CN101951924A - Mir-15家族的微小rna调控心肌细胞存活和心脏修复 - Google Patents
Mir-15家族的微小rna调控心肌细胞存活和心脏修复 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101951924A CN101951924A CN2008801244951A CN200880124495A CN101951924A CN 101951924 A CN101951924 A CN 101951924A CN 2008801244951 A CN2008801244951 A CN 2008801244951A CN 200880124495 A CN200880124495 A CN 200880124495A CN 101951924 A CN101951924 A CN 101951924A
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Abstract
一个称作miR-15家族(其包括miR-195)的微小RNA家族显示出在病理性心脏重塑期间上调并抑制细胞增殖和存活所需要的mRNA表达,结果损失心肌细胞。提供了在心脏中阻断miR-15家族的表达作为各式各样心脏病治疗方法的策略。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2007年11月09日提交的美国临时申请No.60/986,798的权益,通过述及将它完整收入本文。
关于政府资助的声明
本发明是在来自(美国)国家卫生研究院(NIH)的拨款No.HL53351-06的资助下做出的。政府拥有本发明的某些权利。
发明领域
一般而言,本发明涉及发育生物学和分子生物学领域。更具体的说,它关注心肌细胞中的基因调控和细胞生理。具体而言,本发明涉及一个称作miR-15家族的miRNA家族,其调节心肌细胞存活和心脏修复。对这些miRNA的抑制提供心脏细胞中降低的凋亡,并如此抑制心脏肥大和心力衰竭。
发明背景
心脏病及其表现,包括冠心病、心肌梗死、充血性心力衰竭和心脏肥大,清楚代表了美国当今的一项重大健康风险。诊断、治疗和支持罹患这些疾病的患者的花费完全达到数十亿美元。心脏病的两项特别严重的表现是心肌梗死和心脏肥大。就心肌梗死而言,典型的是,由于动脉粥样硬化,在冠状动脉中发生急性血小板性冠状动脉闭塞,并引起心肌细胞死亡。因为心肌细胞,即心脏肌肉细胞,是终末分化的且一般没有能力进行细胞分裂,所以当它们在急性心肌梗死过程期间死亡时它们一般被瘢痕组织代替。瘢痕组织没有收缩性,无助于心脏功能,而且常常通过在心脏收缩期间扩张或通过增加心室的大小和有效半径(例如变成肥大)而在心脏功能中发挥有害作用。
就心脏肥大而言,一种理论将其视为类似异常发育的疾病,并因此提出心脏中的发育信号是否能促成肥大性疾病的问题。心脏肥大是心脏对实际上所有形式心脏病(包括那些源自高血压、机械负荷、心肌梗死、心脏心率失常、内分泌病症、和心脏收缩蛋白质基因中遗传突变)的适应性应答。虽然肥大性应答最初是提高心输出量的代偿机制,但是持久的肥大能导致扩张性心肌病(DCM)、心力衰竭、和猝死。在美国,每年有大约50万人诊断出心力衰竭,死亡率接近50%。心脏肥大的前因后果已经被广泛证明,但是根本的分子机制尚未阐明。了解这些机制是心脏病的预防和治疗中的一项重大关注点,而且作为设计特异性靶向心脏肥大和心脏心力衰竭的新药物中的治疗形态会是至关重要的。
用药理学药剂进行的治疗仍代表了用于减轻或消除心力衰竭表现的主要机制。利尿药构成了轻度至中度心力衰竭的一线治疗。如果利尿药无效,那么可使用血管扩张药,诸如血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂(例如enalopril和lisinopril)或肌力药疗法(即通过提高心肌肌肉收缩力量来提高心输出量的药物)。不幸的是,这些标准疗法中的许多具有众多副作用,而且在有些患者中是禁忌的。如此,当前使用的药理学药剂在特定患者群中具有严重缺陷。新的、安全的且有效的药剂的可得性无疑会惠及不能使用目前可得的药理学形态的患者或没有自那些形态获得足够缓解的患者。
成体心脏是能够进行重大重塑和肥大性生长(作为针对改变的工作负荷或损伤的适应功能的手段)的动态器官。与心肌梗死、高血压、主动脉狭窄、和瓣膜功能障碍有关的神经内分泌信号传导或血液动力学压力经由对心脏肌细胞中转录介导物和细胞内信号传导途径的激活引起病理性重塑应答。对这些分子途径的激活增强心肌细胞尺寸和蛋白质合成,诱导肌节的装配,及引起胎心基因的再表达。虽然急性和慢性应激后的肥大应答的各方面最初可提升心脏输出,但是延长的肥大是心力衰竭和猝死的一项主要预测物。在此疾病过程中所涉及的基因和信号传导途径的鉴定方面获得了重大进展,但是肥大重塑的总体复杂性提示仍有别的调节机制有待鉴定。
最近提出微小RNA(miRN或miR)涉及多种生物学过程,包括对发育时机、凋亡、脂肪代谢、和造血细胞分化等的调节。miRNA指长度为约18个至约25个核苷酸的小型、非蛋白质编码RNA,其以序列特异性方式调节基因表达。miRNA起靶物mRNA的阻抑物的作用,这通过促进它们的降解(当它们的序列完全互补时)或通过抑制翻译(当它们的序列含有错配时)来实现。
miRNA由RNA聚合酶II(pol II)或RNA聚合酶III(pol III;参见Qi等(2006)Cellular & Molecular Immunology Vol.3:411-419)转录,而且源自称作初级miRNA转录物(pri-miRNA)的初始转录物,它们一般长数千碱基,而且衍生自各miRNA基因、蛋白质编码基因的内含子或常常编码多种密切相关miRNA的多顺反子转录物。参见综述Carrington等(2003)。pri-miRNA在细胞核中被RNA酶Drosha加工成约70个至约100个核苷酸的发夹形前体(pre-miRNA)。转运至细胞质后,发夹pre-miRNA被Dicer进一步加工以生成双链miRNA(Lee等,1993)。然后将成熟miRNA链掺入RNA诱导的沉默复合物(RISC),在那里它通过碱基对互补性与它的靶mRNA联合。在相对罕见的、miRNA与mRNA靶物完美碱基配对的情况中,它促进mRNA降解。更常见的是,miRNA与靶mRNA形成不完美的异源双链体,从而影响mRNA稳定性或抑制mRNA翻译。
跨越碱基2-8的miRNA的5′部分(称作“种子”区)对于靶物识别是尤其重要的(Krenz和Robbins,2004;Kiriazis和Kranias,2000)。种子的序列与靶序列的系统发生保守性一起构成许多当前靶物预测模型的基础。虽然可获得日益增多的用于预测miRNA及其靶物的深奥计算办法,但是靶物预测仍然是一项重大挑战,而且需要实验验证。将miRNA的功能归于对特定mRNA靶物的调节因各miRNA与数以百计的潜在的高和低亲和力mRNA靶物碱基配对的能力及使多种miRNA靶向单独mRNA而变得更加复杂。
后生动物物种间许多miRNA的高度序列保守性提示强进化压力及在基本生物学过程中的参与(Reinhart等,2000;Stark等,2005)。事实上,miRNA显示出在多样的生物学和病理学过程中发挥基础作用,包括细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、和致癌作用,物种范围自秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)和黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)至人类。然而,关于miRNA在心脏发生和能促成心脏病的分子事件中所发挥的作用的信息仍然有限。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种在有所需要的受试者中治疗病理性心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的方法。在一个实施方案中,所述方法包括鉴定具有心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的受试者;并抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。在另一个实施方案中,所述方法进一步包括给所述受试者施用第二疗法。所述第二疗法可以是例如β-阻滞剂、肌力药(ionotrope)、利尿药、ACE抑制剂、AII拮抗剂、BNP、Ca++-阻滞剂、和ERA、或HDAC抑制剂。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,抑制一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性包括施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的微小RNA拮抗剂(antagomir)。在一个实施方案中,一个或多个miR-15家族成员表达或活性是通过施用靶向miR-15家族成员成熟序列的反义寡核苷酸而抑制的。在又一个实施方案中,一个或多个miR-15家族成员表达或活性是通过施用抑制性RNA分子而抑制的,其中所述抑制性RNA分子包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列至少部分相同和互补的双链区。所述抑制性RNA分子可以是核酶、siRNA或shRNA分子。在又一个实施方案中,一个或多个miR-15家族成员表达或活性是通过施用包含一个或多个miR-15结合位点的核酸而抑制的。miR-15结合位点可包含与miR-15的种子序列(seed sequence)互补的序列。所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员可以是miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-1、miR-16-2、miR-195、miR-424和miR-497。
本发明还提供了一种在有所需要的受试者中预防病理性肥大或心力衰竭的方法。在一个实施方案中,所述方法包括鉴定有风险发生病理性心脏肥大或心力衰竭的受试者;并抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。在一个实施方案中,抑制包括对所述心脏细胞递送一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。在另一个实施方案中,所述有风险的受试者可展现出一种或多种选自下组的风险因素:不受控制的高血压、未矫正的瓣膜病、慢性心绞痛、近期的心肌梗死、对心脏病的先天性素因、和病理性肥大。
一个或多个miR-15家族成员表达或活性的微小RNA拮抗剂、反义寡核苷酸、抑制性RNA分子、包含miR-15结合位点的核酸或其它调控物可以通过本领域技术人员知道的、适合于对所靶定的器官、组织、或细胞类型递送的任何方法来施用。例如,在本发明的某些实施方案中,所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员调控物可以通过胃肠外施用(诸如静脉内注射、动脉内注射、心包内注射、或皮下注射)或通过直接注射入组织(例如心脏组织)来施用。在一些实施方案中,所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员调控物可以通过口服、经皮、腹膜内、皮下、持续释放、受控释放、延迟释放、栓剂、或舌下施用路径来施用。在其它实施方案中,所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员调控物可以通过导管系统来施用。
本发明还涵盖一种转基因的非人哺乳动物,其细胞未能表达功能性形式的一个或多个miR-15家族成员(例如miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-1、miR-16-2、miR-195、miR-424和miR-497)。在另一个实施方案中,本发明包括一种转基因非人哺乳动物,其细胞包含在异源启动子控制下的miR-15家族成员编码区,所述异源启动子在所述非人哺乳动物的细胞中有活性。在一些实施方案中,所述哺乳动物是小鼠。
本发明提供了一种鉴定miR-15家族成员调控物的方法,包括(a)使细胞接触候选化合物;(b)评估miR-15家族成员活性或表达;并(c)比较步骤(b)中的活性或表达与不存在所述候选化合物时的活性或表达,其中测量得到的活性或表达间的差异指示所述候选化合物是所述miR-15家族成员的调控物。可以在体外或在体内使所述细胞与所述候选化合物接触。所述候选化合物可以是蛋白质、肽、多肽、多核苷酸、寡核苷酸、或小分子。所述miR-15家族成员调控物可以是miR-15家族成员的激动剂或抑制剂。所述miR-15家族成员调控物可以是miR-15家族成员的上游调节物的激动剂或抑制剂。
本发明还提供了一种药物组合物,其包含一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。在一个实施方案中,所述组合物是为注射而配制的。在另一个实施方案中,所述药物组合物与试剂盒组合供施用(诸如胃肠外或导管施用)用。
附图简述
下列附图构成本说明书的一部分,而且是为了进一步演示本发明的某些方面而包括在本说明书中的。通过参考这些附图中的一幅或多幅并与本文所呈现的具体实施方案的详述组合,可以更好地理解本发明。
图1。心脏肥大期间的miRNA表达。A。来自假和胸主动脉绑扎(TAB)21天后的小鼠和来自野生型(WT)和活化的钙依赖磷酸酶转基因(CnA Tg)小鼠的代表性心脏的H&E染色切片。标尺等于2mm。B。标示了响应CnA或TAB而上调的miRNA的数目。虽然有些变化是由TAB或CnA任一诱导的肥大所独有的,但是大多数被诱导或遏制的miRNA对于不同肥大性刺激是交叠的。C。WT和CnA Tg心脏中特定miRNA的Northern印迹分析。检测U6 RNA,作为加载对照。
图2。人心力衰竭中的miRNA表达。4份正常的和6份衰竭的人心脏中的miRNA的Northern印迹分析。在右侧显示了衰竭样品中每种miRNA的平均倍数变化。
图3。miRNA 195的心脏特异性过表达足以驱动心肌病。来自野生型(WT)动物和两种不同miR-195转基因(Tg)动物系的心脏的H&E染色切片。miRNA-195Tg系3动物在出生后两周死于心脏扩张。对来自WT和miR-195转基因系1和3的心脏的Northern印迹分析分别确认26.5倍和29.2倍的心脏特异性miRNA过表达。
图4。由于心脏生长,miR-195过表达诱导心脏功能障碍。A。超声心动图显象分析指示与野生型(WT)同窝小鼠相比,miR-195转基因(Tg)小鼠显示左心室(LV)扩张和壁变薄,导致缩短分数降低。B。心重对体重比响应miR-195的心脏特异性过表达而升高。C。实时PCR分析显示与WT动物相比,miR-195Tg动物中的肥大基因上调(n=3)。与野生型相比,P<0.05。
图5。miR-195特异性的心脏重塑。miR-195过表达在2周龄时诱导心脏生长,这在6周内进展成扩张表型。miR-214的心脏过表达没有表型影响,指示miR-195对心脏病理学的特异性效果。标尺等于2mm。
图6。miR-195是靶向促存活蛋白质的miR-15家族的一部分。A。miR-195是由五种不同miR(miR-15、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、和miR-497)组成的miR-15家族的一部分。四个miR-15家族成员表达成三个包含两miRNA的簇。B。miR-15家族成员靶向增殖、存活和抗凋亡所涉及的蛋白质。如此,miR-195上调导致这些mRNA下调和细胞死亡。
图7。miR-195靶向FGF2 mRNA的3’UTR中的序列。
图8。来自衰竭人心脏的样品中增强的miR-15家族成员表达。A。左侧小图显示了来自正常人心脏的RNA印迹,而右侧小图显示了来自衰竭人心脏的RNA印迹。B。miR-15家族成员间的保守种子区容许用别的办法敲低整个miR-15家族。这种办法必须在心脏特异性启动子(诸如α-肌球蛋白重链启动子(αMHC))的控制下过表达多个miR-15结合位点。每个miR-15结合位点含有保守种子区的序列,而且容许清除所有家族成员,由此阻止它们结合它们的内源靶物。
发明详述
本发明部分地基于如下的发现,即miR-15微小RNA家族的成员(诸如miR-195)在来自人衰竭心脏的心肌组织中以及在病理性心脏肥大的动物模型中上调。miR-195的心脏过表达足以诱导心脏肥大,而且能导致扩张表型。因而,本发明提供了通过抑制受试者的心脏细胞中miR-15家族的一个或多个成员的表达或活性来治疗或预防所述受试者中各种形式的心脏病的方法。
miR-15家族是微小RNA的一个小家族,包括miR-195、miR-16-1、miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-2、miR-424、和miR-497。miR-15家族的四个成员表达成三个簇集的转录物(图6A)。miR-195和miR-497表达成一个来自位于染色体17上的基因的内含子的簇。有两个拷贝的miR-16,它们位于不同的染色体上。一个拷贝(miR-16-1)与miR-15a一起表达成簇,miR-15a来自染色体13上编码的基因的内含子。另一个拷贝(miR-16-2)与15b一起表达成簇,15b来自位于染色体3上的SMC4基因的内含子。miR-424自X染色体表达。下文列出了每个miR-15家族成员的pre-miRNA序列(例如茎环序列):
人pre-miR-195(SEQ ID NO:1)
AGCUUCCCUG GCUCUAGCAG CACAGAAAUA UUGGCACAGG
GAAGCGAGUC UGCCAAUAUU GGCUGUGCUG CUCCAGGCAG
GGUGGUG
人pre-miR-497(SEQ ID NO:2)
CCACCCCGGU CCUGCUCCCG CCCCAGCAGC ACACUGUGGU
UUGUACGGCA CUGUGGCCAC GUCCAAACCA CACUGUGGUG
UUAGAGCGAG GGUGGGGGAG GCACCGCCGA GG
人pre-miR-16-1(SEQ ID NO:3)
GUCAGCAGUG CCUUAGCAGC ACGUAAAUAU UGGCGUUAAG
AUUCUAAAAU UAUCUCCAGU AUUAACUGUG CUGCUGAAGU
AAGGUUGAC
人pre-miR-16-2(SEQ ID NO:4)
GUUCCACUCU AGCAGCACGU AAAUAUUGGC GUAGUGAAAU
AUAUAUUAAA CACCAAUAUU ACUGUGCUGC UUUAGUGUGA
C
人pre-miR-15a(SEQ ID NO:5)
CCUUGGAGUA AAGUAGCAGC ACAUAAUGGU UUGUGGAUUU
UGAAAAGGUG CAGGCCAUAU UGUGCUGCCU CAAAAAUACA
AGG
人pre-miR-15b(SEQ ID NO:6)
UUGAGGCCUU AAAGUACUGU AGCAGCACAU CAUGGUUUAC
AUGCUACAGU CAAGAUGCGA AUCAUUAUUU GCUGCUCUAG
AAAUUUAAGG AAAUUCAU
人pre-miR-424(SEQ ID NO:19)
CGAGGGGAUA CAGCAGCAAU UCAUGUUUUG AAGUGUUCUA
AAUGGUUCAA AACGUGAGGC GCUGCUAUAC CCCCUCGUGG
GGAAGGUAGA AGGUGGGG
将每个miR-15家族成员的每种pre-miRNA序列加工成成熟序列和星序列(star sequence)。星序列是自茎环结构的另一条链加工得来的。下文列出了每个miR-15家族成员的成熟和星序列:
人成熟miR-195(SEQ ID NO:7)
UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC
人miR-195*(SEQ ID NO:8)
CCAAUAUUGGCUGUGCUGCUCC
人成熟miR-497(SEQ ID NO:9)
CAGCAGCACACUGUGGUUUGU
人miR-497*(SEQ ID NO:10)
CAAACCACACUGUGGUGUUAGA
人成熟miR-16-1/miR-16-2(SEQ ID NO:11)
UAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCG
人miR-16-1*(SEQ ID NO:12)
CCAGUAUUAACUGUGCUGCUGA
人miR-16-2*(SEQ ID NO:13)
CCAAUAUUACUGUGCUGCUUUA
人成熟miR-15a(SEQ ID NO:14)
UAGCAGCACAUAAUGGUUUGUG
人miR-15a*(SEQ ID NO:15)
CAGGCCAUAUUGUGCUGCCUCA
人成熟miR-15b(SEQ ID NO:16)
UAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACA
人miR-15b*(SEQ ID NO:17)
CGAAUCAUUAUUUGCUGCUCUA
人成熟miR-424(SEQ ID NO:20)
CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGAA
人miR-424*(SEQ ID NO:21)
CAAAACGUGAGGCGCUGCUAU
虽然所有家族成员的种子区(例如跨越成熟miRNA序列的2-8个核苷酸的碱基)是高度保守的(AGCAGCAC;SEQ ID NO:18),但是成熟miRNA的3’末端在不同家族成员间是不同的(图6A)。
本发明提供了通过抑制一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性,在有所需要的受试者中治疗病理性心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的方法。在一个实施方案中,所述方法包括鉴定具有心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的受试者,并抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。如本文中所使用的,“心脏细胞”包括心肌细胞、心脏成纤维细胞、和心脏内皮细胞。在另一个实施方案中,所述方法包括对所述受试者施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。在又一个实施方案中,所述方法包括鉴定有风险发生病理性心脏肥大或心力衰竭的受试者,并抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。有风险发生病理性心脏肥大或心力衰竭的受试者可展现出一种或多种风险因素,包括例如不受控制的高血压、未矫正的瓣膜病、慢性心绞痛(chronic angina)、近期的心肌梗死、对心脏病的先天性素因或病理性肥大。在某些实施方案中,所述有风险的受试者会诊断为具有心脏肥大的遗传素因。在本发明的一些实施方案中,所述有风险的受试者会具有心脏肥大的家族史。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了在有所需要的受试者中预防心脏肥大和扩张性心肌病的方法,包括抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。在还有一个实施方案中,本发明提供了在有所需要的受试者中抑制心脏肥大进展的方法,包括抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。在其它实施方案中,本发明提供了在具有心力衰竭或心脏肥大的受试者中提高运动耐量、减少住院治疗、提高生命质量、降低发病率、和/或降低死亡率的方法,包括抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。
如此,本发明提供了利用miR-15家族成员(诸如miR-195、miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-1、miR-16-2、miR-424、和miR-497)的抑制剂治疗心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的方法。优选的是,miR-15家族成员抑制剂的施用导致受试者中心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的一种或多种症状的改善,或者导致自心脏肥大向心力衰竭的转变的延迟。所述一种或多种得到改善的症状可以是例如提高的运动能力、提高的心脏射血体积、降低的左心室舒张末期压、降低的肺毛细血管楔压、升高的心输出量、升高的心指数、降低的肺动脉压、降低的左心室收缩和舒张末期内径、降低的左和右心室壁压、降低的壁张力、提高的生命质量、和降低的疾病相关发病率或死亡率。另外,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂的使用可预防心脏肥大及其相关症状的发生。在一个实施方案中,对患有心肌梗死的受试者施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂可通过降低心脏细胞损失来缩小梗塞面积(infarct size)。在另一个实施方案中,在施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂后,患有心肌梗死的受试者中的心脏功能得到稳定。
对微小RNA功能的抑制可以通过施用靶向miR-15家族成员成熟序列的反义寡核苷酸来实现。所述反义寡核苷酸可以是核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸。优选的是,所述反义寡核苷酸具有至少一处化学修饰。反义寡核苷酸可以包含一个或多个“锁定核酸(locked nucleic acid)”。“锁定核酸”(LNA)指经修饰的核糖核苷酸,它在核糖糖模块的2′和4′碳之间含有额外桥接,导致赋予含有LNA的寡核苷酸以增强的热稳定性的“锁定”构象。或者,所述反义寡核苷酸可包含肽核酸(PNA),其含有基于肽的主链,而非糖-磷酸酯主链。反义寡核苷酸可含有的其它化学修饰包括但不限于糖修饰,诸如2′-O-烃基(例如2′-O-甲基、2′-O-甲氧乙基)、2′-氟、和4′-硫修饰,及主链修饰,诸如一个或多个硫代磷酸酯、吗啉代、或膦羧酸酯(phosphonocarboxylate)连接(参见例如美国专利No.6,693,187和7,067,641,将它们通过述及而完整收入本文)。在一些实施方案中,合适的反义寡核苷酸是2′-O-甲氧乙基“缺口聚物”(gapmer),其在5′和3′端都含有2′-O-甲氧乙基修饰的核糖核苷酸,且中央有至少十个脱氧核糖核苷酸。这些“缺口聚物”能够触发依赖于RNA酶H的对RNA靶物的降解机制。增强稳定性和提高功效的对反义寡核苷酸的其它修饰(诸如美国专利No.6,838,283中记载的那些,通过述及而完整收入本文)是本领域已知的,而且适合于在本发明的方法中使用。对抑制微小RNA的活性有用的优选反义寡核苷酸长约19个至约25个核苷酸。反义寡核苷酸可包含至少部分与成熟miRNA序列互补的序列,例如与成熟miRNA序列至少约75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%互补。在一些实施方案中,所述反义寡核苷酸可以与成熟miRNA序列基本上互补,也就是与靶多核苷酸序列至少约95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%互补。在一个实施方案中,所述反义寡核苷酸包含与成熟miRNA序列100%互补的序列。
在一些实施方案中,所述反义寡核苷酸是微小RNA拮抗剂。“微小RNA拮抗剂”指单链的、经化学修饰的、至少部分与miRNA序列互补的核糖核苷酸。微小RNA拮抗剂可含有一个或多个经修饰的核苷酸,诸如2′-O-甲基-糖修饰。在一些实施方案中,微小RNA拮抗剂仅包含经修饰的核苷酸。微小RNA拮抗剂也可包含一个或多个硫代磷酸酯连接,导致部分或完全是硫代磷酸酯的主链。为了促进体内递送和稳定性,可以在其3′端将微小RNA拮抗剂连接至胆固醇或其它模块。适合于抑制miRNA的微小RNA拮抗剂可以长约15个至约50个核苷酸,更优选长约18个至约30个核苷酸,且最优选长约20个至约25个核苷酸。“部分互补”指某序列与靶多核苷酸序列至少约75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%互补。微小RNA拮抗剂可以与成熟miRNA序列至少约75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%互补。在一些实施方案中,微小RNA拮抗剂可以与成熟miRNA序列基本上互补,也就是与靶多核苷酸序列至少约95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%互补。在其它实施方案中,微小RNA拮抗剂与成熟miRNA序列100%互补。
用于抑制miR-15家族成员的功能的另一种办法是施用具有与miR-15家族成员成熟序列至少部分相同和部分互补的双链区的抑制性RNA分子。所述抑制性RNA分子可以是双链小干扰RNA(siRNA)或包含茎环结构的短发夹RNA分子(shRNA)。所述抑制性RNA分子的双链区可包含与成熟miRNA序列至少部分相同和部分互补,例如约75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%相同和互补的序列。在一些实施方案中,所述抑制性RNA的双链区包含与成熟miRNA序列至少基本上相同和基本上互补的序列。“基本上相同和基本上互补”指某序列与靶多核苷酸序列至少约95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%相同和互补。在其它实施方案中,所述抑制性RNA分子的双链区可含有与靶miRNA序列100%的同一性和互补性。
本文所述抑制性核苷酸分子优选靶向一个或多个miR-15家族成员的成熟序列(例如SEQ ID NO:7、9、11、14、16、和20)或一个或多个miR-15家族成员的星序列(例如SEQ ID NO:8、10、12、13、15、17、和21)。在一些实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列完美互补的序列的微小RNA拮抗剂。在一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是具有与SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:16、或SEQ ID NO:20部分或完美互补的序列的微小RNA拮抗剂。在另一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是具有与SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ IDNO:17、或SEQ ID NO:21部分或完美互补的序列的微小RNA拮抗剂。
在一些实施方案中,一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是经化学修饰的反义寡核苷酸。在一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是经化学修饰的反义寡核苷酸,其包含与SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:16、或SEQ ID NO:20基本上互补的序列。在另一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是经化学修饰的反义寡核苷酸,其包含与SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:17、或SEQ ID NO:21基本上互补的序列。如本文中所使用的,“基本上互补”指某序列与靶多核苷酸序列(例如成熟或前体miRNA序列)至少约95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、或100%互补。
反义寡核苷酸可包含与一个或多个miR-15家族成员(例如pre-miR-195、pre-miR-497、pre-miR-424、pre-miR-15a、pre-miR-15b、pre-miR-16-1、或pre-miR-16-2)的前体miRNA序列(pre-miRNA)基本上互补的序列。在一些实施方案中,所述反义寡核苷酸包含与位于pre-miRNA序列茎环区以外的序列基本上互补的序列。在一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是反义寡核苷酸,其具有与选自下组的pre-miRNA序列基本上互补的序列:SEQ IDNO:1,SEQ ID NO:2,SEQ ID NO:3,SEQ ID NO:4,SEQ ID NO:5,SEQ IDNO:6和SEQ ID NO:19。
在本发明的其它实施方案中,一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂可以是抑制性RNA分子,诸如核酶、siRNA、或shRNA。在一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是包含双链区的抑制性RNA分子,其中所述双链区包含与miR-15家族成员的成熟序列(例如SEQ ID NO:7、9、11、14、16、和20)具有100%同一性和互补性的序列。在另一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是包含双链区的抑制性RNA分子,其中所述双链区包含与miR-15家族成员的星序列(例如SEQ ID NO:8、10、12、13、15、17、和21)具有100%同一性和互补性的序列。在一些实施方案中,一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是包含双链区的抑制性RNA分子,其中所述双链区包含与一个或多个miR-15家族成员的成熟序列具有至少约75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%同一性和互补性的序列。
可以通过同时施用多种抑制剂来抑制miR-15家族(例如miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-1、miR-16-2、miR-195、miR-424、和miR-497)的多个成员,其中每种抑制剂靶向不同的miR-15家族成员。例如,在一些实施方案中,通过施用两种单独的抑制剂来抑制miR-15家族的至少两个成员。在其它实施方案中,通过施用三种单独的抑制剂来抑制miR-15家族的至少三个成员。在还有一些实施方案中,通过施用四种单独的抑制剂来抑制miR-15家族的至少四个成员。在其它实施方案中,通过施用五种单独的抑制剂来抑制miR-15家族的至少五个成员。在一个实施方案中,通过施用六种单独的抑制剂来抑制miR-15家族的所有六个成员。
在另一个实施方案中,miR-15家族功能的抑制剂是包含一个或多个miR-15结合位点的核酸。所有miR-15家族成员的种子区(AGCAGCAC;SEQID NO:18)是高度保守的。因此,包含与miR-15种子序列基本上互补的结合位点的核酸会结合miR-15家族的所有成员。这种办法类推至使用海绵来“吸收”有效的miR-15家族成员,由此缩小能影响给定靶序列的miRNA的总集合。如本文中所使用的,术语“miR-15结合位点”指能够结合miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-1、miR-16-2、miR-195、miR-424、miR-497、或其组合的成熟序列的核苷酸序列。优选的是,miR-15结合位点包含与miR-15种子序列基本上互补的序列。所述种子序列或种子区指成熟miRNA序列5’部分的核苷酸2-8。在一个实施方案中,所述miR-15结合位点包含序列SEQ ID NO:18。包含一个或多个miR-15结合位点的抑制性核酸可以长约20个至约500个核苷酸、长约25个至约400个核苷酸、长约30个至约300个核苷酸、长约40个至约200个核苷酸、或长约50个至约100个核苷酸。例如,所述核酸可以长20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85、90、95、100、110、120、130、140、150、160、170、180、190、200、225、250、275、300、350、400、500个核苷酸。所述核酸可含有1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12、15、或20个miR-15结合位点。所述多个miR-15结合位点可以是毗邻的,或者可以由1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10个或更多个核苷酸的间隔物隔开。
在另一个实施方案中,表达载体可用于将一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂递送至细胞或受试者。“载体”指可用于将感兴趣核酸递送至细胞内部的物质组合物。本领域已知众多载体,包括但不限于线性多核苷酸、与离子的或两亲性的化合物有关的多核苷酸、质粒、和病毒。如此,术语“载体”包括自主复制的质粒或病毒。病毒载体的例子包括但不限于腺病毒载体、腺伴随病毒载体、逆转录病毒载体、等等。表达构建体能在活细胞中复制,或者它能合成制备。为了本申请,术语“表达构建体”、“表达载体”、和“载体”可互换使用,以一般性的、例示性的意义演示本发明的应用,而且并非意图限制本发明。
在一个实施方案中,用于表达一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂的表达载体包含与编码反义寡核苷酸的多核苷酸可操作连接的启动子,其中所表达的反义寡核苷酸的序列与一个或多个miR-15家族成员的成熟序列部分或完全互补。如本文中所使用的,短语“可操作连接”或“在转录控制下”意味着启动子相对于多核苷酸处于正确的定位和取向以控制RNA聚合酶进行的转录的和多核苷酸的表达的启动。在另一个实施方案中,用于表达一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂的表达载体包含与编码shRNA或siRNA的多核苷酸可操作连接的一个或多个启动子,其中所表达的shRNA或siRNA包含与一个或多个miR-15家族成员成熟序列相同和互补或者部分相同和部分互补的双链区。“部分相同和部分互补”指与靶多核苷酸序列至少约75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、或99%相同和互补的序列。
在某些实施方案中,编码感兴趣多核苷酸的核酸在启动子的转录控制下。“启动子”指受到细胞的合成机械、或导入的合成机械识别,启动基因的特异性转录所需要的DNA序列。术语启动子在本文中会用于指在RNA聚合酶I、II、或III的启动位点周围聚簇的一组转录控制模块。
在一些实施方案中,人巨细胞病毒(CMV)立即早期基因启动子、SV40早期启动子、劳氏肉瘤病毒长末端重复、大鼠胰岛素启动子、和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶启动子可用于获得感兴趣编码序列的高水平表达。还涵盖本领域公知的用于实现感兴趣编码序列表达的其它病毒或哺乳动物细胞或细菌噬菌体启动子的使用,只要表达水平对于给定目的是足够的。
通过采用具有公知特性的启动子,可优化转染或转化后感兴趣多核苷酸的表达水平和样式。另外,响应特定生理学信号而受到调节的启动子的选择能容许基因产物的诱导型表达。表1和表2列举了在本发明的背景中可采用来调节感兴趣多核苷酸(例如miR-15家族成员的抑制剂)表达的数种调节元件。此列表并非意图是穷尽提高基因表达所涉及的所有可能的元件,而仅仅是它们的例示。
下文是可以在表达构建体中与感兴趣的多核苷酸组合使用的病毒启动子、细胞启动子/增强子和诱导型启动子/增强子的列表(表1和表2)。另外,也可以使用任何启动子/增强子组合(按照真核启动子数据库EPDB)来驱动所述基因的表达。如果提供适宜的细菌聚合酶(或是作为递送复合物的一部分或是作为另外的基因表达构建体)的话,真核细胞能支持来自某些细菌启动子的细胞质转录。
特别感兴趣的是肌肉特异性启动子,更特别的是心脏特异性启动子。这些包括肌球蛋白轻链-2启动子(Franz等,1994;Kelly等,1995)、α肌动蛋白启动子(Moss等,1996)、肌钙蛋白1启动子(Bhavsar等,1996)、Na+/Ca2+交换器启动子(Barnes等,1997)、抗肌萎缩蛋白启动子(Kimura等,1997)、α7整联蛋白启动子(Ziober和Kramer,1996)、脑钠肽启动子(LaPointe等,1996)和αB-晶体蛋白/小热休克蛋白启动子(Gopal-Srivastava,1995)、α肌球蛋白重链启动子(Yamauchi-Takihara等,1989)和ANF启动子(LaPointe等,1988)。
在希望的情况中,可以包括聚腺苷酸化信号来实现基因转录物的正确聚腺苷酸化。认为聚腺苷酸化信号的本质对于本发明的成功实施不是至关重要的,而且可采用任何此类序列,诸如人生长激素和SV40聚腺苷酸化信号。作为表达盒元件还涵盖终止子。这些元件能用来增强信息水平和使得自该盒进入其它序列的通读最小化。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,含有本发明核酸构建体的细胞,可以在体外或在体内通过在表达构建体中包括标志物来鉴定细胞。此类标志物会赋予细胞以可鉴定的变化,容许容易地鉴定含有表达构建体的细胞。通常,包括药物选择标志物有助于克隆和选择转化体,例如赋予针对新霉素、嘌呤霉素、潮霉素、DHFR、GPT、zeocin和组氨醇的抗性的基因是有用的选择标志。或者,可采用酶,诸如单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(tk)或氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)。还能采用免疫学标志物。认为所采用的选择标志不是重要的,只要它能够与编码基因产物的核酸同时表达。选择标志的其它例子是本领域技术人员公知的。
有多种方式可将表达载体导入细胞中。在本发明的某些实施方案中,表达构建体包含病毒或自病毒基因组衍生的工程改造的构建体。某些病毒经受体介导的胞吞进入细胞、整合入宿主细胞基因组和稳定且高效表达病毒基因的能力使得它们成为将外来基因转移入哺乳动物细胞中的诱人候选(Ridgeway,1988;Nicolas和Rubenstein,1988;Baichwal和Sugden,1986;Temin,1986)。
用于体内递送的优选方法之一涉及使用腺病毒表达载体。“腺病毒表达载体”意图包括那些含有足以(a)支持构建体的包装和(b)表达其中克隆的反义多核苷酸(或其它抑制性多核苷酸)的腺病毒序列的构建体。表达载体包含遗传工程形式的腺病毒。关于腺病毒(一种36kB,线性,双链DNA病毒)的遗传组构的知识容许用长达7kB的外来序列替代大段腺病毒DNA(Grunhaus和Horwitz,1992)。与逆转录病毒形成对比,宿主细胞的腺病毒感染不导致染色体整合,因为腺病毒DNA能以附加体方式复制,没有潜在的遗传毒性。而且,腺病毒在结构上是稳定的,而且广泛扩增后没有检测到基因组重排。腺病毒能感染实际上所有上皮细胞,不管它们的细胞周期阶段。
腺病毒特别适合于用作基因转移载体,因为它有中等大小的基因组、易于操作、滴度高、靶细胞范围广且感染性高。该病毒基因组的两个末端都含有100-200个碱基对的反向重复(ITR),它们是病毒DNA复制和包装所必需的顺式元件。
在腺病毒载体是复制缺陷的或至少条件性缺陷的要求之外,认为腺病毒载体的本质对于本发明的成功实施不是至关重要的。所述腺病毒可以是42种不同的已知血清型或亚群A-F中的任一种。为了获得供本发明中使用的条件性复制缺陷型腺病毒载体,亚群C的5型腺病毒是优选的起始材料。这是因为5型腺病毒是人腺病毒,关于它知道极多的生化和遗传信息,而且它在历史上用于大多数采用腺病毒作为载体的构建。
依照本发明的典型载体是复制缺陷的,而且不会具有腺病毒E1区。如此,在消除E1编码序列的位置导入编码感兴趣基因的多核苷酸会是最方便的。然而,腺病毒序列内插入构建体的位置对于本发明不是至关重要的。也可以将编码感兴趣基因的多核苷酸插入E3置换型载体中,代替被缺失的E3区,如Karlsson等(1986)所述,或者在E4区中,在这种情况中辅助细胞系或辅助病毒补足E4缺陷。
腺病毒载体已经用于真核基因表达(Levrero等,1991;Gomez-Foix等,1992)和疫苗开发(Grunhaus和Horwitz,1992;Graham和Prevec,1991)。最近,动物研究提示重组腺病毒可用于基因疗法(Stratford-Perricaudet和Perricaudet,1991;Stratford-Perricaudet等,1990;Rich等,1993)。对不同组织施用重组腺病毒的研究包括气管滴注(Rosenfeld等,1991;Rosenfeld等,1992)、肌肉注射(Ragot等,1993)、外周静脉内注射(Herz和Gerard,1993)和定向(stereotactic)接种入脑中(Le Gal La Salle等,1993)。
逆转录病毒载体也适合于在细胞中表达miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。逆转录病毒是以在受感染细胞中通过逆转录过程将它们的RNA转变成双链DNA的能力为特征的一组单链RNA病毒(Coffin,1990)。然后所得DNA稳定整合入细胞染色体中,作为原病毒,并指导病毒蛋白质的合成。所述整合导致病毒基因序列在受体细胞及其后代中的保持。逆转录病毒基因组含有分别编码壳体蛋白、聚合酶、和包膜成分的三种基因,即gag、pol、和env。在gag基因上游找到的一段序列含有将基因组包装入病毒体中的信号。在病毒基因组的5′和3′末端存在两段长末端重复(LTR)序列。这些含有强启动子和增强子序列,而且还是整合入宿主细胞基因组所需要的(Coffin,1990)。
为了构建逆转录病毒载体,将编码感兴趣基因的核酸插入病毒基因组中,代替某些病毒序列,以生成复制缺陷型病毒。为了生成病毒体,构建含有gag、pol、和env基因但没有LTR和包装构件的包装细胞系(Mann等,1983)。当含有cDNA以及逆转录病毒LTR和包装序列的重组质粒被导入此细胞系(例如通过磷酸钙沉淀)时,包装序列容许重组质粒的RNA转录物被包装入病毒颗粒中,然后分泌入培养物的培养基中(Nicolas和Rubenstein,1988;Temin,1986;Mann等,1983)。然后收集含有重组逆转录病毒的培养基,任选浓缩,并用于基因转移。逆转录病毒载体能够感染极其多种细胞类型。然而,整合和稳定表达要求宿主细胞分裂(Paskind等,1975)。
可采用其它病毒载体作为本发明中的表达构建体。可采用自诸如牛痘病毒(Ridgeway,1988;Baichwal和Sugden,1986;Coupar等,1988)、腺伴随病毒(AAV)(Ridgeway,1988;Baichwal和Sugden,1986;Hermonat和Muzycska,1984)和疱疹病毒等病毒衍生的载体。它们为各种哺乳动物细胞提供数项诱人特征(Friedmann,1989;Ridgeway,1988;Baichwal和Sugden,1986;Coupar等,1988;Horwich等,1990)。
为了实现有义或反义基因构建体的表达,必须将表达构建体递送入细胞中。此递送可以在体外(像在用于转化细胞系的实验室规程中)或者在体内或回体(像在某些疾病状态的治疗中)实现。一种递送机制是经病毒感染,其中将表达构建体包裹在感染性病毒颗粒的壳体中。
本发明还涵盖用于将表达构建体转移入培养的哺乳动物细胞中的数种非病毒方法。这些包括磷酸钙沉淀(Graham和Van Der Eb,1973;Chen和Okayama,1987;Rippe等,1990)、DEAE-右旋糖苷(dextran)(Gopal,1985)、电穿孔、(Tur-Kaspa等,1986;Potter等,1984)、直接显微注射(Harland和Weintraub,1985)、加载了DNA的脂质体(Nicolau and Sene,1982;Fraley等,1979)和Lipofectamine-DNA复合物、细胞超声处理(Fechheimer等,1987)、使用高速微弹进行的基因轰击(Yang等,1990)、和受体介导的转染(Wu和Wu,1987;Wu和Wu,1988)。这些技术中的一些可成功适应体内或回体使用。
一旦已经将表达构建体递送入细胞中,编码感兴趣基因的核酸可以在不同部位定位和表达。在某些实施方案中,编码基因的核酸可以稳定整合入细胞的基因组中。此整合可以经同源重组而处于相关定位和取向(基因替代),或者它可以在随机的、非特异性的位置整合(基因增强)。在还有一些实施方案中,核酸可以作为分开的、附加型的DNA区段在细胞中稳定维持。此类核酸区段或“附加体”编码足以容许不依赖宿主细胞周期地或与宿主细胞周期同步地维持和复制的序列。如何将表达构建体递送至细胞和核酸在细胞中保持在何处取决于所采用的表达构建体的类型。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,表达构建体可以仅仅由裸的重组DNA或质粒组成。所述构建体的转移可以通过上文所述物理或化学透化细胞膜的任何方法来实施。这特别适用于体外转移,但是它也可应用于体内使用。Dubensky等(1984)成功地以磷酸钙沉淀物的形式将多瘤病毒DNA注射入成年和新生小鼠的肝和脾中,展现出活跃的病毒复制和急性感染。Benvenisty和Neshif(1986)也证明了直接腹膜内注射磷酸钙沉淀的质粒导致所转染基因的表达。也可以在体内以相似方式转移编码感兴趣多核苷酸的DNA并表达基因产物。
在本发明的还有一个实施方案中,将裸的DNA表达构建体转移入细胞中可涉及颗粒轰击。此方法依赖于将DNA包被的微弹加速至高速的能力,所述高速容许微弹穿透细胞膜并进入细胞,但不杀死它们(Klein等,1987)。已经开发了数种用于加速小颗粒的装置。一种这样的装置依赖于高压放电来产生电流,该电流继而提供原动力(Yang等,1990)。所使用的微弹由生物学惰性物质组成,诸如钨或金珠。
已经在体内轰击了大鼠和小鼠的选定器官,包括肝、皮肤、和肌肉组织(Yang等,1990;Zelenin等,1991)。这可能要求手术暴露组织或细胞,以消除枪与靶器官之间的任何居间组织,即回体处理。再次,编码特定感兴趣多核苷酸的DNA可以经此方法递送,而且仍然收入本发明。
在本发明的又一个实施方案中,可以将表达构建体封装在脂质体中。脂质体是以磷脂双层膜和内部水介质为特征的囊泡结构。多层脂质体具有多个由水介质隔开的脂质层。它们在将磷脂悬浮在过量的水溶液中时自发形成。脂质成分在形成闭合的结构之前经历自我重排并在脂质双层间封装水和溶解的溶质(Ghosh和Bachhawat,1991)。还涵盖Lipofectamine-DNA复合物。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,可以将脂质体与血细胞凝集病毒(HVJ)复合。这显示出促进与细胞膜的融和和提升脂质体封装的DNA进入细胞(Kaneda等,1989)。在其它实施方案中,可以将脂质体与细胞核中非组蛋白的染色体蛋白质(HMG-1)复合或联合采用(Kato等,1991)。在还有一些实施方案中,可以将脂质体与HVJ和HMG-1二者复合或联合采用。由于此类表达构建体已经成功用于体外和体内核酸转移和表达,所以它们适用于本发明。在DNA构建体中采用细菌启动子的情况中,还会希望在脂质体内包括适宜的细菌聚合酶。
其它能采用来将编码特定基因的核酸递送入细胞中的表达构建体是受体介导的递送媒介物(vehicle)。这些利用几乎在所有真核细胞中的受体介导的胞吞对高分子的选择性摄取。因为各种受体的细胞类型特异性分布,所以所述递送会是高度特异性的(Wu和Wu,1993)。
受体介导的基因靶向媒介物一般由两种成分组成:细胞受体特异性配体和DNA结合剂。数种配体已经用于受体介导的基因转移。最广泛表征的配体是脱唾液酸血清类粘蛋白(ASOR)(Wu和Wu,1987)和运铁蛋白(Wagner等,1990)。最近,一种合成的拟糖蛋白(neoglycoprotein)(其与ASOR识别相同受体)已经用作基因递送媒介物(Ferkol等,1993;Perales等,1994),而且表皮生长因子(EGF)也已经用于将基因递送至鳞癌细胞(Myers,EPO 0273085)。
在其它实施方案中,递送媒介物可包含配体和脂质体。例如,Nicolau等(1987)采用掺入脂质体中的乳糖基-神经酰胺(一种末端为半乳糖的脱唾液酸的神经节苷脂),并观察到肝细胞对胰岛素基因的摄取增加。如此,可行的是也可以通过多种受体-配体系统在有或无脂质体的情况中将编码特定基因的核酸特异性递送入某细胞类型(例如心脏细胞)中。例如,表皮生长因子(EGF)可用作受体,用于介导将核酸递送入展现出EGF受体上调的细胞中。甘露糖可用于靶向肝细胞上的甘露糖受体。而且,针对CD5(CLL)、CD22(淋巴瘤)、CD25(T细胞白血病)和MAA(黑素瘤)的抗体能类似地用作靶向模块。
在一个具体的例子中,可以与阳离子脂质组合地施用多核苷酸。阳离子脂质的例子包括但不限于Lipofectin、DOTMA、DOPE、和DOTAP。WO/0071096(通过述及明确收入本文)的公开文本记载了不同配制剂,诸如能有效用于基因疗法的DOTAP:胆固醇或胆固醇衍生物配制剂。其它公开文本也讨论了不同脂质或脂质体配制剂,包括纳米颗粒和施用方法;这些包括但不限于美国专利公开文本20030203865,20020150626,20030032615,和20040048787,通过述及明确收入本文,其程度为它们公开了施用和递送核酸的配制剂和其它相关方面。用于形成颗粒的方法还记载于美国专利5,844,107,5,877,302,6,008,336,6,077,835,5,972,901,6,200,801,和5,972,900,那些方面通过述及而收入本文。
在某些实施方案中,可以在回体(ex vivo)条件下更容易地实施基因转移。回体基因疗法指自动物分离细胞,在体外将核酸递送入细胞中,然后将经修饰的细胞返还入动物中。这可涉及自动物手术取出组织/器官或细胞和组织的原代培养。
本发明还包括用于在治疗后清除或消除miR-15家族成员抑制剂的方法。所述方法可包括在心脏组织中过表达miR-15家族成员抑制剂的杂交位点。在一个实施方案中,所述方法包括使用心脏肌肉特异性启动子(例如α-MHC)在心脏肌肉中过表达miR-15家族成员抑制剂的杂交位点。在另一个实施方案中,所述杂交位点可包含来自miR-15家族成员的种子区的序列。在另一个实施方案中,所述杂交位点可包含序列SEQ ID NO:18。在一些实施方案中,所述杂交位点可含有与来自miR-15家族成员的一种或多种靶物(诸如FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、或细胞周期蛋白D2)的3’UTR的序列互补的序列。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,与其它治疗形态组合地对受试者施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。心血管病症背景中的心脏肥大的当前医学管理包括使用至少两种类型的药物:肾素-血管紧张素系统的抑制剂和β-肾上腺素能阻断剂(Bristow,1999)。用于治疗心力衰竭背景中的病理性肥大的治疗剂包括血管紧张素II转化酶(ACE)抑制剂和β-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂(Eichhorn和Bristow,1996)。已经公开的用于治疗心脏肥大的其它药剂包括血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂(美国专利5,604,251)和神经肽Y拮抗剂(WO98/33791)。
非药理学治疗主要作为药理学治疗的辅助方法使用。非药理学治疗的一种手段涉及减少饮食中的钠。另外,非药理学治疗还需要消除某些沉淀性药物,包括负性肌力药(例如某些钙通道阻滞剂和抗心率不齐药像丙吡胺(disopyramide))、心脏毒素(例如安非他明(amphetamine)、和血容量扩充药(plasma volume expander)(例如非类固醇抗炎药和糖皮质激素)。
如此,在上文所述疗法之外,还可以给受试者提供用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂进行的更多“标准”制药学心脏疗法。其它疗法的例子包括但不限于所谓的“β-阻滞剂”、抗高血压药、强心药、抗血栓药、血管扩张药、激素拮抗剂、肌力药(iontrope)、利尿药、内皮缩血管肽受体拮抗剂、钙通道阻滞剂、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、ACE抑制剂、血管紧张素2型拮抗剂和细胞因子阻滞剂/抑制剂、和HDAC抑制剂。所述组合疗法还可涉及抑制别的涉及心脏重塑的miRNA(诸如miR-499、miR-208、miR-208b和miR-21)的表达或活性。组合疗法还可包括过表达特定微小RNA,诸如miR-29。
可以如下实现组合,即使心脏细胞接触包括一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂和标准药剂的单一组合物或药理学配制剂,或者使细胞同时接触两种不同组合物或配制剂,其中一种组合物包括miR-15家族成员的抑制剂,而另一种包括标准药剂。或者,所述使用miR-15家族成员抑制剂的疗法可以在另外的药剂的施用之前或之后,间隔范围为数分钟至数周。在分开对细胞应用标准药剂和miR-15家族成员抑制剂的实施方案中,一般会确保每次递送的时间之间没有经过显著的一段时间,使得所述药剂和miR-15家族成员抑制剂会仍然能够对细胞发挥有利的组合效应。在此类情况中,通常会使细胞在彼此相距约12-24小时、更优选在彼此相距约6-12小时内接触两种形态,延迟时间最优选只有约12小时。然而,在一些情况中,可能希望显著延长治疗时间段,其中各施用间经过数天(2、3、4、5、6或7)至数周(1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8)。
也想得到的是会希望超过一次地施用miR-15家族成员抑制剂、或另一药剂。在这点上,可以采用各种组合。举例而言,在miR-15家族成员的抑制剂为“A”而另一药剂为“B”的情况中,下列基于总共3次和4次施用的排列是例示性的:
A/B/A B/A/B B/B/A A/A/B B/A/A A/B/B B/B/B/A B/B/A/B
A/A/B/B A/B/A/B A/B/B/A B/B/A/A B/A/B/A B/A/A/B B/B/B/A
A/A/A/B B/A/A/A A/B/A/A A/A/B/A A/B/B/B B/A/B/B B/B/A/B同样涵盖其它组合。
治疗方案会随临床情形而变化。然而,长期维持在大多数情形中会是适宜的。可能还希望间歇地用miR-15家族成员的抑制剂治疗肥大,诸如在疾病进展期间的短暂窗口内。
药理学治疗剂和施用方法、剂量等是本领域技术人员公知的(参加例如《Physicians Desk Reference》(医师案头参考文献)、Klaassen的《ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics》、《Remington′s PharmaceuticalSciences》、和《The Merck Index》第11版,通过述及将相关部分收入本文),而且可以根据本文中的公开内容与本发明组合。取决于所治疗的受试者的状况,剂量必然会发生一些变化。在任何情况中负责施用的人会为各受试者决定适宜的剂量,而且此类个体决定在本领域普通技术人员的技术范围内。
可以在本发明中使用的药理学治疗剂的非限制性例子包括抗高脂蛋白药、抗动脉硬化药、抗血栓药/溶纤维蛋白药、凝血药、抗心率不齐药、抗高血压药、血管加压药、用于充血性心力衰竭的治疗剂、抗心绞痛药、抗菌剂或其组合。
另外,应当注意,可以使用任何下述各项来开发心脏疗法靶基因的新集合,正如本例中使用β-阻滞剂(见下文)。虽然预期这些基因中许多可能有交叠,但是有可能能开发出新的基因靶。
在某些实施方案中,可以将降低一种或多种血脂和/或脂蛋白的浓度的药剂(在本文中称作“抗高脂蛋白药”)的施用与依照本发明的心血管疗法组合,特别是在动脉粥样硬化和血管组织的增厚或阻断的治疗中。在某些实施方案中,抗高脂蛋白药可包含芳氧链烷酸/纤维酸衍生物、树脂/胆汁酸隐蔽剂(sequesterant)、HMG CoA还原酶抑制剂、烟酸衍生物、甲状腺激素或甲状腺激素类似物、混杂剂或其组合。芳氧链烷酸/纤维酸衍生物的非限制性例子包括苄氯贝特(beclobrate)、enzafibrate、比尼贝特(binifibrate)、环丙贝特(ciprofibrate)、克利贝特(clinofibrate)、氯贝特(clofibrate)(安妥明(atromide)-S)、氯贝酸(clofibric acid)、依托贝特(etofibrate)、非诺贝特(fenofibrate)、吉非贝齐(gemfibrozil)(lobid)、尼可贝特(nicofibrate)、吡贝特(pirifibrate)、氯烟贝特(ronifibrate)、双贝特(simfibrate)和益多酯(theofibrate)。树脂/胆汁酸隐蔽剂的非限制性例子包括考来烯胺(cholestyramine)(cholybar、questran)、考来替泊(colestipol)(colestid)和降胆葡胺(polidexide)。HMG CoA还原酶抑制剂的非限制性例子包括洛伐他汀(lovastatin)(美降脂(mevacor))、普伐他汀(pravastatin)(pravochol)或辛伐他汀(simvastatin)(zocor)。烟酸衍生物的非限制性例子包括烟酸、acepimox、戊四烟酯(niceritrol)、尼可氯酯(nicoclonate)、尼可莫尔(nicomol)和氧烟酸(oxiniacic acid)。甲状腺激素及其类似物的非限制性例子包括etoroxate、甲状丙酸和甲状腺素。
混杂抗高脂蛋白药的非限制性例子包括阿昔呋喃(acifran)、阿扎胆醇(azacosterol)、苯氟雷司(benfluorex)、β-苄丁酰胺(β-benzalbutyramide)、卡尼汀(carnitine)、硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate)、氯雌酮甲醚(clomestrone)、detaxtran、右旋糖苷硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium)、5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸、赤酮嘌啉(eritadenine)、夫拉扎勃(furazabol)、美格鲁托(meglutol)、甲亚油酰胺(melinamide)、双甲雌三醇(mytatrienediol)、鸟氨酸(ornithine)、γ-谷维素(γ-oryzanol)、泛硫乙胺(pantethine)、四乙酸季戊四醇酯(pentaerythritoltetraacetate)、α-苯基丁酰胺(α-phenylbutyramide)、吡扎地尔(pirozadil)、普罗布考(probucol)(lorelco)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol)、磺托酸-哌嗪盐(sultosilicacid-piperazine salt)、硫地醇(tiadenol)、曲帕拉醇(triparanol)和联苯丁酸(xenbucin)。抗动脉硬化药的非限制性例子包括氨基甲酸吡啶酚酯(pyridinolcarbamate)。
在某些实施方案中,可以将有助于消除或预防血液凝块的药剂的施用与调控物的施用组合,特别是在动脉粥样硬化和脉管系统(例如动脉)阻断的治疗中。抗血栓药和/或溶纤维蛋白药的非限制性例子包括抗凝血药、抗凝血药拮抗剂、抗血小板药、溶血栓药、溶血栓药拮抗剂或其组合。在某些实施方案中,优选能够口服施用的抗血栓药,诸如例如阿司匹林(aspirin)和华法林(wafarin)(香豆素(coumadin))。
抗凝血药的非限制性例子包括醋硝香豆素(acenocoumarol)、安克洛酶(ancrod)、茴茚二酮(anisindione)、溴茚二酮(bromindione)、氯茚二酮(clorindione)、库美香豆素(coumetarol)、环香豆素(cyclocumarol)、右旋糖苷硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium)、双香豆素(dicumarol)、二苯茚酮(diphenadione)、双香豆素乙酯(ethyl biscoumacetate)、乙撑双香豆素(ethylidenedicoumarol)、氟茚二酮(fluindione)、肝素(heparin)、水蛭素(hirudin)、阿朴酸钠(lyapolate sodium)、奥沙二酮(oxazidione)、戊聚糖多硫酸(pentosanpolysulfate)、苯茚二酮(phenindione)、苯丙香豆醇(phenprocoumon)、卵黄高磷蛋白(phosvitin)、吡考他胺(picotamide)、噻氯香豆素(tioclomarol)和华法林(warfarin)。
抗血小板药的非限制性例子包括阿司匹林(aspirin)、右旋糖苷(dextran)、双嘧达莫(dipyridamole)(潘生丁(persantin))、肝素(heparin)、磺吡酮(sulfmpyranone)(安特灵(anturane))和噻氯匹定(ticlopidine)(力抗栓(ticlid))。
溶血栓药的非限制性例子包括组织纤溶酶原激活物(activase)、纤溶酶、尿激酶原、尿激酶(abbokinase)链激酶(streptase)、阿尼普酶(anistreplase)/APSAC(依米那酶(eminase))。
在其中患者罹患出血或出血可能性升高的某些实施方案中,可以使用可增强血液凝结的药剂。血液凝结促进剂的非限制性例子包括溶血栓药拮抗剂和抗凝血药拮抗剂。抗凝血药拮抗剂的非限制性例子包括精蛋白(protamine)和维生素K1。
溶血栓药拮抗剂的非限制性例子包括氨基己酸(amiocaproic acid)(amicar)和氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid)(amstat)。抗血栓药的非限制性例子包括阿那格雷(anagrelide)、阿加曲班(argatroban)、西鲁唑啉(cilstazol)、达曲班(daltroban)、去纤苷(defibrotide)、依诺肝素(enoxaparin)、速避凝(fraxiparine)、吲哚布芬(indobufen)、lamoparan、奥扎格雷(ozagrel)、吡考他胺(picotamide)、普拉贝脲(plafibride)、替地肝素(tedelparin)、噻氯匹定(ticlopidine)和三氟柳(triflusal)。
抗心率不齐药的非限制性例子包括I类抗心率不齐药(钠通道阻滞剂)、II类抗心率不齐药(β-肾上腺素能阻滞剂)、III类抗心率不齐药(复极化延长药)、IV类抗心率不齐药(钙通道阻滞剂)和混杂型抗心率不齐药。
钠通道阻滞剂的非限制性例子包括IA类、IB类和IC类抗心率不齐药。IA类抗心率不齐药的非限制性例子包括丙吡胺(disppyramide)(norpace)、普鲁卡因胺(procainamide)(pronestyl)和奎尼丁(quinidine)(quinidex)。IB类抗心率不齐药的非限制性例子包括利多卡因(lidocaine)(xylocaine)、妥卡尼(tocainide)(tonocard)和美西律(mexiletine)(mexitil)。IC类抗心率不齐药的非限制性例子包括恩卡尼(encainide)(enkaid)和氟卡尼(flecainide)(tambocor)。
β-阻滞剂(也称作β-肾上腺素能阻滞剂、β-肾上腺素能拮抗剂或II类抗心率不齐药)的非限制性例子包括醋丁洛尔(acebutolol)(sectral)、阿普洛尔(alprenolol)、氨磺洛尔(amosulalol)、阿罗洛尔(arotinolol)、阿替洛尔(atenolol)、苯呋洛尔(befunolol)、倍他洛尔(betaxolol)、贝凡洛尔(bevantolol)、比索洛尔(bisoprolol)、波吲洛尔(bopindolol)、布库洛尔(bucumolol)、布非洛尔(bufetolol)、丁呋洛尔(bufuralol)、布尼洛尔(bunitrolol)、布拉洛尔(bupranolol)、盐酸布替君(butidrine hydrochloride)、丁非洛尔(butofilolol)、卡拉洛尔(carazolol)、卡替洛尔(carteolol)、卡维地洛(carvedilol)、塞利洛尔(celiprolol)、塞他洛尔(cetamolol)、氯拉洛尔(cloranolol)、地来洛尔(dilevalol)、依泮洛尔(epanolol)、艾司洛尔(esmolol)(brevibloc)、茚诺洛尔(indenolol)、拉贝洛尔(labetalol)、左布诺洛尔(levobunolol)、甲吲洛尔(mepindolol)、美替洛尔(metipranolol)、美托洛尔(metoprolol)、莫普洛尔(moprolol)、纳多洛尔(nadolol)、萘肟洛尔(nadoxolol)、硝苯洛尔(nifenalol)、尼普地洛(nipradilol)、氧烯洛尔(oxprenolol)、喷布洛尔(penbutolol)、吲哚洛尔(pindolol)、普拉洛尔(practolol)、丙萘洛尔(pronethalol)、普萘洛尔(propanolol)(inderal)、索他洛尔(sotalol)(betapace)、硫氧洛尔(sulfinalol)、他林洛尔(talinolol)、特他洛尔(tertatolol)、噻吗洛尔(timolol)、托利洛尔(toliprolol)和希波酚(xibinolol)。在某些实施方案中,β-阻滞剂包含芳氧丙醇胺衍生物。芳氧丙醇胺衍生物的非限制性例子包括醋丁洛尔(acebutolol)、阿普洛尔(alprenolol)、阿罗洛尔(arotinolol)、阿替洛尔(atenolol)、倍他洛尔(betaxolol)、贝凡洛尔(bevantolol)、比索洛尔(bisoprolol)、波吲洛尔(bopindolol)、布尼洛尔(bunitrolol)、丁非洛尔(butofilolol)、卡拉洛尔(carazolol)、卡替洛尔(carteolol)、卡维地洛(carvedilol)、塞利洛尔(celiprolol)、塞他洛尔(cetamolol)、依泮洛尔(epanolol)、茚诺洛尔(indenolol)、甲吲洛尔(mepindolol)、美替洛尔(metipranolol)、美托洛尔(metoprolol)、莫普洛尔(moprolol)、纳多洛尔(nadolol)、尼普地洛(nipradilol)、氧烯洛尔(oxprenolol)、喷布洛尔(penbutolol)、吲哚洛尔(pindolol)、普萘洛尔(propanolol)、他林洛尔(talinolol)、特他洛尔(tertatolol)、噻吗洛尔(timolol)和托利洛尔(toliprolol)。
延长复极化的药剂(也称作III类抗心率不齐药)的非限制性例子包括胺碘酮(amiodarone)(可达龙(cordarone))和索他洛尔(sotalol)(betapace)。
钙通道阻滞剂(也称作IV类抗心率不齐药)的非限制性例子包括芳基烃基胺(例如bepridile、地尔硫卓(diltiazem)、芬地林(fendiline)、戈洛帕米(gallopamil)、普尼拉明(prenylamine)、特罗地林(terodiline)、维拉帕米(verapamil))、二氢吡啶衍生物(非洛地平(felodipine)、伊拉地平(isradipine)、尼卡地平(nicardipine)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)、尼莫地平(nimodipine)、尼索地平(nisoldipine)、尼群地平(nitrendipine))、哌嗪衍生物(例如桂利嗪(cinnarizine)、氟桂利嗪(flunarizine)、利多氟嗪(lidoflazine))或混杂型钙通道阻滞剂(诸如苄环烷(bencyclane)、依他苯酮(etafenone)、镁(magnesium)、米贝拉地尔(mibefradil)或哌克昔林(perhexiline))。在某些实施方案中,钙通道阻滞剂包含长效二氢吡啶(硝苯地平型)钙拮抗剂。
混杂型抗心率不齐药的非限制性例子包括阿糖腺苷(adenosine)(adenocard)、地高辛(digoxin)(拉诺辛(lanoxin))、乙酰卡尼(acecainide)、阿义马林(ajmaline)、克冠吗啉(amoproxan)、阿普林定(aprindine)、甲苯磺酸溴苄胺(bretylium tosylate)、丁萘夫汀(bunaftine)、布托苯定(butobendine)、卡泊酸(capobenic acid)、西苯唑啉(cifenline)、吡二丙胺(disopyranide)、二氢奎尼丁(hydroquinidine)、英地卡尼(indecainide)、异丙托溴胺(ipatropium bromide)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、劳拉义明(lorajmine)、劳卡尼(lorcainide)、甲氧苯汀(meobentine)、莫雷西嗪(moricizine)、吡美诺(pirmenol)、丙缓脉灵(prajmaline)、普罗帕酮(propafenone)、吡诺林(pyrinoline)、聚半乳糖醛酸奎尼丁(quinidinepolygalacturonate)、硫酸奎尼丁(quinidine sulfate)和维喹地尔(viquidil)。
抗高血压药的非限制性例子包括抗交感神经药、α/β阻滞剂、α阻滞剂、抗血管紧张素II药、β阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂、血管扩张药和混杂型抗高血压药。
α阻滞剂(也称作α-肾上腺素能阻滞剂或α-肾上腺素能拮抗剂)的非限制性例子包括氨磺洛尔(amosulalol)、阿罗洛尔(arotinolol)、达哌唑(dapiprazole)、多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、甲磺酸双氢麦角碱(ergoloid mesylate)、芬司匹利(fenspiride)、吲哚拉明(indoramin)、拉贝洛尔(labetalol)、麦角溴烟酯(nicergoline)、哌唑嗪(prazosin)、特拉唑嗪(terazosin)、妥拉唑林(tolazoline)、曲马唑嗪(trimazosin)和育亨宾(yohimbine)。在某些实施方案中,α阻滞剂可以包含喹唑啉衍生物。喹唑啉衍生物的非限制性例子包括阿夫唑嗪(alfuzosin)、布那唑嗪(bunazosin)、多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、哌唑嗪(prazosin)、特拉唑嗪(terazosin)和曲马唑嗪(trimazosin)。在某些实施方案中,抗高血压药既是α肾上腺素能拮抗剂又是β肾上腺素能拮抗剂。α/β阻滞剂的非限制性例子包含拉贝洛尔(labetalol)(normodyne、trandate)。
抗血管紧张素II药的非限制性例子包括血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂和血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂。血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACE抑制剂)的非限制性例子包括阿拉普利(alacepril)、依那普利(enalapril)(vasotec)、卡托普利(captopril)、西拉普利(cilazapril)、地拉普利(delapril)、依那普拉利(enalaprilat)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、赖诺普利(lisinopril)、moveltopril、培哚普利(perindopril)、喹那普利(quinapril)和雷米普利(ramipril)。血管紧张素II受体阻滞剂(也称作血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂、ANG受体阻滞剂或ANG-II 1型受体阻滞剂(ARBS))的非限制性例子包括血管坎地沙坦(angiocandesartan)、依普罗沙坦(eprosartan)、厄贝沙坦(irbesartan)、氯沙坦(losartan)和缬沙坦(valsartan)。
抗交感神经药的非限制性例子包括作用于中枢的抗交感神经药或作用于周围的抗交感神经药。作用于中枢的抗交感神经药(也称作中枢神经系统(CNS)抗交感神经药)的非限制性例子包括可乐定(clonidine)(catapres)、胍那苄(guanabenz)(wytensin)胍法辛(guanfacine)(tenex)和甲基多巴(methyldopa)(aldomet)。作用于周围的抗交感神经药的非限制性例子包括神经节阻断剂、肾上腺素能神经元阻断剂、β-肾上腺素能阻断剂或α1-肾上腺素能阻断剂。神经节阻断剂的非限制性例子包括美卡拉明(mecamylamine)(inversine)和曲美芬(trimethaphan)(arfonad)。肾上腺素能神经元阻断剂的非限制性例子包括胍乙啶(guanethidine)(ismelin)和利舍平(reserpine)(serpasil)。β-肾上腺素能阻滞剂的非限制性例子包括醋丁洛尔(acenitolol)(sectral)、阿替洛尔(atenolol)(天诺敏(tenormin))、倍他洛尔(betaxolol)(卡尔仑(kerlone))、卡替洛尔(carteolol)(cartrol)、拉贝洛尔(labetalol)(normodyne、trandate)、美托洛尔(metoprolol)(lopressor)、纳多洛尔(nadanol)(corgard)、喷布洛尔(penbutolol)(levatol)、吲哚洛尔(pindolol)(心得静(visken))、普萘洛尔(propranolol)(心得安(inderal))和噻吗洛尔(timolol)(blocadren)。α1-肾上腺素能阻滞剂的非限制性例子包括哌唑嗪(prazosin)(脉宁平(minipress))、多沙唑嗪(doxazocin)(卡杜雷(cardura))和特拉唑嗪(terazosin)(高特灵(hytrin))。
在某些实施方案中,心血管治疗剂可以包含血管扩张药(例如脑血管扩张药、冠状动脉血管扩张药或外周血管扩张药)。在某些优选的实施方案中,血管扩张药包含冠状动脉血管扩张药。冠状动脉血管扩张药的非限制性例子包括胺氧三苯(amotriphene)、地巴唑(bendazol)、半琥珀酸琥珀呋酮(benfurodilhemisuccinate)、苯碘达隆(benziodarone)、氯酚嗪(chloracizine)、乙胺香豆素(chromonar)、氯苯呋醇(clobenfurol)、氯硝甘油(clonitrate)、地拉卓(dilazep)、双嘧达莫(dipyridamole)、氢普拉明(droprenilamine)、乙氧黄酮(efloxate)、戊四硝酯(erythrityl tetranitrane)、依他苯酮(etafenone)、芬地林(fendiline)、夫洛地尔(floredil)、更利芬(ganglefene)、己烷雌酚二(β-二乙基氨基乙基醚)(herestrol bis(β-diethylaminoethyl ether))、海索苯定(hexobendine)、甲苯磺酸硝乙醇胺(itramin tosylate)、凯林(khellin)、利多氟嗪(lidoflanine)、六硝酸甘露醇酯(mannitol hexanitrane)、美地巴嗪(medibazine)、nicorglycerin、四硝酸季戊四醇酯(pentaerythritol tetranitrate)、戊硝醇(pentrinitrol)、哌克昔林(perhexiline)、匹美茶碱(pimefylline)、曲匹地尔(trapidil)、3-甲色酮(tricromyl)、曲美他嗪(trimetazidine)、磷酸三乙硝胺(trolnitrate phosphate)和维斯那定(visnadine)。
在某些实施方案中,血管扩张药可包含长期疗法血管扩张药或高血压突发血管扩张药。长期疗法血管扩张药的非限制性例子包括肼屈嗪(hydralazine)(apresoline)和米诺地尔(minoxidil)(loniten)。高血压突发血管扩张药的非限制性例子包括硝普盐(nitroprusside)(nipride)、二氮嗪(diazoxide)(hyperstat IV)、肼屈嗪(hydralazine)(apresoline)、米诺地尔(minoxidil)(loniten)和维拉帕米(verapamil)。
混杂型抗高血压药的非限制性例子包括阿义马林(ajmaline)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid)、丁苯碘氨(bufeniode)、西氯他宁(cicletainine)、环西多明(ciclosidomine)、鞣酸绿藜胺(cryptenamine tannate)、非诺多泮(fenoldopam)、氟司喹南(flosequinan)、酮色林(ketanserin)、美布氨酯(mebutamate)、美卡拉明(mecamylamine)、甲基多巴(methyldopa)、甲基4-吡啶基酮氨硫脲(methyl4-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone)、莫唑胺(muzolimine)、帕吉林(pargyline)、潘必啶(pempidine)、吡那地尔(pinacidil)、哌罗克生(piperoxan)、普立哌隆(primaperone)、原藜芦碱(protoveratrine)、罗巴新(raubasine)、瑞西美托(rescimetol)、利美尼定(rilmenidene)、沙拉新(saralasin)、硝普钠(sodiumnitrorusside)、替尼酸(ticrynafen)、樟脑磺酸曲美芬(trimethaphan camsylate)、酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase)和乌拉地尔(urapidil)。
在某些实施方案中,抗高血压药可包含芳基乙醇胺衍生物、苯并噻二嗪衍生物、N-羧基烃基(肽/内酰胺)衍生物、二氢吡啶衍生物、胍衍生物、肼/酞嗪、咪唑衍生物、季铵化合物、利舍平衍生物或磺磷酰胺衍生物。芳基乙醇胺的非限制性例子包括氨磺洛尔(amosulalol)、丁呋洛尔(bufuralol)、地来洛尔(dilevalol)、拉贝洛尔(labetalol)、丙萘洛尔(pronethalol)、索他洛尔(sotalol)和硫氧洛尔(sulfinalol)。苯并噻二嗪衍生物的非限制性例子包括阿尔噻嗪(althizide)、苄氟噻嗪(bendroflumethiazide)、苄噻嗪(benzthiazide)、苄氢氯噻嗪(benzylhydrochlorothiazide)、布噻嗪(buthiazide)、氯噻嗪(chlorothiazide)、氯噻酮(chlorthalidone)、环戊噻嗪(cyclopenthiazide)、环噻嗪(cyclothiazide)、二氮嗪(diazoxide)、依匹噻嗪(epithiazide)、乙噻嗪(ethiazide)、芬噻嗪(fenquizone)、氢氯噻嗪(hydrochlorothizide)、氢氟噻嗪(hydroflumethizide)、甲氯噻嗪(methyclothiazide)、美替克仑(meticrane)、美托拉宗(metolazone)、对氟噻嗪(paraflutizide)、泊利噻嗪(polythizide)、四氯噻嗪(tetrachlormethiazide)和三氯噻嗪(trichlormethiazide)。N-羧基烃基(肽/内酰胺)衍生物的非限制性例子包括阿拉普利(alacepril)、卡托普利(captopril)、西拉普利(cilazapril)、地拉普利(delapril)、依那普利(enalapril)、依那普利拉(enalaprilat)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、赖诺普利(lisinopril)、莫维普利(moveltipril)、培哚普利(perindopril)、喹那普利(quinapril)和雷米普利(ramipril)。二氢吡啶衍生物的非限制性例子包括氨氯地平(amlodipine)、非洛地平(felodipine)、伊拉地平(isradipine)、尼卡地平(nicardipine)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)、尼伐地平(nilvadipine)、尼索地平(nisoldipine)和尼群地平(nitrendipine)。胍衍生物的非限制性例子包括倍他尼定(bethanidine)、异喹胍(debrisoquin)、胍那苄(guanabenz)、胍那克林(guanacline)、胍那决尔(guanadrel)、胍那佐定(guanazodine)、胍乙啶(guanethidine)、胍法辛(guanfacine)、胍氯酚(guanochlor)、胍诺沙苄(guanoxabenz)和胍生(guanoxan)。肼/酞嗪的非限制性例子包括布屈嗪(budralazine)、卡屈嗪(cadralazine)、双肼屈嗪(dihydralazine)、恩屈嗪(endralazine)、肼卡巴嗪(hydracarbazine)、肼屈嗪(hydralazine)、苯异丙肼(pheniprazine)、匹尔屈嗪(pildralazine)和托屈嗪(todralazine)。咪唑衍生物的非限制性例子包括可乐定(clonidine)、洛非西定(lofexidine)、酚妥拉明(phentolamine)、噻美尼定(tiamenidine)和托洛尼定(tolonidine)。季铵化合物的非限制性例子包括溴化氮戊铵(azamethonium bromide)、松达氯铵(chlorisondamine chloride)、六甲季铵(hexamethonium)、二甲硫酸氰戊吗啉(pentacynium bis(methylsulfate))、五甲溴铵(pentamethonium bromide)、酒石酸喷托铵(pentolinium tartrate)、芬托氯铵(phenactropinium chloride)和甲硫曲美替定(trimethidinium methosulfate)。利舍平衍生物的非限制性例子包括比他舍平(bietaserpine)、地舍平(deserpidine)、瑞西那明(rescinnamine)、利舍平(reserpine)和昔洛舍平(syrosingopine)。磺胺衍生物的非限制性例子包括安布赛特(ambuside)、氯帕胺(clopamide)、呋塞米(furosemide)、吲达帕胺(indapamide)、喹乙宗(quinethazone)、曲帕胺(tripamide)和希帕胺(xipamide)。
血管加压药一般用来在手术期间可能发生的休克期间提高血压。血管加压药(也称作抗低血压药)的非限制性例子包括氨甲氧苯嗪甲基硫酸盐(amezinium methyl sulfate)、血管紧张素酰胺(angiotensin amide)、二甲福林(dimetofrine)、多巴胺(dopamine)、依替非明(etifelmin)、依替福林(etilefrin)、吉培福林(gepefrine)、间羟胺(metaraminol)、米多君(midodrine)、去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine)、福来君(pholedrine)和昔奈福林(synephrine)。
用于治疗充血性心力衰竭的药剂的非限制性例子包括抗血管紧张素II药、后负荷-前负荷减轻处理(afterload-preload reduction treatment)、利尿药和肌力药(inotropic agent)。
在某些实施方案中,可以用组合疗法来治疗不能耐受血管紧张素拮抗剂的动物患者。此类疗法可组合肼屈嗪(hydralazine)(阿比西林(apresoline))和二硝酸异山梨醇(isosorbide dinitrate)(isordil、sorbitrate)的施用。
利尿药的非限制性例子包括噻嗪或苯并噻二嗪衍生物(例如阿尔噻嗪(althiazide)、苄氟噻嗪(bendroflumethazide)、苄噻嗪(benzthiazide)、苄氢氯噻嗪(benzylhydrochlorothiazide)、布噻嗪(buthiazide)、氯噻嗪(chlorothiazide)、氯噻嗪(chlorothiazide)、氯噻酮(chlorthalidone)、环戊噻嗪(cyclopenthiazide)、依匹噻嗪(epithiazide)、乙噻嗪(ethiazide)、乙噻嗪(ethiazide)、芬喹唑(fenquizone)、氢氯噻嗪(hydrochlorothiazide)、氢氟噻嗪(hydroflumethiazide)、甲氯噻嗪(methyclothiazide)、美替克仑(meticrane)、美托拉宗(metolazone)、对氟噻嗪(paraflutizide)、泊利噻嗪(polythizide)、四氯噻嗪(tetrachloromethiazide)、三氯噻嗪(trichlormethiazide))、有机汞(例如氯汞君(chlormerodrin)、美拉鲁利(meralluride)、汞罗茶碱(mercamphamide)、硫汞林钠(mercaptomerin sodium)、汞香豆酸(mercumallylic acid)、汞香豆林钠(mercumatilin dodium)、氯化亚汞(mercurous chloride)、汞撒利(mersalyl))、蝶啶(例如,呋氨蝶啶(furterene)、氨苯蝶啶(triamterene))、嘌呤(例如,acefylline、7-吗啉甲茶碱(7-morpholinomethyltheophylline)、pamobrom、丙可可碱(protheobromine)、可可碱(theobromine))、类固醇包括醛甾酮拮抗剂(例如,坎利酮(canrenone)、夹竹桃苷(oleandrin)、螺内酯(spironolactone))、磺胺衍生物(例如,乙酰唑胺(acetazolamide)、安布赛特(ambuside)、阿佐塞米(azosemide)、布美他尼(bumetanide)、布他唑胺(butazolamide)、氯米非那胺(chloraminophenamide)、氯非那胺(clofenamide)、氯帕胺(clopamide)、氯索隆(clorexolone)、二苯甲烷-4,4′-二磺胺(diphenylmethane-4,4′-disulfonamide)、二磺法胺(disulfamide)、依索唑胺(ethoxzolamide)、呋塞米(furosemide)、吲达帕胺(indapamide)、美夫西特(mefruside)、醋甲唑胺(methazolamide)、吡咯他尼(piretanide)、喹乙宗(quinethazone)、托拉塞米(torasemide)、曲帕胺(tripamide)、希帕胺(xipamide))、尿嘧啶(例如,氨美啶(aminometradine)、阿米美啶(amisometradine))、保钾拮抗剂(potassium sparing antagonist)(例如阿米洛利(amiloride)、氨苯蝶啶(triamterene))或混杂利尿药(诸如aminozine、熊果苷(arbutin)、氯拉扎尼(chlorazanil)、依地尼酸(ethacrynic acid)、依托唑啉(etozolin)、肼卡巴嗪(hydracarbazine)、异山梨醇(isosorbide)、甘露醇(mannitol)、美托查酮(metochalcone)、莫唑胺(muzolimine)、哌克昔林(perhexiline)、替尼酸(ticmafen)和尿素)。
正性肌力药(也称作强心剂)的非限制性例子包括acefylline、醋洋地黄毒苷(acetyldigitoxin)、2-氨基-4-皮考啉(2-amino-4-picoline)、氨力农(amrinone)、琥珀苯呋地尔(benfurodil hemisuccinate)、布拉地新(bucladesine)、cerberosine、樟吡他胺(camphotamide)、铃兰毒苷(convallatoxin)、磁麻苷(cymarin)、地诺帕明(denopamine)、去乙酰毛花苷(deslanoside)、吉他林(digitalin)、洋地黄(digitalis)、洋地黄毒苷(digitoxin)、地高辛(digoxin)、多巴酚丁胺(dobutamine)、多巴胺(dopamine)、多培沙明(dopexamine)、依诺昔酮(enoximone)、红皮素(erythrophleine)、非那可明(fenalcomine)、吉他林(gitalin)、芰毒素(gitoxin)、胍基乙酸(glycocyamine)、辛胺醇(heptaminol)、白毛茛分碱(hydrastinine)、异波帕胺(ibopamine)、毛花苷(lanatoside)、甲氧酚酰胺(metamivam)、米力农(milrinone)、黄花夹竹桃次苷B(nerifolin)、夹竹桃苷(oleandrin)、乌巴音(ouabain)、奥昔非君(oxyfedrine)、普瑞特罗(prenalterol)、proscillaridine、残余蟾蜍配基(resibufogenin)、海葱苷(scillaren)、海葱苷(scillarenin)、strphanthin、硫马唑(sulmazole)、可可碱(theobromine)和扎莫特罗(xamoterol)。
在具体的实施方案中,肌力药是心脏糖苷、β-肾上腺素能激动剂或磷酸二酯酶抑制剂。心脏糖苷的非限制性例子包括地高辛(digoxin)(拉诺辛(lanoxin))和洋地黄毒苷(digitoxin)(crystodigin)。β-肾上腺素能激动剂的非限制性例子包括沙丁胺醇(albuterol)、班布特罗(bambuterol)、比托特罗(bitolterol)、卡布特罗(carbuterol)、克仑特罗(clenbuterol)、氯丙那林(clorprenaline)、地诺帕明(denopamine)、双羟乙麻黄碱(dioxethedrine)、多巴酚丁胺(dobutamine)(独步催(dobutrex))、多巴胺(dopamine)(intropin)、多培沙明(dopexamine)、麻黄碱(ephedrine)、乙非君(etafedrine)、乙基去甲肾上腺素(ethylnorepinephrine)、非诺特罗(fenoterol)、福莫特罗(formoterol)、海索那林(hexoprenaline)、异波帕胺(ibopamine)、乙基异丙肾上腺素(isoetharine)、异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol)、马布特罗(mabuterol)、奥西那林(metaproterenol)、甲氧那明(methoxyphenamine)、奥昔非君(oxyfedrine)、吡布特罗(pirbuterol)、丙卡特罗(procaterol)、普罗托醇(protokylol)、瑞普特罗(reproterol)、利米特罗(rimiterol)、利托君(ritodrine)、索特瑞醇(soterenol)、特布他林(terbutaline)、曲托喹酚(tretoquinol)、妥洛特罗(tulobuterol)和扎莫特罗(xamoterol)。磷酸二酯酶抑制剂的非限制性例子包括氨力农(amrinone)(inocor)。
抗心绞痛药可包括有机硝酸盐(organonitrate)、钙通道阻滞剂、β-阻滞剂及其组合。
有机硝酸盐(也称作硝酸血管扩张药)的非限制性例子包括硝酸甘油(nitro-bid、nitrostat)、二硝酸异山梨醇(isordil、sorbitrate)和亚硝酸异戊酯(amylnitrate)(aspirol、vaporole)。
内皮缩血管肽(ET)是一种21个氨基酸的肽,其具有有力的生理学和病理生理学效应,它们似乎涉及心力衰竭的形成。ET的效果经由与两类细胞表面受体的相互作用来介导。A型受体(ET-A)与血管收缩和细胞生长有关,而B型受体(ET-B)与内皮细胞介导的血管舒张和其它神经激素(诸如醛甾酮)的释放有关。能抑制ET的生成或其刺激有关细胞的能力的药理学药剂是本领域已知的。抑制ET的生成涉及使用阻断称作内皮缩血管肽转化酶的酶的药剂,内皮缩血管肽转化酶涉及自前体加工有活性的肽。抑制ET刺激细胞的能力涉及使用阻断ET与其受体相互作用的药剂。内皮缩血管肽受体拮抗剂(ERA)的非限制性例子包括波生坦(Bosentan)、恩拉生坦(Enrasentan)、Ambrisentan、达卢生坦(Darusentan)、替唑生坦(Tezosentan)、阿曲生坦(Atrasentan)、Avosentan、Clazosentan、Edonentan、sitaxsentan、TBC 3711、BQ 123、和BQ 788。
在某些实施方案中,第二治疗剂可包括一些类型的手术,这包括例如预防性的、诊断性的或分期的、治疗性的(curative)和治标性的手术。手术(特别是治疗性手术)可以与其它疗法(诸如本发明和一种或多种其它药剂)联合。
此类用于血管和心血管疾病和病症的手术治疗剂是本领域技术人员公知的,而且可以包括但不限于对生物体实施手术、提供心血管机械假体、血管成形术、冠状动脉再灌注、导管消融、给受试者提供埋藏式复率除颤器(implantable cardioverter defibrillator)、机械循环支持或其组合。本发明中可使用的机械循环支持的非限制性例子包括主动脉内球囊反搏、左心室辅助装置或其组合。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了在有所需要的受试者中治疗或预防肌肉骨骼病症的方法,包括(a)鉴定具有肌肉骨骼病症或有肌肉骨骼病症风险的受试者,并(b)提高所述受试者的骨骼肌细胞中一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达和/或活性。所述病症可以选自下组:肌营养不良、失用性萎缩、响应反重力而发生的肌肉萎缩和去神经。提高表达和/或活性可包括对所述受试者施用所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员,任选包含在脂质媒介物内,或者可包括施用在所述受试者中表达所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达载体。所述表达载体可以是病毒表达载体,诸如腺病毒表达载体,或非病毒表达载体,诸如包含在脂质媒介物内的。所述方法可进一步包括非miR-15家族成员疗法(即另一种微小RNA或其它适宜疗法)。
本发明还涵盖包含一种或多种miR-15家族成员(例如miR-195、miR-497、miR-424、miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-1、和miR-16-2)抑制剂的药物组合物。药物组合物可包含本文所述miR-15家族成员的任何抑制剂,诸如微小RNA拮抗剂、反义寡核苷酸、抑制性RNA分子、和包含一个或多个miR-15结合位点的核酸。在临床应用的情况中,药物组合物会以对于预定应用适宜的形式制备。一般而言,这会需要制备基本上不含热原以及其它对人类或动物会有害的杂质的组合物。
可以使用胶状分散系统(诸如大分子复合物、纳米胶囊、微球体、珠、和基于脂质的系统,包括水包油乳剂、胶束(micelle)、混合胶束、和脂质体)作为微小RNA功能的寡核苷酸抑制剂或表达抑制性核苷酸的构建体的递送媒介物。对于将本发明的核酸递送至组织诸如心肌组织合适地商品化脂肪乳剂包括Nutrilipid、和其它类似的脂质乳剂。一种作为体内递送媒介物使用的优选的胶状系统是脂质体(即,人工膜囊泡)。此类系统的制备和使用是本领域公知的。例示性的配制剂还披露于US 5,981,505;US 6,217,900;US 6,383,512;US 5,783,565;US 7,202,227;US 6,379,965;US 6,127,170;US 5,837,533;US 6,747,014;和WO03/093449,通过述及完整收入本文。
一般会希望采用适宜的盐和缓冲剂来使得递送媒介物稳定且容许被靶细胞摄取。当将重组细胞导入患者中时,也会采用缓冲液。本发明的水性组合物包含有效量的递送媒介物或细胞,其溶解或分散在药学可接受载体或水性介质中。短语“药学可接受的”或“药理学可接受的”指在对动物或人类施用时不产生不利的、变应性的、或其它不利的反应的分子实体和组合物。如本文中所使用的,“药学可接受载体”包括溶剂、缓冲剂、溶液、分散介质、涂层、抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂等等可接受用于配制药物(诸如适合对人施用的药物)的。此类介质和试剂用于药学活性物质的使用是本领域公知的。除非任何常规介质或试剂与本发明的活性成分不相容,否则就考虑它在治疗性组合物中的使用。还可以将补充性活性成分掺入组合物中,只要它们不灭活所述组合物的载体或细胞。
本发明的活性组合物可包括经典的药学制备物。依照本发明的这些组合物的施用可以经由任何常用路径,只要靶组织经由该路径可及。这包括口服、鼻、或含服。或者,施用可以是经过皮内、皮下、肌肉内、腹膜内或静脉内注射,或者通过直接注射入心脏组织。包含miRNA抑制剂的药物组合物或编码抑制性多核苷酸的表达构建体也可以通过导管系统或为将治疗剂递送至心脏而分离冠状循环的系统来施用。本领域知道用于将治疗剂递送至心脏和冠状脉管系统的多种导管系统。美国专利No.6,416,510;美国专利No.6,716,196;美国专利No.6,953,466;WO 2005/082440;WO 2006/089340;美国专利公开文本No.2007/0203445;美国专利公开文本No.2006/0148742;和美国专利公开文本No.2007/0060907(通过述及完整收入本文)中披露了适用于本发明的基于导管的递送方法或冠状动脉分离方法的一些非限制性例子。此类组合物通常会作为如上所述的药学可接受组合物来施用。
活性化合物也可以胃肠外或腹膜内施用。举例而言,可以在与表面活性剂(诸如羟丙基纤维素)适当混合的水中制备游离碱或药理学可接受盐形式的活性化合物的溶液。也可以在甘油、液体聚乙二醇、及其混合物中及在油中制备分散体。在普通贮存和使用条件下,这些制备物一般含有防腐剂以防止微生物生长。
对于注射使用或导管递送合适的药物形式包括例如无菌水溶液或分散体及用于临场制备无菌注射液或分散体的无菌粉剂。一般而言,这些制备物是无菌的,而且以存在易于注射性的程度流动。制备物在制造和贮存条件下应当是稳定的,而且应当针对微生物(诸如细菌和真菌)的污染作用进行防腐。适宜的溶剂或分散介质可含有例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇、和液体聚乙二醇、等等)、它们的合适混合物、及植物油。可以通过例如使用涂层(诸如卵磷脂)、通过维持所需粒度(在分散体的情况中)和通过使用表面活性剂来维持适当的流动性。可以通过各种抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂来实现对微生物作用的预防,例如paraben、氯丁醇、酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞、等等。在许多情况中,会优选包括等渗剂,例如糖或氯化钠。可以通过在组合物中使用延迟吸收的药剂来实现可注射组合物的吸收的延长,例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶。
可如下制备无菌注射液,即以适宜的量将活性化合物掺入根据需要含有任何其它成分(例如上文所列)的溶剂中,接着过滤除菌。一般而言,如下制备分散体,即将各种经灭菌的活性成分掺入含有基本分散介质和想要的其它成分(例如上文所列)的无菌媒介物中。在用于制备无菌注射液的无菌粉剂的情况中,优选的制备方法包括真空干燥和冷冻干燥技术,它们自先前无菌过滤的溶液产生其活性成分加任何别的想要的成分的粉末。
本发明的组合物一般可配制成中性或盐形式。药学可接受盐包括例如自无机酸(例如盐酸或磷酸)或自有机酸(例如乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、扁桃酸、等等)衍生的酸加成盐(与蛋白质的游离氨基形成的)。也可以自无机碱(例如氢氧化钠、钾、铵、钙、或铁)或自有机碱(例如异丙胺、三甲胺、组氨酸、普鲁卡因等等)衍生与蛋白质的游离羧基形成的盐。
配制后,优选以与剂型相容的方式和以治疗上有效的量施用溶液。所述配制剂可以容易地以多种剂量形式来施用,诸如注射液、药物释放胶囊等等。例如,为了以水溶液形式胃肠外施用,一般将溶液适当缓冲,并且首先例如用足够的盐或葡萄糖使得液体稀释剂等渗。此类水溶液可用于例如静脉内、肌肉内、皮下和腹膜内施用。优选的是,采用无菌水介质,正如本领域技术人员知道的,特别是根据本公开内容。举例而言,可以将单个剂量溶解在1ml等渗NaCl溶液中,并且或是添加至1000ml皮下输液或是在建议的输注部位注射(参加例如《Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences》第15版,第1035-1038页和第1570-1580页)。取决于所治疗的受试者的状况,剂量必然会发生一些变化。在任何情况中,负责施用的人会为各受试者决定适宜的剂量。此外,对于人类施用,制备物应当达到FDA生物制剂标准室要求的无菌度、热原度、一般安全和纯度标准。
本文所述任何成分可以包含在试剂盒中。在一个非限制性的例子中,一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂诸如微小RNA拮抗剂包括在试剂盒中。所述试剂盒可含有每个miR-15家族成员的两种或更多种、三种或更多种、四种或更多种、五种或更多种、或六种抑制剂。举例而言,所述试剂盒可含有miR-195的抑制剂和miR-15a的抑制剂。本发明涵盖miR-15家族成员的抑制剂的所有可能组合。所述试剂盒可进一步包括水和/或缓冲剂以稳定抑制性多核苷酸。所述试剂盒还可包括一种或多种转染试剂以便于将miRNA抑制剂递送至细胞。
试剂盒的成分可以在水介质中或以冻干形式包装。试剂盒的容器手段一般会包括至少一个管形瓶、试管、烧瓶、瓶、注射器或其它容器手段,其中可装有(优选合适地分配)成分。在试剂盒中有超过一种成分的情况中(标记用试剂和标记物可以包装在一起),试剂盒一般还会包含第二、第三或其它别的容器,其中可以分开装纳别的成分。然而,可以在管形瓶中装纳各种成分组合。本发明的试剂盒一般还会包括为了销售而牢固地安置核酸,和任何其它试剂容器的手段。此类容器可包括用于安放所需管形瓶的注射或吹塑成形的塑料容器。
当所述试剂盒的成分在一种和/或多种液体溶液中提供时,所述液体溶液是水溶液,特别优选无菌的水溶液。
然而,试剂盒的成分可以以干粉形式提供。当试剂和/或成分以干粉形式提供时,可以通过添加合适的溶剂来将所述粉剂重建。所述溶剂也可以在另一容器手段中提供。
容器手段一般会包括至少一个管形瓶、试管、烧瓶、瓶、注射器和/或其它容器手段,其中装有(优选合适地分配)核酸配制剂。所述试剂盒还可包含第二容器手段,用于装纳无菌的药学可接受缓冲剂和/或其它稀释剂。
此类试剂盒还可包括保存或维持miRNA抑制剂或者保护它们免于降解的成分。此类成分可以不含RNA酶或针对RNA酶提供保护。此类试剂盒一般会以合适的手段为每种单独的试剂或溶液包含独特的容器。
试剂盒还会包括关于采用试剂盒成分以及使用试剂盒中没有包括的任何其它试剂的指令。指令可包括能执行的变化形式。试剂盒还可包括通过各种施用路径(诸如胃肠外或导管施用)施用miRNA抑制剂的器具或装置。
此类试剂是本发明试剂盒的实施方案。然而,此类试剂盒不限于上文鉴定的具体项,而且可包括任何用于miRNA操作或表征的试剂。
本发明进一步包含用于鉴定miR-15家族成员的调控物的方法。鉴定得到的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的功能的抑制剂在心脏肥大或心力衰竭的预防或治疗或逆转中是有用的。miR-15家族成员的调控物(例如抑制剂)可以包括在药物组合物中,用于依照本发明的方法治疗心脏病症。
这些测定法可包含随机筛选候选化合物的大型文库;或者,所述测定法可用于聚焦于特定类别的化合物,它们是着眼于被认为使化合物更有可能抑制miR-15家族成员表达和/或功能的结构属性而选择的。
为了鉴定miR-15家族成员的调控物,一般会在存在和不存在候选化合物的情况中测定miR-15家族成员的功能。例如,所述方法一般包含:
(a)提供候选化合物;
(b)将所述候选化合物与miR-15家族成员混合;
(c)测量miR-15家族成员的活性;并
(d)比较步骤(c)中的活性与不存在所述候选化合物时的活性,
其中测量得到的活性间的差异指示所述候选化合物是miR-15家族成员的调控物。
也可以在分离的细胞、器官、或活的生物体中进行测定法。
评估miR-15家族成员的活性或表达可包含评估miR-15家族成员的表达水平。本领域技术人员会熟悉多种用于评估RNA表达水平的方法,包括例如Northern印迹或RT-PCR。评估miR-15家族成员的活性或表达可包含评估miR-15家族成员的活性。在一些实施方案中,评估miR-15家族成员的活性包含评估受miR-15家族成员调节的基因的表达或活性。受miR-15家族成员调节的基因包括例如FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、和细胞周期蛋白D2。本领域技术人员会熟悉多种用于评估受miR-15家族成员调节的基因的活性或表达的方法。此类方法包括例如Northern印迹、RT-PCR、ELISA、或Western印迹。
当然要理解,本发明的所有筛选方法自身就是有用的,尽管事实上可能没有找到有效的候选物。本发明提供了用于筛选此类候选物的方法,不仅仅是找到它们的方法。
如本文中所使用的,“候选物质”指任何可潜在调控miR-15家族成员的功能的分子。通常会从各种商业来源获得认为达到有用药物基本标准的分子文库,从而试图“推动”有用化合物的鉴定。对此类文库(包括通过组合产生的文库,例如微小RNA拮抗剂文库)的筛选是对大量相关(和无关)化合物筛选活性的一种快速且有效的方式。通过在有活性但其它方面不合适的化合物的原型上创建第二代、第三代、和第四代化合物,组合法还将它们自身用于潜在药物的快速进化。可依照本发明方法筛选的候选化合物的非限制性例子有蛋白质、肽、多肽、多核苷酸、寡核苷酸或小分子。miR-15家族成员的调控物也可以是任一miR-15家族成员的上游调节物的激动剂或抑制剂。
体外测定法是一种快速、便宜且容易的测定法。此类测定法一般使用分离的分子,能快速且大量运行,由此提高一小段时间里可获得的信息量。可使用多种容器来运行此类测定法,包括试管、板、盘和其它表面,诸如量杆(dipstick)或珠。
WO 84/03564(通过述及完整收入本文)中记载了一种用于高通量筛选化合物的技术。可以在固体基底(诸如塑料针或一些其它表面)上合成大量小的微小RNA拮抗剂化合物。可以对此类分子快速筛选它们与miR-15家族成员杂交的能力。
本发明还涵盖,对化合物筛选它们调控细胞中一个或多个miR-15家族成员表达和/或功能的能力。此类筛选测定法可利用各种细胞系,包括自骨骼肌细胞衍生的那些,包括专门为此目的而改造的细胞。也可以使用原代心脏细胞,正如H9C2细胞系。
体内测定法涉及心脏病的各种动物模型的使用,包括转基因动物,它们已经进行改造以具有特定缺陷或携带可用于测量候选化合物到达和影响生物体内不同细胞的能力的标志物。由于它们的体型、易于操作、及关于它们生理学和遗传构成的信息,小鼠是一种优选的实施方案,尤其对于转基因的。然而,其它动物也是合适的,包括大鼠、家兔、仓鼠、豚鼠、沙鼠、旱獭、猫、犬、绵羊、山羊、猪、牛、马和猴(包括黑猩猩、长臂猿和狒狒)。可以使用自任何这些物种衍生的动物模型来进行对抑制剂的测定法。
用测试化合物治疗动物会涉及对动物施用适宜形式的化合物。施用会通过任何可用于临床目的的路径。在体内测定化合物的有效性可涉及多种不同标准,包括但不限于肥大信号传导途径和肥大身体症状的改变。而且,可以以比体内或细胞内测定法更有意义的方式在动物中实施对毒性和剂量响应的测量。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了调节心脏细胞存活的方法,包括对心脏细胞施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的调控物。在另一个实施方案中,所述调控物是miR-15家族成员表达或活性的激动剂。在另一个实施方案中,心脏细胞存活在施用miR-15家族成员激动剂后降低。在另一个实施方案中,所述miR-15家族成员调控物是miR-15家族成员表达或活性的抑制剂。在又一个实施方案中,心脏细胞存活在施用miR-15家族成员抑制剂后升高。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供了调节心脏细胞凋亡的方法,包括对心脏细胞施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的调控物。在另一个实施方案中,所述调控物是miR-15家族成员表达或活性的激动剂。在另一个实施方案中,心脏细胞凋亡在施用miR-15家族成员激动剂后升高。在另一个实施方案中,所述miR-15家族成员调控物是miR-15家族成员表达或活性的抑制剂。在又一个实施方案中,心脏细胞凋亡在施用miR-15家族成员抑制剂后降低。在一些实施方案中,通过使细胞与miR-15家族抑制剂接触来提高细胞中FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、或细胞周期蛋白D2的表达。在其它实施方案中,通过使细胞与miR-15家族激动剂接触来降低细胞中FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、或细胞周期蛋白D2的表达。
如此,本发明包括调节细胞中FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、或细胞周期蛋白D2表达的方法,包括使细胞与miR-15家族成员的调控物接触。在一个实施方案中,细胞中FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、或细胞周期蛋白D2的表达在施用miR-15家族激动剂后降低。在另一个实施方案中,细胞中FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、或细胞周期蛋白D2的表达在施用miR-15家族抑制剂后升高。
miR-15家族成员的激动剂可以是包含来自miR-15家族成员之成熟序列或星序列的多核苷酸。在一个实施方案中,所述多核苷酸包含序列SEQ IDNO:7、SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:16、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQ ID NO:20、或SEQ ID NO:21。在另一个实施方案中,miR-15家族成员的激动剂可以是包含miR-15家族成员之pri-miRNA或pre-miRNA序列(例如pre-miR-195、pre-miR-497、pre-miR-424、pre-miR-15a、pre-miR-15b、pre-miR-16-1、或pre-miR-16-2)的多核苷酸。例如,在一个实施方案中,所述激动剂可以是包含序列SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:2、SEQ IDNO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、或SEQ ID NO:19的多核苷酸。包含miR-15家族成员成熟序列的多核苷酸可以是单链的或双链的。所述多核苷酸可以含有一处或多处化学修饰,诸如锁定核酸、肽核酸、糖修饰(诸如2′-O-烃基(例如2′-O-甲基、2′-O-甲氧乙基)、2′-氟、和4′-硫修饰)、和主链修饰(诸如一个或多个硫代硫酸酯、吗啉代、或膦羧酸酯连接)。在一个实施方案中,所述包含miR-15家族成员序列的多核苷酸偶联有胆固醇。在另一个实施方案中,所述miR-15家族成员激动剂可以是不同于miR-15家族成员,起提高、补充、或代替miR-15家族成员功能的作用的药剂。在另一个实施方案中,所述miR-15家族激动剂可以在体内自载体表达。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了用于在有所需要的受试者中治疗病理性心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的方法,包括:鉴定具有心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的受试者;并对所述受试者施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。在本发明的某些实施方案中,所述miR-15家族抑制剂可以通过包括如下步骤的方法来鉴定:(a)使细胞接触候选化合物;(b)评估miR-15家族成员的活性或表达;并(c)比较步骤(b)中的活性或表达与不存在所述候选化合物时的活性或表达,其中与所述候选化合物接触的细胞中miR-15家族成员的活性或表达与不存在所述候选化合物的细胞中的活性或表达相比的降低指示所述候选化合物是所述miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。
本发明的一个具体实施方案提供了缺少miR-15家族成员两个功能性等位基因中的一个或两个的转基因动物。而且,在诱导型的、组织选择性的或组成型的启动子控制下表达miR-15家族成员的转基因动物,自此类动物衍生的重组细胞系,及转基因胚在确定miR-15家族成员在心肌细胞发育和分化中及在病理性心脏肥大和心力衰竭的发生中发挥的确切作用中可能是有用的。另外,这些转基因动物可洞察心脏发育。组成型表达的miR-15家族成员的使用为过度调节的或不受调节的表达提供了模型。而且,涵盖“敲除”了一个或多个miR-15家族成员的两个等位基因中一个或两个的转基因动物。
在一个一般的实施方案中,通过以容许转基因表达的方式使给定的转基因整合入基因组中生成了转基因动物。用于生成转基因动物的方法一般性记载于Wagner和Hoppe(美国专利4,873,191;通过述及收入本文);及Brinster等(1985;通过述及收入本文)。
典型的是,通过显微注射将侧翼为基因组序列的基因转移入受精卵。将显微注射后的卵植入宿主雌兽,并对后代筛选转基因表达。可以自来自许多动物(包括但不限于爬行类、两栖类、鸟类、哺乳类、和鱼类)的受精卵生成转基因动物。
可以通过本领域已知的任何手段来制备用于显微注射的DNA克隆。例如,可以用适宜于清除细菌质粒序列的酶切割用于显微注射的DNA克隆,并使用标准技术在TBE缓冲液中在1%琼脂糖凝胶上对DNA片段电泳。通过溴化乙锭染色来显现DNA条带,并切出含有表达序列的条带。然后将切出的条带置于装有0.3M乙酸钠,pH 7.0的透析袋中。将DNA电洗脱入透析袋中,用1∶1酚∶氯仿溶液抽提,并用两倍体积的乙醇沉淀。将DNA在1ml低盐缓冲液(0.2M NaCl,20mM Tris,pH 7.4,和1mM EDTA)中重新溶解,并在Elutip-DTM柱上纯化。首先用3ml高盐缓冲液(1M NaCl,20mM Tris,pH 7.4,和1mM EDTA)预先准备柱,接着用5ml低盐缓冲液清洗。使DNA溶液穿过柱三次以使DNA结合至柱基质。用3ml低盐缓冲液清洗一次后,用0.4ml高盐缓冲液洗脱DNA,并用两倍体积的乙醇沉淀。在UV分光光度计中通过260nm吸收来测量DNA浓度。为了显微注射,将DNA浓度在5mM Tris,pH 7.4和0.1mM EDTA中调节至3μg/ml。用于纯化用于显微注射的DNA的其它方法记载于Palmiter等(1982);及Sambrook等(2001)。
在一种例示性的显微注射规程中,通过5IU注射(0.1cc,ip)怀孕母马血清促性腺激素(PMSG;Sigma),接着48小时后5IU注射(0.1cc,ip)人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG;Sigma),诱导六周龄雌性小鼠超排卵。hCG注射后立即将雌性与雄性放在一起。hCG注射后21小时,通过CO2窒息或颈脱位法处死交配后的雌性,并自切开的输卵管取出胚,放在含0.5%牛血清清蛋白(BSA;Sigma)的Dulbecco氏磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。用透明质酸酶(1mg/ml)清除周围的丘细胞(cumulus cell)。然后在含0.5%BSA的Earle氏平衡盐溶液(EBSS)中清洗前核胚并放置在具有5%CO2、95%空气的增湿大气的37.5℃温箱中,直至注射的时间。可以在两细胞阶段进行胚的植入。
将随机循环的成年雌性小鼠与切除了输精管的雄性配对。为此目的可使用C57BL/6或Swiss小鼠或其它相当的品系。使受体雌性在与供体雌性相同的时间交配。在转移胚时,通过腹膜内注射0.015ml 2.5%阿佛丁每克体重来麻醉受体雌性。通过一个中线背部切口来暴露输卵管。然后穿过刚好在输卵管上方的体壁做一个切口。然后用制表镊撕裂卵巢囊。将要转移的胚放在DPBS(Dulbecco氏磷酸盐缓冲盐水)中且在转移移液管的尖端中(约10-12个胚)。将移液管尖端插入漏斗中并转移胚。转移后,通过两次缝合来关闭切口。
如本文中所使用的,术语“心力衰竭”广泛用于表示降低心脏泵血能力的任何疾患。结果是,在组织中发生充血和水肿。最常见的是,心力衰竭是由源自冠状动脉血流降低的心肌收缩性降低引起的;然而,许多其它因素可导致心力衰竭,包括对心脏瓣膜的损害、维生素缺乏、和原发性心脏肌肉疾病。虽然尚未完全了解心力衰竭的精确生理机制,但是一般认为心力衰竭涉及数项心脏自主特性(包括交感神经的、副交感神经的、和压力感受器应答)中的病症。短语“心力衰竭的表现”广泛用于涵盖与心力衰竭有关的所有后遗症,诸如呼吸短促、压凹性水肿、肝肿大且触痛、颈部静脉充血、肺部啰音等等,包括与心力衰竭有关的实验室发现。
术语“治疗”或“处理”或语法等同形式涵盖心力衰竭症状的改善和/或逆转(即心脏泵血的能力)。可以使用本文所述任何度量(例如测量射血分数、缩短分数、左心室内径、心率等)以及对动物存活的任何效果来评估心脏“生理功能的改善”。在使用动物模型时,使用本文所述任何测定法比较接受治疗的转基因动物和不接受治疗的转基因动物的响应(另外,可以包括接受治疗的和不接受治疗的非转基因动物作为对照)。在本发明的筛选方法中使用的、引起与心力衰竭有关的任何参数改善的化合物可由此鉴定为治疗性化合物。
术语“扩张性心肌病”指以存在收缩期收缩功能差的对称性扩张左心室为特征且另外常常涉及右心室的一种心力衰竭类型。
术语“化合物”指可用于治疗或预防身体功能的疾病(disease)、病(illness)、不适(sickness)、或病症(disorder)的任何化学实体、药剂、药物等等。化合物包含已知的和潜在的治疗性化合物。可以通过使用本发明的筛选方法进行的筛选来确定化合物是治疗性的。“已知的治疗性化合物”指已经显示出(例如经由动物试验或对人类施用的在先经验)在此类治疗中有效的治疗性化合物。换言之,已知的治疗性化合物不限于在心力衰竭的治疗中有效的化合物。
如本文中所使用的,术语“心脏肥大”指其中成年心脏肌细胞经由肥大性生长来响应压力的过程。此类生长的特征在于细胞大小增大而没有细胞分裂,在细胞内装配另外的肌节以使力量生成最大化,及胎心基因程序的激活。心脏肥大常常与升高的发病和死亡风险有关,因此致力于了解心脏肥大的分子机制的研究会对人类健康具有重大影响。
如本文中所使用的,术语“调控”指生物性活性的变化或改变。调控可以是蛋白质活性的升高或降低、激酶活性的变化、结合特征的变化、或与蛋白质或其它感兴趣结构的活性有关的生物学、功能、或免疫学特性的任何其它变化。术语“调控物”指如上所述能够变化或改变生物学活性的任何分子或化合物。
术语“β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂”指能够阻断(部分地或完全地)贝塔(β)型肾上腺素受体(即响应儿茶酚胺(尤其是去甲肾上腺素)的肾上腺素能系统受体)的化学化合物或实体。有些β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂展现出一定程度的对一种受体亚型(一般是β1)的特异性;此类拮抗剂叫作“β1特异性肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂”和“β2特异性肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂”。术语“β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂”指作为选择性和非选择性拮抗剂的化学化合物。β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂的例子包括但不限于醋丁洛尔(acebutolol)、阿替洛尔(atenolol)、丁氧胺(butoxamine)、卡替洛尔(carteolol)、艾司洛尔(esmolol)、拉贝洛尔(labetolol)、美托洛尔(metoprolol)、纳多洛尔(nadolol)、喷布洛尔(penbutolol)、普萘洛尔(propanolol)、和噻吗洛尔(timolol)。本发明的方法涵盖已知的β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂的衍生物的使用。事实上,本发明的方法涵盖在功能上表现像β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂的任何化合物。
术语“血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂”或“ACE抑制剂”指能够抑制(部分地或完全地)肾素(rennin)-血管紧张素系统中相对无活性的血管紧张素I转化成有活性的血管紧张素II所涉及的酶的化学化合物或实体。另外,ACE抑制剂伴随地抑制缓激肽的降解,这有可能显著增强ACE抑制剂的抗高血压效果。ACE抑制剂的例子包括但不限于贝那普利(benazepril)、卡托普利(captopril)、依那普利(enalopril)、福辛普利(fosinopril)、赖诺普利(lisinopril)、喹那普利(quiapril)和雷米普利(ramipril)。本发明的方法涵盖已知的ACE抑制剂的衍生物的使用。事实上,本发明的方法涵盖在功能上表现像ACE抑制剂的任何化合物。
如本文中所使用的,术语“基因型”指生物体的实际遗传组成,而“表型”指个体所展示的身体性状。另外,“表型”是基因组选择性表达的结果(即它是细胞历史的表达及其对细胞外环境的响应)。事实上,人类基因组含有估计30,000-35,000个基因。在每种细胞类型中,这些基因只有一小部分(即10-15%)表达。
在权利要求书和/或说明书中与术语“包含”联合使用时,词语“一个/种”的使用可以表示“一个/种”,但是也与“一个/种或多个/种”、“至少一个/种”、和“一个/种或超过一个/种”的含义一致。
本文中讨论的任何实施方案可以用本发明的任何方法或组合物来执行,反之亦然。另外,本发明的组合物和试剂盒可用于实现本发明的方法。
贯穿本申请,术语“约”用于表示某数值包括用于测定该数值的装置或方法的误差的标准偏差。
权利要求书中术语“或”的使用用于表示“和/或”,除非明确指明指只选一项或各备选项相互排斥,即使公开文本支持只选一项的定义和“和/或”。
如本说明书和权利要求书中所使用的,词语“包含”(及其任何变形)、“具有”(及其任何变形)、“包括”(及其任何变形)或“含有”(及其任何变形)是包含性/包括性的或开放式的,不排除别的未述及的成分或方法步骤。
包括下列实施例来进一步例示本发明的各个方面。本领域技术人员会领会,下文实施例中公开的技术代表了发明人发现在实施本发明时运转良好且因此能视为构成实施本发明的优选模式的技术和/或组合物。然而,根据本公开内容,本领域技术人员应领会可以在所公开的具体实施方案中进行许多改变且仍然获得类似或相似的结果而不背离本发明的精神和范围。
实施例
实施例1:压力响应性miRNA对心脏肥大和心力衰竭调节
根据它们在调控细胞表型中的牵连,发明人假设miRNA可能在调节心脏对心脏压力的响应中发挥作用,已知该响应导致基因表达的转录和翻译变化。为了调查miRNA在心脏肥大中的潜在牵连,使用代表186种不同miRNA的微阵列,在两种已建立的心脏肥大小鼠模型中实施并行miRNA微阵列分析。将进行胸主动脉绑扎(TAB)(这通过升高的心脏后负荷来诱导肥大)(Hill等,2000)的小鼠与假手术动物比较。在第二种模型中,将在心脏中表达活化的钙依赖磷酸酶(CnA)(这导致严重的、表征充分的形式的肥大)(Molkentin等,1998)的转基因小鼠与野生型同窝小鼠比较(图1A)。自进行TAB的小鼠的心脏分离的RNA显示出与假手术对照相比升高的27种miRNA的表达,而CnA Tg小鼠显示出与非转基因同窝小鼠对照相比升高的33种miRNA的表达,其中21种在两种模型中都上调。类似地,TAB和CnA诱导的肥大分别伴有降低的15种14种miRNA的表达,其中7种miRNA共同下调(图1B)。这些miRNA表达的Northern分析和先前的微阵列分析(Barad等,2004;Sempere等,2004;Shingara等,2005;Babak等,2004;Liu等,2004)指示它们在广泛的组织中表达。
基于它们的相对表达水平,人、大鼠和小鼠序列的保守性,及肥大期间的表达水平,发明人聚焦于11种上调的和5种下调的miRNA。自WT和CnA Tg动物心脏组织分离的RNA的Northern印迹分析证实了升高的miR-21、miR-23、miR-24、miR-125b、miR-195、miR-199a、和miR-214表达,及降低的miR-29c、miR-93、miR-150和miR-181b表达(图1C)。总之,这些数据指示独特的miRNA在心脏肥大期间受到调节,提示它们可能发挥此过程调控物的功能的可能性。
心室肥大在人类中响应多种形式的心脏压力而形成且常常导致心力衰竭(Arad等,2002)。特发性末期衰竭人心脏中肥大调节的miRNA的Northern印迹分析显示了miR-24、miR-125b、miR-195、miR-199a和miR-214的表达升高,而miR-23的表达表现出在非衰竭和衰竭组内是可变的(图2)。在miR-21、miR-27、miR-29c、miR-93、miR-150和miR-181b的表达中没有找到差异(数据未显示)。如此,衰竭的人心脏中改变的miRNA表达样式与肥大的小鼠心脏的交叠,提示这些miRNA代表不利心脏重塑的分子签名。
实施例2:miR-195的心脏过表达足以驱动心脏肥大
在α-肌球蛋白重链(MHC)启动子的控制下在心脏中特异性过表达miR-24、miR-195和miR-214。对于miR-24,得不到F1后代,提示此miRNA的心脏过表达引起胚胎致死性。因为miR-195转基因(Tg)系3的所有后代由于心力衰竭在出生后头两周里死亡(图3),使用存活的miR-195的Tg系1进行进一步研究。Northern印迹分析显示了miR-195在Tg系1中以高出正常约25倍的水平表达(图3)。miR-195过表达最初诱导具有心肌细胞组织破坏(disorganization)的心脏生长,这到6周龄时进展成扩张表型。虽然有一些纤维变性损伤,但是miR-195Tg小鼠中各肌细胞的尺寸与野生型(WT)相比的显著增大是更加惊人的(图3)。
6周龄动物的超声心动图显象显示了miR-195Tg小鼠展示了左心室壁(AWs和PWs)变薄,左心室直径(LVIDd和LVIDs)变大及心脏功能退化,如缩短分数降低所指示的(图4A)。与WT同窝小鼠相比,miR-195Tg动物中的心重对体重比也显著升高,指示miR-195过表达足以刺激心脏生长(图4B)。与它们的WT同窝小鼠相比,对来自miR-195Tg动物的心脏组织的实时PCR分析揭示了肥大标志物心房钠尿因子(ANF)、b型钠尿蛋白(BNP)和β-肌球蛋白重链(βMHC)响应miR-195的心脏过表达而发生的显著上调(图4C)。
与miR-195过表达对心脏结构、功能、和基因表达的显著影响不同,水平与miR-195相当的miR-214心脏过表达没有表型影响(图4C和5,及未显示的数据)。如此,在miR-195Tg动物中诱导的心脏重塑明确地是由于此miRNA的功能效果,而非源自miRNA过表达的一般性非特异性效果。这些结果提示升高的miR-195表达诱导导致心力衰竭的肥大信号传导。因为miR-195属于相关miRNA的一个小家族,即miR-15家族,所以其它家族成员也有可能参与心脏病。
miR-195促进心脏生长的能力与miR-1的能力构成对比,后者是一种通过遏制bHLH蛋白Hand2表达来抑制心脏生长的肌肉特异性miRNA(Zhao等,2005)。miR-1在成体心脏中高度表达,但是miR-195显然能够超越miR-1对心脏生长的抑制性影响。
尤其有趣的是,在心肌细胞中过表达肥大期间下调的miRNA引起细胞尺寸的明显缩小,即与由上调的miRNA所引起的效果相反。对这些结果的一种解释是这些miRNA的正常功能是遏制生长,并因此被下调以增强肥大。
miRNA-195属于微小RNA的一个小家族,即miR-15家族,其含有miR-195、miR-16-1、miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16-2、miR-424、和miR-497。miR-15家族的四个成员表达成三个簇集的转录物(图6A)。使用多种生物信息学办法,鉴定出miR-195的潜在mRNA靶。数种鉴定得到的靶mRNA编码细胞增殖、存活和抗凋亡所涉及的蛋白质(图6B)。miR-15家族的预测靶物之一是FGF2,其显示出促进心脏修复(图7)。miR-15家族的所有成员在衰竭的人心脏中上调,指示此微小RNA家族在病理性心脏重塑中发挥关键作用(图8)。因为所有miR-15家族成员共享一段保守种子序列,所以通过靶向该种子序列能同时抑制所有miR-15家族成员。一种这样的办法必须过表达含有多个结合位点的核酸,该结合位点包含与该种子序列互补的序列。该核酸会“清除”或“消除”所有不同成员,因为它们在种子区中交叠且因此在靶序列中交叠(图8B)(Ebert等,2007)。
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通过述及将本文中所讨论和引用的所有出版物、专利和专利申请完整收入本文。根据本公开文本,无需过度实验就能做出和执行本文中所公开的和要求保护的所有组合物和方法。虽然已经在优选实施方案方面描述了本发明的组合物和方法,但是对本领域技术人员会显而易见的是,可以对本文所述组合物和方法,及所述方法的各步骤或各步骤的顺序进行改变而不背离本发明的概念、精神和范围。更具体的说,会显而易见的是,在化学和生理学这两方面相关的某些试剂可以替代本文所述药剂,而会实现相同或相似的结果。认为对本领域技术人员显而易见的所有此类相似替代和修改在本发明的精神、范围和概念内,它们由所附权利要求限定。
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Claims (69)
1.一种在有所需要的受试者中治疗病理性心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的方法,包括:
(a)鉴定具有心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的受试者;并
(b)抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中抑制包括给所述受试者施用一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是微小RNA拮抗剂(antagomir)、反义寡核苷酸、或抑制性RNA分子。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员选自下组:miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、和miR-497。
5.权利要求3的方法,其中所述微小RNA拮抗剂或反义寡核苷酸包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列互补的序列。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中所述微小RNA拮抗剂或反义寡核苷酸包含与选自下组的序列互补的序列:SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:16、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQID NO:20、和SEQ ID NO:21。
7.权利要求3的方法,其中所述抑制性RNA分子包含双链区,其中所述双链区包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列基本上相同和基本上互补的序列。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述双链区包含与选自下组的序列基本上相同和基本上互补的序列:SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:16、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQ ID NO:20、和SEQ ID NO:21。
9.权利要求2的方法,其中所述抑制剂是包含一个或多个miR-15结合位点的核酸。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述miR-15结合位点具有与SEQ ID NO:18互补的序列。
11.权利要求2的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是通过胃肠外施用或直接注射入心脏组织而施用的。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述胃肠外施用是静脉内的或皮下的。
13.权利要求2的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是通过口服、经皮、持续释放、受控释放、延迟释放、栓剂、导管、或舌下施用而施用的。
14.权利要求2的方法,进一步包括给所述受试者施用第二心脏肥大疗法。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中所述第二疗法选自下组:β-阻滞剂、肌力药、利尿药、ACE-I、AII拮抗剂、BNP、Ca++-阻滞剂、内皮缩血管肽受体拮抗剂、和HDAC抑制剂。
16.权利要求14的方法,其中所述第二疗法是在与所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂相同的时间施用的。
17.权利要求14的方法,其中所述第二疗法是在所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂之前或之后施用的。
18.权利要求2的方法,其中所述受试者中的病理性心脏肥大、心力衰竭、或心肌梗死的一种或多种症状在施用所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂后得到改善。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中所述一种或多种症状是升高的运动能力、升高的心脏射血体积、降低的左心室舒张末期压、降低的肺毛细血管楔压、升高的心输出量、升高的心指数、降低的肺动脉压、降低的左心室收缩和舒张末期内径、降低的左和右心室壁压、降低的壁张力、提高的生命质量、降低的疾病相关发病率或死亡率、或其组合。
20.权利要求2的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂的施用延迟所述受试者中的心脏肥大转变成心力衰竭。
21.权利要求1的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员选自下组:miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424和miR-497。
22.一种在有所需要的受试者中预防病理性肥大或心力衰竭的方法,包括:
(a)鉴定有风险发生病理性心脏肥大或心力衰竭的受试者;并
(b)抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中抑制包括对所述心脏细胞递送一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。
24.权利要求23的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是微小RNA拮抗剂、反义寡核苷酸、或抑制性RNA分子。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员选自下组:miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、和miR-497。
26.权利要求24的方法,其中所述微小RNA拮抗剂或反义寡核苷酸包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列互补的序列。
27.权利要求26的方法,其中所述微小RNA拮抗剂或反义寡核苷酸包含与选自下组的序列互补的序列:SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:16、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQID NO:20、和SEQ ID NO:21。
28.权利要求24的方法,其中所述抑制性RNA分子包含双链区,其中所述双链区包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列基本上相同和基本上互补的序列。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中所述双链区包含与选自下组的序列基本上相同和基本上互补的序列:SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:16、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQ ID NO:20、和SEQ ID NO:21。
30.权利要求23的方法,其中所述抑制剂是包含一个或多个miR-15结合位点的核酸。
31.权利要求30的方法,其中所述miR-15结合位点具有与SEQ ID NO:18互补的序列。
32.权利要求22的方法,其中所述有风险的受试者可展现出一种或多种选自下组的风险因素:不受控制的高血压、未矫正的瓣膜病、慢性心绞痛、近期的心肌梗死、对心脏病的先天性素因、和病理性肥大。
33.权利要求22的方法,其中所述有风险的受试者已经诊断为具有对心脏肥大的遗传素因。
34.权利要求22的方法,其中所述有风险的受试者具有心脏肥大的家族史。
35.一种转基因的非人哺乳动物,其细胞未能表达至少一个功能性miR-15家族成员。
36.权利要求35的转基因哺乳动物,其中所述miR-15家族成员选自下组:miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、和miR-497。
37.权利要求35的转基因哺乳动物,其中所述哺乳动物是小鼠。
38.一种转基因的非人哺乳动物,其细胞包含在异源启动子控制下的miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、或miR-497编码区,所述异源启动子在所述非人哺乳动物的细胞中有活性。
39.权利要求38的转基因哺乳动物,其中所述哺乳动物是小鼠。
40.权利要求38的转基因哺乳动物,其中所述启动子是组织特异性启动子、肌肉特异性启动子、或心肌特异性启动子。
41.一种转基因的非人哺乳动物细胞,其缺少miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、和miR-497中一项或多项的两个天然等位基因之一或二者。
42.权利要求41的细胞,其中所述细胞缺少miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、或miR-497的所述两个天然等位基因。
43.一种在有所需要的受试者中预防心脏肥大和扩张性心肌病的方法,包括抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。
44.一种在有所需要的受试者中抑制心脏肥大进展的方法,包括抑制所述受试者的心脏细胞中的一个或多个miR-15家族成员的表达或活性。
45.一种用于鉴定miR-15家族成员调控物的方法,包括:
(a)使细胞与候选化合物接触;
(b)评估miR-15家族成员活性或表达;并
(c)比较步骤(b)中的活性或表达与不存在所述候选化合物时的活性或表达,
其中测量得到的活性或表达间的差异指示所述候选化合物是所述miR-15家族成员的调控物。
46.权利要求45的方法,其中在体外使所述细胞与所述候选化合物接触。
47.权利要求45的方法,其中在体内使所述细胞与所述候选化合物接触。
48.权利要求45的方法,其中所述调控物是所述miR-15家族成员的激动剂。
49.权利要求45的方法,其中所述调控物是所述miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。
50.权利要求45的方法,其中所述候选化合物是蛋白质、肽、多肽、多核苷酸、寡核苷酸、或小分子。
51.权利要求45的方法,其中评估活性或表达包括评估所述miR-15家族成员的表达。
52.权利要求51的方法,其中评估表达包括Northern印迹或RT-PCR。
53.权利要求45的方法,其中评估活性或表达包括评估所述miR-15家族成员的活性。
54.权利要求53的方法,其中评估所述miR-15家族成员的活性包括评估受所述miR-15家族成员调节的基因的表达或活性。
55.权利要求54的方法,其中受所述miR-15家族成员调节的基因是FGF2、TGFb诱导的因子2、BCL9I、BCL2L、CDC25A、细胞周期蛋白E1、细胞周期蛋白D1、或细胞周期蛋白D2。
56.权利要求53的方法,其中评估活性包括评估超过一种miR-15家族成员的活性或表达。
57.一种药物组合物,其包含一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂。
58.权利要求57的药物组合物,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员的抑制剂是微小RNA拮抗剂、反义寡核苷酸、或抑制性RNA分子。
59.权利要求58的药物组合物,其中所述一个或多个miR-15家族成员选自下组:miR-15a、miR-15b、miR-16、miR-195、miR-424、和miR-497。
60.权利要求58的药物组合物,其中所述微小RNA拮抗剂或反义寡核苷酸包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列互补的序列。
61.权利要求60的药物组合物,其中所述微小RNA拮抗剂或反义寡核苷酸包含与选自下组的序列互补的序列:SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ IDNO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:16、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQ ID NO:20、和SEQ ID NO:21。
62.权利要求58的药物组合物,其中所述抑制性RNA分子包含双链区,其中所述双链区包含与miR-15家族成员成熟序列基本上相同和基本上互补的序列。
63.权利要求62的药物组合物,其中所述双链区包含与选自下组的序列基本上相同和基本上互补的序列:SEQ ID NO:7、SEQ ID NO:8、SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:11、SEQ ID NO:12、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:15、SEQ ID NO:16、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQID NO:20、和SEQ ID NO:21。
64.权利要求57的方法,其中所述抑制剂是包含一个或多个miR-15结合位点的核酸。
65.权利要求64的方法,其中所述miR-15结合位点具有与SEQ ID NO:18互补的序列。
66.权利要求57的药物组合物,其中所述组合物是为注射而配制的。
67.权利要求57的药物组合物,其与供胃肠外施用用的试剂盒组合。
68.权利要求67的药物组合物,其中所述胃肠外施用是静脉内或皮下。
69.权利要求57的药物组合物,其与供导管施用用的试剂盒组合。
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CN102178959A (zh) * | 2011-03-15 | 2011-09-14 | 清华大学深圳研究生院 | 抑制肺转移肿瘤生长的siRNA及其寡聚核酸组合与应用 |
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CN104428426A (zh) * | 2012-04-27 | 2015-03-18 | 西门子公司 | 多发性硬化的诊断miRNA概况 |
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CN106924757B (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2020-07-24 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 | miR-449c-5p及其拟似物在制备治疗和预防心脏瓣膜疾病产品中的应用 |
Also Published As
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JP2011503106A (ja) | 2011-01-27 |
US20140051745A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
US9078919B2 (en) | 2015-07-14 |
CA2705325C (en) | 2016-11-01 |
CA2705325A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
US8513209B2 (en) | 2013-08-20 |
WO2009062169A3 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
EP2219653A4 (en) | 2012-02-29 |
EP2219653B1 (en) | 2016-12-21 |
AU2008323652A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
BRPI0818901A2 (pt) | 2015-05-12 |
AU2008323652A2 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
EP2219653A2 (en) | 2010-08-25 |
JP2015007059A (ja) | 2015-01-15 |
NZ585209A (en) | 2012-08-31 |
KR20100099158A (ko) | 2010-09-10 |
US20100317713A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
AU2008323652B2 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
WO2009062169A8 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
WO2009062169A2 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
JP5654352B2 (ja) | 2015-01-14 |
MX2010005166A (es) | 2010-10-07 |
CN101951924B (zh) | 2015-06-24 |
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