CN101617109B - 排气后处理系统(eats) - Google Patents

排气后处理系统(eats) Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101617109B
CN101617109B CN2008800058486A CN200880005848A CN101617109B CN 101617109 B CN101617109 B CN 101617109B CN 2008800058486 A CN2008800058486 A CN 2008800058486A CN 200880005848 A CN200880005848 A CN 200880005848A CN 101617109 B CN101617109 B CN 101617109B
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exhaust
scr
pattern
dpfu
treatment system
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CN101617109A (zh
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克里斯特·阿尔姆
英厄马尔·埃克斯特伦
汉斯·贝尔恩莱尔
约翰·本特松
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Volvo Truck Corp
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Volvo Lastvagnar AB
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0231—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using special exhaust apparatus upstream of the filter for producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. for continuous filter regeneration systems [CRT]
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种排气后处理系统，其包括：设置在柴油发动机下游的柴油颗粒过滤器单元(DPFU)；设置成与所述DPFU流体连通的选择性催化还原(SCR)装置；设置在所述DPFU下游和所述SCR上游的第一喷射器，所述第一喷射器用于将还原剂供应到排气中；设置在所述SCR下游的至少一个NOx传感器，所述NOx传感器用于向NOx协调器提供至少一个NOx信号；设置在所述SCR上游和/或下游的至少一个温度传感器，所述温度传感器用于向所述NOx协调器提供至少一个温度信号，其中所述NOx协调器被设置用于，根据所述至少一个NOx信号和/或所述至少一个温度信号的值将所述柴油发动机转换成高NOx模式或低NOx模式。

Description

排气后处理系统(EATS)
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于净化来自柴油发动机的排气的方法和设备，更特别地，本发明涉及一种用于净化来自柴油发动机的排气的方法和设备，所述方法和设备能够除去所述排气中包含的颗粒和NOx。
背景技术
汽车市场中目前的规章已经越来越多地要求改善当前车辆的燃料经济性并降低排放。这些规章必须与消费者对车辆的高性能和快速响应的要求相平衡。
柴油发动机具有高达约52％的效率，因此是化石能量的最佳转换器。NOx排放浓度取决于局部氧原子浓度和局部温度。然而，所述高效率只有在升高的燃烧温度下才是可能的，在所述升高的燃烧温度下，高NOx水平是不可避免的。而且，通过内部手段(空气/燃料比)抑制NOx形成有引起颗粒增加的趋势，这被称为NOx-颗粒权衡(trade off)。另外，来自柴油发动机的排气中的过量氧阻止了用于降低NOx的化学计量3效催化剂技术的使用，所述技术从八十年代后期起被用于汽油发动机汽车。
考虑到保护环境和节约有限的化石能源，降低来自柴油发动机的排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物(PM)已经变成非常重要的问题。
对于将来的法规(US10、EU VI等)，可能必须在排气系统中具有柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)、柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)和选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的组合。
当优化缸内燃烧以使燃料效率最大化时，通常会在排气中得到高NOx水平。就当今严格的排放法规而言，这是个问题，因为后处理系统只能减少一定量的NOx。因此，燃料效率与满足排放标准之间存在权衡。
较低的发动机排出的NOx还减少了被动DPF再生。这可能导致O2基DPF再生(在可用时)的频率上升，从而趋于以加速的速度使EATS系统(DOC+DPF+SCR)恶化。因此，更少的被动再生可能导致需要具有更大的EATS系统，来补偿恶化的增加。在O2基再生过程中还存在额外的燃料消耗。
发明内容
如上面所解释的，存在与用于净化来自柴油发动机的排气的现有技术方法和设备相关的问题。
本发明的目的是提供至少减少上述问题的排气后处理系统和方法。
由独立权利要求的特征实现该目的。其它权利要求和说明书公开了本发明的有益示例性实施方案。
根据本发明的第一方面，排气后处理系统包括设置在柴油发动机下游的柴油颗粒过滤器单元(DPFU)。选择性催化还原(SCR)装置被设置成与所述DPFU流体连通，在所述DPFU下游和所述SCR上游设置第一喷射器，所述第一喷射器用于将还原剂供应到排气中。在所述SCR下游设置至少一个NOx传感器，所述NOx传感器用于向NOx协调器提供至少一个NOx信号。在所述SCR上游和/或下游设置至少一个温度传感器，所述温度传感器用于向所述NOx协调器提供至少一个温度信号。设置所述NOx协调器，以根据所述至少一个NOx信号和/或所述至少一个温度信号的值将所述柴油发动机转换成高NOx模式或低NOx模式。
本发明的优点在于它使得被动烟灰生成(passive soot generation)最大化。
本发明的另一个优点在于可以将主动O2基再生的次数维持在最小。
本发明的还一个优点在于它允许低的燃料和还原剂消耗，同时保持NOx排放低于法规水平。
本发明的还一个优点在于它允许优化发动机在合适的尾排NOx水平下的最低的燃料消耗。
本发明的又一个优点在于它还优化了SCR催化剂NOx转化速率的使用。
还一个优点在于它允许优化发动机的被动再生。
本发明的还一个优点在于可以将主动O2基再生的次数维持在最小。
本发明的还一个优点在于它补偿了环境影响(不同的转化速率)和/或补偿了对SCR和发动机的老化影响。
本发明的还一个优点在于它允许检测SCR系统的问题。
本发明的另一个优点在于将可能使用更小的SCR-催化剂，得到成本、空间和重量益处。
可以通过改变例如一个或多个下列参数：排气再循环(EGR)的量、增压压力(boost pressure)、燃料喷射定时、燃料喷射压力、燃料喷射次数，将发动机转换成所述低或高NOx模式。当NOx信号高于预定阈值时，可以进行所述从高NOx模式到低NOx模式的转换。当NOx信号低于预定阈值并且所述温度信号处于第一温度T1和第二温度T2之间时，可以进行所述从低NOx模式到高NOx模式的转换。所述从低NOx模式到高NOx模式的转换也可以取决于罐内NOx还原剂的含量。
在本发明的示例性实施方案中，所述DPFU包括涂覆有氧化催化剂材料的DPF。其优点在于可以进一步降低空间、重量和成本。
在还一个示例性实施方案中，在所述柴油发动机与所述DPFU之间设置热发生器。所述实施方案的优点在于无论发动机的负荷和RPM如何，都可以按需要获得最优的EATS工作温度。
在本发明的还一个示例性实施方案中，将NO2还原催化剂设置在所述DPFU和所述SCR之间并与其流体连通。该实施方案的优点在于无论EATS的使用年限如何，都可以优化SCR的NO/NO2定量(ration)。
根据本发明的另一方面，所述排气后处理方法包括如下操作：将NO氧化成NO2并将燃烧粒子捕集到设置成与柴油发动机流体连通的柴油颗粒过滤器单元(DPFU)中，在布置成与所述DPF流体连通的选择性催化还原(SCR)装置中将NO2还原成NO，通过在所述DPFU下游和所述SCR上游布置的第一喷射器将还原剂喷射到排气中，将来自在所述SCR下游设置的至少一个NOx传感器的NOx信号提供给NOx协调器，由在所述SCR上游和/或下游设置的至少一个温度传感器提供温度信号至所述NOx协调器，根据所述至少一个NOx信号和/或所述至少一个温度信号的值将所述柴油发动机转换成高NOx模式或低NOx模式。
根据本发明的另一方面，一种在计算机可读媒介上可存储的计算机程序包括用于包括下列操作的方法的程序代码：将NO氧化成NO2并将燃烧粒子捕集到设置成与柴油发动机流体连通的柴油颗粒过滤器单元(DPFU)中，在布置成与所述DPF流体连通的选择性催化还原(SCR)装置中将NO2还原成NO，通过在所述DPFU下游和所述SCR上游布置的第一喷射器将还原剂喷射到排气中，将来自在所述SCR下游设置的至少一个NOx传感器的NOx信号提供给NOx协调器，将来自在所述SCR上游和/或下游设置的至少一个温度传感器的温度信号提供给所述NOx协调器，根据所述至少一个NOx信号和/或所述至少一个温度信号的值将所述柴油发动机转换成高NOx模式或低NOx模式。
当在连接到互联网的计算机上运行时，该计算机程序可以适合下载到支持单元或其组件之一上。
附图说明
下面参考附图更详细地描述被引用作为示例的本发明实施方案。
在附图中：
图1显示了与内燃机流体连接的本发明排气后处理系统的第一示例性实施方案的示意说明。
图2显示了与内燃机流体连接的本发明排气后处理系统的第二示例性实施方案的示意说明。
图3显示了与内燃机流体连接的本发明排气后处理系统的第三示例性实施方案的示意说明。
图4显示了与内燃机流体连接的本发明排气后处理系统的第四示例性实施方案的示意说明。
图5显示了与内燃机流体连接的本发明排气后处理系统的第五示例性实施方案的示意说明。
在附图中，相同或相似的元件由相同的附图标记指代。附图仅仅是示意表示，并非旨在描绘本发明的具体参数。而且，附图旨在仅仅描述本发明的典型实施方案，因此不应被认为是限制本发明的范围。
具体实施方式
在图1中，示意显示了本发明排气后处理系统(EATS)100的第一示例性实施方案。所述EATS与内燃机110如柴油发动机流体连接。所述EATS 100包括：柴油颗粒过滤器单元(DPFU)125、选择性催化还原(SCR)150、第一还原剂喷射器145、温度传感器156、NOx传感器148和NOx协调器112。
DPFU 125与内燃机110是直接流体连通的。所述DPFU 125包括柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)120和柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)130。DOC 120在该实施方案中布置于所述DPF 130上游。
在DOC 120中发生的反应可以如下表示：
(1)NO+1/2O2→NO2。
DOC 120中的温度特别取决于催化剂材料；HC、CO和O2含量以及质量流量。DOC 120中的催化反应可以在约200℃开始，其最大催化反应温度可以为约300～400℃。在达到最大反应温度后，反应可以减弱，这种减弱取决于平衡反应，其中下列逆反应比方程式(1)更具温度依赖性：
(2)NO2→1/2O2+NO。
DOC 120通常构造成由堇青石或金属制成的整体结构的形式。所述整体结构可以涂覆有碱金属氧化物和贵金属形式的催化材料，所述贵金属可以是铂和/或钯。
在DPF(130)中发生的反应可以如下表示：
(3)2NO2+C→NO+CO2。
DPF 130中的温度可能受到DPF 130内的烟灰层的厚度影响并且可能低达约200℃，但在超过250℃时变得有效。在高于约700℃的温度下，DPF 130本身和在所述DPF 130下游布置的催化剂的老化可能受到严重影响。
DPF 130可以由堇青石或碳化硅或烧结金属粉末的多孔形式制成。所述多孔形式可以涂覆有碱金属氧化物和贵金属形式的催化材料，所述贵金属可以是铂和/或钯。
如果DPF 130内捕集了太多烟灰，这可能是由太低的温度和/或太低的来自发动机的NOx/烟灰引起的，可以使用所述DPFU 125上游的任选热发生器以便将DPF 130加热到适当的工作温度。所述热发生器可以采用不同的形式。在第一示例性实施方案中，通过在图1中用111指示的将柴油后喷射到内燃机110的一个或多个汽缸中和/或将柴油喷射到所述DOC 120上游的排气系统中，可以按需要升高DPF 130的温度。DOC 120中的反应可以处于由方程式(4)，而不是由上面(1)所示的方程式所示的这种环境下：
(4)3O2+2CH2→2CO2+2H2O。
反应(4)的温度特别取决于HC的含量。所述反应可以在200℃开始以达到约350℃的DOC出口温度，并且可以在280℃开始以达到600℃的峰温度。
DOC 120中的催化材料和/或温度决定方程式(1)或(4)中的哪一个占主导。如果DOC 120的目的是升高排气的温度，则可以优化(4)号反应，而如果DOC 120的目的是产生NO2，则可以优化(1)号反应。
热发生器的另一个例子可以是电加热的催化剂。
如果NOx/烟灰高，则只需要将DOC 120中的温度升至约400℃，以除去抑制(1)号反应的SOx。
在DPF 130中发生的另一个反应如下：
(5)O2+C→CO2。
反应(5)的温度为约600℃，如果过滤器涂覆有催化剂或者如果燃料添加有催化剂，则该温度可以适当降低。更低的温度可能使得必须向燃料中添加催化剂材料，所述催化剂材料又被烟灰粒子吸附。
SCR 150在该实施方案中布置于所述DPFU 125下游。在SCR 150中可能发生的反应可以如下：
(6)4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O
(7)2NO+2NO2+4NH3→4N2+6H2O
(8)6NO2+8NH3→7N2+12H2O
(9)4NO2+4NH3→2N2+2N2O+6H2O。
因为(7)号反应是反应(6)～(9)中最快的反应，并且为了避免(9)号反应，所以需要将NO/NO2比率保持在约50∶50。
(7)号反应在SCR 150中约200℃以上的温度范围内可能是有效的，然而所述反应在远远更低的温度开始，但温度越低，反应越慢。(6)号反应在SCR 150中的起始温度可以为约250℃。起点和温度范围稍微受到SCR 150中的催化材料选择影响。
SCR 150可以构造成由堇青石或金属制成的整体结构的形式。所述结构可以在含有若干量的氧化钨的氧化钛顶部涂覆氧化钒或涂覆有包括沸石的涂层。所述沸石可以包括一些铁或铜内容物或一些其它适当的反离子。还存在延伸向整体结构的氧化钒催化剂，即催化剂和结构是由相同的材料制成的。
在如图1所示的实施方案中，将喷射器145布置在DPFU 125和SCR 150之间。所述喷射器在所述SCR 150上游喷射还原剂材料。所述还原剂材料可以是尿素、氨、吸收在水中的氨、碳酸铵或可以吸附氨的金属氯化物盐。
NOx协调器112接收来自NOx传感器148和温度传感器156的信息。通过使用NOx传感器和温度传感器，可能优化SCR系统的效率。SCR系统150的效率可以取决于温度和/或老化状态，并且可以优化不同的发动机模式以获得最佳的总体效率。可以用温度传感器156和NOx传感器148测定瞬间SCR效率。
当SCR催化剂150和排放物的物理/化学状态允许良好的NOx转化时，可能例如转换到适合更高的DPF 130被动再生的模式。其影响参数为例如温度、排放物质量流量、NOx的组成、吸附的氨、吸附的毒物(作为烃和金属)以及热降解的状态。当SCR 150的效率范围允许高NOx转化时，可能例如转换到高NOx模式，得到更好的被动DPF 120再生。通常，高NOx模式还可以得到更低的燃料消耗但更高的还原剂消耗。在SCR 150处于非高NOx转化的状态时的情况下，例如SCR 150的温度暂时处于较低水平，可以降低来自发动机的NOx排放以获得所需的NOx尾管排放。
通过在所述SCR 150下游设置的NOx传感器148测定发动机排出的NOx排放。NOx传感器148测定(和NOx转化速率)被用于控制发动机排出的NOx。发动机排出的NOx是由NOx协调器112控制的连续值。NOx协调器112使用两种固定模式之间的函数，以便获得所需的发动机排出的NOx。SCR 150中的转化速率将不会迅速改变，但SCR 150之后的NOx水平将追随进入SCR 150的NOx水平。这样就可能具有通过提供有来自NOx传感器148和温度传感器156的信息的NOx协调器112控制的闭环控制。NOx协调器既是控制器又具有所需的控制值(阈值)。如果发动机一直处于低NOx模式(＝高烟灰)，则其可能是催化剂受损的指征。
提供有来自温度传感器156的温度信号和来自NOx传感器148的NOx信号的NOx协调器112可以根据所述信号的值，将发动机设置成至少两种不同的模式，即高NOx模式和低NOx模式。NOx协调器调节发动机的管理，即所述NOx协调器可以特别改变一个或多个下列参数：排气再循环(EGR)的程度；改变涡轮增压机的增压压力；改变进入燃烧室的主要和/或辅助燃料喷射器的定时；改变燃料喷射的压力；改变燃烧室内的温度；和/或改变发动机每个工作循环的燃料喷射次数。例如，提高的EGR导致下降的NOx，提高的增压压力导致提高的NOx，延迟的燃料喷射定时导致下降的NOx。
在从第一温度T1到第二温度T2的温度间隔内，SCR 150具有最优或最佳的工作范围，且NO2到NO的转化能力高。第一温度T1和第二温度T2的值特别取决于SCR 150的类型和SCR 150的使用年限。所述温度间隔，尤其是第一温度T1，取决于NO/NO2比率，而NO/NO2比率又取决于前面EATS组分的状态。T1和T2还受到排气空速的影响。就老化的SCR 150而言，与崭新的SCR 150相比，温度间隔将更狭窄。SCR 150可能被特别是HC和/或氨暂时毒化，即如果SCR 150在低温T1下长期使用，则转化能力将降至低值。可以通过升高SCR 150的温度来消除所述毒化。温度的升高可以通过不同手段来实现，例如在SCR150上游设置的独立的热发生器、将流体喷射到SCR 150上游的燃烧室和/或排放系统内、通过可调节的节气门(restriction)提高SCR 150上游的背压。
NOx协调器112要从高NOx模式变成低NOx模式，这要求来自NOx传感器的过滤信号高于预定阈值。阈值可以是法定值的分数(接近一)。通常法定值作为特定值给出，因此必须将信号转换成该值。
NOx协调器112要从低NOx模式变成高NOx模式，这要求来自NOx传感器148的过滤信号低于某一值，并且由来自温度传感器156的温度信号给出的SCR 150的温度处于T1和T2之间和/或DPF中的烟灰水平高于预定值。该烟灰值可以由DPF上的压降或通过物理模型关联。
可以说只要NOx传感器148检测到低值，即低于阈值，就使用高NOx模式。如果从低NOx模式转换到高NOx模式并且NOx传感器148检测到NOx水平高于所述阈值，则所述NOx协调器112立即转换回低NOx模式。这将意味着会发生一些临时NOx排放，通常这可能是阈值太宽(generous)的结果。这可能是由未经充分测定的参数如毒物或催化剂老化而引起的。通过统计处理这些事件，可以适当关联阈。如果将阈值设定为更严格的值，可能就不会发生这种情况。
图2显示了本发明的另一个示例性实施方案。该实施方案与图1公开的实施方案之间的区别仅在于，在所述SCR 150下游设置了第二温度传感器157并在所述SCR 150上游设置了第二NOx传感器147。在该实施方案中，在所述SCR上游将具有第一温度传感器，在所述SCR 150下游将具有第二温度传感器，在所述SCR上游将具有第一NOx传感器，并且在所述SCR 150下游将具有第二NOx传感器。该装置的优点在于，将更好地控制SCR 150内外的温度，还更好地控制SCR 150内外的NOx。结果这样就可能缩短从一个模式转换到另一个模式的响应时间。
图3显示了本发明排气后处理系统(EATS)100的另一个示例性实施方案。所述实施方案与前述实施方案的区别仅在于，DPFU 125包括涂覆有DOC材料122的DPF，而不像在图1中所述DOC 120和DPF 130是独立的单元。其它特征使用与图1相同的附图标记，因此不需要进一步阐述，因为功能和结构可能是相同的。与图1所示实施方案的另一个区别在于省略了喷射器111。显然，所述喷射器111也可以从图1所示的实施方案中省略，即图1中的喷射器111是任选的。
在图2的DPFU 125中发生的反应与在图1所示的DPF 130和DOC120中发生的反应相似，即(1)号和(3)号反应。
在图4中，显示了本发明排气后处理系统(EATS)100的另一个示例性实施方案。该实施方案与图1所示实施方案的区别在于，在内燃机110和DPFU 125之间布置了独立的热发生器121。因此，与图2和图3的实施方案类似，省略了喷射器111。所述独立的热发生器121可以在所述DPFU 125上游的排放系统中包括柴油燃烧器或可调节的节气门。
图5显示了本发明排气后处理系统(EATS)100的又一个示例性实施方案。该实施方案与图1所示实施方案的区别在于，将NO2还原催化剂140和SCR 150布置为组合的单元155，并在所述组合单元155上游设置喷射器135。在一个实施方案中，将所述NO2还原催化剂140布置为SCR基底上的区域涂层，即SCR基底的至少第一部分可以涂覆有NO2还原催化剂材料并且所述SCR基底的至少第二部分可以涂覆有SCR催化剂材料。可以改变NO2和SCR催化剂材料的区域涂层顺序。在一个实施方案中，在SCR涂层的第二区域上游存在NO2催化剂涂层的第一区域。在另一个实施方案中，存在多处相互隔开的NO2涂层，其间设置SCR涂层。
在替换实施方案中，所述NO2还原催化剂140和所述SCR 150被布置为独立的单元。
在又一个示例性实施方案中，所述NO2还原催化剂材料可以布置为DPF基底上的区域涂层，即DPF基底的至少第一部分可以涂覆有DOC还原催化剂材料并且所述DPF基底的至少第二部分可以涂覆有NO2催化剂材料。可以改变NO2和DOC催化剂材料的区域涂层顺序。在一个实施方案中，在NO2涂层的第二区域上游存在DOC催化剂涂层的第一区域。在另一个实施方案中，存在多处相互隔开的DOC涂层，其间设置NO2涂层。
在所述NO2还原催化剂140中，可以发生下列反应：
(10)2NO2+CH2→NO+CO+H2O
(11)3NO2+CH2→NO+CO2+H2O。
从(10)号和(11)号反应中，显而易见NO2还原催化剂140将NO2还原成NO。如果没有NO2还原催化剂140，其是在DOC 120/DPF 130中的最优被动再生和HC氧化与SCR系统150中的高NOx转化之间的权衡。通过在DPF 130和/或DPFU 125下游添加NO2还原催化剂140，可以解决这种权衡问题。NO2还原催化剂140充当平衡器，以平衡进入SCR 150的NO2/NO比率。NO2还原催化剂140将允许在DOC 120和/或DPF 130上负荷高的贵金属(良好的NO-和HC-氧化)，同时可以实现SCR 150的最优NO2/NO比率。可以通过在所述NO2还原催化剂140上游由135指示的喷射器添加还原剂如燃料(HC基燃料如柴油)或尿素，以获得NO2→NO还原。在另一个实施方案中，所述喷射器135和145可以是单一的单元，即一个喷射器为SCR 150和NO2还原催化剂140二者喷射还原剂。
就NO2还原催化剂140而言，还可能使老化的SCR系统150具有最优的被动再生和HC-氧化，同时仍然保持崭新系统的高NOx转化。还将可能使用更小的SCR-催化剂150，得到成本、空间和重量益处。
NO2还原催化剂140中的温度可以为约250℃至约600℃，更多的细节可以在WO 2006/040533中找到。NO2还原催化剂140可以基于沸石材料，更多的细节可以在WO 2006/040533中找到。
在本发明的还一个示例性实施方案中，具有DPF基底上的NO2催化剂区域涂层和SCR基底上的NO2催化剂区域涂层的组合。这样的NO2涂层可以被设置为在所述DPF和/或SCR单元之一或两者之上单一区域或多个区域。
可以使用NOx传感器148和/或温度传感器156中的任何一个或两个，将发动机排出的NOx连续控制在高和低NOx模式的水平之间。
尽管已经在不同的附图中示意了不同的实施方案，但应当理解附图所示实施方案的组合也是可能的。例如，可以将图1的实施方案与图2的实施方案组合，另一种组合可以是图1与图3。对于本领域技术人员来说，显然任何一个实施方案都可以与任何一个或多个其它实施方案组合。
应当理解本发明不限于上述和附图所示的实施方案；相反，技术人员将意识到，可以在所附权利要求书的范围内进行许多改变和修改。

Claims (32)

1.一种排气后处理系统，其包括：
-设置在柴油发动机下游的柴油颗粒过滤器单元DPFU，
-设置成与所述DPFU流体连通的选择性催化还原SCR装置，
-设置在所述DPFU下游和所述SCR上游的第一喷射器，所述第一喷射器用于将还原剂供应到排气中，
-设置在所述SCR下游的至少一个NOx传感器，所述NOx传感器用于向NOx协调器提供至少一个NOx信号，和
-设置在所述SCR上游和/或下游的至少一个温度传感器，所述温度传感器用于向所述NOx协调器提供至少一个温度信号，其中
-所述NOx协调器被设置用于，根据所述至少一个NOx信号和/或所述至少一个温度信号的值将所述柴油发动机转换成高NOx模式或低NOx模式。
2.权利要求1的排气后处理系统，其中通过改变一个或多个下列参数：排气再循环EGR的量、增压压力、燃料喷射定时、燃料喷射压力、燃料喷射次数，将所述柴油发动机转换成所述低NOx模式或高NOx模式。
3.权利要求1或2的排气后处理系统，其中当NOx信号高于预定阈值时，进行所述从高NOx模式到低NOx模式的转换。
4.权利要求3的排气后处理系统，其中NOx信号的所述阈值与排放法定值有关。
5.权利要求1的排气后处理系统，其中当NOx信号低于预定阈值并且所述温度信号处于第一温度T1和第二温度T2之间时，进行所述从低NOx模式到高NOx模式的转换。
6.权利要求5的排气后处理系统，其中所述预定阈值取决于一个或多个下列参数：排气流量和/或NO2/NO比率，并且是可进一步调整的。
7.权利要求5的排气后处理系统，其中所述第一温度T1取决于一个或多个下列参数：排气流量和/或NO2/NO比率，并且是可进一步调整的。
8.权利要求1的排气后处理系统，其中所述从低NOx模式到高NOx模式的转换进一步取决于DPFU中尿素的含量和/或烟灰的预计量。
9.权利要求1的排气后处理系统，其中所述DPFU是涂覆有氧化催化剂的柴油颗粒过滤器DPF。
10.权利要求1的排气后处理系统，其中所述DPFU包括能够在柴油颗粒过滤器DPF上游将NO转化成NO2的柴油氧化催化剂DOC。
11.权利要求1或2的排气后处理系统，其中热发生器被设置在所述柴油发动机和所述DPFU之间。
12.权利要求11的排气后处理系统，其中所述热发生器由能够将燃料转化成二氧化碳和水的柴油氧化催化剂DOC组成。
13.权利要求11的排气后处理系统，其中所述热发生器由燃烧器组成。
14.权利要求1的排气后处理系统，其进一步包括设置成与所述DPFU和所述SCR流体连通的NO2还原催化剂。
15.权利要求14的排气后处理系统，其中所述NO2还原催化剂被设置在所述DPFU的下游和所述SCR的上游。
16.权利要求14的排气后处理系统，其中所述NO2还原催化剂作为区域涂层被布置在所述SCR上，和/或作为区域涂层被布置在所述DPFU上。
17.一种排气后处理方法，其包括下列操作：
-将NO氧化成NO2，并将燃烧粒子捕集到设置成与柴油发动机流体连通的柴油颗粒过滤器单元DPFU中，
-在布置成与所述DPFU流体连通的选择性催化还原SCR装置中将NO2还原成NO，
-通过布置在所述DPFU下游和所述SCR上游的第一喷射器将还原剂喷射到排气中，
-从设置在所述SCR下游的至少一个NOx传感器提供NOx信号至NOx协调器，
-从设置在所述SCR上游和/或下游的至少一个温度传感器提供温度信号至所述NOx协调器，以及
-根据所述至少一个NOx信号和/或所述至少一个温度信号的值，将所述柴油发动机转换成高NOx模式或低NOx模式。
18.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其中通过改变一个或多个下列参数：排气再循环EGR的量、增压压力、燃料喷射定时、燃料喷射压力、燃料喷射次数，将所述柴油发动机转换成所述低NOx模式或高NOx模式。
19.权利要求17或18的排气后处理方法，其中当NOx信号高于预定阈值时，进行所述从高NOx模式到低NOx模式的转换。
20.权利要求19的排气后处理方法，其中NOx信号的所述阈值与排放法定值有关。
21.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其中当NOx信号低于预定阈值并且所述温度信号处于第一温度T1和第二温度T2之间时，进行所述从低NOx模式到高NOx模式的转换。
22.权利要求21的排气后处理方法，其中所述预定阈值取决于一个或多个下列参数：排气流量和/或NO2/NO比率，并且是可进一步调整的。
23.权利要求21的排气后处理方法，其中所述第一温度T1取决于一个或多个下列参数：排气流量和/或NO2/NO比率，并且是可进一步调整的。
24.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其中所述从低NOx模式到高NOx模式的转换进一步取决于DPFU中尿素的含量和/或烟灰的预计量。
25.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其进一步包括用氧化催化剂材料涂覆柴油颗粒过滤器DPF的操作。
26.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其进一步包括下列操作：将能够将所述NO转化成NO2的柴油氧化催化剂DOC设置在能够捕集所述燃烧粒子的柴油颗粒过滤器DPF的下游。
27.权利要求26的排气后处理方法，其中在所述DPF上游设置所述DOC。
28.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其进一步包括在所述柴油发动机和所述DPFU之间设置热发生器的操作。
29.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其中所述热发生器由能够将燃料转化成二氧化碳和水的柴油氧化催化剂DOC组成。
30.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其中所述热发生器由燃烧器组成。
31.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其进一步包括下列操作：
-将NO2还原催化剂作为区域涂层应用到柴油颗粒过滤器DPF上，以及
-在所述区域涂层上游布置所述第一喷射器。
32.权利要求17的排气后处理方法，其进一步包括下列操作：
-将NO2还原催化剂作为区域涂层布置在所述SCR装置上，以及作为区域涂层布置在柴油颗粒过滤器DPF上，和
-在所述NO2还原催化剂区域涂层的上游将所述第一喷射器布置在所述DPF上。
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