中遇到因存在不溶物所带来的问题,其影响醛的甲苯溶液的分离以及随后的生成N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼的步骤。具体地讲,醛的甲苯溶液与肼基甲酸叔丁酯反应得到N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-[(2-吡啶基苯基)]亚甲基]腙的总收率为77.8%(基于4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛计),而最后的还原步骤的收率仅为76%。最后步骤的低收率是由于缓慢的反应速率和高含量的副产物4-(2’-吡啶基)甲苯所造成的。缓慢的反应速率是由于来自偶联步骤的可抑制催化氢化的杂质。
现已令人惊奇地发现,当卤代吡啶和芳基卤化镁(格利雅试剂)之间的交叉偶联反应在催化量的锌盐和钯与双齿膦的复合物的存在下进行时,所得到的芳基吡啶基于芳基卤化镁计的收率显著增加,并且通常高于95%。
另外,当该交叉偶联反应以包括如下步骤的多步法用于制备N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼时:
a)根据本发明在催化量的锌盐和钯与双齿膦的复合物的存在下通过卤代吡啶和芳基卤化镁之间的交叉偶联反应制备4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛;
b)将后者转化成N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-[(2-吡啶基苯基)]亚甲基]腙;和
c)将腙还原成N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼;与采用US 6,765,097B1所公开的交叉偶联条件相比,对于具有更高摩尔成本的试剂(即,芳基卤化镁)来说,腙的形成及其还原均以较高的收率进行。另外,还容易实现腙的分离,其还原更快速并且得到具有良好质量的终产物N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼。
因此,本发明的目的是制备芳基吡啶的方法,其中将芳基卤化镁与卤代吡啶在催化量的锌盐和催化量的钯与双齿膦的复合物的存在下反应,其中所述的钯复合物与卤代吡啶的摩尔比小于1∶100,通常小于1∶1000。
为了避免任何不需要的副反应,芳基卤化镁和卤代吡啶不应该含有其它能够干扰格利雅反应的取代基,或者如果所述的取代基存在的话,它们应该是适当的保护形式;例如,任何羰基均可通过事先转化成相应的缩醛被保护。因此,本发明的一个目的是以下流程2所示的方法:
流程2
其中A和B彼此相同或不同,并且代表H;直链或支链C1-C8烷基;任选取代的缩醛基团;芳基或苄基,它们任选地被不会干扰格利雅反应的基团所取代;X1和X2彼此相同或不同,代表Cl、Br或I;并且其中化合物1和化合物2之间的生成化合物3的反应在催化量的锌盐和钯与双齿膦的复合物的存在下进行。
在其优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法可由以下流程3表示:
流程3
其中:R1、R2和R3彼此相同或不同,代表H;直链或支链C1-C6烷基;芳基、优选苯基,其任选地被直链或支链C1-C6烷基取代;或者R1和R2与它们所连接的碳原子一起代表任选的环状缩醛基团;并且X1和X2彼此相同或不同,代表Cl、Br或I;并且其中化合物1和化合物2之间的生成化合物3的反应在催化量的锌盐和钯与双齿膦的复合物的存在下进行。
在其更优选的实施方案中,该方法由以下步骤组成:(a)将式1的芳基卤化镁:
其中X1代表Cl、Br或I;R1和R2彼此相同或不同,代表直链或支链C1-C6烷基、优选甲基,或R1和R2一起代表单一的C1-C8烷基或亚烷基,优选1,3-丙基、1,2-丁基、1,4-丁烯基和2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙基;R3代表氢或直链或支链C1-C6烷基或亚烷基,
与式2的卤代吡啶:
其中X2代表Cl、Br或I,
在催化量的钯与双齿膦的复合物和催化量的锌盐的存在下反应,相对于锌盐,化合物1优选以动力学不足的方式使用,并且其中钯与双齿膦的复合物与芳基吡啶产物的摩尔比小于1∶100,并且优选小于1∶1000;和(b)将所得到的中间体化合物通过将缩醛基团转化成羰基而转化成所需的化合物。尤其是,本发明通过制备4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛的方法来表示,其中:(a)将式1bis的芳基卤化镁:
其中X1、R1和R2具有以上所给出的含义,
与式2bis的卤代吡啶:
其中X2具有以上所给出的含义,
在催化量的钯与双齿膦的复合物和催化量的锌盐的存在下反应,相对于锌盐,化合物1以动力学不足的方式使用;然后(b)将所得到的式3bis的中间体化合物:
通过将缩醛基团转化成羰基而转化成4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛。
对于本发明的目的,表述“催化量”的锌盐是指每100摩尔卤代吡啶1至50摩尔的锌,优选4至35摩尔;表述“催化量”的钯与双齿膦的复合物是指每100摩尔卤代吡啶0.01至1摩尔钯与双齿膦的复合物,优选0.05至0.1摩尔;表述“格利雅化合物相对于锌盐以动力学不足的方式使用”是指将芳基卤化镁滴加到已含有卤代吡啶、钯与双齿膦的复合物和锌盐的溶液中。最后,术语“催化容量(catalyticity)”是指催化剂与卤代吡啶的摩尔比;基于本发明的方法导致卤代吡啶几乎定量地转化成芳基吡啶产物的事实,因此“催化容量”在实践中与催化剂和芳基吡啶产物的摩尔比相一致。
在其一般方式及其优选的方式或其更优选的方式中,钯与双齿膦的复合物与卤代吡啶的摩尔比通常是1∶3000至1∶1000,优选约1∶2000;卤代吡啶的用量通常是每摩尔芳基卤化镁使用0.5至1.5摩尔,优选0.8至1.2摩尔。在特别优选的实施方案中,卤代吡啶与芳基卤化镁的摩尔比是1∶1。
为了使偶联反应能够在最少量催化剂的存在下以高收率且高选择性程度地发生,必须防止格利雅试剂在反应介质中累积,因此相对于锌盐必须是动力学不足的;辅助-催化剂(Zn盐)的需要量取决于规律性(regularity)和格利雅化合物的加入速度:已发现Zn盐与卤代吡啶的比率为1∶50至1∶10是令人满意的。
锌盐通常选自氯化锌(ZnCl2)、溴化锌(ZnBr2)和乙酸锌[Zn(OAc)2]。
钯与双齿膦的复合物优选选自(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)、(1,3-二(二苯基膦)丙烷)氯化钯(II)和(1,4-二(二苯基膦)丁烷)氯化钯(II)。最优选的是(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)。
基于芳基卤化镁和催化容量小于1∶1500计算,利用溴吡啶和更经济以及通常更小活性的氯吡啶,这些复合物与锌盐的组合使用能够得到高于95%的摩尔收率。
(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)、(1,3-二(二苯基膦)丙烷)氯化钯(II)和(1,4-二(二苯基膦)丁烷)氯化钯(II)是已知的可购买的化合物。
偶联反应通常在25-85℃、优选在25-50℃下在不会与格利雅化合物反应的非质子有机溶剂中进行,优选在四氢呋喃和/或甲苯中进行。
在本发明的更优选的实施方案中,缩醛基团的除去通过酸水解进行;这就是说,步骤(b)一般通过将中间体(例如3bis)用酸性水溶液处理来进行;该步骤优选通过将HCl水溶液直接加入到步骤(a)所得到的有机溶液中并且通过将温度维持在40℃以下来进行。
本发明的另一个目的是制备N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
a)提供4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛;
b)将4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛转化成N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-[(2-吡啶基苯基)]亚甲基]腙;然后
c)将N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-[(2-吡啶基苯基)]亚甲基]腙还原成N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼;
所述方法的特征在于在步骤a)中,将4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛通过本发明的方法来提供,该方法包括卤代吡啶和芳基卤化镁在催化量的锌盐和钯与双齿膦的复合物的存在下的交叉-偶联反应。
利用按照本发明的方法而不是根据US 6,765,097B1所公开的方法所提供的4-(2′-吡啶基)苯甲醛,对于具有更高摩尔成本的试剂(即,芳基卤化镁)来说,步骤b)中腙的形成及其在步骤c)中的还原均以更高的总收率进行。
另外,还容易实现N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-[(2-吡啶基苯基)]亚甲基]腙的分离,其还原更快速并且得到具有更好质量的终产物N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼。
现通过下面的实施例进一步解释本发明。
实施例1
4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛格利雅试剂
在调节温度至30-35℃的同时,将碘(0.1g)、然后在约1小时的时间内将4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛(155.7g,0.674mol)的四氢呋喃(170ml)溶液在搅拌下于惰性气氛下加入到维持在30℃的镁(17.2g,0.708mol)的四氢呋喃(290ml)悬浮液中。将反应混合物在30℃下保持1小时。
实施例2
4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛
在搅拌及惰性气氛下依次将无水氯化锌(4.55g,33.5mmol)和2-氯吡啶(80.3g,0.708mol)加入到四氢呋喃(134ml)中。然后在搅拌和惰性气氛下向维持在40℃的悬浮液中加入(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)(DPPE-钯)(0.246g,0.43mmol),然后在2小时内加入类似于实施例1制备的格利雅溶液。将反应在40℃下保持约30分钟,然后冷却至25℃。
将水(315ml)和37%盐酸(88gr)的溶液在约30分钟内加入到反应混合物中,然后将溶液搅拌1小时。加入甲苯(130ml)并分相。向水相中在搅拌下加入甲苯(350ml)和30%氨水溶液(约110ml)。分相,将有机相真空蒸发得到残余物,该残余物由4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛(118.4g,0.647mol)组成。相对于4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛的摩尔收率是96%。催化剂(DPPE-钯)的周转率(turnover)是1504。
将产物通过与按照国际专利申请WO97/40029中所述的实施例37b制备的真实样品相比较而得到确认。
实施例3
4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛
在搅拌及惰性气氛下依次将无水氯化锌(4.1g,30mmol)和2-氯吡啶(76.5g,0.674mol)加入到四氢呋喃(135ml)中。然后在搅拌和惰性气氛下向维持在45℃的悬浮液中加入DPPE-钯(0.228g,0.396mmol),然后在2小时内加入类似于实施例1制备的4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛的格利雅试剂的溶液。在45℃下保持30分钟后,将混合物冷却至25℃并在约30分钟内加入水(300ml)和37%盐酸(83g)的溶液。加入甲苯(130ml)并分相。将甲苯(250ml)和30%氨水溶液(105ml)在搅拌下加入到下层的水相中。分相,有机相经HPLC确定含有117.3g(0.640mol)4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛。相对于4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛的摩尔收率是95%。催化剂的周转率是1616。
实施例4
N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-[(2-吡啶基苯基)]亚甲基]腙;
向实施例3的4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛的甲苯溶液中加入乙酸(2.7ml),然后在80℃下在搅拌下加入肼基甲酸叔丁酯(89g,0.652mol)的甲苯(85ml)溶液。将混合物在80℃下维持2小时,然后冷却至10℃。30分钟后将固体过滤并用冷甲苯洗涤。减压干燥后得到腙(184.3g,0.620mol)。相对于4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛的摩尔收率为92%。
实施例5
N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基]肼(对比例)
重复US 6,765,097B1的实施例28所述的方法。
将5g(0.0168mol)实施例4的腙和0.5g钯/C 5%(50%润湿)在甲醇(75ml)中在常压下氢化8小时。将催化剂过滤并用甲醇洗涤。通过减压蒸馏除去溶剂并向油状残余物中加入环己烷。在室温下搅拌约1小时并在15℃下搅拌30分钟后,将固体过滤并用冷环己烷洗涤。在40℃下减压干燥后得到标题肼。
m.p.77-79℃。
1H-NMR(200MHz,CDCl3):ppm 8.69(1H,m);7.69(2H,d);7.8-7.65(2H,m);7.22(1H,m);4.06(2H,s);1.47(9H,s)。
实施例6
N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-(4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基)肼
将50g(0.168mol)实施例4的腙、甲醇(350ml)、甲酸铵(23.8g,0.378mol)、水(16ml)和50%润湿的Pd/C(3.8g)加入到烧瓶中并在50℃下加热约3小时。当反应完成时,将冷的混合物过滤并将溶液浓缩至残余物。加入环己烷(200ml)和水(20ml)并将混合物加热至60℃。分出有机相并冷却至15℃以结晶产物。在40℃下减压干燥后得到标题肼(43.4g,0.145mol)。
相对于起始腙的摩尔收率是86%。
相对于4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛的总收率是79.2%。
实施例7(对比例)
下表提供了本发明实施例4和6所述步骤的收率的对比以及当其中的原料4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛按照本发明得到时(条目#1),N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-(4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基)肼的总收率与当原料4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛利用US 6,765,097所述的方法得到时相应步骤的收率的对比。
实施例8
N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-(4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基)肼的工业制备
4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛格利雅试剂的制备
在适当的不锈钢容器中,在惰性气氛下加入镁(49.7kg)、碘(0.29kg)和THF(840lt)。在搅拌下加入4-溴苯甲醛二甲基缩醛(40kg),同时将温度升至35-40℃。在该温度下留意反应的开始,然后在2-3小时内加入4-溴-苯甲醛二甲基缩醛(410kg)的THF(495lt)溶液。
当IPC通过HPLC指出4-溴苯甲醛的含量在0.5%以下时,考虑反应完成。
偶联反应
在不锈钢容器中在惰性气氛下加入THF(390lt)、无水氯化锌(11.9kg)和2-氯吡啶(222kg)。30分钟后加入DPPE-钯(0.66kg)。在35-40℃下加热反应液并缓慢加入先前制备的格利雅溶液。结束时将温度在35-40℃下保持约1小时。当HPLC控制指出苯甲醛的含量在0.5%以下时考虑反应完成。缓慢加入水(870lt)和盐酸30%(约290kg)的溶液。加入甲苯(380lt)并搅拌20分钟,然后将混合物在不搅拌的条件下保持1小时,然后分相。在搅拌下加入甲苯(lt 380),然后将30%氨水溶液(约300lt)缓慢加入到下层的相中并搅拌30分钟。停止搅拌1小时,然后分相。有机相经HPLC确定4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛的含量约为340kg。N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-[4-[(2-吡啶基苯基)]亚甲基]腙的制备
在不锈钢反应器中,在惰性气氛下加入前一步骤的含有约340kg4-(2’-吡啶基)苯甲醛的有机相并加入乙酸(7.8lt)。将溶液在80℃下加热并在搅拌下加入肼基甲酸叔丁酯(258kg)。在80℃下2小时后,将混合物在15℃下冷却,然后将产物过滤,用冷甲苯洗涤并在45℃下减压干燥得到约540kg腙。
N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-(4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基)肼的工业还原方法。
在不锈钢反应器中,在惰性气氛下加入腙(540kg,1.82kmol)、甲醇(3200lt)、甲酸铵(238kg,3.78kmol)、水(165lt)和50%润湿的Pd/C(38kg)。
将混合物在50℃下在良好搅拌下加热。当反应完成时(通过HPLC测试残余的腙在0.2%以下),将混合物在25℃下冷却并将催化剂过滤。将滤液减压浓缩得到残余的粘稠物质。加入环己烷(1720lt)和水(167lt)并升温至65℃。在该温度下分相。将有机相在25℃下在搅拌下冷却以将产物完全结晶。
将产物过滤并将滤饼用冷环己烷洗涤。在45℃下减压干燥得到约480kg N1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N2-(4-(2’-吡啶基)苄基)肼。
Claims (19)
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于式1bis的芳基卤化镁相对于锌盐以动力学不足的方式使用。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于式2bis的卤代吡啶是2-氯吡啶。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于式1bis的芳基卤化镁是溴化物或氯化物。
5.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于锌盐选自ZnCl2、ZnBr2和/或Zn(OAc)2。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于锌盐的存在量是每100摩尔式2bis的卤代吡啶为1-50摩尔、优选4-30摩尔。
7.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于钯与双齿膦的复合物选自(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)、(1,3-二(二苯基膦)丙烷)氯化钯(II)和(1,4-二(二苯基膦)丁烷)氯化钯(II)。
8.权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于钯与双齿膦的复合物是(1,2-二(二苯基膦)乙烷)氯化钯(II)。
9.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于钯与双齿膦的复合物的用量是每100摩尔式2bis的卤代吡啶为0.01-1摩尔、优选0.05-0.1摩尔。
10.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于式2bis的卤代吡啶的用量是0.8-1.2摩尔/摩尔式1bis的芳基卤化镁。
11.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(a)在0-85℃、优选30-50℃下进行。
12.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(a)在非质子有机溶剂、优选在四氢呋喃和/或甲苯中进行。
13.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(b)通过酸水解进行。
14.权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于酸水解在低于40℃的温度下进行。
15.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于R1和R2都是甲基。
16.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于R1和R2一起选自1,3-丙基、1,2-丁基、1,4-丁烯基和2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙基。
17.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于钯与双齿膦的复合物与式2bis的卤代吡啶的摩尔比是1∶3000至1∶1000。
19.制备N-1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N-2-[4-(2-吡啶基)-苄基]-肼或N-1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-N-2-{4-[(2-吡啶基)-苯基]亚甲基}-腙的方法,其特征在于该方法包括权利要求1-17所述的方法。
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