CN101679128A - 蜂窝结构体 - Google Patents
蜂窝结构体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101679128A CN101679128A CN200880019732A CN200880019732A CN101679128A CN 101679128 A CN101679128 A CN 101679128A CN 200880019732 A CN200880019732 A CN 200880019732A CN 200880019732 A CN200880019732 A CN 200880019732A CN 101679128 A CN101679128 A CN 101679128A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- honeycomb structured
- structured body
- zeolite
- cellular unit
- inorganic fibre
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 108
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 82
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 23
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
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- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 2
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
- F01N3/2835—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support fibrous
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/064—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/072—Iron group metals or copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/65—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively
- B01J29/69—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
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Abstract
一种蜂窝结构体,其具有蜂窝单元,该蜂窝单元包含无机颗粒、无机粘结剂和无机纤维,且具有沿着蜂窝单元的长度方向从一侧端面延伸至另一侧端面的多个孔道被孔道壁隔开而形成的形状,所述蜂窝结构体的特征在于,所述无机纤维由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种蜂窝结构体。
背景技术
关于汽车废气的净化,已经开发了很多技术,但由于交通量也在增加,因此还很难说已经采取了充分的对付废气的方法。无论在日本国内还是在世界范围内,都在进一步加强对汽车废气的控制。其中,对于柴油废气中的NOx的控制要求,正在变得非常严格。以往,通过控制发动机的燃烧系统来谋求减少NOx,但仅此不能完全对付废气。作为对应于这种课题的柴油NOx净化系统,已经提出了一种将氨作为还原剂来使用的NOx还原系统(被称作SCR(选择性催化还原)系统)。
作为用在这种系统的车载用催化剂,众所周知的有包含沸石作为催化剂成分的蜂窝结构体。但是,在一般情况下,包含沸石的蜂窝结构体往往存在强度降低的问题。针对该问题,专利文献1(日本特开昭61-171539号公报)中提出了添加了5重量%~30重量%的无机质纤维的含有沸石的蜂窝结构体。该专利文献中揭示了添加该无机质纤维的含有沸石的蜂窝结构体,可以防止蜂窝结构体制造工序中的烧成过程中产生的裂痕。
另外,以石棉为首的微细的纤维状物质会对人体产生不良影响,特别是侵入到肺部时,经过相当长时间的作用而可能引发肺气肿等癌症。因此,EU(欧洲联合)以EU指令97/69/EC,根据致癌风险性将纤维状物质进行了分类。根据该EU指令,即使是无机纤维,如果该无机纤维具有生物溶解性,则被列入没有致癌风险的范畴0。在此,如果根据EU指令97/69/EC,就致癌风险性而言,石棉被列入范畴3(具有致癌性),碳纤维被列入范畴2(可能具有致癌性),岩棉、玻璃棉、石英棉被列入范畴1(具有致癌可能性)。
专利文献2(国际公开第2005/110578号小册子)中公开了在用于除去汽车废气中的颗粒状物质等的蜂窝结构体中,通过使在多孔质陶瓷制的蜂窝结构体的密封材料层中使用的无机纤维和通过成型无机纤维而制作的蜂窝结构体中含有二氧化硅和碱金属化合物、碱土类金属化合物或硼化合物,从而使其具有生物溶解性,以抑制致癌风险。
在专利文献1中记载的蜂窝结构体中,并没有考虑无机纤维对生物体的影响,使用了氧化铝纤维和硅铝纤维等不具有生物溶解性的纤维。
在专利文献2中记载的蜂窝结构体中,将具有生物溶解性的无机纤维用在多孔质陶瓷制的密封材中,或者在由无机纤维构成的蜂窝结构体中使用具有生物溶解性的无机纤维。这是由于该发明的目的就是除去废气中的颗粒状物质,本质上就是制造对颗粒状物质具有过滤作用的蜂窝结构体。因此,并没有提及将具有生物溶解性的无机纤维用于增强NOx等废气净化用沸石等无机颗粒的强度的目的上。
发明内容
本发明是鉴于上述问题而提出的,其目的在于提供一种作为车载用的废气净化催化剂,特别是作为NOx净化催化剂的、含有对生物体的影响较少的无机纤维的蜂窝结构体。强度增强效果
下面记载解决本发明课题的手段。
本发明所提供的蜂窝结构体,其具有蜂窝单元,该蜂窝单元包含无机颗粒、无机粘结剂和无机纤维,且具有沿着蜂窝单元的长度方向从一侧端面延伸至另一侧端面的多个孔道被孔道壁隔开而形成的形状,所述无机纤维由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述无机纤维最好包含碱金属或碱土类金属,并且SiO2的含量最好为70质量%以上,Al2O3的含量最好为2质量%以下。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述无机纤维的平均纤维长度最好为30μm~150μm,平均纤维直径最好为4μm~7μm。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述无机颗粒最好包含沸石、氧化铝、二氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化锆和二氧化铈中的至少任意一种颗粒。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述无机颗粒最好包含沸石。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述沸石最好包含二次粒子,所述沸石的二次粒子的平均粒径最好为0.5μm~10μm。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述沸石最好包含β型沸石、Y型沸石、镁碱沸石、ZSM-5型沸石、丝光沸石、八面沸石、A型沸石或L型沸石中的至少任意一种沸石。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,在所述沸石中,二氧化硅和氧化铝的摩尔比(二氧化硅/氧化铝之比)最好在30~50的范围。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述沸石最好使用Fe、Cu、Ni、Co、Zn、Mn、Ti、Ag或V中的至少任意一种元素进行了离子交换。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述无机粘结剂最好包含氧化铝溶胶、二氧化硅溶胶、二氧化钛溶胶、水玻璃、海泡石溶胶和绿坡缕石溶胶中的至少任意一种材料。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述蜂窝单元的开口率最好在50%~65%的范围。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述孔道壁的孔隙率最好在25%~40%的范围。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,所述孔道壁的厚度最好在0.15mm~0.35mm的范围。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,最好通过粘结材料将多个所述蜂窝单元接合在一起。
根据本发明,提供一种作为车载用的废气净化催化剂,特别是作为NOx的净化催化剂的、含有对生物体的影响较少的无机纤维的蜂窝结构体。
附图说明
图1(a)、图1(b)为本发明的蜂窝结构体的立体图,其中,图1(a)表示由多个蜂窝单元构成的蜂窝结构体,图1(b)表示由一个蜂窝单元构成的蜂窝结构体。
图2为表示构成图1(a)所示的蜂窝结构体的蜂窝单元的立体图。
主要符号说明:
1为蜂窝结构体,2为蜂窝单元,3为孔道,4为孔道壁,5为粘结材料,6为涂布材料层。
具体实施方式
本发明的蜂窝结构体具有一个或多个蜂窝单元,该蜂窝单元包含无机颗粒、无机粘结剂和无机纤维,是具有沿着长度方向从一侧端面延伸至另一侧端面的多个孔道被孔道壁隔开的形状的烧成体。图1(a)中示出蜂窝结构体的一个例子的立体图。图1(a)中示出的蜂窝结构体1配置成多个蜂窝单元2借助粘结材料5结合在一起的结构。在各蜂窝单元2中,孔道3以沿着蜂窝单元的长度方向平行排列的方式形成。在此,为了保持强度,最好用涂布材料层6覆盖蜂窝结构体1的侧面(孔道没有开口的面)。如图2的立体图所示,构成蜂窝结构体1的蜂窝单元2具有沿蜂窝单元2的长度方向延伸的多个孔道3,并由隔开各孔道3的孔道壁4构成蜂窝单元2。
本发明的蜂窝结构体的蜂窝单元中的无机纤维由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成。由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成的无机纤维,也可以在预定期间内在生物体中完全溶解,但只要一部分在生物体中溶解,使无机纤维发生分解或受到破坏以使其维持不了作为无机纤维的形状即可。无机纤维最好含有具有生物溶解性的碱金属或碱土类金属中的至少一种,并且SiO2含量最好为70质量%以上,Al2O3含量最好为2质量%以下。此外,无机纤维的平均纤维长度最好为30μm~150μm,平均纤维直径最好为4μm~7μm。
如果要评价由无机化合物构成的无机纤维的生物溶解性,只要测定无机纤维中的无机化合物在生理盐水中的溶解度即可。例如,在25ml的生理盐水中投入0.5g的无机纤维,在37℃振荡5个小时后过滤,除去固体成分的无机纤维,然后用原子吸收光谱分析等测定溶解了一部分无机纤维的提取溶液中的硅、钠、钙、镁等无机纤维中的元素。在此,生理盐水使用通常的生理盐水即可。如果该提取溶液中溶解了共100ppm以上的对象化合物,则该无机纤维可以称作是由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成的无机纤维。并且,根据该测定结果还可以计算出从无机纤维中溶出的溶出物比例。当生理盐水事先含有测定对象元素时,先确认其浓度,然后从样品的测定值中减去该浓度即可。
当该提取溶液中溶解有共100ppm以上的对象化合物时,一部分无机纤维会在生物体内借助体温溶解,无机纤维被破坏或分解而不能保持其形状,因此即使无机纤维进入到生物体中,也不能长时间停留在生物体内的一个地方,因此不会像石棉那样长时间扎入到生物体内而带来不良影响。在本发明中,优选使用EU指令97/69/EC中属于范畴0的无机纤维。
作为具有生物溶解性的化合物,具体有大多数碱金属化合物、碱土类金属化合物以及硼化合物,例如可以列举Na、K、Mg、Ca、Ba、B等氧化物和盐。通过使用作无机纤维的二氧化硅、氧化铝、硅铝、玻璃等含有Na、K、Mg、Ca、Ba、B等氧化物和盐,从而可以使纤维具有生物溶解性。
由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成的无机纤维最好含有70质量%以上的SiO2、2质量%以下的Al2O3。在此,如果SiO2的含量为90质量%以上,则会导致碱金属和碱土类金属的含量变得过少,因此不优选。Al2O3的含量只要在2质量%以下即可,含0质量%也无妨。这是由于,通常碱金属和碱土类金属的硅酸盐大多具有生物溶解性,但碱金属和碱土类金属的铝酸盐或铝硅酸盐大多没有生物溶解性或具有微小的生物溶解性。
无机纤维的平均纤维长度最好为30μm~150μm,平均纤维直径最好为4μm~7μm。如果无机纤维的平均纤维长度小于30μm,则蜂窝单元的提高强度的效果不够。如果无机纤维的平均纤维长度超过150μm,则在制造蜂窝单元时,无机纤维容易凝聚在一起,制造过程中容易发生不良状况,难以使无机纤维在蜂窝单元中均匀地分散。无机纤维的平均纤维直径小于4μm时,可能使蜂窝单元的提高强度的效果变小。如果无机纤维的平均纤维直径超过7μm,则可能导致无机纤维的表面面积变小,相对于添加量,提高蜂窝单元的强度的效果并没有上升。
(蜂窝单元)
如图2所示,本发明的蜂窝结构体中的蜂窝单元构成具有平行于蜂窝单元的孔道的长度方向的多个贯通孔即孔道3的所谓的蜂窝结构。蜂窝单元中的各孔道3的截面形状并没有被特别限制。图2中示出了具有正方形孔道3的截面形状的例子,但是孔道3的截面形状还可以为大致三角形和大致六边形、圆形、或四边形和八边形的组合等。
在蜂窝单元的垂直于孔道的长度方向的截面(多个孔道开口的面)上,开口部的面积比率即开口率最好在50%~65%的范围。从不会使压力损失变大的观点考虑,蜂窝单元的开口率最好为50%以上,从确保发挥催化剂净化作用的孔道壁的量的观点考虑,蜂窝单元的开口率最好为65%以下。
蜂窝单元的孔道壁的孔隙率最好为25%~40%。根据定量分析,当孔隙率小于25%时,废气难以充分地浸透到孔道壁的内部,可能导致NOx净化率不够。并且,当孔隙率超过40%时,可能导致孔道壁的强度下降。
蜂窝单元的孔道壁的厚度最好在0.15mm~0.35mm的范围,优选在0.15mm~0.27mm的范围。当孔道壁的厚度小于0.15mm时,可能不能保持蜂窝单元的强度。并且,当孔道壁的厚度超过0.35mm时,有时废气难以浸透到孔道壁的内部,可能导致NOx净化性能下降。
本发明的蜂窝结构体中的蜂窝单元包含无机颗粒、无机粘结剂和无机纤维。
(无机颗粒)
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,蜂窝单元包含无机颗粒。无机颗粒是构成基材的主原料,有时还具有催化剂功能。在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,对包含在蜂窝单元中的无机颗粒并没有特殊限制,例如可以使用沸石、氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆、二氧化钛、二氧化铈、莫来石(mullite)以及这些物质的前体,最好使用氧化铝或氧化锆,作为氧化铝可以适当地使用γ氧化铝或软水铝石(boehmite)。在此,可以包含一种或两种以上这些无机颗粒。作为具有催化剂功能的无机颗粒,最好使用沸石。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,作为原料而使用沸石和除沸石以外的无机颗粒的情况下,最好使用在对氧化铝或氧化锆等进行烧成时能通过脱水缩合反应而牢固地结合在一起的颗粒。并且,对于除沸石之外的无机颗粒而言,其二次粒子的平均粒径最好小于或等于沸石的二次粒子的平均粒径。尤其,除沸石之外的无机颗粒的平均粒径最好为沸石的平均粒径的1/10~1/1。据此,可以通过平均粒径小的无机颗粒的结合力来提高蜂窝单元的强度。
包含在蜂窝单元中的除沸石以外的无机颗粒的含量最好在3~30质量%的范围,优选在5~20质量%的范围。当除沸石以外的无机颗粒的含量小于3质量%时,对提高强度所起的作用小。当除沸石以外的无机颗粒的含量超过30质量%时,由于有助于NOx净化的沸石的含量相对减少,因此导致NOx净化性能下降。
(沸石)
对于蜂窝单元中的沸石,沸石颗粒被无机粘结剂结合在一起。
沸石含有二次粒子,沸石的二次粒子的平均粒径最好在0.5μm~10μm的范围内。在此,二次粒子的平均粒径可以使用沸石颗粒进行测量,该沸石颗粒是通过烧成而制成蜂窝单元之前的、形成了二次粒子的颗粒状的原料。
作为沸石,例如有β型沸石、Y型沸石、镁碱沸石(ferrierite)、ZSM-5型沸石、丝光沸石(mordenite)、八面沸石(faujasite)、A型沸石(zeolite A)和L型沸石(zeolite L)等。这些沸石可以使用一种或多种。
作为沸石,二氧化硅和氧化铝的摩尔比(二氧化硅/氧化铝之比)最好在30~50的范围。
并且,可以适当地使用对上述沸石进行了离子交换的离子交换沸石。离子交换沸石可以使用事先进行了离子交换的沸石而形成蜂窝单元,也可以在形成蜂窝单元之后对沸石进行离子交换。作为离子交换沸石,最好使用例如由Fe、Cu、Ni、Co、Zn、Mn、Ti、Ag及V中的至少一种金属种进行了离子交换的沸石。这些离子交换沸石可以使用一种或多种金属种。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体的蜂窝单元中,蜂窝单元单位表观体积的沸石含量最好为230g/L以上,优选在245g/L~270g/L的范围内。如果蜂窝单元的单位表观体积的沸石含量小于230g/L,则NOx净化性能可能下降。并且,如果蜂窝单元的单位表观体积的沸石含量超过270g/L,则作为NOx净化催化剂用的蜂窝单元形成了必要的开口时,蜂窝单元的强度可能得不到保持,进而蜂窝结构体的强度也可能得不到保持。
本发明的蜂窝单元中的沸石的含有率(混合比率)最好在60质量%~80质量%。由于沸石有助于NOx净化,因此沸石在蜂窝单元中的含量越多越好。但是,如果只增加沸石含量,则不得不减少其它构成物质(例如,无机纤维或无机粘结剂)的含量,这导致蜂窝单元的强度降低。并且,如果为了增加沸石的含量而过度减小蜂窝单元的开口率,则在NOx净化反应中,废气的流通阻力可能变得过大。
(无机粘结剂)
因为蜂窝单元是烧成物,无机粘结剂中的水分等被蒸腾后只在蜂窝单元中留下固体成分,因此当提及到蜂窝单元中的无机粘结剂时,指该无机粘结剂中的固体成分。作为原料阶段的无机粘结剂,例如可以例举无机溶胶和粘土系粘结剂等。其中,作为无机溶胶,例如有氧化铝溶胶(alumina sol)、二氧化硅溶胶(silica sol)、二氧化钛溶胶(titania sol)、海泡石溶胶(sepiolite sol)、绿坡缕石溶胶(attapulgite sol)和水玻璃(liquid glass)等。作为粘土系粘结剂,例如有白土(terra alba)、高岭土(kaolin)、蒙脱土(montmonrillonite)、复链结构型粘土(multiple chain structureclay)(海泡石、绿坡缕石)等。这些无机溶胶和粘土系粘结剂可以使用一种或混合两种以上来使用。
(无机纤维)
蜂窝单元中的无机纤维的形状特征中,除了已进行了说明的纤维的长度分布、平均纤维长度、平均纤维直径以外,还有长径比。无机纤维是具有大长径比(纤维长度/纤维直径)的无机材料,一般对蜂窝结构体的弯曲强度的增强特别有效。无机纤维的长径比最好在2~1000的范围内,优选在5~800的范围内,更优选在10~500的范围内。当无机纤维的长径比小于2时,对增强蜂窝结构体的强度所起的作用小,当无机纤维的长径比超过1000时,在成型过程中,有时容易在成型用模具中引起网眼堵塞等,导致成型性下降。并且,在进行挤压成型等成型时,有时会导致无机纤维被折断,长度出现不齐,从而蜂窝单元的强度下降。这里,当无机纤维的长径比分布不均时,可以取其平均值来表示。需要说明的是,只要含有生物溶解性化合物,作为无机纤维并不限定于长纤维,还可以包含诸如晶须(whisker)的短纤维。
包含在蜂窝单元中的无机纤维的含量最好在3质量%~50质量%的范围内,优选在3质量%~30质量%的范围内,更优选在5质量%~20质量%的范围内。当无机纤维的含量小于3质量%时,对提高蜂窝结构体的强度所起的作用会下降,当无机纤维的含量超过50质量%时,因为起到NOx净化作用的沸石的量相对减少,因此导致蜂窝结构体的NOx净化性能下降。
(催化剂成分)
在本发明的蜂窝结构体的蜂窝单元的孔道壁上,可以进一步担载催化剂成分。对于催化剂成分没有特殊限制,例如可以是贵金属、碱金属化合物、碱土类金属化合物等物质。作为贵金属,例如有从铂、钯和铑中选择的一种或两种以上物质;作为碱金属化合物,例如有从钾、钠等中选择的一种或两种以上化合物;作为碱土类金属化合物,例如有钡等的化合物。
(蜂窝单元的制造)
下面对本发明的蜂窝结构体中的蜂窝单元的制造方法的一个例子进行说明。首先,制作包含上述无机颗粒、无机纤维和无机粘结剂作为主成分的原料浆,通过挤压成型等将其制作为蜂窝单元成型体。
无机纤维使用由具有上述生物溶解性的无机化合物构成的物质。无机纤维最好包含碱金属或碱土类金属,SiO2含量最好为70质量%以上,Al2O3含量最好为2质量%以下。这样,容易确保无机纤维的生物溶解性。此外,无机纤维最好使用平均纤维长度为30μm~150μm的物质。在蜂窝单元成型体制造工序中,不会发生无机纤维在挤压成型过程中被切断、发生聚集而堵塞模、在制作完成的蜂窝单元中因分散不良而妨害无机纤维的强度增强效果的现象。在此,无机纤维的长度分布可以通过粉碎和筛选等分级过程而制作出所希望的长度的物质。
在该原料浆中,作为无机颗粒最好加入沸石和除上述沸石以外的无机颗粒,除了上述物质之外,还可以适当地添加有机粘结剂、造孔剂、分散介质以及成型助剂等。对有机粘结剂没有进行特殊限制,例如可以是从甲基纤维素(methylcellulose)、羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethylcellulose)、羟乙基纤维素(hydroxyethylcellulose)、聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol)、酚醛树脂(phenolic resin)和环氧树脂(epoxy resin)等中选择的一种或两种以上有机粘结剂。相对于原料整体的固体成分合计100质量份,有机结合剂的混合量最好为1~10质量份。作为造孔剂可以使用丙烯酸系树脂、聚烯烃系树脂、聚苯乙烯系树脂、聚酯系树脂等树脂粉末。有机粘结剂和造孔剂对挤出成型性和蜂窝单元的孔隙率的调整很重要,可以根据所期望的孔隙率来增减造孔剂。对分散介质没有进行特殊限制,例如可以举出水、有机溶剂(甲苯等)和醇(甲醇等)等。对成型助剂没有进行特殊限制,例如可以举出乙二醇、糊精(dextrin)、脂肪酸皂(fatty acid soap)及多元醇(polyalcohol)等。
对于原料浆没有特殊限制,最好进行混合和混炼,例如可以使用搅拌机(mixer)或磨碎机(attritor)等进行混合,也可以使用捏合机(kneader)等充分地进行混炼。对原料浆进行成型的方法并没有特殊限制,例如最好通过挤压成型等,将原料浆成型为具有孔道的形状。
然后,对所得到的蜂窝单元成型体进行干燥。对用于干燥的干燥装置没有进行特殊限制,可以使用微波干燥装置、热风干燥装置、高频烘干装置、减压干燥装置、真空干燥装置和冷冻干燥装置等。对进行了干燥的成型体最好进行脱脂。对脱脂条件没有进行特殊限制,根据成型体中所包含的有机物的种类和量来适当地进行选择,最好在400℃脱脂2小时左右。并且,对进行干燥、脱脂后的蜂窝单元成型体进行烧成。对烧成条件没有进行特殊限制,最好在600℃~1200℃的范围,优选在600℃~1000℃的范围。当烧成温度小于600℃时,有时不能进行沸石等的烧结,从而不能加强蜂窝单元的强度。当烧成温度大于1200℃时,有时会破坏沸石结晶或过度烧结而不能制作具有适当的孔隙率的多孔质的蜂窝单元。
(蜂窝结构体)
本发明的蜂窝结构体具有一个或多个蜂窝单元。在具有多个蜂窝单元的蜂窝结构体中,所配置的各蜂窝单元以其中的孔道的贯通孔朝向相同的方向的方式进行堆积。图1(a)、1(b)的立体图表示本发明的蜂窝结构体的例子。图1(a)中示出的蜂窝结构体1中,配置的多个蜂窝单元2通过粘结材料5结合在一起。各蜂窝单元2中,孔道3以沿着蜂窝单元的长度方向平行排列的方式形成。图1(b)中示出蜂窝结构体1是由一个蜂窝单元2构成的例子。如此,蜂窝结构体1可以由一个蜂窝单元2构成,也可以由多个蜂窝单元2构成。在此,为了保持强度,在蜂窝结构体1的侧面(指平行于孔道的长度方向的面,下面仅称为侧面)最好覆盖涂布材料层6。
虽然图1(a)、1(b)中示出的蜂窝结构体的截面为圆形,但是在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,截面可以形成为正方形、长方形、六边形和扇形等。蜂窝结构体的截面可以根据使用状态来决定,但是在蜂窝单元的长度方向上,最好形成为相同的截面面积。
(蜂窝结构体的制造)
第一,说明如图1(a)所示的由多个蜂窝单元构成的蜂窝结构体的制造方法。在由上述方法所得到的蜂窝单元的侧面涂布粘结材料后,依次进行结合。对所结合的蜂窝单元的接合体进行干燥固化,制造出预定大小的蜂窝单元接合体。对蜂窝单元接合体的侧面进行切削加工而制作为所期望的形状。
对粘结材料没有进行特殊限制,例如可以使用在无机粘结剂中混合无机颗粒的物质、在无机粘结剂中混合无机纤维的物质或在无机粘结剂中混合无机颗粒和无机纤维的物质等。在此,作为无机纤维最好使用由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成的无机纤维。并且,还可以在这些粘结材料中添加有机粘结剂。对有机粘结剂没有进行特殊限制,例如可以是从聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol)、甲基纤维素(methylcellulose)、乙基纤维素(ethylcellulose)和羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethylcellulose)等中选择的一种或两种以上有机粘结剂。
将多个蜂窝单元接合起来的粘结材料层的厚度最好在0.5mm~2mm的范围内。所接合的蜂窝单元的数量可以根据蜂窝结构体的大小而适当地确定。并且,通过粘结材料接合蜂窝单元而成的蜂窝接合体,可以根据蜂窝结构体的形状适当地进行切削、研磨等。
在蜂窝结构体的贯通孔没有开口的外周面(侧面)涂布涂布材料后进行干燥固化,以形成涂布材料层。通过该工序,可以保护蜂窝结构体的外周面并提高强度。对涂布材料没有进行特殊限制,可以使用与粘结材料相同的材料,也可以使用不同的材料。并且,涂布材料可以采用与粘结材料相同的混合比,也可以采用不同的混合比。对涂布材料层的厚度没有进行特殊限制,最好在0.1mm~2mm的范围内。在蜂窝结构体中,可以形成涂布材料层,也可以不形成涂布材料层。
在由粘结材料接合多个蜂窝单元之后,最好进行加热处理。当设有涂布材料层时,最好在形成粘结材料层和涂布材料层之后进行脱脂处理。当粘结材料层和涂布材料层中包含有机粘结剂时,通过脱脂处理可以脱脂而除去有机粘结剂。脱脂条件可以根据所包含的有机物种类和量来适当地确定,最好为约700℃、2个小时左右。
作为蜂窝结构体的一个例子,图1(a)中示出接合了垂直于贯通孔的长度方向的截面为正方形且形成为长方体的多个蜂窝单元2并将外形形成为圆柱状的蜂窝结构体1的示意图。在该蜂窝结构体1中,通过粘结材料5结合蜂窝单元2,然后将外周部切削成圆柱状之后,由涂布材料形成了涂布材料层6。在此,例如可以制作截面为扇形和正方形的形状的蜂窝单元2,然后通过接合这些蜂窝单元而形成预定形状的蜂窝结构体,以此可以省略切削、研磨工序。
第一,说明如图1(b)所示的由一个蜂窝单元构成的蜂窝结构体的制造方法。图1(b)的蜂窝结构体除了由蜂窝单元构成之外,其它可以与图1(a)的蜂窝结构体同样地制作。可以采用在上述提及的由多个蜂窝单元构成的蜂窝结构体的制造方法中说明的方法相同的方法,可以根据需要对蜂窝单元进行切削、研磨等形成为圆柱状,然后使用与上述提及的粘结材料相同的粘结材料,在其外周部形成涂布材料层,再进行脱脂。据此,可以制作出如图1(b)所示的由一个蜂窝单元构成的蜂窝结构体。
[实施例]
下面说明在各种条件下制作的蜂窝结构体的实施例,但本发明并不限定于这些实施例。
(实施例1)
(蜂窝单元的制作)
在成型用混合组合物制作用容器中投入并混合2600质量份的Fe离子交换的β型沸石(Fe离子交换量3质量%、二氧化硅/氧化铝之比40、平均粒径2μm(平均粒径为二次粒子的平均粒径,下同))、2600质量份的氧化铝溶胶(固体浓度为20质量%)、780质量份的无机纤维(平均纤维直径4μm、平均纤维长度80μm、化学组成记载在表2中)、作为有机粘结剂的410质量份的甲基纤维素。并且,添加少量的增塑剂、表面活性剂以及润滑剂,一边加水调整粘度,一边进行混合、混炼,得到成型用混合组合物。然后,通过挤压成型机对该混合组合物进行挤压成型,得到蜂窝成型体毛坯。在此,Fe离子交换型沸石使用了将沸石颗粒浸渍在硝酸铁铵溶液(ferric nitrate ammonium solution)中而进行了Fe离子交换的物质。离子交换量使用ICPS-8100(岛津制作所制作)进行IPC发光分析来求出。
使用微波干燥装置及热风干燥装置对所得到的蜂窝成型体毛坯进行充分干燥,在400℃条件下进行脱脂2小时。然后,在700℃保持2小时进行烧成,制作出孔道形状为四边形(正方形)、方柱状蜂窝单元(截面35mm×35mm×长度150mm)。所制作的方柱状蜂窝单元的开口率为65%,孔道密度为73个/cm2,壁厚为0.25mm。
表1中示出了制作该蜂窝单元时所使用的无机纤维的化学组成、平均纤维长度以及平均纤维直径。
(蜂窝结构体的制作)
将粘结材料制成浆后,将其涂布到所制作的方柱状蜂窝单元的侧面(平行于孔道的长度方向的面),使得粘结材料层的厚度为1mm,然后在120℃进行干燥固化而制作出将蜂窝单元接合为四排四列的大致长方体的蜂窝接合体。粘结材料浆通过混合29质量%的氧化铝颗粒(平均粒径2μm)、7质量%的无机纤维(与制作蜂窝单元时所使用的无机纤维相同的无机纤维)、34质量%的氧化铝溶胶(固体浓度20质量%)、5质量%的羧甲基纤维素以及25质量%的水来制作。使用金刚石切割器将所制作的蜂窝接合体的侧壁切割成圆柱形状,然后在形成为圆柱状的侧壁部分的外表面上,将上述粘结材料浆作为涂布材料(与粘结材料相同的物质)浆而涂布0.5mm的厚度,制作了与图1(a)中示出的蜂窝结构体相同形状的圆柱状蜂窝接合体。在120℃下,对该圆柱状蜂窝接合体进行干燥固化之后,在700℃保持2小时对粘结材料层和涂布材料进行脱脂,得到了圆柱状(直径约144mm×长度150mm)的蜂窝结构体。
(实施例2、比较例1、2)
在实施例1的蜂窝单元的制作条件中,如表1所示的那样,除了对无机纤维的种类(化学组成)、纤维长度、纤维直径进行了变更以外,其它按照与实施例1相同的方法制作实施例2、比较例1、2的蜂窝单元。表1中示出了实施例2、比较例1、2中进行了变更的制作条件。
(蜂窝结构体的NOx净化率的测定)
从各实施例、比较例中的蜂窝单元中截取直径为30mm、长度为50mm的圆柱状蜂窝而作为评价用样本。对所得到的评价用样本在700℃加热48个小时而进行模拟老化之后,将其保持在300℃,将具有表2中示出的组成成分的汽车废气的模拟气体加热到300℃后,以SV(空间速度)=35000/小时导入该模拟气体,然后将通过评价用样本之前和之后的模拟气体中的NO成分的减少率(%)作为NOx净化率(%)进行测定。表1中示出了NOx净化的测定结果。由于无机纤维的种类对NOx净化率(%)的影响小,因此实施例1、2和比较例1、2的各例子均呈现出94%~95%的令人满意的值。
[表2]
气体 | 组成 |
N2 | 余量 |
CO2 | 5体积% |
O2 | 14体积% |
NO | 350ppm |
NH3 | 350ppm |
H2O | 5体积% |
SV | 35000/小时 |
[工业实用性]
由于本发明的蜂窝结构体不含有对生物体产生不良影响的无机纤维,因此在制作、使用、废弃后,无需担心对以人体为首的生物体产生影响。并且,本发明的蜂窝结构体可以用作考虑到环境和安全的汽车废气净化用催化剂、催化剂担载体。尤其,适合用作使用沸石的SCR系统(柴油废气净化系统)用的NOx净化催化剂。
Claims (14)
1、一种蜂窝结构体,其具有蜂窝单元,该蜂窝单元包含无机颗粒、无机粘结剂和无机纤维,且具有沿着蜂窝单元的长度方向从一侧端面延伸至另一侧端面的多个孔道被孔道壁隔开而形成的形状,所述蜂窝结构体的特征在于,
所述无机纤维由具有生物溶解性的无机化合物构成。
2、根据权利要求1所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述无机纤维包含碱金属或碱土类金属,并且SiO2的含量为70质量%以上,Al2O3的含量为2质量%以下。
3、根据权利要求1或2所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述无机纤维的平均纤维长度为30μm~150μm,平均纤维直径为4μm~7μm。
4、根据权利要求1至3中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述无机颗粒包含沸石、氧化铝、二氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化锆和二氧化铈中的至少任意一种颗粒。
5、根据权利要求1至4中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述无机颗粒包含沸石。
6、根据权利要求4或5所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述沸石包含二次粒子,所述沸石的二次粒子的平均粒径为0.5μm~10μm。
7、根据权利要求4至6中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述沸石包含β型沸石、Y型沸石、镁碱沸石、ZSM-5型沸石、丝光沸石、八面沸石、A型沸石或L型沸石中的至少任意一种沸石。
8、根据权利要求4至7中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,在所述沸石中,二氧化硅和氧化铝的摩尔比(二氧化硅/氧化铝之比)在30~50的范围。
9、根据权利要求4至8中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述沸石使用Fe、Cu、Ni、Co、Zn、Mn、Ti、Ag或V中的至少任意一种元素进行了离子交换。
10、根据权利要求1至9中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述无机粘结剂包含氧化铝溶胶、二氧化硅溶胶、二氧化钛溶胶、水玻璃、海泡石溶胶和绿坡缕石溶胶中的至少任意一种材料。
11、根据权利要求1至10中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述蜂窝单元的开口率在50%~65%的范围。
12、根据权利要求1至11中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述孔道壁的孔隙率在25%~40%的范围。
13、根据权利要求1至12中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述孔道壁的厚度在0.15mm~0.35mm的范围。
14、根据权利要求1至13中的任意一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,通过粘结材料将多个所述蜂窝单元接合在一起。
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CN108440008A (zh) * | 2018-05-04 | 2018-08-24 | 南京工业大学 | 一种高孔隙率陶瓷过滤材料及其制备方法 |
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CN102416343A (zh) * | 2011-09-16 | 2012-04-18 | 中国汽车技术研究中心 | 一种NOx选择性催化还原分子筛催化剂及制备方法 |
CN102416343B (zh) * | 2011-09-16 | 2014-03-19 | 中国汽车技术研究中心 | 一种NOx选择性催化还原分子筛催化剂及制备方法 |
CN109955545A (zh) * | 2017-12-14 | 2019-07-02 | 广州金发碳纤维新材料发展有限公司 | 一种耐高温热塑性蜂窝板材 |
CN108440008A (zh) * | 2018-05-04 | 2018-08-24 | 南京工业大学 | 一种高孔隙率陶瓷过滤材料及其制备方法 |
CN108440008B (zh) * | 2018-05-04 | 2021-06-08 | 南京工业大学 | 一种高孔隙率陶瓷过滤材料及其制备方法 |
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EP2130602A3 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
EP2130602A2 (en) | 2009-12-09 |
KR20100004990A (ko) | 2010-01-13 |
KR101117469B1 (ko) | 2012-03-07 |
CN101679128B (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
JPWO2009141880A1 (ja) | 2011-09-22 |
WO2009141880A1 (ja) | 2009-11-26 |
US20090291840A1 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
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