CN101686840A - 具有排流体特征的鸭嘴样密封件 - Google Patents

具有排流体特征的鸭嘴样密封件 Download PDF

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CN101686840A
CN101686840A CN200880022715A CN200880022715A CN101686840A CN 101686840 A CN101686840 A CN 101686840A CN 200880022715 A CN200880022715 A CN 200880022715A CN 200880022715 A CN200880022715 A CN 200880022715A CN 101686840 A CN101686840 A CN 101686840A
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P·T·弗兰尔
T·A·吉尔克尔
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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Abstract

本发明提供通常用于套管针组件的密封组件,该密封组件用于选择性地促进流体流动离开其中央部。在一个示例性实施例中,所述密封组件的密封主体的内表面被构造成能选择性地促进流体朝向所述密封主体的周边部移动,离开所述密封主体的中央部。讨论了各种构造、几何结构和尺寸,不过这种构造的一个实例包括使所述密封主体的中央部比所述密封主体的周边部处于更靠近侧的位置。

Description

具有排流体特征的鸭嘴样密封件
技术领域
本申请涉及套管针组件,更具体地讲,涉及常用于套管针组件的密封组件。
背景技术
外科手术经常要求手术医生能进入患者身体中的腔体。通常,当要求这种手术时,在腔体的外壁中作出切口,将仪器插入到该切口所产生的工作沟槽。一种用于这种手术的普通仪器是套管针组件。套管针组件包括多个部件,但通常可包括套管针套管、套管针密闭装置和套管针壳体。在许多设计中,为了进入身体的腔体,将套管针套管引导经过皮肤,将套管针密闭装置插入经过套管所限定出的内腔。然后可用套管针密闭装置穿透往往已经用解剖刀或类似装置在其中作出切口的皮肤,从而进入身体的腔体。更具体地讲,在一些设计中,对套管针密闭装置的近端施加压力,能迫使套管针密闭装置的远端处的尖头穿过皮肤,直到进入身体的腔体。然后,将套管针套管插入穿过由针密闭装置形成的孔洞,并将套管针密闭装置撤回,留下套管针套管的内腔作为从身体的外部进入身体的腔体的通道。
套管针壳体可接合到套管针套管的近端部分,此外壳体可限定出工作室,该工作室具有与套管的内腔连通的开口远端部分。就像内腔能接纳密闭装置那样,它还能接纳其他的细长外科仪器,使得仪器能经过套管针壳体所限定出的工作室的近端部分轴向延伸进入套管和从套管撤回。例如,为了让手术医生更容易地在手术中进行观察,可将内诊镜插入经过套管而接近或进入身体的腔体。
通常将密封组件或密封装置用于套管针组件。密封组件通常有助于防止流体或气体在手术程序过程中逸出。这种防止是必要的,尤其是在某些其中使用吹入气体(insufflation gas)来扩张身体的腔体的最小程度侵入性手术中。但是,可能难以维持内部气体压力,因为在手术程序过程中,通常要将仪器通入和取出套管针组件。因此,通常在套管针组件中提供密封组件,往往是两个密封组件。密封组件能对插入的仪器的外表面进行密封,从而能防止流体和吹入气体经过套管针套管逸出和/或进入身体的腔体。
在提供有两个密封组件的情况中,上方或者近端的密封件常常设计来在外科仪器存在时围绕该仪器进行密封,而下方或者远端的密封件常常设计来在外科仪器不存在时将套管针套管密封。一种类型的远端密封件是“鸭嘴样”密封件。鸭嘴样密封组件通常包括一对相对的阀构件,它们张开和闭合的方式犹如鸭子张开和闭合鸭嘴。此外,它们可包括直壁角度,其限定密封组件的张开和闭合的活动点,或者它们可包括多角度的壁,其能达到相同的目的,但还可具有改进的抗扯性和防皱性。
虽然这种密封组件能有效防止流体和吹入气体经过套管针套管逸出和/或进入身体的腔体,但在密封件上可能积累的流体往往会在仪器插入经过密封件时被抹到仪器上。这对于诸如内诊镜的仪器来说尤其成问题,因为流体常常被直接抹到相机镜头上,从而妨碍手术医生的观察。
因此,需要能使流体在通入和取出套管针组件的外科仪器上的积累减至最低的密封组件。
发明内容
提供的套管针通常具有一个或多个密封组件,所述密封组件用来选择性地促进流体移动离开密封组件的中央部。在一个实施例中,提供用于套管针组件的密封组件,该密封组件包括密封主体,该密封主体被构造成能响应被插入到密封主体中的物体而选择性地张开密封组件。在一个示例性实施例中,密封主体的内表面被构造成能选择性地促进流体在密封面处从所述密封主体的中央部离开并朝向所述密封主体的周边部移动在一个实施例中,密封主体的中央部比密封主体的周边部处于更靠近侧的位置。此外,密封主体的内表面可由任何多种几何形状所形成,但在两个示例性实施例中,密封主体的内表面以基本上直线的方式从中央部延伸到周边部,或者密封主体的内表面以基本上弧形的方式从中央部延伸到周边部。在一个实施例中,密封组件是鸭嘴样密封组件。
在用于套管针组件的密封组件的另一个实施例中,提供了这样的密封主体,其具有延伸经过其的纵向轴线和基本上垂直于纵向轴线的横向平面,其有多个相对的密封元件从密封主体的近端以相对于横向平面的锐角朝远侧延伸。所述相对的密封元件可包括在位于密封主体的远端处的密封面处相接的内表面和外表面,而且所述相对的密封元件可被构造成能选择性地张开和基本闭合所述密封面。在一个示例性实施例中,密封元件的内表面可被构造成能选择性地促进流体在密封面处从所述密封元件的中央部离开并朝向所述密封元件的周边部移动。在一个实施例中,密封元件的每个内表面的中央部在密封面处比密封元件的周边部处于更靠近侧的位置。此外,每个密封元件的内表面可由任何多种几何形状所形成,但在两个示例性实施例中,所述内表面以基本上直线的方式从中央部延伸到周边部,或者所述每个密封元件的内表面以基本上弧形的方式从中央部延伸到周边部。在另一个实施例中,密封主体可包括一个或多个在从密封主体的远端中形成的沟槽,所述一个或多个沟槽可适应于接纳移动离开密封元件的中央部的流体。在一个实施例中,密封组件是鸭嘴样密封组件。在又另一个实施例中,所述多个密封元件是两个密封元件。
在套管针组件的一个实施例中,提供了从壳体延伸的套管,使得壳体和套管限定工作沟槽,该工作沟槽的尺寸和构造被设定成能接纳外科仪器。密封组件可至少部分地位于工作沟槽中,该密封组件可包括密封主体,该密封主体具有延伸经过其的纵向轴线和基本上垂直于纵向轴线的横向平面。此外,有多个相对的密封元件可从密封主体的近端以相对于横向平面的锐角朝远侧延伸。所述相对的密封元件可包括在位于密封主体的远端处的密封面处相接的内表面和外表面,使得所述密封元件可被构造成能选择性地张开和基本闭合所述密封面。在一个示例性实施例中,密封元件的内表面可被构造成能选择性地促进流体在密封面处从所述密封元件的中央部离开并朝向所述密封元件的周边部移动。在一个实施例中,密封元件的每个内表面的中央部在密封面处比密封元件的周边部处于更靠近侧的位置。此外,每个密封元件的内表面可由任何多种几何形状所形成,但在两个示例性实施例中,所述内表面以基本上直线的方式从中央部延伸到周边部,或者每个密封元件的内表面以基本上弧形的方式从中央部延伸到周边部。在一个实施例中,套管针组件的密封组件是鸭嘴样密封组件。虽然套管针组件可包括一个密封组件,但在另一个实施例中,它可包括两个密封组件,使得第二密封组件可在近侧与第一密封组件相隔,且类似于第一密封组件,第二密封组件还可被构造成能选择性地张开和基本闭合。
附图说明
由下文的“具体实施方式”并结合附图,可更完整地理解本发明。现将各附图说明如下:
图1是套管针组件的一个示例性实施例的等轴视图;
图2是图1的套管针组件加上密封组件的一个示例性实施例的等轴分解图;
图3是沿线条T-T获取的图1的套管针组件的侧面剖视图;
图4是图2的密封组件的示例性实施例的等轴视图;
图5是图4的密封组件的顶部透视图;
图6是图4的密封组件的侧视图;
图7是沿线条S-S获取的图4的密封组件的等轴剖视图;
图8是沿线条S-S获取的图4的密封组件的侧面剖视图;
图9是密封组件的另一个示例性实施例的等轴视图;
图10是图9的密封组件的顶部透视图;
图11是图9的密封组件的侧视图;
图12是沿线条S′-S′获取的图9的密封组件的等轴剖视图;和
图13是沿线条S′-S′获取的图9的密封组件的侧面剖视图。
具体实施方式
现将描述一些示例性实施例,以便全面理解本文所公开的装置的结构、功能、制造和使用的原理。这些实施例的一个或多个实例在附图中图解说明。本领域技术人员会理解,在本文中具体描述和在附图中图解说明的装置是非限制性的示例性实施例,本发明的范围仅由权利要求书限定。就一个示例性实施例进行图解说明或描述的特征,可与其他实施例的特征进行组合。这种修改形式和变化形式旨在包括在本发明的范围之内。
本文描述的套管针包括密封组件,其被构造成能使流体进行朝向密封主体的周边离开密封主体的中央部的选择性移动。这个选择性移动是通过采用各种几何构造来形成密封主体而实现的。流体移动离开密封主体的中央部会有很多优点,包括减少密封件上可能积累的流体的量,所述在密封件上积累的流体会在仪器(如内诊镜)在手术过程中进出套管针组件时被抹在仪器上。
除密封组件之外,根据本公开内容,套管针组件的普通结构一般不构成本发明的组成部分。因此,本领域技术人员肯定会认识,可不背离本文所公开的本发明精神,将本发明的密封组件适应用于多种套管针组件。此外,虽然所公开的密封组件主要描述为套管针组件的鸭嘴样密封组件,但本领域技术人员会认识,本文所讨论的设计可同样应用于任何密封组件,而不仅仅是鸭嘴样密封组件,而且可同样应用于其他采用密封组件或类似类型的部件来使装置的一部分与另一部分至少部分地隔开的装置,而不仅仅是套管针组件。
参见图1-3,套管针组件100通常可包括套管针套管102和套管针壳体(或者说柄部)104。此外,套管针套管102可限定出具有开口近端部分和开口远端部分的内腔。该近端部分可延伸进入并装配在套管针壳体104的远端部分104d。套管针壳体104可具有开口近端部分104p,后者可限定出工作沟槽106。在一个实施例中,工作沟槽106可包括至少部分地设置在其中的近端密封组件108。在一个示例性实施例中,工作沟槽106还可包括同样至少部分地设置在其中的鸭嘴样密封组件10,10′。例如如图3所示,鸭嘴样密封组件10相对于近端密封组件108被设置在远端,能使套管针壳体104的工作沟槽106得以选择性密封。本领域技术人员会认识,虽然在一个示例性实施例中在工作沟槽106中提供两个密封组件,但在其他的实施例中也可在套管针组件100中使用一个密封组件或者两个以上的密封组件。此外,近端密封组件108和鸭嘴样密封组件10,10′可通过多种方式固牢到所需位置中而至少部分地处在工作沟槽106当中,例如通过将冠环110和垫圈环112扣合在一起,然后将垫圈环112固牢到套管针壳体104。垫圈扣环(gasket retainer ring)114可进一步固牢垫圈环112和套管针壳体104之间的联接。在一个实施例中,套管针壳体104可进一步包括旋塞阀116和旋塞阀杆118,它们可协作以允许和/或防止吹入流体或气体(例如二氧化碳)流通经过柔性管道进入套管针壳体104和套管针套管102的一部分。
近端密封组件108可适应于配合任何至少部分地插入经过套管针套管102的仪器的外部,使得它能密封性地接合该仪器的外部,从而能防止当该仪器存在于套管针组件100当中时流体流通经过套管针壳体104。所有类型的仪器都可至少部分地插入经过套管针套管102,不过主要是外科外科仪器。这种仪器的一个实例是内诊镜或者使得能够在最小程度侵入性手术中进行显像的类似装置。本领域技术人员会认识,已知有许多其他的仪器用于插入到套管针套管102的至少一部分中,因此近端密封组件108同样也可密封性地接合这些仪器的外部。
全面参见图4-13,鸭嘴样密封组件10,10′通常可包括具有近端12p,12p′和远端12d,12d′的密封主体12,12′、延伸穿过密封主体12,12′的纵向轴线L,L′(图6和11)和基本上垂直于纵向轴线L,L′的横向平面。密封主体12,12′可被构造成能响应物体被插入到密封主体12,12′中而选择性地打开密封组件10,10′。此外,密封主体12,12′的近端12p,12p′可包括延伸超出密封主体12,12′的宽度的周边凸缘14,14′。
在一个实施例中,密封主体12,12′可为一体结构。在另一个实施例中,密封主体12,12′可包括多个相对的密封元件。在图解说明的实施例中,两个密封元件16,16′、18,18’构成密封主体。在其他的实施例中,三个或更多个密封元件可形成密封主体。密封元件16,16′、18,18′可从密封主体12,12′的近端12p,12p′以相对于横向平面的锐角朝远侧延伸。密封元件16,16′、18,18′可包括中央部20,20′和周边部22,22′以及内表面24,24′和外表面26,26′。在一些实施例中,内表面24,24′可伴有一个或多个肋状物28,28′或者其他的突出结构,以提供多种优点,包括稳定性增加,这是本领域技术人员熟知的。在一个示例性实施例中,密封元件16,16′、18,18′的内表面24,24′可在密封主体12,12′的远端12d,12d′相接,而且密封主体12,12′和/或密封元件16,16′、18,18′一般可被构造成能选择性地张开和基本闭合密封面30,30′。
在一个方面,密封元件16,16’、18,18’的内表面24,24′被构造成使得它们能选择性地促进流体从密封主体12,12′的中央部20,20′离开并朝向密封主体12,12′的周边部22,22′移动。虽然有多种构造可用来实现这个设计目标,但在一个实施例中,中央部20,20′可被设置成使得它比周边部22,22′更靠近端。换句话说,中央部20,20’相对于周边部22,22′朝近端凸起。
在更详细讨论这两个图解说明的实施例之前,应指出的是,虽然图解说明的实施例包括具有密封主体12,12′和密封元件16,16′、18,18′的密封组件10,10′,但是本领域技术人员会认识,本文所讨论的特征可容易适应用于一体密封主体。但是,为便于参照,本发明将在包括具有密封元件16,16′、18,18′的密封主体12,12′的密封组件的情形下进行描述。
图4-8图解说明密封组件10的一个实施例,该密封组件的密封元件16,18的内表面24被构造成能选择性地促进流体在密封面30处离开密封元件16,18的中央部20并朝向密封元件16,18周边部22移动。在本实施例中,中央部20被设置成比周边部22更靠近端。此外,密封元件16,18各自的内表面24在密封面30处以基本上直线的方式从中央部20延伸到周边部22。密封元件16,18在中央部20的最近端部分和在周边部22的最远端部分之间的高度间隔H1(图8)可变。但是,通常高度间隔H1可在约0.050至0.250英寸的范围。在一个示例性实施例中,高度间隔H1为约0.128英寸。由于在这个实施例中,密封元件16,18的内表面24以直线方式延伸,内表面的取向也可以角度来表示。虽然内表面向密封元件的周边部22倾斜的角度可变,但相对于水平方向而言的该角度通常在约10°至25°的范围。在一个示例性实施例中,该角度为约14°。
图9-13图解说明另一个密封组件实施例,其中密封组件10′具有弧形构造,使得密封元件16′,18′的内表面24′被构造成能选择性地促进流体在密封面30′处离开密封元件16′,18′的中央部20′并朝向密封元件16′,18′周边部22′移动。虽然图9-13的实施例在功能上类似于图4-8所示的实施例,但前者特征是密封元件的内表面为弧形,而图4-8中的内表面是直线取向的。更具体地讲,中央部20′被设置成比周边部22′更靠近端。如图所示,密封元件16′,18′各自的内表面24′在密封面30′处以基本上弧形的方式从中央部20′延伸到周边部22′。在一个实施例中,密封主体12′的中央部20′和周边部22’之间的高度间隔H2(图13)在约0.050至0.250英寸的范围。在一个示例性实施例中,高度间隔H2为约0.155英寸。由于在图9-13的实施例中,内表面24′以基本上弧形的方式延伸,可测量所得的弧的半径。该半径可变,不过该半径可在约0.5至1英寸的范围内。在一个示例性实施例中,该半径为0.772英寸。
再次参见图4-13,密封主体12,12′的远端12d,12d′可包括一个或多个在密封件的周边区域的24,24’的沟槽32,32′,所述沟槽可接纳移动离开中央部20,20′的流体。本领域技术人员会认识,其他能保留、储存和/或除去从中央部20,20′离开而被移出密封组件10,10′的流体的机制,也可容易地适应用于密封组件10,10′。作为非限制性实施例,流体可在从中央部20,20′除去时直接从密封组件10,10′排掉,或者,密封组件10,10′可包括能够使流体排出密封组件10,10′的吸管。如图9-13中所图解说明,密封主体12′还可任选包括位于密封主体12′的远端12d′的一个或多个倒角34′。倒角34′提供的至少一个优点是,倒角能防止流体被积留在沟槽32′的角落。在图13所图解说明的实施例中,倒角34′以约15°角度形成,不过倒角34′可采用多个角度来达到类似的结果。应理解,在图4-8中所图解说明的密封主体12中,以及在落入本发明范围内的其他密封组件设计中,也可包括倒角。
能提高密封组件10,10′的性能的额外特征,也可结合到本文所公开的装置中。例如在一个实施例中,密封元件16,16′、18,18′可包括多角度表面,这在Voegele等人的于2004年9月17日提交的、题为《多角度鸭嘴样密封组件》的美国公开号2005/0077688中有更充分的论述,该公开内容以引用方式全文并入本文中。
密封主体12,12′可由多种材料制成。例如,在一个示例性实施例中,密封主体12,12′可由聚合物如弹性体(包括例如硅酮或聚异戊二烯在内)制成。本领域技术人员会认识,其他材料也可用于形成密封组件10,10,特别是密封主体12,12′和/或密封元件16,16′、18,18′。
此外,虽然本文图解说明了两种不同的几何设计作为示例性实施例,但本领域技术人员会认识,还可有多种其他的设计可结合到能选择性地促进流体在密封面30,30′处离开密封元件16,16′、18,18′的中央部20,20′并朝向密封元件16,16′、18,18′的周边部22,22′移动的密封组件10,10′中。同样,本文所公开的尺寸提供了供用于示例性实施例的一系列可能尺寸,但本领域技术人员会认识,其他的尺寸也可用于类似的装置中以达到类似的结果。有许多因素会影响到涉及被选择用于类似密封组件的几何结构、形状、尺寸和材料的设计选择方案,如预定用途、制造便利性以及要与密封组件10,10′联用的其他组件的设计。应理解,本文没有具体公开的几何结构、形状、尺寸和材料并不背离所公开的装置的精神。另外,倘若线性尺寸或圆形尺寸被用于描述所公开的装置,这些尺寸并不旨在限制可用于密封组件的形状的类型。本领域技术人员会认识到,对于任何几何形状,可容易地确定出这些线性尺寸或圆形尺寸的等同尺寸。同理,虽然本文所公开的设计说明的是对称设计,但在其他的实施例中可使用非对称设计。同样,在一个实施例中,密封组件可包括至少一个在密封面处以基本上直线方式从密封元件的中央部延伸到周边部的密封元件内表面,和至少一个在密封面处以基本上弧形方式从该密封元件的中央部延伸到周边部的密封元件内表面。
本领域技术人员根据上述各实施例,会认识到本发明的更多特征和优点。因此,本发明并不要受已具体显示和描述的内容所限制,而是由所附权利要求书限定。本文引述的所有出版物和参考文献都明确地以引用方式全文并入本文中。

Claims (19)

1.一种用于套管针组件的密封组件,包括:
具有近端和远端的密封主体,所述密封主体有延伸穿过它的纵向轴线和基本上垂直于该纵向轴线的横向平面;和
多个相对的密封元件,所述密封元件从所述密封主体的近端以相对于所述横向平面的锐角朝远侧延伸,所述相对的密封元件具有内表面和外表面,且在所述密封主体的远端处的密封面处相接,所述密封元件被构造成能选择性地张开和基本闭合该密封面,
其中所述密封元件的所述内表面被构造成能选择性地促进流体在所述密封面处从所述密封元件的中央部离开并朝向所述密封元件的周边部移动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的密封组件,其中所述密封元件的每个内表面的中央部在所述密封面处比所述密封元件的周边部处于更靠近侧的位置。
3.根据权利要求2所述的密封组件,其中每个所述密封元件的内表面在所述密封面处以基本上直线的方式从每个所述密封元件的中央部延伸到所述密封元件的周边部。
4.根据权利要求2所述的密封组件,其中每个所述密封元件的内表面在所述密封面处以基本上弧形的方式从所述密封元件的中央部延伸到所述密封元件的周边部。
5.根据权利要求4所述的密封组件,其中延伸经过所述密封元件的每个内表面的周边部并经过每个所述密封元件的中央部的弧线,其半径在约0.5至1英寸的范围内。
6.根据权利要求1所述的密封组件,其中所述密封主体还包括一个或多个沟槽,所述沟槽在所述密封主体的远端中形成并与内表面相通,以接纳移动离开所述密封元件的中央部的流体。
7.根据权利要求1所述的密封组件,其中所述密封组件是鸭嘴样密封组件。
8.根据权利要求1所述的密封组件,其中所述密封组件具有两个密封元件。
9.一种用于套管针组件的密封组件,包括:
密封主体,所述密封主体被构造成能响应物体被插入到所述密封主体中而选择性地打开所述密封组件,所述密封主体具有内表面以及近端和远端,
其中所述密封主体的内表面被构造成能选择性地促进流体从所述密封主体的中央部离开并朝向所述密封主体的周边部移动。
10.根据权利要求9所述的密封组件,其中所述密封主体的中央部比所述密封主体的周边部处于更靠近侧的位置。
11.根据权利要求10所述的密封组件,其中所述密封主体的内表面以基本上直线的方式从所述密封主体的中央部延伸到周边部。
12.根据权利要求10所述的密封组件,其中所述密封主体的内表面以基本上弧形的方式从所述密封主体的中央部延伸到周边部。
13.根据权利要求10所述的密封组件,其中所述密封组件是鸭嘴样密封组件。
14.一种套管针组件,包括:
壳体,所述壳体具有从该壳体延伸的套管,所述壳体和所述套管限定工作沟槽,该工作沟槽的尺寸和构造被设定成能接纳外科仪器;
密封组件,所述密封组件至少部分地位于所述工作沟槽中,所述密封组件包括:
具有近端和远端的密封主体,所述密封主体有延伸穿过它的纵向轴线和基本上垂直于该纵向轴线的横向平面;和
多个相对的密封元件,所述密封元件从所述密封主体的近端处的周边凸缘以相对于所述横向平面的锐角朝远侧延伸,所述相对的密封元件具有内表面和外表面,且在所述密封主体的远端处的密封面处相接,所述密封元件被构造成能选择性地张开和基本闭合该密封面,
其中所述密封元件的内表面被构造成能选择性地促进流体在所述密封面处从所述密封元件的中央部离开并朝向所述密封元件的周边部移动。
15.根据权利要求14所述的套管针组件,其中所述密封元件的每个内表面的中央部在所述密封面处比所述密封元件的周边部处于更靠近侧的位置。
16.根据权利要求15所述的套管针组件,其中每个所述密封元件的内表面在所述密封面处以基本上直线的方式从每个所述密封元件的中央部延伸到周边部。
17.根据权利要求15所述的套管针组件,其中每个所述密封元件的内表面在所述密封面处以基本上弧形的方式从所述密封元件的中央部延伸到周边部。
18.根据权利要求14所述的套管针组件,其还包括在近侧与第一密封组件相隔的第二密封组件,且所述第二密封组件被构造成能选择性地张开和基本闭合。
19.根据权利要求14所述的套管针组件,其中所述密封组件是鸭嘴样密封组件。
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AU2008270871A1 (en) 2009-01-08
US8771307B2 (en) 2014-07-08
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JP2010532218A (ja) 2010-10-07
US20120116313A1 (en) 2012-05-10
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AU2008270871B2 (en) 2013-07-25
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EP2170186B1 (en) 2017-05-31
BRPI0812794A2 (pt) 2014-12-02
CA2692060A1 (en) 2009-01-08
WO2009005986A1 (en) 2009-01-08
KR101517749B1 (ko) 2015-05-06
ES2634238T3 (es) 2017-09-27
CA2692060C (en) 2015-11-03
EP2170186A1 (en) 2010-04-07
US8100929B2 (en) 2012-01-24
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US20090005799A1 (en) 2009-01-01

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