CN101511285B - 动脉粥样硬化切除术装置和方法 - Google Patents

动脉粥样硬化切除术装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN101511285B
CN101511285B CN2007800320169A CN200780032016A CN101511285B CN 101511285 B CN101511285 B CN 101511285B CN 2007800320169 A CN2007800320169 A CN 2007800320169A CN 200780032016 A CN200780032016 A CN 200780032016A CN 101511285 B CN101511285 B CN 101511285B
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catheter body
outer housing
sickle
sheath
cutting
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CN101511285A (zh
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约翰·托
克里斯托弗·詹姆斯·达内克
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AtheroMed Inc
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Abstract

本发明的装置和方法总体涉及被堵塞体腔的治疗。具体地,本发明的装置和方法涉及从血管和其他体腔中除去堵塞物。

Description

动脉粥样硬化切除术装置和方法
技术领域
下文描述的装置和方法总体涉及被堵塞体腔的治疗。具体地,本发明的装置和方法涉及从血管和其他体腔中除去堵塞物质(occluding material)。 
背景技术
动脉粥样硬化是一种进行性疾病。在这种疾病中,由引起血流梗阻的斑块聚集和血管内皮内细胞过度增生而造成动脉损伤。斑块经常是易碎的并且可以移动或在血管内手术过程中,造成下游血管的栓塞形成。 
用来减少或除去梗塞以恢复管腔直径的血管内清除手术程序,使得血流量增加至正常水平是公知的。除去斑块具有除去患病组织并有助于缓解(反转)疾病的效果。在一段时期(几周至多周)内保持管腔的直径使得可以进行血管从之前的病态到更正常的状态的重建。最后,血管内治疗的目的是防止短期并发症(例如血管的栓塞形成或穿孔)以及长期并发症(例如由血栓或再狭窄导致的局部缺血)。 
不同治疗方式可以有助于达到治疗目标。在动脉粥样硬化切除术中,将斑块切去或切除。利用不同的结构,例如旋转的圆柱型刮刀(rotating cylindrical shaver)或带凹槽的切割器(fluted cutter)。这些装置可以包括为了安全而由外壳形成的护罩。这些装置还可以在下游过滤器中经由捕获导管中的碎片而除去碎片,或抽吸该碎片。在一些情况下,可以使用磨锥(burr)代替切割器,尤其是用来将严重的钙化性病变磨成非常小的颗粒。也可以使用磨锥型的粥样硬化切除术装置来实施抽吸。 
气囊血管成形术是另一种血管内手术操作。气囊血管成形术通过转移斑块并挤压它而扩张和打开动脉。已知气囊血管成形术由于需要高压来压迫斑块而会对血管造成气压性损伤。这种损伤会导致不可接受的高比率再狭窄。此外,这种操作对于弹性型斑块组织的治疗可能不是有效的,因为这样的组织会发生回弹以使管腔堵塞。 
当清除这样的梗塞物时,需要保护血管壁或体腔壁不被清除并将所有的损伤基本上去除(减灭,debulk)。在另外的情况下,清除梗塞物的操作还可以与在管腔中放置植入物相结合。例如,可以理想地将支架展开以在一段时间内保持血管的开放和/或通过支架使药物或其他生物活性物质流出从而实现局部药物递送。 
就它们本身而言,由于多种原因,支架并不能在外周脉管系统中很好地实施。具有必需的结构完整性以提供足够的径向力从而使动脉重新打开的支架在外周脉管系统的苛刻机械环境中经常不能很好地实施。例如,外周脉管系统遇到大量的压迫、扭曲、伸展和弯曲。这样的环境会导致支架失效(支柱破裂、支架破碎等),这最终损害支架长期保持管腔直径的能力。另一方面,能够承受外围的苛刻机械方面的支架常常不能令人满意地提供足够的径向力以使血管开放。在许多情况下,医生需要结合血管内清除操作与支架术(stenting)的能力。这样的支架术可以在血管内清除操作之前、之后进行或在之前和之后都进行。 
因此,仍需要可以用于从体腔(例如血管)中清除阻塞物质的改进粥样硬化切除术装置的装置,其中该装置包括允许在体腔内以安全、有效和受控方式进行修整或磨碎堵塞物的特征。 
发明内容
本文中所描述的装置和方法提供了清除体腔(尤其是脉管系统)中的堵塞物的改进措施。所述装置和方法的特征可以受控地除去堵塞物质。在一些变形中,所述方法和装置还具有将物质输送远离手术位置而不需要从体腔中移出该装置的特征。其他的方面包括受控的组织除去速率以及防止意外切到管腔壁的其他安全特征。尽管本文所描述的装置和方法探讨了从血管中除去物质(堵塞物),但在某些情况下,所述装置和方法也可以应用于其他体腔。应该注意,下述装置的变化和特征可以选择性结合包括具有切割器(cutter)头的柔性体的基本装置结构或与其联合,其中切割器头包括外罩和切割器,其中该外罩和切割器能够相对于彼此旋转。变形包括切割器在外罩内旋转、围绕切割器旋转的外罩以及它们的组合。 
本文所描述的装置的一种变型包括构造成从身体结构除去物质的一种装置。该装置可以是血管装置并具有所需的结构以及以实施扭曲解剖结构(tortuous anatomy)的构造。可替代地,当在解剖术的其他部件中使用时,该装置可以是具有期望的特征的切割器。 
在任何情况下,这样的装置可以包括具有近端和远端的导管体、位于该导管体远端的切割(器)组件,该切割器组件包括具有至少一个开口的外罩和具有至少一个构造成相对于该外罩旋转的切割面(cutting surface)的切割器,其中切割面相对于容器(vessel)的运动去除堵塞物质;延伸穿过该导管体并耦接于切割器的旋转轴杆,该轴杆具有适于耦接于第一旋转机构的近端;以及沿该导管体 延伸的偏转元件,以使该偏转元件转能使切割器组件相对于导管的轴偏转(转向)。 
偏转元件的变型可以包括外形适合于偏转的可操控护套(sheath)。在一些变形中,该可操控护套可以包括延伸通过护套的一部分的偏转金属丝(deflecting wire),以便偏转金属丝的轴运动使护套偏转。根据需要,可将偏转金属丝固定于切割器组件、固定于延伸到偏转护套之外的导管体的一部分、或固定于装置的其他部件。 
偏转元件还可以包括预成形心轴(mandrel)或管,其中这样的特征在该装置中或相对于该装置是可滑动的,以使切割头产生相对于装置的轴的运动。本文中描述的装置可以具有任意数目的用于在活动连接装置(articulate)后将装置锁定的特征。这个特征在扫除或移动通过解剖结构时提供了一致的直径。 
如上文所述,装置的一些变型具有活动连接的能力。这种活动连接允许操控装置到达靶部位并形成组织去除的扫除运动。因此,用于该装置的可偏转护套围绕导管体或围绕导管的轴是可旋转的。 
本文中所描述的装置可以具有切割器组件,该切割器组件的外罩的一部分具有弯曲表面,并且其中开口形成横跨该弯曲表面的一个平面,使得当切割面旋转穿过该开口时,该切割面的一部分通过该开口延伸到外罩之外。切割器组件还可以具有如下文所描述的各种其他特征,即改进装置被活动连接同时进行切割时的安全性。此外,切割器可以具有多个特征,以推动或驱动切割的组织进入切割器组件,从而通过一个或多个传送元件(conveying member)将组织最终除去。 
如所述,本文中所描述的装置可以具有一个或多个用于将物质和/或流体输送通过装置的传送元件。这样的特征对于在手术操作过程中从所述(堵塞)部位除去切割掉的组织和/或碎片是有用的。在一些变型中,该装置可以包括多个传送装置以递送流体并除去碎片。然而,本发明的装置也可以具有用于捕获在手术操作过程中产生的碎片或其他物质的容器。 
与本发明一起使用的另一个特征是使用可旋转地耦接于装置顶端的磨锥。该磨锥可用于除去对另外利用切割器组件的切割不利的组织。 
在另一种变型中,本发明可以包括一种具有矫直管(straightening tube)的装置,该矫直管具有一个直的远端部分;具有近端和远端的导管体,该导管体具有朝向远端设置的柔性部分,使得当位于矫直管的直的远端部分时,该柔性部分弯曲程度较小;位于导管体远端的切割器组件,该切割器组件包括具有至少一个开口的外罩和具有至少一个构造为相对于该外罩旋转的切割面的切割器,其中切割面的运动去除物质;以及延伸穿过导管体并耦接至切割器的旋转轴杆,该扭转轴杆具有适合于耦接至第一旋转机构的近端。 
在这样的情况下,直的远端部分在导管上方的放置允许操控导管的曲率。这个特征允许用于操控该装置。 
如本文所述,这样的装置可以具有在一个弧形上方进行扫除的能力,以比切割器组件的直径更大的切割直径操作。 
本文所述的装置可以利用导丝(guidewire)以推进通过该体。在这样的情况下,所述装置将具有位于导管内或导管周围的导丝内腔。可替代地,导丝部分可以被固定在装置的一部分上。 
本发明的装置通常包括扭转轴杆,以对切割器组件中的组件传送旋转运动。可替代地,可以使用扭转轴杆或其他这样的装置来产生本文所述的扫除动作。在任何情况下,扭转轴杆可以包括一个或多个内腔。可替代地,扭转轴杆可以是实心元件或中空元件。扭转轴杆的变型还包括导管类型装置,例如反绕线圈(counter-woundcoil)、加劲构件等中已知的那些方面。在一些变型中,扭转轴杆可以具有在轴杆外表面或内表面周围的整体地形成的传送元件。可替代地,或组合地,传送元件可以如本文所述置于扭转轴杆上(或之中)。 
本发明还包括去除身体结构中的物质的各种方法。这些结构包括堵塞的血管(部分堵塞或完全堵塞)、各种器官、身体内的空腔、或其他体腔。 
在一种变型中,一种方法包括将具有切割器组件的导管体插入血管中、旋转该切割器组件以除去物质并在该身体内腔中形成第一开口、使第一切割器组件相对于导管体的轴偏转、旋转该偏转的导管尖端同时转动切割器组件以在该体腔中形成第二开口,其中该第二开口大于第一开口。 
所述方法可以包括利用本文所描述的任何装置或该装置的特征。在一种变型中,所述方法包括循环该对比用流体以更好地可视化梗阻。 
如本文所述,可以根据需要组合本文所述的装置、系统和方法的多方面的组合。此外,这些装置、系统和方法的组合本身均包括在本文所披露的范围中。 
附图说明
图1A图示说明了根据本发明的一种装置的一种示例性变型; 
图1B示出了图1A的装置的分解图; 
图1C示出了切割器组件的横截面图; 
图2A示出了切割边缘与外罩开口的对准; 
图2B示出了表明正切效果(secant effect)的切割器组件的侧视图; 
图2C图示出了一个正倾角; 
图3示出了具有反绕线圈的扭转轴杆的一种变型的部分横截面图; 
图4A示出了构造用于快速更换的一种装置的一种变型; 
图4B示出了使切割器组件的尖端集中在导丝上的一个实例; 
图5A示出了装置中的传送装置; 
图5B示出了扭转轴杆中的第二传送装置; 
图6A示出了装置尖端的活动连接; 
图6B-6D示出了切割器组件的扫除; 
图6E示出了另一种变型,其中导管体包括在邻近切割器组件的区域中的一组曲面; 
图7示出了外罩窗口的放置,用于防止对管壁造成损伤; 
图8A-8I示出了用于活动连接切割头的装置的变型; 
图9示出了具有磨锥尖端的一种装置; 
图10A-10C提供了流体递送系统的实例; 
图11示出了置于支架或线圈中的装置; 
图12A-12I示出了装置的多种变型;以及 
图13A-13C示出了用于可视化并穿过完全堵塞的一种系统。 
具体实施方式
图1A示出了根据本发明的装置100的一种示例性变型。如图所示,装置100包括固定于导管体120的切割器组件102。如图所示,导管体可以可选地位于外护套122中。 
图1B示出了图1A所示的装置100的分解图。如图所示,切割器组件102包括具有多个开口106的外罩104。切割器108位于外罩104中。切割器108包括一个或多个凹槽110,每一个凹槽包括一个边缘或切割面112。切割器耦接于旋转机构150。在这种变型中,旋转机构经由扭转轴杆114耦接于切割器,该扭转轴杆将转动能从旋转机构150(例如电动机、气动机、液压马达、煤气发动机或其他发动机)传递至切割器108。装置的多种变型包括利用整个位于装置100的体内的旋转机构150。在一种变型中,旋转机构150可以是在手术场所外部(即非无菌区),而装置的一部分(例如扭转轴杆,未示出)延伸到手术场所外并耦接于旋转机构。图1B还示出了具有偏转元件124的装置100的一种变型(其中该偏转元件可以是钢筋束、拉线、管、心轴、或其他这样的结构)。如下文中详细描述的,装置100可具有偏转元件以活动连接切割头并允许进行切割扫除运动。 
在另一种变型中,装置100可具有包括柔软或柔性部分的导管体。在一种变型中,该柔软或柔性部分可以在装置100的一侧上,以允许装置100弯曲从而活动连接切割头。可以利用弯曲护套、心轴、或本领域技术人员公知的其他装置来获得所述(装置的)弯曲。 
装置100还可以包括真空源或泵152以辅助排空由操作装置产生的碎片。可将任意数目的泵或真空源与所述装置结合使用。例如,可以利用蠕动泵来从装置驱动物质(堵塞物)并进入废物容器。图1B还示出了耦接于流体源154的装置100。由于具有旋转机构,所以可将真空源和/或流体源从手术场所外部耦接于所述装置。 
将扭转轴杆可旋转地耦接于电磁驱动装置而没有直接接触是有利的。例如,在附着于扭转轴杆周围的护套的管状结构中,扭转轴杆114可以具有安装在近端的磁极。可将马达的静止部分构建到包围管状结构的手柄内。这使得可以通过护套连续抽吸而不使用高速旋转封口(high speed rotating seal)。 
如图1C所示,在某些变型中,外罩104可以具有带有中心内腔142的远端突出部(前端,nose),其中该中心内腔用于接收切割器108的配合件140。这样的特征有助于使切割器108同心地集中在外罩104内部。外罩优选由有强度的,耐磨的材料,诸如淬火硬钢、钴铬合金、具有或不具有耐磨涂层如TiNi的碳化物或钛合金。特别地,涂层的使用将允许使用工具钢,除非具有涂层,否则不会具有可接受的耐腐蚀性或生物相容性。如下所述,装置的多种变型包括增加用于磨碎硬组织(例如钙化斑)的磨锥元件(如下所示)。 
切割器108和外罩104的几何形状可用于进行所需程度的切割。开口106的取向和外罩104可用来限制通过切割器108的切割深度。另外,外罩104的远端可以是拱顶形状,而近端可以为圆柱形或其他形状。例如,通过在外罩中形成较大的窗口106,可以暴露切割器108的一个较大部分并且切割速率增大(对于给定的转速)。通过将切割窗口106设置在外罩的凸出部上,相对于如果该窗口位于外罩的圆筒形部分上,去除效果对切割器外罩与病变的对准更不敏感。这是传统定向粥样动脉硬化切除术导管的一个关键性能局限。另外,窗口设置在外罩的凸出部上可产生正切效果(如下文所述)。 
图2A示出了装置100的一种另外的变型,其中开口106可以是螺旋形槽,其可以与切割器108的切割面112对准或可以不与其对准。对于攻击性切割,槽106和切割边缘112对齐以使暴露于切割边缘的组织最大。换言之,切割边缘112和开口106是对准的,所有的切割边缘112同时暴露以允许进行同时切割。可替代地,可以构造这些开口和边缘112的对准,以使不是所有切割边缘112同时暴露。例如,所述对准是这样的,当一个切割边缘112通过开口106暴露时,剩余的切割边缘112被覆罩在外罩104中。这样的结构的变型使得可以在任意给定时间暴露任意数目的切割边缘。 
然而,为了使切割时装置的扭转外形平坦,切割器108被构造为使得与外罩开口106对齐的凹槽110的边缘/切割面112的数目在 整个旋转周期中不会变化。这防止了导管由于多个切割边缘/凹槽同步与组织啮合而导致的过度负载扭矩峰值(torque spike)以及循环扭矩变化。换言之,通过外罩104的开口106暴露的切割面112的长度保持相同或者恒定。 
在图2B中示出的变型中,切割面112被构造为当它进行切割时捕获碎片。通常,装置100可设计为具有正切效果。这种效果允许切割器进行主动组织咬合。随着切割器旋转穿过开口,切割边缘以一圆弧运动,其中在圆弧顶点处,切割边缘稍微突出高于开口的平面。可以通过恰当设计外罩几何形状(例如,通过窗的位置和大小以及外罩的曲率半径的组合)来选择突出距离,从而控制主动组织咬合的量。如图所示,当旋转时,切割面112穿过窗口106而延伸至外罩104之外。这种结构也可以设计为用来将碎片驱动或推动到传送元件118。在这种情况下,切割器108中的凹槽110是螺旋成槽的,以保持与传送元件118流体连通。装置100的变型还可以包括流体耦接于传送元件118的真空源152。为了改善由切割器产生的推动力,切割器的变型具有螺旋状凹槽110和锋利的切割边缘112,它们彼此平行并以与切割器旋转的相同的方式从近端盘绕至远端。当切割器旋转时,其变成使组织碎片向近端移动以排空的推进器(impeller)。 
如图2C所示,装置的变型可以具有带有正倾角α的切割面112,α是切割边缘以与切割器旋转相同的方向指向。这种结构使推动和切割行为的效果最大化(通过咬入组织且避免组织转向)。切割器优选由硬质、耐磨材料制成,例如硬化刀具或不锈钢、碳化钨、钴铬合金、或具有或不具有上述耐磨涂层的钛合金。然而,通常用于类似手术应用的任何材料可以用于切割器。切割器108的近端的外表面通常是钝的并被设计成挤靠外罩104。通常,这些表面应该与外罩的内表面平行。 
图2A-2B还示出了具有远端地向内弯曲的外形并靠近外罩104表面的切割器108的表面。注意,具有这种弯曲外形的外罩槽106允许切割边缘112突出超过外罩的外表面。换言之,开口106在外罩104的弯曲表面上形成正切。这样的特征使得更硬/更具刚性物质(例如钙化的或硬纤维组织)的切割得到了改进,其中这样的组织没有突出到外罩104中。 
通过控制穿过外罩104中的开口106而暴露的切割边缘112的数目,可以控制切割咬合的相对量(切割的长度和切割的深度,它们一起控制切割器的每单位旋转除去的组织的体积)。这些特征使得可以对施加在装置100上的最大扭转负载进行独立控制。通过仔细选择凹槽的几何形状和/或相对于外罩中的开口106的切割边缘112,可以进一步控制扭转的平衡。例如,施加在装置上的扭转负载是当切割边缘穿过外罩窗而暴露时由组织的剪切造成的。如果所有切割边缘同时剪切,例如当外罩窗的数目是偶数多个切割边缘时,扭矩随着切割器旋转发生周期性的变化。通过调节切割器和窗口的数目,以使一个不是另一个的偶数倍(例如,通过利用外罩上的5个窗口以及切割器上的4个切割边缘),可以在切割器的每一个循环过程中具有更均匀的扭矩(由剪切作用除去组织)。 
图3示出了为一组反绕线圈的扭转轴杆114的部分横截面图,其中外部线圈以适当(较大)螺距绕制以形成传送元件118。自动地彼此相反地绕制线圈使扭转轴杆114在旋转过程中得以增强。可替代地,扭转轴杆114可由刚性塑料制成,其通过与传送元件118结合而具有柔性(挠曲性)。尽管轴杆可由任何标准材料制成,但是轴杆的变型包括嵌入聚合物(PEBAX、聚氨酯、聚乙烯、含氟聚合物、聚对二甲苯)中的金属编织物(metal braid)或嵌入聚合物如PEBAX、聚氨酯、聚乙烯、含氟聚合物或聚对二甲苯中的一个或多个金属线圈。这些结构使扭转强度和刚度以及用于“可推动性 (pushability)”的柱强度最大化,并使用于柔性的弯曲刚度最小化。这样的特征对于导管穿过扭曲血管的移动很重要,并且允许在导管的长的长度上平滑地传递扭矩。在多线圈结构中,内线圈应按与旋转相同的方式绕制,以使线圈在扭矩抗力下易于打开。这确保了导丝内腔在旋转过程中保持打开。下一个线圈应以与内线圈相反的方向绕制从而抵抗膨胀,以保持内线圈不会顶靠外部导管腔而粘合。 
图3还示出了具有中心内腔130的扭转轴杆114。该内腔通常用于递送导丝。在这样的情况下,中心内腔可以涂覆有一层润滑材料(例如亲水涂层或聚对二甲苯)或由诸如PTFE的润滑材料制成,以避免与导丝粘合。然而,在一些变型中,导丝部分被固定至外罩的远端。此外,扭转轴杆114的中心内腔也可以用于与导丝一起同时地或代替导丝向手术部位递送流体。 
图4A示出了构造用于快速更换的装置100的一种变型。如图所示,装置100包括一个用于在导丝128上推进装置100的短通道、内腔或其他轨道136。然而,轨道136不是沿着装置100的整个长度延伸的。此外,轨道136的另外的部分可以位于导管的远端处以集中导丝128。 
这个特征允许仅通过不动地握持导丝并在导丝128上拉或推导管100就可以实现将装置100与导丝128的快速去耦(分离,decoupling)。这样的特征的一个优点是,导丝128可以保持靠近所述部位同时从装置100去耦。因此,医生能够以快速方式在导丝上推进另外的装置并到达所述部位。这种结构允许快速分离导管与导丝并在导丝上引入另一导管,因为大部分导丝在导管外部。 
如图4B所示,将切割器组件102的尖端集中到导丝128上,改进了切割器组件102的控制、进入以及相对于体腔或脉管2的定 位。为了实现上述目的,切割器组件102可具有容纳导丝128的中心内腔。装置100的变型包括中心导丝内腔,沿导管长度延伸通过所有中心部件(包括扭转轴杆和切割器)。如上所述,导丝128可固定至切割器组件102的外罩104或其他不旋转的部件。在这种情况下,导丝128优选是一个短的节段,这有助于装置通过体腔堵塞部分的移动。然而,由于头部如导丝是可操控的,所以也可以在没有导丝的情况下操作装置100。 
图5A示出了装置100的部分横截面图。如图所示,装置100的这种变型包括位于装置100内部的传送元件118。传送元件118可以是螺旋式系统或阿基米德式螺杆,其将手术操作过程中产生的碎片和物质传送离开手术部位。在任何情况下,传送元件118都具有凸起表面或刀片,其在近端方向上驱动物质远离手术位置。这样的物质可以被传送到体外的容器或这样的物质被储存在装置100中。在一种变型中,扭转轴杆114和传送元件118沿着导管的长度延伸。 
在一些变型中,传送元件118可以与轴杆114整合(例如通过将传送元件118切入到扭转轴杆114中或直接将扭转轴杆114与螺旋状沟槽或突起一起挤出)。在如图5B所示的一种另外的变型中,可将另外的一个传送元件118结合在扭转轴杆的内侧上,其中该内部传送元件以相反于外部传送元件118的方式进行盘绕。这样的构造允许进行碎片的抽吸(经由外部传送元件118)和注入(经由内部传送元件118)。这样的双重作用能够增强切除和抽吸斑块的能力,其中通过:(1)稀释血液,仅通过粘度或者结合加入抗-促凝剂如肝素或华法林(香豆素),(2)通过将切除的斑块转化为表现出更强泵送效率的固-液浆体而改善其泵送性(可抽吸能力),以及(3)通过建立局部再循环区而建立捕获在外罩中没有被直接剪切的栓子的受控流动的流控辅助方法。 
如上所述,传送元件118可以与切割器凹槽相同的定向方式和旋转相同的方向盘绕,以实现组织碎片的抽吸。切割器108的推进器作用将组织碎片从外罩104的开口106内部移到扭转轴杆中。切割边缘112的螺距可以与传送元件118的螺距相匹配,以进一步优化抽吸。可替代地,可改变传送元件118的螺距,从而当物质进入传送元件118中时使物质的移动速度增加。如本文所述,可利用传送元件118作用沿导管长度将碎片排到体外,其中带有或不带有连接至导管手柄的真空泵152。可替代地,碎片可以被堆积在装置中的储存器中。 
如图1B所示,装置还可以包括金属箍116,以允许将导管体120耦接至切割器组件102。该金属箍116可用作用于切割器108在切割器组件102中旋转的支承表面。在图示的变型中,扭转轴杆114在外导管体120和金属箍116内旋转,以使切割器旋转并在近端方向上拉动或抽吸组织碎片。选择导管和传送元件118之间的间隔以及传送元件118的螺距和螺纹深度以提供所需的泵送效率。 
在该装置的一种变型中,外罩104经由金属箍116连接至导管体120并因此是静止的。切割器108相对于外罩104旋转,使得切割器108上的切割面112剪切或切割组织并捕获外罩104中的组织,以至于在近端方向利用螺旋状凹槽和真空的推进器作用而将其从扭转轴杆排空。 
金属箍116可以靠在切割器108的近端表面的远端支撑表面并在外罩104中保持切割器轴向稳定。在其中外罩静止的情况下,可以利用锡焊、铜焊、定位焊接、粘合(环氧树脂)、型锻、卷边(crimped)、压配合、螺接、弹簧锁接、或其他方式固定,而将金属箍116刚性地粘接/连接至外罩104。如图所示,金属箍116可以具有允许与导管体连接的孔或其他槽特征(rough feature)。尽管在 构造中可以采用粘合剂和热熔接,但是不需要这样的特征。粘合剂对于小的表面接触是不可靠的,而热熔接会导致管被降解。使用机械锁定环126允许切割器组件102变短。由于需要在血管中曲折前进,所以这样的特征对于使导管远端部的柔性最大化是很重要的。 
在本发明的另一方面,装置100可以适于操控以除去位于朝向身体通道一侧的物质。这样的装置可以包括允许调整切割器组件102相对于装置中心轴的取向或偏移的偏转元件。在图1B中,偏转元件包括具有偏转元件132(如钢筋束、金属丝、管、心轴或其他这样的结构)的护套122。然而,如本文所述,其他变型也包括在该装置的范围内。 
图6A举例说明了装配有活动连接或可操控切割器组件102的装置100的一种变型的一个实例。在许多情况下,操控装置100的尖端的能力是有用的。例如,当如图所示去除异常损伤(病变)时,切割器组件102应指向具有更大量的狭窄物4的脉管2的一侧。自然地,这样的定向有助于防止切割到裸露的壁/脉管2并集中在狭窄组织4上进行切割。如所示出的,当在脉管2的曲面部分上时,在没有操控能力下,切割器组件102会朝向曲面的外侧发生偏压。操控使得切割器组件102朝内以避免意外切割到脉管壁2。 
操纵装置100的能力还允许在切割阻塞物时进行清除运动。图6B示出了切割器组件102的旋转。如图6C所示,当切割器组件102相对于导管的轴转向时,偏转部分102的旋转形成扫除运动。注意到切割器组件的旋转或活动连接还包括导管的旋转或活动连接以允许切割器组件相对于导管的轴偏转。图6D示出了沿脉管的轴截取的正视图,用于图示说明引起切割器组件102“扫除”大于切割器组件直径的区域的扫除运动。在大多数情况下,当偏转时,装置的偏转部分将旋转而在圆弧或甚至是整个圆上进行扫除。切割器的 旋转可以独立或不独立于偏转部分的旋转。装置的使用者可将切割器组件的扫除运动与导管的轴向平移相结合,以在阻塞的脉管的长度上有效形成更大直径的开口。当将装置置于导丝上时可以实施运动的组合,例如通过在装置的近端手柄组件中使用导向螺杆(leadscrew)。在本文所描述的装置的另一方面,活动连接的角度可以是固定的,以便装置在旋转时以均匀的方式进行扫除。 
本文中描述了控制装置100偏转的许多变型。例如,如图6所示,护套122本身可以具有预设的曲面。在这种情况下,邻近切割器组件102的导管体120的区域是足够柔性的以呈现弯曲护套122的形状。 
图6E图示说明了另一种变型,其中导管体120在切割器组件附近的一个区域中包括一组曲面。在这种情况下,外部护套122可以被制成相对于导管体120是直的。因此,护套122之外的导管体120的弯曲部分的推进导致导管体120呈其弯曲形状。在这种情况下,活动连接的程度可以与导管体120推出护套122的程度有关。 
另外,可以选择外罩104的形状以及窗106的位置,以使装置100与损伤基本上对准,或以小于某一临界冲角与其咬合,其将进行有效的切割。然而,当以大于该临界角的角度枢轴转动时,切割边缘或磨蚀元件将不与损伤咬合,如图7所示。这意味着在大的转向处,当导管尖端接近脉管壁时,其会自动减小其切割深度并最终在超过临界角时停止切割。例如,切割器远端尖端是钝的而不进行切割。当导管尖端向外偏转时,钝的尖端接触脉管并保持尖端附近的切割边缘不会接触管壁。而且与装置组合的金属丝也可以起到缓冲的作用以避免切割边缘到达脉管。 
如上所述,装置100的多种变型允许对切割器组件102进行方向(定向)控制。在那些变型中,其中可滑动、可扭转护套相对于可在远端处伸缩的导管体120(导管体外或导管体内)推进。利用该护套,伸缩的导管尖端指向伸缩的方向,而偏压的程度受到在护套上的伸缩量的影响。护套可以绕导管或脉管长轴旋转以改变切割器组件的方向。还是如上文所述,这种旋转也可以实现切割器组件102以大于切割器102的直径的一圆弧或圆进行扫除(例如,参见图6D)。这样的特征消除了对更换用于具有更大切割头的单独切割工具的装置的需要。这个特征不仅节省了操作时间,而且该装置能够在体腔内形成可变化尺寸的开口。 
如图8A所示,在护套122的壁中的可滑动金属丝132上的张力可导致护套122的弯曲。金属丝的压缩也可导致护套在相反的方向上弯曲。在一种变型中,可将护套122附着至切割器组件102的外罩104。由于外罩104相对于切割器108和偏转轴杆114是可转动的,所以护套122可独立于扭转轴杆114和切割器108而旋转以独立的速率扫描(sweep)切割器组件102或改变活动连接的切割器组件102的方向。 
在装置100的另一种变型中,如图8B所示,预成形的弯曲金属丝或心轴134可以在护套122或导管120上的内腔中推进。随着心轴134的前进,该装置呈现如图8C所示的形状。图8D至8I图示说明了用于使装置100伸缩的另外的机构。这样的机构可以包括侧气囊160、网状物、金属丝环164、线圈166、以及臂或心轴168和其他这样的结构。这些特征可整合到导管体120本身或整合到护套122内。如果位于导管体120中,整个导管可以旋转而在不同的方向上操作尖端。如图8D至8E所示,弯曲或螺旋状的导丝170也可以用于实现导管尖端的伸缩。也可以使金属丝主动地伸缩以控制导管伸缩的程度。所有这些偏转机构都可以导致导管在一个平面内偏转或它可以在三个方向上发生偏转。金属丝上的弯曲可以是在一个平面内或可以在3个方向上。护套可以在一个平面内或可以在3个方向上伸缩。在导管的远端处实现伸缩的另一种方式是仅部分地用一种或多种聚合物为远端加上套。远端处的斜面和/或套及聚合物的不同组合可以用于改变力距臂的位置。这改变了远端的灵活性并允许适当的偏转。 
除了提供用于使导管偏转的装置,以及允许使用者根据需要扫描(sweep)远端尖端以咬合损伤之外,还可以连接分离的扭矩控制装置以对导管的扫描进行手动或自动控制,而独立于导管插入的轴向控制和外罩中的切割器的旋转控制。通过使用者输入的设置并激活开关,或利用设计用于进一步优化切割效率、手术操作效率以及安全性的反馈控制,可以开口回路方式(open-loop)实施自动控制。如何将护套/导管的活动连接锁定至适当位置的示例性结构包括可锁定轴环、挡块、以及具有一个或多个弹簧、线圈或铰链的摩擦锁定检测机构。 
本文所描述的装置可以整合其他组件。例如,可以理想地将换能器整合到导管的远端区域中,以表征斑块或评价斑块以及壁厚度和脉管直径,用于治疗计划;而且还可能期望换能器指示去除的进展或切割器接近脉管壁的程度。例如,安装在导管外罩上的压力传感器能够感知在外罩压靠脉管壁的情况下受到的接触力增加。温度传感器能够用于检测易损的斑块。超声换能器可用于成像内腔区域、斑块厚度或体积,以及壁厚度。光学相干断层扫描(Opticalcoherence tomography)可用于测量斑块和壁厚度。电极可用于感测接触组织的阻抗,其允许斑块类型之间以及和血管壁之间的区分。可以利用电极来递送能量脉冲(例如评价神经分布)、刺激平滑肌或使平滑肌失活、或表征斑块(组成、厚度等)。例如,可以引入暂时的痉挛以使脉管的直径较小从而易于去除,然后通过电子或药 物方法反转。也可以输送电能来改善药物或生物制剂的递送,通过响应于电刺激(电穿孔)而引起细胞膜打开。通过电测量来表征的一种方法是电阻抗断层成像术(electrical impedance tomography)。 
如图9所示,切割器组件102还可以具有突出到其突出部外侧的磨锥。尽管磨锥180可以具有任何类型的磨蚀表面,但在一种变型中,这种磨锥是钝的并具有精细的磨料(例如金刚石磨料),从而可以磨蚀严重钙化的组织而不会损伤附近的软组织。磨锥和切割器的这种组合允许远端组件可以利用该磨锥除去硬的狭窄组织(钙化斑块),同时锋利边缘剪切的切割器除去软组织(例如纤维、脂肪组织、平滑肌增生、或血栓)。在变型中,磨锥还可以具有螺旋形的凹槽以有助于抽吸,或可将磨锥结合至切割边缘的一部分(例如,切割器的最远端)。 
向靶治疗位点灌注溶液(冲洗)可能是期望的。灌注的冷盐水能够防止血液和其他组织升温,这会减少血栓或其他组织损伤的可能性。肝素化盐水还可以防止血栓并稀释血液从而有助于使抽吸效率最大化。冲洗还可以包括药物,例如氯吡格雷、雷帕霉素、紫杉醇或其他再狭窄抑制剂。这可以有助于防止再狭窄并导致更好的长期开放。冲洗可以包括麻痹(paralytic)或长效平滑肌松弛剂,以防止血管的急性收缩。图10A-10C图示说明了装置100进行冲洗(flush out)的变型。该冲洗可以通过导丝腔(图10A)、导管轴杆的侧腔(图10B)或管、在伸缩护套和导管和/或导丝的侧向端口之间的空间(图10C)的灌注来进行。冲洗液(flush)可以从将冲洗液近端地引向抽吸设备的切割器头的远端处的端口排出。可替代地,通过逐渐灌注在圆形表面上的切割器外罩的远端出来的冲洗液,通过柯恩达效应(Coanda effect)可使液流向后流动。可以利用具有组织粘合剂的微囊或表面上的类似尼龙搭扣(vecro-like,类似于维可牢)的特征将再狭窄抑制剂附着于内部脉管表面,从而使 药物附着于治疗位置,并提供由再吸收或涂层的溶解控制的缓时(time-release),以进一步改善效率。这样的尼龙搭扣状特征可由纳米级结构(由有机物或无机物制成)构建。减少异物的体积并将其余的组织和胞外基质暴露于药物、刺激、或传感器,可使这些技术中任一种更加有效。 
灌注流体的另一种方法是在导丝腔(重力或压力供料)如静脉包的近端部提供加压的流体。带有侧支的止血封条可用于此目的;Y形适配器(人字形接头,tuohy-borst adapter)为实现这个目的的一种实例。 
使输注的相对量与抽吸的流体体积相平衡可以控制脉管直径;抽吸的流体多于输注的流体会使脉管排空,使其直径缩小,并使得在以大于粥样动脉硬化切除术导管的直径处切割损伤。这对于某些利用抽吸的开放切割器设计来说是一个问题,因为需要捕获栓子颗粒的侵入式抽吸会使切割器刀片周围的动脉排空并塌陷;这二者都是性能的问题,因为切割器会由于过高的扭矩负载而停顿,并且切割器容易使脉管穿孔。本文中描述的覆罩设计消除了这两个问题,并进一步需要较少的有效入侵式抽吸,而为使用者提供了更宽的控制范围。 
本发明的装置也可以联合置于体腔中的其他结构使用。例如,如图11所示,用来保护脉管并使斑块体积最大程度减小的一种方法是在损伤中设置诸如细的可膨胀线圈或可膨胀网状物182的保护性结构。由于这种结构在设置后发生膨胀,细的金属丝线圈或支柱会放射状地向外挤压穿过斑块,直到其变得与管壁基本上齐平。这种细元件的膨胀要求最小的斑块体积移位并最小化在气囊血管成形术或气囊膨胀支架递送过程中产生的气压性损伤。一旦保护性结构完全展开,就可以实施粥样动脉硬化切除术以在内部切除斑块从 而打通内腔。由于结构元件(线圈或支柱)可以抵抗粥样动脉硬化切除术切割器的切割,并以它们不会向切割器外套内陷的方式设置(从而被切割器抓紧),因此管壁受到膨胀结构的保护。还可以调节粥样动脉硬化切除术导管切割器外罩上的窗口的角度,以使它们不与支柱或线圈对准;取向的调整可以在线圈或支柱的设计中、在切割器外罩的设计中或二者之中完成。此外,保护性元件可以是相对柔性的并具有较小的外形(细的元件),以使其可位于适当的位置作为支架。在这种情况下,由于支架主要依赖于粥样动脉硬化切除术来恢复管腔的开放,因此可将其设计成施加远小于径向力(就像其展开时的力)。这使使用的材料的范围更宽,其中的一些可以不具有例如可生物吸收的聚合物和金属合金那么高的硬度和强度。而且,这使得可以进行更多有弹性的设计,受外周动脉中的机械力的作用。其还可以使流动中断最小化,以使血液动力学并发症(例如与外围血管中相对低的流动有关的血栓形成)最小化。还可以在设置保护性结构之前实施粥样动脉硬化切除术,无论粥样动脉硬化切除术是否在设置该结构之后实施。 
系统的其他变型包括具有切割器组件170的装置100,该切割器组件包括如上所示和如图12A所示的自旋涡轮状挖心切割器172。图12B示出了挖心切割器170的侧视图。在使用中,挖心切割器可以被液压地推动以驱动尖锐边缘穿过组织。涡轮状切割器具有在锐利的圆筒形外罩176(外壳)内侧上的螺旋状刀片174。挖心切割器170还可以具有如所示的辐条或定心装置184,以将外壳集中在导丝周围。这有助于保证集中于血管壁周围的斑块的切除是安全的。辐条还起到推进器的作用以向后拉动狭窄组织,并且这有助于驱动切割器向前并实现抽吸以使栓塞形成最小化。在液压驱动的切割器设计中,锚186设置在组织中并连接至托架(backstop)192。然后将气囊或液压室188加压而膨胀并推进切割刀片190向 前通过损伤(参见图12I)。这种方法的一个优点是该技术与血管形成术(其涉及用内膨胀器(endoflator)使气囊充气)相似。锚固的一种方式是利用锚固导丝,例如将具有可膨胀气囊的导丝置于粥样动脉硬化导管的远端。可替代地,远端锚固技术可以与前述的扭转轴杆驱动的粥样动脉硬化导管一起使用。 
还可以利用本文所述的装置和方法来恢复在冠状动脉循环和脑血管循环中动脉损伤的开放,二者均是通过去除重新形成的损伤和支架再狭窄中的去除来进行的。 
出于这个原因,将粥样动脉硬化切除术与支架术结合是有利的。通过除去物质、去除损伤,需要较小的径向力来进一步打开动脉并保持管腔直径。可以调整去除的量以与所选择的支架的机械特性良好适应地实施。对于提供较大膨胀和径向力的支架,需要相对较小的粥样动脉硬化切除术而获得满意的结果。一种可替代的治疗方法是基本上去除损伤,其允许支架位于对于外围解剖结构中的固有机械条件的最优位置。本质上,支架可以靠着血管壁而支持其自身并提供适中的径向力以保持管腔张开。支架可以是可生物再吸收、和/或药物洗脱的,其中该吸收或洗脱可以在数天至12周或更长的时间内发生。4至12周的时间与再造并恢复稳定的时间很好匹配,如在典型的创伤愈合应答中所见的,并且尤其是在支架手术后动脉的再造时间过程中已知的。另外,可以优化支架的形状以通过引起血流中的漩涡而使血栓形成最小化。这具有使导致血栓形成的停滞或再循环流动的最小化或消除。支架至少近端(上游)部分的螺旋状构造可以实现血栓形成最小化。还有利地确保了,紧靠支架远端的流动不产生任何停滞或再循环区,而且漩涡也是避免这种情况发生的一种方式。 
本文描述的装置和方法还尤其适合处理用其他方法难于处理的损伤:在二根分叉部处、在扭曲的动脉中、以及在经受生物力学应力的动脉中(例如膝盖或其他关节处)。 
在本文所描述的装置的另一种变型中,可以通过改变供给导管的速度和扭矩的控制器为电动机驱动装置供能,以使切割效率最优化或利用可随固定的柔性导管远端长度而变化的速度来使切割器自动进入轨道运行(或通过控制导管的远端柔性部分的长度来进一步控制进入轨道)。 
还可以利用反馈控制而以血管安全模式来操作导管,以使切割速率随着接近管壁而下降。这可以通过速度控制,或通过将切割器在外罩中沿轴向收回而降低切割刀片穿透外罩窗的程度实现。可以通过光学(红外)或超声换能器,或通过其他换能器(压力、电阻等),或通过监测电动机的性能来反馈变量。还可以利用安全算法中的反馈变量来停止切割器,例如在扭矩过载的情况下。 
粥样动脉硬化切除术导管可以进一步被构造为具有邻近切割器的气囊,用于辅助血管形成术或支架递送。可以可选地将导管构造成递送自展开式支架。这为使用者提供了方便并且在更大的程度上保证在实施粥样动脉硬化切除术的预期位置上的辅助疗法。 
其他方法包括利用类似的装置以去除在AV血液透析进入位置(漏管与合成移植物)的狭窄,并去除血栓。通过除去切割器外罩并使带凹槽的切割器凹进导管护套中,可以构造一种适合的非切除式血栓切除术导管。 
所利用的其他方法包括在最小侵入性外科手术操作中切除骨头、软骨、结缔组织、或肌肉。例如,可以利用包括切割和磨锥元件的导管来实现进入脊柱,以实施椎板切除术或椎骨关节面切除术操作从而缓解椎管狭窄。对于这种应用,可以进一步将导管设计成通过硬质插管在其部分长度上展开,或其本身具有坚硬的部分,从而在外科手术插入或导航中起辅助作用。 
图13图示说明了用于清洁体腔中的阻塞物的装置的另一种变型。在一些其中血管完全堵塞的情况下,坚韧的纤维帽或钙化帽6完全或几乎完全堵塞管腔。由于存在这种堵塞,流体不能留过该堵塞物。这种停滞还使得难以或不可能用粥样动脉硬化切除术装置或硬导管跨越损伤而正确地插入金属丝。 
在一种完全堵塞的典型情况下,观察阻塞物附近的管腔即使不是不可能也是很困难的,因为任何注入的对比剂都不能流过阻塞位置。 
图13A使出了用于治疗完全阻塞的一种系统。该系统可包括支持导管,该支持导管包括具有中心腔202的支持管或导管200,该导管可以包括侧腔或端口206,用于冲洗和抽吸。导管中心腔202可用于递送对比剂208。另外,尖端集中机构以及防止损伤的尖端是有用的。支持导管可与任何内腔形成装置210,例如上述装置100、激光导管、RF探针、或RF导丝一起使用。当利用如图13所示的挖心切割器时,该切割器在其尖端、螺旋凹槽、螺旋形沟槽、或能够穿入纤维帽或钙化帽的任何其他机构处可以具有尖锐边缘。切割器和轴杆可以在支持导管内向前推进,并且还可以通过支持导管设置一个或多个气囊或篮以有助于将其集中在脉管中。 
如图13A所示,内腔形成装置210可选地被制成在其远端具有肩状部212。肩状部212作为挡块而限制装置210突出超过支持导管200的深度。需要这样的安全措施以保护血管壁。驱动该装置210通过坚硬的纤维帽(fibrous cap)在该帽中形成内腔。然后可以将导丝置于在该纤维帽中形成的内腔中。挖心切割器可将中心除去。 
接着,与切割器组件一起使用导丝以除去血管中的一些或所有的残余块状物(mass)。可替代地,初始形成的内腔可以足够大而不需进一步的动脉粥样硬化切除术。通常少于30%或少于20%的残余狭窄就可以认为是技术上成功。而且,可利用具有或没有支架术的气囊血管成形术可以在利用支持导管和内腔形成导管建立了导丝腔之后实施。 
在诊断或治疗过程中,在支持导管的远端附近的对比剂注射和抽吸端口可循环对比剂,使得能够利用荧光镜来可视化完全堵塞附近的内腔。支持导管200的中心腔202还可以被用于注射或抽吸对比剂208。对比剂可以循环通过支持导管200中的中心腔202以及各构造中的至少一个端口206。流体可以在导管的远端尖端附近循环,流体的运动可以环形的,如图13B所示。例如,可将流体通过中心腔202注入,绕远端行进,然后通过位于支持导管200的表面一侧的端口206将其抽吸回到支持导管中。为了举例说明另一种可能的结构,可将流体通过侧端口排出,然后通过中心腔抽吸。对比剂的这种再循环使得在堵塞部位处可以使血管成像。 
注意到,以上描述意在提供所述装置和方法的示例性实施方式。应该理解,本发明包括这些实施方式的各方面的组合或实施方式本身的组合。这样的变型和组合均包括在本文所披露的范围内。 

Claims (7)

1.一种用于从体腔除去物质的装置,所述装置包括:
具有近端和远端的导管体;
位于所述导管体的所述远端的切割器组件,所述切割器组件包括具有至少一个开口的外罩和具有至少一个构造成相对于所述外罩旋转的切割面的切割刀片,其中所述切割刀片相对于所述外罩的运动去除所述外罩周围的组织;
旋转轴杆,其延伸通过所述导管体并耦接于所述切割刀片,所述旋转轴杆具有的近端适合于耦接至第一旋转机构;以及
偏转元件,其沿所述导管体延伸,以使所述偏转元件的运动引起所述切割器组件相对于所述导管体的轴发生偏转,
其中,所述偏转元件包括可滑动地位于所述导管体中的预成形管,其中当所述管的预成形部分在所述导管体中推进时,至少所述导管体的远端呈所述预成形管的形状,
或者其中,所述偏转元件包括具有固定弯曲形状的可滑动护套,使得所述可滑动护套在所述导管体的柔性部分上的推进导致所述导管体呈现所述可滑动护套的弯曲形状,
或者其中,所述偏转元件包括形状适合于偏转的可操控护套,其中,所述可操控护套包括延伸通过所述可操控护套的一部分的偏转金属丝,使得所述偏转金属丝的轴向运动偏转所述可操控护套。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中,所述旋转轴杆和所述切割刀片各自具有可以用于导丝穿过其推进的内腔。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,进一步包括具有内腔的导丝轨道,其中所述导丝轨道的至少一部分位于所述导管体的外部。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置,切割刀片包括多个凹槽并且所述切割面是所述凹槽的边缘。
5.根据权利要求4所述的装置,其中,所述凹槽的所述切割面是螺旋状的。
6.根据权利要求5所述的装置,其中,所述旋转轴杆具有至少一个围绕外部进行盘绕的螺旋状传送元件,以使所述旋转轴杆的旋转沿所述旋转轴杆的长度传送物质。
7.根据权利要求6所述的装置,其中,所述螺旋状传送元件以与所述切割刀片上的螺旋状切割面的所述凹槽相同的方式盘绕。
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