CN101977879A - 合成润滑剂制备方法 - Google Patents

合成润滑剂制备方法 Download PDF

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CN101977879A
CN101977879A CN2009801092169A CN200980109216A CN101977879A CN 101977879 A CN101977879 A CN 101977879A CN 2009801092169 A CN2009801092169 A CN 2009801092169A CN 200980109216 A CN200980109216 A CN 200980109216A CN 101977879 A CN101977879 A CN 101977879A
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A·O·帕蒂尔
N·扬
M·M·吴
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Abstract

低聚的聚α-烯烃的制备方法,包括使低分子量PAO低聚物在路易斯酸催化剂如促进的三氯化铝或三氟化硼存在下在低聚条件下进行低聚。用作该方法进料或进料组分的低分子量PAO低聚物是轻质烯属副产物馏分,其包含源于茂金属催化的PAO低聚工艺的二聚体和轻质馏分,其特征在于分子量为150~600且末端烯烃(亚乙烯基)含量为至少25%。

Description

合成润滑剂制备方法
发明领域
本公开内容涉及用作合成润滑剂基本原料的聚-α-烯烃(PAO)的改进生产方法。
发明背景
PAO已被认为是一类特别适合作为高性能合成润滑剂基本原料的材料超过30年之久。它们具有良好的低温流动性、较高的热和氧化稳定性、高温下的低蒸发损失、高粘度指数、良好摩擦行为、良好水解稳定性、以及良好抗腐蚀性。PAO是无毒的,且与矿物油、其它合成烃液体、流体和酯混溶。由此,PAO适合用于发动机油、压缩机油、液压油、齿轮油、油脂和功能流体。术语PAO已宽泛地且通常用作命名这些润滑剂基本原料,尽管在用作基本原料之前将初始烯烃低聚物氢化以除去残留不饱和度且改进润滑油产物的热和氧化稳定性。PAO作为高品质润滑剂基本原料的用途包含在许多教科书的主题之中,例如Lubrication Fundamentals,J.G.Wills,Marcel Dekker Inc.,(纽约,1980),以及Synthetic Lubricants and High-PerformanceFunctional Fluids,第二版,Rudnick和Shubkin,Marcel DekkerInc.,(纽约,1999)。
PAO可以通过使用弗瑞德-克来福特催化剂如三氯化铝或三氟化硼来制备,其中三氟化硼是首选的催化剂。优选地将三氟化硼与质子促进剂,典型地醇如异丙醇或丁醇、水、或者酸、酯或醚结合,由此形成催化剂络合物,该催化剂络合物可以用于促进低聚成具有期望分子量高支化的低聚结构的产物,这对于润滑剂产品中低倾点和高粘度指数的组合而言是所需的。通常使用的α烯烃是C8~C14范围内的那些,优选1-辛烯、1-癸烯和1-十二碳烯;已发现奇数碳原子数烯烃的使用是不利的。这类烯烃可以典型地通过裂化或者通过乙烯链增长工艺来形成。低聚过程中通常使用的三氟化硼催化剂代表了用于制备聚α烯烃的工艺流程中显著的成本,因为其通常不能回收,而是相反地被水洗去活化。用过的、去活化的催化剂通常在生产聚α烯烃的商业操作中通过深井灌注来处理,存在一些环境考虑因素的处理方法,虽然已提出了各种回收三氟化硼的方法。
目前使用弗瑞德-克来福特催化剂的低粘度PAO工艺中,将二聚体或轻质馏分循环回线性α-烯烃进料中以制备更多润滑油基本原料。主要包含C8H16~C30H60低聚物(平均C20H40)的这些二聚体或轻质馏分,显示280或更低的较低平均分子量,且并非非常期望地作为该工艺的进料,由于伴随低聚过程的异构化,尽管在制备其为具有高粘度指数和低倾点的优异润滑剂的支链更高低聚物方面而言是有价值的,也形成由本身是高支化、高取代的产品(分子中间具有不饱和双键)的更低低聚物组成的二聚体或轻质馏分;它们通常可以特征在于在所述分子量范围内具有大量短链支化和高取代双键的低聚物(三-和四-取代烯烃)。由于空间上受阻,这些轻质副产物中的双键不易接近且由此不易受到进一步反应的影响。由此,这些二聚体或轻质馏分对于进一步低聚具有很小反应性。另外,它们是更高支化的烯烃且源于这些支化分子的润滑油产物由于它们的结构而具有不太合乎需要的VI、挥发性和热/氧化稳定性。由此在最终氢化步骤之前除去二聚体馏分(如US 3,149,178中所述)成为常规操作。
对于高品质PAO、特别是低粘度/高VI/低倾点PAO的需求正变得紧迫,且一直在提出对于现有弗瑞德-克来福特工艺的替换形式。已提出负载的、还原的铬催化剂和茂金属催化剂体系用于这些工艺。WO2007/011973(Wu等)中描述了使用茂金属催化剂制备4~10cS、低粘度PAO基本原料的方法。这种技术由于基于茂金属的低粘度PAO具有优异润滑油性能而是有吸引力的。迄今为止这种方法的一个缺点在于,在制备4~10cS PAO时,一些数量的二聚体或轻质馏分(小于C30)以副产物形式获得。这些轻质烯烃不能够用作润滑剂基本原料,因为它们挥发性太大,且由于它们通常是更高线性的以及具有高度的亚乙烯基或乙烯基含量而不可以循环回茂金属催化的工艺中。由此,茂金属低聚工艺中的轻质馏分如果它们不可以通过其它方法转化为润滑油产品,则代表了润滑油产率损失。
共同待审的美国临时专利申请No.61/008,095(2007年12月18日提交),描述了由茂金属催化的低聚工艺中制得的低分子量α-烯烃低聚物制备高品质润滑油沸程产品的方法。茂金属低聚步骤中的轻质烯烃副产物的线性特征使得它们成为用作使用US No.61/008095中所述离子液体催化剂的低聚工艺的进料的良好选择。茂金属烯烃(主要为二聚体)可以相对于路易斯酸催化工艺中获得的支化烯烃更容易地低聚或共低聚,且它们产生具有更少支链且由此更佳的润滑油性能的润滑油基本原料。
发明概述
来自茂金属低聚工艺的非润滑油沸程轻质烯属馏分可以使用路易斯酸催化剂转化为高品质润滑油基本原料。采用此方式,可以显著提高来自茂金属催化的、低粘度PAO低聚工艺的总润滑油产率,同时改进了工艺经济性。来自茂金属低聚的轻质烯烃副产物的线性特征使得它们对于用作路易斯酸催化的低聚步骤的进料而言是良好选择,因为它们可以相对于支化烯烃更容易低聚或共低聚,且制得具有更少链支化和由此更佳的润滑油性能的润滑油基本原料。
依据本公开内容,因此,低聚的聚α-烯烃的制备方法包括使低分子量烯烃进料在路易斯酸催化剂存在下在低聚条件下进行低聚。用作本方法的进料或进料组分的低分子量烯烃包括轻质烯属副产物馏分,其包括源于茂金属催化的PAO低聚工艺的二聚体和轻质馏分;这些烯烃进料的特征可以为具有120~600的分子量范围和至少25%的末端烯烃含量。
用于本发明低聚步骤的催化剂包括路易斯酸如三氟化硼或三氯化铝。通常,路易斯酸催化剂的用量典型地为0.1~10wt%,且大多数情形下为0.2到3或5wt%,基于烯烃进料材料的总量。
使用源于茂金属工艺的低分子量α-烯烃低聚物用于低聚或共低聚的一些优点在于:(1)利用新的、先前浪费的原料方面的灵活性和经济性,该原料可以由特定碳原子数馏分、选定馏分的混合物组成或者,更期望地使用全部、未分馏的PAO蒸馏副产物,采用或不采用α-烯烃去除;(2)末端亚乙烯基双键的存在提供的更大反应性获得具有更加期望性能和高性能特征的液体产物。
发明详述
本文发明详述和权利要求中的所有数值由“大约”或“近似”所示值来修饰,且考虑了本领域技术人员应预期的实验误差和偏差。
烯烃进料
本方法中使用的烯烃进料包括轻质烯属副产物馏分,其包括源于茂金属催化的PAO低聚工艺的二聚体和轻质馏分。这些中间体轻质馏分通常可以表征为C42-(通常C40-)烯属蒸馏馏分,其包含源于原始α-烯烃原料的高反应性低聚物的混合物;该馏分主要含有C8H16~C30H60低聚物(平均C20H40),其显示的分子量范围为120~600、典型地为140~560(平均200)且含有的末端烯烃含量为全部烯属不饱和度的至少25%。实际上,该混合物的亚乙烯基含量可以为至少50%,例如60或者甚至80%,取决于茂金属催化剂和低聚条件。α-烯烃二聚体/三聚体馏分中高含量的亚乙烯基烯烃与相应更少的其它类型烯属不饱和度是独特的,这点得到1H和13C-NMR的证实且给本方法带来区别,本方法利用这些独特烯烃作为随后采用路易斯酸催化剂的低聚的原材料以制得具有有益性能的润滑油范围产物。
用作进料的茂金属衍生的中间体通过使用茂金属低聚催化剂的α-烯烃进料低聚来制备。这种初始低聚步骤中使用的α烯烃进料典型地是4~24个碳原子、通常6~20个且优选8~14个碳原子的α-烯烃单体,如1-丁烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯、1-癸烯、1-十二碳烯、和1-十四碳烯。具有偶数碳原子的烯烃是优选的,因为它们是线型α烯烃,尽管能够使用在距离末端双键至少两个碳原子处具有烷基取代基的支链烯烃。这些1-烯烃可以与相同分子量范围内的其它单体共低聚。这些原材料采用茂金属催化剂来进行低聚,由此制得从低分子量二聚体和三聚体(其形成用于本发明路易斯酸催化步骤的主要进料)以及润滑油沸程内的更高分子量低聚物(其直接用作润滑油基本原料)延伸的一系列产品。优选地将初始进料烯烃进行处理以除去催化剂毒物,如过氧化物、氧、硫、含氮有机化合物、和/或炔属化合物,如WO 2007/011973中所述。认为这种处理提高了催化剂生产力,典型地大于5倍,且有利情形下大于10倍。来自这些α烯烃原材料的最低分子量低聚物典型地具有范围为C8~C30、大多数情形下C16~C30的碳原子数。这些小低聚物通常通过分馏与具有大于C30、例如C40和更高碳原子数的更高低聚物相分离,其典型地用作高性能润滑油基本原料。
使用茂金属催化剂的初始低聚步骤在适合于所选α烯烃进料和茂金属催化剂的条件下进行。优选的茂金属催化的α烯烃低聚工艺描述于WO 2007/011973,关于进料、茂金属催化剂、工艺条件和产品表征的详细内容参考该文献。由该工艺制得的且用作本发明低聚步骤中进料的轻质烯属低聚物可以适宜地通过蒸馏与茂金属低聚步骤之中获得的α烯烃低聚物的粗混合物分离,其中依据要用作润滑油基本原料的馏分或者要用作路易斯酸催化工艺步骤进料的馏分来设定切割点。如WO 2007/011973中所述,选择用于润滑油基本原料馏分的PAO低聚物是液体,其熔点不高于0℃,倾点小于0℃,典型地小于-45℃或甚至更低,例如小于-75℃,优选地具有1.5~20cSt的KV100,其在许多情形下依据期望的产品规格来进行选择,如范围为1.5~10cSt。通过Noack挥发性试验(ASTM D5800)测量的润滑油范围馏分的挥发性典型地为25wt%或更低,优选为14wt%或更低。润滑油馏分的溴值典型地为1.8或更大,在用作润滑油基本原料之前通过氢化过程使其降低。分子量范围方面,选择用作润滑油基本原料的馏分典型地对于C20和更高的烃具有80%或更大的选择性,优选地对于C20和更高的烃为85%或更大、优选为90%或更大、更优选为95%或更大、优选为98%或更大、优选为99%或更大。对于C20和更低的烃的相应选择性通常为50%或更低,优选为40%或更低,例如20%或更低,10%或更低。
WO 2007/011973工艺中使用的茂金属催化剂是非桥连的、取代的双环戊二烯基过渡金属化合物。一种优选类别的催化剂是高取代的茂金属,其获得高催化剂生产力且具有低产物粘度。另一优选类别的茂金属是非桥连且取代的环戊二烯类,包括非桥连的和取代的或未取代的茚和/或芴。任选地,用于茂金属组分的活化剂可以以过渡金属化合物与活化剂的摩尔比典型地10∶1~0.1∶1来使用例如甲基铝氧烷(MAO);如果有机铝化合物例如烷基铝化合物用作活化剂,烷基铝化合物与过渡金属化合物的摩尔比范围可以为1∶4~4000∶1。低聚条件典型地要求氢气以345kPa(50psi)或更低的分压存在,基于反应器的总压,典型地为7kPa(1psi)~345kPa(50psi),(优选为20kPa(3psi)~275kPa(40psi),例如35kPa(5psi)~210kPa psi(30),或者175kPa(25psi)或更低,优选为70kPa(10psi)或更低。氢气的存在浓度通常为10~10 000重量ppm,优选为25~7500ppm,例如25~5000ppm,其中α-烯烃单体进料为10体积%或更多,基于催化剂/活化剂/助活化剂溶液、单体、和反应中存在的任意稀释剂或溶剂的总体积。反应停留时间典型地为至少5分钟,且反应区中温度在反应期间控制在不超过10℃。茂金属催化剂组分、活化剂以及典型的和优选的反应条件与产品参数均描述于WO 2007/011973,关于这些描述参考该文献。
替换形式的茂金属催化的α-烯烃低聚工艺(其可以获得适合作为本公开内容的第二低聚步骤进料的二聚体馏分)描述于US 6,548,724以及该专利中引用文献中的其它茂金属催化的低聚工艺,关于这些替换形式工艺的详细内容可参考该文献。可以获得适合作为本公开内容的第二低聚步骤进料的二聚体馏分的其它茂金属聚合工艺描述于WO2007011459、WO2007011462、以及US 5,017,299和5,186,851,关于这些茂金属催化的低聚工艺的信息也参考这些文献。源于这些使用α-烯烃原材料的茂金属低聚工艺的轻质烯烃PAO低聚物馏分可以用作利用这些轻质烯属副产物作为进料组分的本发明方法中的进料。
用作本发明方法的进料的二聚体具有至少一个碳碳不饱和双键。由于茂金属工艺的非异构化聚合机理特征,不饱和度通常或多或少居中地位于构成该二聚体的两个单体单元连接处。如果初始茂金属聚合步骤使用单一的1-烯烃进料来制备α-烯烃均聚物,不饱和度将居中地定位,但是如果使用两种1-烯烃共聚单体来形成茂金属共聚物,双键位置可以依据所用两种共聚单体的链长而偏离中心。任意情形下,这种双键具有乙烯基或亚乙烯基特性。末端亚乙烯基由式RaRbC=CH2表示,当Rb=H时称作乙烯基。不饱和度数量可以依据ASTM D1159的溴值测量或等价方法定量测定,或者依据质子或碳-13NMR定量测定。质子NMR光谱分析也可以区分和量化烯属不饱和度类型。
构成本发明低聚工艺烯烃进料的至少25%的特征亚乙烯基化合物由此可以定义为下式的不饱和烃:
R1R2C=CH2
其中R1和R2,它们可以相同或不同,一起具有6~40个碳原子且R1为1~24个碳原子的烃基,R2为R1或H。典型地,R1和R2一起具有16~30个碳原子,优选为8~11个碳原子,且在由单一单体制备的二聚体的情形下,R1和R2相同。优选的二聚体中,R1和R2各自具有7~13个碳原子。
源于茂金属低聚工艺的轻质烯烃(主要为二聚体和三聚体)馏分可以用作本发明方法中的唯一进料材料,或者其可以用作烯属进料组分之一与用作茂金属低聚步骤的烯烃原材料类型的α-烯烃一起。具有线性或支化结构的α-烯烃或其它内部烯烃、或者它们的混合物,可以与低分子量α-烯烃低聚物一起用作进料。由此,茂金属轻质烯属α-烯烃低聚物可以用作例如与6~24个碳原子、通常6~20且优选8~14个碳原子的单体α-烯烃结合的进料,优选烯烃与碳计数烯烃(如1-癸烯、1-辛烯、1-十二碳烯、1-己烯、1-十四碳烯、1-十八碳烯或其混合物)。如果期望获得最佳润滑油性能则优选是线性α-烯烃,但是也能够使用在距离末端双键至少两个碳原子处含有烷基取代基的支链烯烃。可以使用的轻质α-烯烃低聚物的比例可能在实际操作中通过原材料可用性以及对于产物期望的参数来设定,产物本身也取决于本发明方法的路易斯酸催化低聚步骤中采用的反应条件。典型比例为90∶10~10∶70或10∶90,且更通常地为80∶20~20∶80重量,但是通常轻质α-烯烃低聚物(二聚体/三聚体)馏分将构成烯属进料材料的至少50%重量,这是因为最终产品的性能(部分地取决于原材料)有利地受到提高轻质低聚物馏分的比例的影响。烯烃进料中关于轻质低聚物馏分的优选比例由此为至少50%,且更优选为至少60%,或70%,或80%重量。
路易斯酸催化的低聚
轻质烯烃馏分的低聚在包含路易斯酸的催化剂存在下进行。可以用于烯烃低聚反应的路易斯酸催化剂包括通常用作弗瑞德-克来福特催化剂的金属和类金属卤化物,其适宜实例包括AlCl3、BF3、AlBr3、TiCl3、和TiCl4,它们按自身使用或者与质子促进剂一起使用。也可以使用固体路易斯酸催化剂,如合成或天然沸石,酸性粘土,聚合物酸性树脂,无定形固体催化剂如硅石-氧化铝,和杂多酸如锆酸钨、钼酸钨、钒酸钨、磷钨酸盐和钼钨钒锗酸盐(例如WOx/ZrO2,WOx/MoO3),尽管这些催化剂通常不象用于传统PAO低聚工艺中的金属和类金属卤化物那样经济上有利。通常,低聚或共低聚工艺中使用基于总进料为0.1~10wt%且优选0.2~3或5wt%的酸催化剂。
最经常用于源于茂金属低聚的轻质烯烃馏分低聚的路易斯酸催化剂是典型用于传统PAO低聚工艺的金属和类金属卤化物催化剂,主要是三氯化铝和三氟化硼,其中优选后者。但是,三氟化硼并不特别适合用作低聚催化剂,除非其与质子促进剂组合使用。对于BF3催化的烯烃低聚工艺而言,各种这类促进剂是沿用已久的,且包括材料诸如水,醇类如低级(C1-C6)烷醇(包括乙醇、异丙醇或丁醇),酸类,可以为有机酸例如羧酸或其酸酐如乙酸、丙酸、或丁酸或者乙酸酐,或者无机酸如磷酸(如US 3,149,178中所述),酯如乙酸乙酯(如US6,824,671中所述),醇烷氧基化物如二醇醚,例如乙二醇单甲基醚(2-甲氧基乙醇)或丙二醇单乙基醚,或者衍生自混合C2~C24、优选C2~C18且最优选C6~C12直链醇的乙氧基化物(如US 5,068,487中所述),和醚类如二甲基醚、二乙基醚或甲基乙基醚,酮类,醛类和烷基卤化物。质子促进剂与三氟化硼形成催化剂络合物,且充当低聚催化剂的是该络合物;这种络合物通常含有吸收在该混合物中的过量三氟化硼。
在路易斯酸催化剂存在下低聚的、源于茂金属低聚步骤的低分子量α-烯烃低聚物典型地具有范围为120~600的数均分子量,末端烯烃含量大于25%。通常优选在进料中具有更高数量的末端烯烃。
在路易斯酸催化低聚步骤中可能使用溶剂或稀释剂,但是如果所用催化剂体系是液体,那么该液体也可以起到反应溶剂或稀释剂的作用,使得无需额外的溶剂或稀释剂。但是如果期望时,可以存在对所选催化剂体系无反应性的额外液体,例如为了控制反应混合物的粘度或者为了通过带有冷凝蒸汽回流的蒸发而带出反应热。烃如烷烃和芳烃例如己烷或甲苯适用于这个目的。由此,轻质α-烯烃低聚物反应物,按自身或是与额外α-烯烃共进料一起,可以直接在添加或不添加溶剂或稀释剂的催化剂体系存在下进行低聚。在使用气态催化剂如三氟化硼时通常反应在封闭环境中,通常在惰性气氛例如氮气下进行。
实际操作中路易斯酸催化低聚反应的温度有利地在-10℃至300℃、优选0℃~75℃之内变化。该体系可以在大气压力下操作,因为该体系典型地在通常用于该工艺的温度下显示低蒸气压。但是如果期望保持封闭反应环境、例如自生压力下,可以在温和压力下操作。使用固体路易斯酸作为催化剂时,该低聚通常采用催化剂固定床以下流方式来进行,尽管替换形式的操作、例如在搅拌槽反应器中也是可能的。
低聚反应完成之后,催化剂活性可以通过添加水或稀释含水碱如5wt%NaOH溶液来淬灭。可以将有机层分离并蒸馏以除去基本原料之外的组分。使用促进的BF3催化剂时,如果在反应结束时未去活化,可以将气态BF3和促进剂再循环。使用固体催化剂时,如果反应未在固定床中进行,简单过滤就是将催化剂与低聚物产物分离所需的全部操作。随后可以将低聚物产物分馏以除去任意未反应的轻质烯烃,并将在期望沸程内的低聚物送到氢化过程以除去残留不饱和度。
低聚物产物
由茂金属低聚物中间体形成低聚物产物可以由如下示意图来表示:
Figure BPA00001228295900101
在此情况下,所示的那部分最终低聚物产物是具有高支链结构的PAO反应物的三聚体,可以预期其构成低挥发性、低倾点和高粘度指数的润滑油基本原料。但是,依据原材料的碳原子数和所选反应条件,该产物可以是二聚体、三聚体、或者具有通过反应物的双键位点连接的连续单元的更高低聚物。链支化程度主要由反应物确定,使得如果茂金属制得的PAO中间体本身具有一定链支化程度时(如通过使用支链烯烃作为茂金属低聚体系的进料),源于路易斯酸催化反应的最终产物中将存在额外的支化。但是,如上所述,茂金属低聚物主要是具有中心烯属双键(在此发生加成)的线性低聚物。
源于路易斯酸催化低聚步骤的低聚物产物以它们的流变学性能、同时具有低倾点和高粘度指数的组合著称。倾点通常低于-40℃,甚至在粘度(100℃)为20或更高的更高分子量低聚物的情形下也是如此。倾点(ASTM D97或等价方式)通常范围为-40至-55℃,通常低于-45℃。粘度指数(ASTM D2270)通常高于130,且通常范围为135~150。产物粘度可以通过低聚条件、特别是反应温度和反应时间的变化来改变,其中更高温度和持续时间获得更高分子量/更高粘度产品。该产品的润滑剂(C30+)馏分典型地是4-300cSt(100℃)材料,但是对于在其中需要低粘度基本原料的润滑油中使用而言也可以获得极低粘度产品2-4cSt(100℃)。容易获得在经济上重要的4-6cSt(100℃)范围内的产品,使得可能通过使用源于茂金属低聚的二聚体/三聚体副产物馏分(先前不能包含在润滑剂馏分之中)改善总体润滑剂产率(基于α-烯烃原材料)。大多数情形下,对于低粘度、高品质润滑剂的需求趋向于范围4-40,例如4-30或6-40cSt(100℃)基本原料,且这些容易以本发明低聚工艺的产物的形式获得。产物分子量范围典型地为420以上,大多数情形下在600以上且典型地对于粘度范围为25-30cSt(100℃)的低聚物而言一直延伸到2000。更高分子量和相应粘度可以通过反应条件的适宜选择来实现。多分散指数(PDI)数值典型地为1.15~1.4,该范围之内的更高数值与更高分子量低聚物相关,其中不同低聚物种类的数目随低聚程度增加而增加。该低聚中容易获得范围典型地超过90wt%的较高水平的产物转化率(二聚体到低聚物)。润滑剂馏分(C30+)通常为产物的85wt%或更高,典型地为90wt%。
本发明低聚工艺能实现的总反应方案可以如下所示,由初始α-烯烃进料出发,并通过用作本发明低聚步骤的进料的茂金属二聚体/三聚体中间产物:
Figure BPA00001228295900111
期望地,在用作润滑剂基本原料之前将源于路易斯酸催化步骤的润滑油范围低聚物产物氢化,由此除去任意残留不饱和度并由此稳定该产品。氢化可以以对加氢处理传统PAO而言常见的方式来进行,使用例如金属(通常贵金属)氢化催化剂。
下面实施例中,可以使用WO2007011973、WO2007011832或WO2007011459中所述类型的合成方法来制备茂金属二聚体馏分。在实际采用的制备工序中,依据这些出版物中所述的方法纯化甲苯溶剂和进料α-烯烃,并在氮气气氛下进行所有合成步骤和操作,为了避免空气、氧、水分和其它毒物导致的任意催化剂失活或中毒。
实施例
茂金属PAO可以利用如下示例性工序采用间歇模式操作来合成。将纯化的1-癸烯(50g)和3.173g三异丁基铝(TIBA)原料溶液在氮气气氛下注入500ml烧瓶中。随后在搅拌下将反应烧瓶加热到120℃。将安装于反应烧瓶之上的另一漏斗中含有20g甲苯、0.079g TIBA原料溶液、0.430g rac-亚乙基双(4,5,6,7-四氢-1-茚基)二氯化锆溶液和0.8012NCA原料溶液的溶液,在15分钟内加到1-癸烯混合物中,同时保持反应温度接近于120℃,上下不超过3℃。使反应混合物在反应温度下搅拌16小时。随后关掉加热并将混合物用3ml异丙醇淬灭。随后将粗产物用100ml 5%NaOH水溶液,随后用100ml去离子水洗涤三次。随后将有机层分离并用20g硫酸钠干燥1小时。滤出固体并将滤液首先通过低真空蒸馏进行蒸馏以除去甲苯、未反应的1-癸烯和轻质烯烃二聚体馏分,随后通过高真空蒸馏在160℃/1毫托真空下进行蒸馏以分离C30和更高的低聚物。随后可以将二聚体馏分与甲苯和未反应的单体通过蒸馏进行分离。
示例性实施例1:使用AlCl3的轻质聚α烯烃的低聚
将通过上述一般工序制得的mPAO-二聚体(50.4g纯的)与0.4g水一起在氮气气氛下注入500ml圆底烧瓶中。非常缓慢地加入无水AlCl3(2.5g)以保持温度0-5℃。添加之后,使反应在0-5℃下搅拌4小时,然后加入甲苯(100ml)。使反应混合物升温到室温并随后继续搅拌16小时。通过添加25ml水使反应停止。将产物用水(4×50ml)和(1×50ml)盐水洗涤,直到水层达到pH~7。将有机层干燥并过滤。随后通过旋转蒸发器除去低沸点(甲苯)组分,并通过使用Kugelrohr在160-170℃下真空下蒸馏除去高沸点组分(PAO-二聚体)。将最终产物通过IR、GC、NMR和GPC进行表征。GC分析显示为6.7%PAO-二聚体、93.3%润滑油产物。发现蒸馏过的低聚物显示如表1中所示的性能:
表1
  KV 100℃   7.94cSt
  KV 40℃   57.09cSt
  粘度指数   105
  倾点   -57℃
示例性实施例2:使用AlCl3的聚α烯烃与1-癸烯的共低聚
将如实施例1所用相同的mPAO-二聚体(40g纯的)与1-癸烯(20g)和水(0.45g)一起在氮气气氛下注入500ml圆底烧瓶中。非常缓慢地加入无水AlCl3(3g)以保持温度0-5℃。添加之后,使反应混合物在0-5℃下搅拌4小时,然后加入100ml甲苯。使反应混合物升温到室温并随后继续搅拌16小时。通过添加50ml水和75ml甲苯使反应停止。将产物用水(4×75ml)和(1×750ml)盐水洗涤,直到水层达到pH~7。将有机层干燥并过滤。随后通过旋转蒸发器除去低沸点(甲苯)组分,并通过Kugelrohr在160-170℃下真空下除去高沸点组分(PAO-二聚体)。将最终低聚物产物通过IR、GC、NMR和GPC进行表征。GC分析显示产品转化率为95%,6.31%PAO-二聚体和93.7%润滑油产物。发现蒸馏过的低聚物显示如表2中所示的性能:
表2
  KV 100℃   13.46cSt
  KV 40℃   115.12cSt
  粘度指数   114
  倾点   -51℃
示例性实施例3-5:使用AlCl3的PAO-二聚体与1-癸烯的共低聚
将无水AlCl3(2.7g)和12.0g癸烷在氮气气氛下注入500ml圆底烧瓶中。非常缓慢地加入30.23g相同的纯mPAO-二聚体和15.16g 1-癸烯(实施例3)的混合物,随后加入0.121g水和5g癸烷,并在低于40℃下强烈搅拌。AlCl3催化剂浓度等于2.5wt%。添加水之后,使反应混合物在40℃下搅拌3小时,然后添加50ml水和150ml甲苯使反应停止。将产物用水(4×120ml)和(1×100ml)盐水洗涤,直到水层pH为~7。随后将产物过滤并干燥。通过RotovapTM除去低沸点(甲苯)组分,并通过真空下160~170℃下空气浴炉除去高沸点组分。将最终产物通过GC和GPC进行分析。
以相同方式在相同条件下进行实施例5和6,采用如下表3中所示不同摩尔比的mPAO二聚体/癸烯。
表3中显示了蒸馏过的低聚物的分子量比(Mw,Mn)、产物转化率和润滑油产率,且表4中显示了它们的流变学性能。
示例性实施例6:使用AlCl3的PAO-二聚体与1-癸烯的低聚
采用相同反应温度、AlCl3催化剂和催化剂浓度重复实施例3的工序,但是仅使用mPAO二聚体作为进料(无癸烯),反应时间仅为0.5小时,由此制得更低分子量/更低粘度低聚物产物。
表3中显示了蒸馏过的低聚物的分子量比(Mw,Mn)、产物转化率和润滑油产率,且表4中显示了流变学性能,证实了采用茂金属二聚体作为原材料制备低粘度(4-6cSt)产物的潜力。
表3
Figure BPA00001228295900141
备注:
1.产物转化率:单体或进料转化为产物的数量或%
2.润滑油产物:通过GC测量的高于C30+的产物的数量
表4
产物低聚物流变学
  实施例   KV,40℃   KV,100℃   VI   倾点,℃
  3   119.80   15.42   135   -48
  4   172.34   20.33   138   -45
  5   269.1   27.9   137   -42
  6   27.1   5.46   141   -48
本文中引用的所有专利、试验工序、和其它文献,包括优先权文献,全部以与该公开内容相一致的程度引入作为参考且这种引入在容许的全部管辖权内。
虽然本文中公开的示例性形式已经特别地进行了描述,但是将理解,对于本领域技术人员而言各种其它改进形式是显而易见的且可以容易地实施,并不背离本公开内容的精神和范围。由此,所附权利要求的范围并非限定于本文中给出的实施例和描述,而是该权利要求应解释为包括本文中存在的可专利新颖性的所有特征,包括本发明所述属领域的技术人员将以其等价形式对待的所有特征。
本文中列出数字下限和数字上限时,表示从任意下限到任意上限的范围。

Claims (25)

1.低聚的聚α-烯烃的制备方法,包括在路易斯酸低聚催化剂的存在下使低分子量PAO低聚物进行低聚,该低分子量PAO低聚物通过α-烯烃进料的茂金属催化低聚制得。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中该低分子量PAO低聚物包含α-烯烃进料的C8H16~C30H60低聚物的混合物。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中该低分子量PAO低聚物包含α-烯烃进料的C8H16~C30H60低聚物的混合物,其分子量范围为120~600、且末端烯烃含量为全部烯属不饱和度的至少25%。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中该低分子量PAO低聚物的末端烯烃含量为全部烯属不饱和度的至少50%。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中该α-烯烃进料包含C8~C14进料。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中该路易斯酸催化剂包括弗瑞德-克来福特催化剂。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中该弗瑞德-克来福特催化剂包括卤化铝或卤化硼。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中该卤化铝包括三氯化铝。
9.权利要求7的方法,其中该卤化硼包括三氟化硼。
10.权利要求6的方法,其中该路易斯酸催化剂包括卤化铝或卤化硼与质子促进剂的组合。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中该质子促进剂包括水。
12.权利要求10的方法,其中该质子促进剂包括低级烷醇。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中该路易斯酸催化剂的用量为0.2~5wt%,基于低分子量PAO低聚物进料的总量。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中使该低分子量PAO低聚物在路易斯酸催化剂存在下与α-烯烃共聚单体进行共低聚。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中该α-烯烃共聚单体包括C8~C14α-烯烃。
16.权利要求1的方法,其中在该路易斯酸催化剂存在下的低聚在0~75℃的温度下进行。
17.一种低聚的聚α-烯烃的制备方法,其包括在路易斯酸低聚催化剂存在下使(i)C40-烯属馏分、(ii)C8~C14α-烯烃进行共低聚,其中该C40-烯属馏分衍生自低分子量PAO低聚物馏分,该低分子量PAO低聚物馏分通过C8~C14α-烯烃进料的茂金属催化低聚制得并且包含该α-烯烃进料的C8H16~C30H60低聚物,分子量范围为120~600的混合物,和包含全部烯属不饱和度至少50%的末端烯烃含量。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中该路易斯酸催化剂包括由质子促进剂促进的卤化铝或卤化硼。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中该质子促进剂包括水、低级烷醇、质子酸或酯。
20.权利要求17的方法,其中该路易斯酸催化剂的用量为0.2~5wt%,基于低分子量PAO低聚物进料和C8~C14α-烯烃共聚单体的总量。
21.一种润滑油沸程范围内的低聚的聚α-烯烃的制备方法,包括在路易斯酸低聚催化剂存在下使低分子量烯属进料进行低聚,该低分子量烯属进料包含至少25%的下式的亚乙烯基化合物:
R1R2C=CH2
其中R1和R2,它们可以相同或不同,一起具有6~40个碳原子且R1为1~24个碳原子的烃基,R2为R1或H。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中R1和R2一起具有16~30个碳原子。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中R1和R2各自具有8~11个碳原子。
24.权利要求21的方法,其中该低分子量烯属进料包含至少50wt%的式R1R2C=CH2的亚乙烯基化合物。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中该低分子量烯属进料包含至少60wt%的式R1R2C=CH2的亚乙烯基化合物。
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