CN101132851A - 快速释放微胶囊产品 - Google Patents
快速释放微胶囊产品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101132851A CN101132851A CNA2006800068671A CN200680006867A CN101132851A CN 101132851 A CN101132851 A CN 101132851A CN A2006800068671 A CNA2006800068671 A CN A2006800068671A CN 200680006867 A CN200680006867 A CN 200680006867A CN 101132851 A CN101132851 A CN 101132851A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- water
- immiscibility
- absorbent composition
- salt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 174
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 130
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 56
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 67
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- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 48
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 27
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
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- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
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- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- OQWIKYXFAZAALW-FMDYKLJDSA-N (2S)-2-amino-5-oxo-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypentanoic acid Chemical compound N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C(O)=O OQWIKYXFAZAALW-FMDYKLJDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种制备微胶囊组合物的方法,使用这些微胶囊组合物的方法,含有这些微胶囊组合物的组合物以及由本发明方法制备的微胶囊。将吸水剂加入微胶囊的芯中以改善微胶囊的储存性。这些微胶囊含有除草剂、杀虫剂和杀真菌剂。
Description
本发明提供了一种制备微胶囊组合物的方法、使用这些微胶囊组合物的方法、含有这些微胶囊组合物的组合物和由本发明方法制备的微胶囊。
通过界面聚合制备微胶囊组合物在本领域是众所周知的(例如见U.S.3,577,515;U.S.4,280,833和U.S.5,310,721)。在这些专利中,微胶囊组合物通过使含有各种乳化剂、第一成壁组分、待包封材料和水的乳液与互补的第二成壁组分反应而以类似方式制备。
尽管这些方法可以用于制备某些微胶囊组合物,但在本领域仍需要快速释放微胶囊和一种制备该类微胶囊组合物的方法。
储存稳定性和生物活性的优选平衡的实现要求小心控制壳壁性能。不可透过的厚壁对胶囊悬浮液或由胶囊悬浮液生产的喷雾干燥粉末提供良好的储存稳定性,但可能具有非常差的生物活性。
在田间实际应用条件下,释放速率依赖于环境条件:气候、土壤温度、润湿和干燥、直接光照和机械处理,所有这些都可能引起释放速率的变化或可能引起胶囊的破裂。这种依赖性可能导致生物活性在某些条件下发生变化,而这可能限制该产品的有效性。
在某些应用中希望将储存稳定的产品以在水基配制剂中的微胶囊分散体或由该微胶囊分散体制备的喷雾干燥粉末提供,它们在施用时更快速地释放活性成分,即在水中稀释,从而使可变性降至最小。
本发明的目的在于提供制备微胶囊的方法和具有储存稳定性(壁组成类似于普通胶囊)但被改性以在水中稀释时更快速地释放活性成分的微胶囊组合物。
普通胶囊及其制备方法已有描述(BASF的US专利5,910,314、5,705,174),其中将盐掺入微胶囊悬浮液的外部水相中,但例如就快速释放性能而言,这些微胶囊仍有改进余地。
本发明的目的还在于提供快速释放微胶囊。
本发明的目的还在于提供一种制备稳定的微胶囊组合物的方法,该组合物在农业应用中呈现快速释放性能。
此外,希望提供用于种子处理的新配制剂,因为种子处理为农民提供了保护种子以防真菌或昆虫侵染的有利方法。此外,这里希望改变释放性能以使活性成分可以在播种之后不久就可生物利用。
因此,本发明的目的还为提供适于种子处理的配制剂。
在本发明的微囊包封产品中,生物活性材料包含在壁或壳中。对该壳的化学组成和厚度进行设计以提供充分的长期储存稳定性和活性成分足够快速的释放,从而提供所需生物活性。
掺入在水中稀释时改变胶囊性能的成分的程序也为本发明的实施方案。
因此,本发明涉及一种储存稳定且在施用时允许胶囊内容物快速释放的微胶囊组合物。
本发明的另一实施方案涉及制造该微胶囊组合物的方法。
本发明的还一实施方案涉及本发明的微胶囊组合物在防治不希望的植物中的用途。
本发明涉及一种储存稳定的微胶囊组合物,其中以悬浮液或乳液存在且在稀释时吸收水的活性成分和细碎材料包含在微胶囊内。
本发明还涉及制备该微胶囊组合物的方法。
具体而言,本发明涉及一种制备微胶囊组合物的方法,该方法包括:
(1.1)将水不溶混性溶剂和/或至少一种水不溶混性活性成分与水不溶混性表面活性剂或水不溶混性表面活性剂的混合物混合;
(1.2)向该混合物中加入吸水组分,和
(1.3)将该混合物均化以得到分散颗粒的中值粒度小于2μm的分散体,得到混合物(I),
(2)然后将混合物(I)与形成微胶囊壁的单体1结合,得到混合物(III);
(3)将混合物(III)与包含水溶性盐和水溶性乳化剂的水相结合,得到混合物(IV),和
(4)将混合物(IV)与形成微胶囊壁的单体2结合。
在步骤(4)之后可以加入抗沉降剂。
步骤(1.3)的均化例如可以经由充分高剪切混合器(如由Waring、IKA或Ross生产)进行。步骤(2)的结合例如可以在搅动下(例如在低剪切混合条件如低速搅动或静态混合器下)进行。步骤(3)的结合例如可以在机械高剪切搅拌或声处理下进行。步骤(4)的结合例如可以在经由机械搅动或静态混合器的低速搅动下进行。
术语“至少一种水不溶混性活性成分”是指可以使用一种水不溶混性活性成分或至少两种水不溶混性活性成分的组合。
上述方法的另一实施方案的特征在于在步骤(1.3)之后引入另一步骤,其中将混合物(I)与至少一种水不溶混性活性成分(I)结合,得到混合物(II)。该结合例如可以在低剪切搅动或静态混合器下进行。
步骤1.3的水不溶混性活性成分可以与步骤1.4的水不溶混性活性成分相同或与步骤1.3的水不溶混性活性成分不同。在优选实施方案中,步骤1.3的水不溶混性活性成分与步骤1.4的水不溶混性活性成分相同。
在本发明方法中,吸水组分以如下形式加入:
(a)吸水组分的水溶液;
(b)吸水组分在水不溶混性溶剂中的悬浮液;
(c)吸水组分在水中的分散体。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,该方法包括下列步骤:
(1)在搅动下将可以通过如下步骤得到的内相吸水组分(I)(为包含吸水组分的相):
(1.1)将水不溶混性溶剂和/或一部分水不溶混性活性成分与水不溶混性表面活性剂或乳化剂混合,
(1.2)向该混合物中加入吸水组分的水溶液,和
(1.3)将该混合物均化,得到乳化颗粒的中值粒度低于2μm的乳液;
(1.4)与包含活性成分的内相结合,得到混合物(II),
(2)然后在搅动下将混合物(II)与形成微胶囊壁的单体1结合,得到混合物(III);
(3)在搅动下将混合物(III)与包含水溶性盐和乳化剂的水相结合,得到混合物(IV),和
(4)将混合物(IV)与形成微胶囊壁的单体2结合以及任选随后与抗沉降剂结合。
在优选实施方案中,水不溶混性活性成分的总量中15-100重量%,更优选35-100重量%,最优选100重量%用于步骤1.1(相应地为步骤(A)Ia));以及水不溶混性活性成分的总量中0-85重量%,更优选0-65重量%,最优选0重量%用于步骤1.4(相应地为步骤(A)Ic);其中水不溶混性活性成分的比例的总和为100重量%。
本发明方法可以在各种温度范围进行。可能有利的是在升高的温度范围进行本发明方法。例如,该方法可在20-95℃,优选35-85℃的温度下进行。
使用界面聚合在含水盐溶液中形成微胶囊。
以与制备微胶囊的已知方法不同的方法加工该微胶囊的内相,以在其中掺入通常通过渗透过程吸收水的细碎材料(“内相吸水组分(I)”)。
以此方式制备的微胶囊稳定且不溶胀。
吸水组分可以选自盐,如无机或有机盐,或盐的混合物,或低分子有机化合物和吸水材料(如聚合物)。
如上所述,吸水组分以如下形式加入:
(a)吸水组分的水溶液,其中优选该吸水剂为盐或低分子有机化合物,更优选诸如无机盐或有机盐的盐,或盐的混合物;
(b)吸水组分在水不溶混性溶剂中的悬浮液;其中优选吸水剂为盐或低分子有机化合物,更优选诸如无机盐或有机盐的盐,或盐的混合物;或
(c)吸水组分在水中的分散体,其中该吸水组分为吸水材料(或溶胀材料)。
在这些实施方案中,通常将下列材料用作吸水材料:
1.(b)可溶于水但不溶于非极性有机溶剂中的固体(吸水组分)的分散体(悬浮液(c))。例如可以将盐,如无机或有机盐,或盐的混合物,例如包含碱金属如钠、钾或碱土金属如钙或镁作为阳离子组分和卤素如氟离子、氯离子、溴离子或无机酸的阴离子如硼酸根、碳酸根、碳酸氢根、硝酸根、铝酸根、硅酸根、单磷酸根、二磷酸根、三磷酸根、单硫酸根、硫酸氢根,甲酸根、乙酸根、丙酸根、柠檬酸根、乳酸根作为阴离子组分的盐,优选包含碱金属如钠、钾或碱土金属如镁作为阳离子组分和氯离子、硫酸根、碳酸根或碳酸氢根作为阴离子组分的盐,例如氯化钠、硫酸钠、硫酸镁、碳酸氢钠、碳酸钾,最优选氯化钠、硫酸镁、碳酸氢钠和碳酸钾细细研磨并掺入芯中。或者还可以使用低分子有机化合物如丙二醇、乙二醇、三甘醇、聚乙二醇、乙氧基化葡萄糖、丙氧基化葡萄糖、乙氧基化甘油、氢化淀粉水解物、葡萄糖谷氨酸盐甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇和甘油甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇或甘油。优选使用盐。
2.(a)盐如无机或有机盐,或盐的混合物的(水)溶液,所述盐例如为包含碱金属如钠、钾或碱土金属如钙或镁作为阳离子组分和卤素如氟离子、氯离子、溴离子或无机酸的阴离子如硼酸根、碳酸根、碳酸氢根、硝酸根、铝酸根、硅酸根、单磷酸根、二磷酸根、三磷酸根、单硫酸根、硫酸氢根,甲酸根、乙酸根、丙酸根、柠檬酸根、乳酸根作为阴离子组分的盐,优选包含碱金属如钠、钾或碱土金属如镁作为阳离子组分和氯离子、硫酸根、碳酸根或碳酸氢根作为阴离子组分的盐,例如氯化钠、硫酸钠、硫酸镁、碳酸氢钠、碳酸钾,最优选氯化钠、硫酸镁、碳酸氢钠和碳酸钾,可以将它们乳化到胶囊芯中。或者还可以使用低分子有机化合物如丙二醇、乙二醇、三甘醇、聚乙二醇、乙氧基化葡萄糖、丙氧基化葡萄糖、乙氧基化甘油、氢化淀粉水解物、葡萄糖谷氨酸甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇和甘油、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇或甘油的溶液。优选使用盐。
将碳酸盐用作盐是有效的,因为除了因水转移而溶胀的渗透效应外,在低pH下还存在可能由二氧化碳气体的释放产生的更为快速的溶胀。因此,对于方案1(b)和2(a),尤其优选的盐是包含钠、钾、钙或镁作为阳离子组分和碳酸根或碳酸氢根作为阴离子组分的那些,例如碳酸氢钠、碳酸钾。
此外还可以将其他水吸收或溶胀材料作为内相吸水组分掺入,其中所述水吸收或溶胀材料在本发明方法中以吸水组分在水中的分散体形式使用。例如聚合物,优选交联的有机聚合物的实例是例如聚丙烯酰胺或聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、吡咯烷酮共聚物、聚葡萄糖和纤维素材料。
这些材料通常不溶于转移的水中,但吸收水并溶胀。
在任何情况下,内相吸水组分(I)(以水溶性材料在芯材料中的分散体或乳液)作为单独相在微囊包封之前制备。
乳化液滴或分散颗粒的直径必须小于所希望的微胶囊直径,优选所述乳化液滴或分散颗粒的中值粒度小于2μm,最优选小于1μm的中值直径。
分散或乳化方法通常要求使用在微囊包封过程中不干扰化学反应的水不溶混性分散剂或乳化剂。
水不溶混性溶剂可以在制备吸水物质的分散体或乳液时方便地包括在芯材料中。
水不溶混性表面活性剂(分散剂或乳化剂)的实例对专业人员而言是已知的,可以在实施例和本申请中作为参考文献附上的US 5,705,174中找到公开。水不溶混性分散剂或乳化剂的实例包括但不限于脂肪酸酯、脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯如12-羟基硬脂酸、聚乙二醇共聚物酰胺酯表面活性剂、C10-C16酰胺、脱水山梨糖醇聚乙二醇酯、烷基多苷、烷基醚柠檬酸酯。优选的水不溶混性表面活性剂是12-羟基硬脂酸、聚乙二醇共聚物。
水不溶混性溶剂的实例对专业人员而言是已知的,可以在实施例和本申请中作为参考文献附上的US 5,705,174中找到公开。所述溶剂的实例是芳族和/或脂族烃类,例如本申请的实施例中所述的那些。
水不溶混性溶剂是指水溶性低于50%,优选低于25%,更优选低于10%,最优选低于5%且不会不希望地与本发明方法中所用任何成分发生反应的任何溶剂。
例如,可以使用下列水不溶混性溶剂:
盐水不溶混性烃,芳族氯代烃,氯代马来烃,酮,长链酯及其混合物,例如水溶性<0.1%(w/w)且沸程为130-300℃的C8-C11芳族石油衍生物(芳烃)(以下列牌号市购:Solvesso 100,Solvesso 150,Solvesso 200,Solvesso150ND,Solvesso 200ND,Aromatic 150,Aromatic 200,Hydrosol A 200,Hydrosol A 230/270,Caromax 20,Caromax 28,Aromat K 150,AromatK 200,Shellsol A 150,Shellsol A 100,Fin FAS-TX 150,Fin FAS-TX 200)、二甲苯、环己烷、环戊烷、戊烷、己烷、庚烷、2-甲基戊烷、3-甲基戊烷、2-甲基己烷、3-甲基己烷、2-甲基丁烷、2,3-二甲基丁烷、甲基环戊烷、甲基环己烷、2,3-二甲基戊烷、2,4-二甲基戊烷、苯、1-戊烯、2-戊烯、1-己烯、1-庚烯、环己烯、1-丁醇、乙基乙烯基醚、丙基醚、异丙基醚、丁基乙烯基醚、丁基乙基醚、1,2-环氧丁烷、呋喃、四氢吡喃、1-丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、2-戊酮、3-戊酮、氟代苯、六氟苯、甲酸乙酯、甲酸丙酯、甲酸异丙酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸乙烯酯、乙酸异丙酯、丙酸乙酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、氯乙烷、1-氯丙烷、2-氯丙烷、1-氯丁烷、2-氯丁烷、1-氯-2-甲基丙烷、2-氯-2-甲基丙烷、1-氯-3-甲基丁烷、3-氯丙烯、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯甲烷、1,1-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、1,1-二氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、溴甲烷、1-溴丙烷、2-溴丙烷、1-溴丁烷、2-溴丁烷、2-溴-2-甲基丙烷、二溴甲烷、碘甲烷、碘乙烷、2-碘丙烷、三氯一氟甲烷、二氯一氟甲烷、二溴一氟甲烷、溴氯甲烷、溴氯氟甲烷、1,1,2-三氯-1,2,2-三氟乙烷、1,1,2,2-四氯二氟乙烷、1,2-二溴四氟乙烷、1,2-二溴-1,1-二氟乙烷、1,1-二氯-2,2-二氟乙烯、丙腈、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、三乙胺、二硫化碳、1-丁硫醇、二甲硫、二乙硫和四甲基硅烷。
合适的抗沉降剂或增稠剂的实例对专业人员而言是已知的,实例是多糖或有机层状材料如黄原胶(Kelco的Kelzan)、Rhodopol23(RhonePoulenc)或Veegum(R.T.Vanderbilt)或Attaclay(Engelhardt)。
合适的水溶性乳化剂的实例对专业人员而言是已知的,实例尤其是乳化剂如乙氧基化木素磺酸盐,木素磺酸盐如木素磺酸的碱金属、碱土金属和铵盐,氧化木素,木素盐,苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物的盐,苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物的偏酯的盐,聚丙烯酸三元共聚物的部分盐(partial salt),其中通常优选钠、钾、镁、钙和铵盐;萘磺酸、苯酚磺酸、二丁基萘磺酸、烷基芳基磺酸盐、烷基硫酸盐、烷基磺酸盐、脂肪醇硫酸盐、脂肪酸和硫酸化脂肪醇乙二醇醚,此外还有磺化萘和萘衍生物与甲醛的缩合物,萘或萘磺酸与苯酚和甲醛的缩合物,聚氧乙烯辛基酚醚,乙氧基化异辛基酚、辛基酚、壬基酚,烷基酚聚乙二醇醚,三丁基苯基聚乙二醇醚,三硬脂基苯基聚乙二醇醚,烷基芳基聚醚醇,醇和脂肪醇/氧化乙烯缩合物,乙氧基化蓖麻油,聚氧乙烯烷基醚,乙氧基化聚氧丙烯,月桂醇聚乙二醇醚缩醛,山梨糖醇酯,木素亚硫酸盐废液和甲基纤维素;优选乙氧基化木素磺酸盐以及氧化木素,更优选乙氧基化木素磺酸盐,最优选乙氧基化酸的钠盐。
可以用于步骤(3)中的水溶性盐的实例对专业人员而言是已知的,实例为卤素的碱金属盐,如氯化物、氟化物、溴化物,优选氯化物,或无机酸的阴离子组分的碱金属盐,如硫酸盐、硝酸盐、硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、磷酸一氢盐、磷酸二氢盐,例如氯化锂、氯化钠、氯化钾、硝酸锂、硫酸钠、硫酸钾、硫酸氢钠、硫酸氢钾、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸二氢钾;卤素的碱土金属盐,如氯化物、氟化物、溴化物,优选氯化物,或无机酸的阴离子组分的碱土金属盐,如硫酸盐和硝酸盐,例如氯化镁、氯化钙、硝酸镁、硝酸钙、硫酸镁;以及卤素的铵盐,如氯化物、氟化物、溴化物,优选氯化物,或无机酸的阴离子组分的铵盐,如硫酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸一氢盐或磷酸二氢盐,例如氯化铵、硫酸铵、磷酸一氢铵、硫酸二氢铵;优选氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙和硫酸镁,最优选硫酸镁。
可以使用下列形成微胶囊壁的单体1:多异氰酸酯、多元酸酰氯、多元氯甲酸酯或多磺酰氯。优选多异氰酸酯。适用的多异氰酸酯包括其中异氰酸酯基团连接于脂族或芳族基团上的二异氰酸酯和三异氰酸酯。合适的多异氰酸酯包括四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、甲苯二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷-4,4’-二异氰酸酯、多亚甲基多亚苯基异氰酸酯、2,4,4’-二苯基醚三异氰酸酯、3,3’-二甲基-4,4’-二苯基二异氰酸酯、3,3’-二甲氧基-4,4’-二苯基二异氰酸酯,1,5-萘二异氰酸酯,4,4’,4”-三苯基甲烷三异氰酸酯等,优选多亚甲基多亚苯基异氰酸酯。
可以使用下列形成微胶囊壁的单体2:多胺或多元醇。优选多胺。
适用于本发明方法中的多胺包括乙二胺、1,4-丙二胺、四亚甲基二胺、五亚甲基二胺、1,6-六亚甲基二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、四亚乙基五胺、五亚乙基六胺、4,9-二氧杂十二烷-1,12-二胺、1,3-苯二胺、2,4-和2,6-甲苯二胺、4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷等,优选1,6-六亚甲基二胺。还可以将这些多胺的盐酸盐用于本发明方法中。
可以用于本发明的微胶囊组合物中的活性成分包括除草剂、杀虫剂、杀螨剂、杀线虫剂、杀真菌剂、安全剂、杀藻剂、杀软体动物剂、杀霉菌剂、杀体外寄生虫剂等,它们在加工温度下为液体和/或可溶于水不溶混性(非极性)溶剂中。
因此,本发明含义内的术语“水不溶混性成分”指至少一种选自杀真菌剂、杀虫剂、杀线虫剂、除草剂和/或安全剂的化合物。
例如,可与本发明化合物一起使用的下列农药用来说明可能的组合,而不施以任何限制:
A.1.有机(硫代)磷酸酯类:谷硫磷(azinphos-methyl)、毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)、甲基毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、毒虫畏(chlorfenvinphos)、二嗪农(diazinon)、乙拌磷(disulfoton)、乙硫磷(ethion)、杀螟松(fenitrothion)、倍硫磷(fenthion)、异唑磷(isoxathion)、马拉硫磷(malathion)、杀扑磷(methidathion)、甲基一六零五(methyl-parathion)、砜吸磷(oxydemeton-methyl)、对氧磷(paraoxon)、一六零五(parathion)、稻丰散(phenthoate)、伏杀磷(phosalone)、亚胺硫磷(phosmet)、磷胺(phosphamidon)、甲拌磷(phorate)、辛硫磷(phoxim)、虫螨磷(pirimiphos-methyl)、丙溴磷(profenofos)、丙硫磷(prothiofos)、乙丙硫磷(sulprophos)、杀虫威(tetrachlorvinphos)、特丁磷(terbufos)、三唑磷(triazophos)、敌百虫(trichlorfon);
A.2.氨基甲酸酯类:棉铃威(alanycarb)、虫威(bendiocarb)、丙硫克百威(benfuracarb)、甲萘威(carbaryl)、虫螨威(carbofuran)、丁硫克百威(carbosulfan)、双氧威(fenoxycarb)、呋线威(furathiocarb)、灭虫威(methiocarb)、灭多虫(methomyl)、甲氨叉威(oxamyl)、抗蚜威(pirimicarb)、硫双成(thiodicarb)、唑蚜威(triazamate);
A.3.拟除虫菊酯类:丙烯菊酯(allethrin)、氟氯菊酯(bifenthrin)、氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)、(RS)氯氟氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、苯醚氰菊酯(cyphenothrin)、氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、甲体氯氰菊酯(alpha-cypermethrin)、乙体氯氰菊酯(beta-cypermethrin)、己体氯氰菊酯(zeta-cypermethrin)、溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)、高氰戊菊酯(esfenvalerate)、醚菊酯(etofenprox)、甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)、杀灭菊酯(fenvalerate)、咪炔菊酯(imiprothrin)、氯氟氰菊酯(lambda-cyhalothrin)、氯菊酯(permethrin)、炔酮菊酯(prallethrin)、除虫菊(pyrethrin)I和II、灭虫菊(resmethrin)、灭虫硅醚(silafluofen)、氟胺氰菊酯(tau-fluvalinate)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、胺菊酯(tetramethrin)、四溴菊酯(tralomethrin)、四氟菊酯(transfluthrin);
A.4.生长调节剂:a)几丁质合成抑制剂:苯甲酰脲类,如定虫隆(chlorfluazuron)、cyramazin、氟脲杀(diflubenzuron)、氟螨脲(flucycloxuron)、氟虫脲(flufenoxuron)、氟铃脲(hexaflumuron)、氟丙氧脲(lufenuron)、双苯氟脲(novaluron)、伏虫隆(teflubenzuron)、杀虫隆(triflumuron);噻嗪酮(buprofezin)、茂醚(diofenolan)、噻螨酮(hexythiazox)、特苯唑(etoxazole)、四螨嗪(clofentazine);b)蜕皮激素拮抗剂:特丁苯酰肼(halofenozide)、甲氧苯酰肼(methoxyfenozide)、双苯酰肼(tebufenozide)、艾扎丁(azadirachtin);c)保幼激素类似物:蚊蝇醚(pyriproxyfen)、蒙五一五(methoprene)、双氧威(fenoxycarb);d)类脂生物合成抑制剂:螺螨酯(spirodiclofen)、季酮甲螨酯(spiromesifen)、式Г1的季酮酸衍生物:
A.5.烟酸受体激动剂/拮抗剂化合物:噻虫胺(clothianidin)、呋虫胺(dinotefuran)、噻虫啉(thiacloprid);
A.6.GABA拮抗剂化合物:acetoprole、硫丹(endosulfan)、乙虫清(ethiprole)、锐劲特(fipronil)、氟吡唑虫(vaniliprole);
A.7.大环内酯杀虫剂:齐墩螨素(abamectin)、甲氨基阿维菌素(emamectin)、米尔螨素(milbemectin)、lepimectin、艾克敌105(spinosad);A.8.METI I杀螨剂:喹螨醚(fenazaquin)、哒螨酮(pyridaben)、吡螨胺(tebufenpyrad)、唑虫酰胺(tolfenpyrad);
A.9.METI II和III化合物:亚醌螨(acequinocyl)、fluacyprim、灭蚁腙(hydramethylnon);
A.10.分离剂化合物:氟唑虫清(chlorfenapyr);
A.11.氧化磷酸化抑制剂化合物:三环锡(cyhexatin)、杀螨硫隆(diafenthiuron)、杀螨锡(fenbutatin oxide)、克螨特(propargite);
A.12.蜕皮干扰剂(Moulting disruptor)化合物:cryomazine;
A.13.混合功能氧化酶抑制剂化合物:增效醚(piperonyl butoxide);
A.14.钠通道阻断剂化合物:二唑虫(indoxacarb)、metaflumizone;
A.15.其他:benclothiaz、联苯肼酯(bifenazate)、氟啶虫酰胺(flonicamid)、啶虫丙醚(pyridalyl)、拒嗪酮(pymetrozine)、硫、硫环杀(thiocyclam)以及式Г2的氨基异噻唑化合物:
其中Ri为-CH2OCH2CH3或H且Rii为CF2CF2CF3或CH2CH(CH3)3,式Г3的邻氨基苯甲酰胺(anthranilamide)化合物:
其中B1为氢或氯原子,B2为溴原子或CF3且RB为CH3或CH(CH3)2,以及JP 2002 284608、WO 02/89579、WO 02/90320、WO 02/90321、WO04/06677、WO 04/20399或JP 2004 99597中所述的丙二腈化合物,N-R’-2,2-二halo-1-R”环丙烷甲酰胺-2-(2,6-二氯-α,α,α-三氟对甲苯基)腙或N-R’-2,2-二(R)丙酰胺-2-(2,6-二氯-α,α,α-三氟对甲苯基)腙,其中R’为甲基或乙基,halo为氯或溴,R”为氢或甲基且R为甲基或乙基;
杀真菌剂,如
1.嗜球果伞素类(Strobilurins)
-腈嘧菌酯(Azoxystrobin)、醚菌胺(Dimoxystrobin)、烯肟菌酯(Enestroburin)、氟嘧菌酯(Fluoxastrobin)、亚胺菌(Kresoxim-methyl)、叉氨苯酰胺(Metominostrobin)、啶氧菌酯(Picoxystrobin)、唑菌胺酯(Pyraclostrobin)、肟菌酯(Trifloxystrobin)、肟醚菌胺(Orysastrobin)、(2-氯-5-[1-(3-甲基苄氧亚氨基)乙基]苄基)氨基甲酸甲酯、(2-氯-5-[1-(6-甲基吡啶-2-基甲氧基亚氨基)乙基]苄基)氨基甲酸甲酯、2-(邻-((2,5-二甲基苯氧基亚甲基)苯基)-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯;
2.羧酰胺类,如
-羧酰苯胺类:苯霜灵(Benalaxyl)、麦锈灵(Benodanil)、啶酰菌胺(Boscalid)、萎锈灵(Carboxin)、丙氧灭绣胺(Mepronil)、呋菌胺(Fenfuram)、环酰菌胺(Fenhexamid)、氟酰胺(Flutolanil)、呋吡唑灵(Furametpyr)、甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)、甲呋酰胺(Ofurace)、霜灵(Oxadixyl)、氧化萎锈灵(Oxycarboxin)、吡噻菌胺(Penthiopyrad)、溴氟唑菌(Thifluzamide)、噻酰菌胺(Tiadinil)、4-二氟甲基-2-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸(4’-溴联苯-2-基)酰胺、4-二氟甲基-2-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸(4’-三氟甲基联苯-2-基-)酰胺、4-二氟甲基-2-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸(4’-氯-3’-氟联苯-2-基)酰胺、3-二氟甲基-1-甲基吡唑-4-甲酸(3’,4’-二氯-4-氟联苯-2-基)酰胺、3,4-二氯异噻唑-5-甲酸(2-氰基苯基)酰胺;
-羧酸吗啉化物:烯酰吗啉(Dimethomorph)、氟吗啉(Flumorph);
-苯甲酰胺类:氟联苯菌(Flumetover)、Fluopicolide(氟吡菌胺(Picobenzamid))、苯酰菌胺(Zoxamide);
-其他羧酰胺:氯环丙酰胺(Carpropamid)、双氯氰菌胺(Diclocymet)、双炔酰菌胺(Mandipropamid)、N-(2-(4-[3-(4-氯苯基)丙-2-炔氧基]-3-甲氧基苯基)乙基)-2-甲烷磺酰基氨基-3-甲基丁酰胺、N-(2-(4-[3-(4-氯苯基)丙-2-炔氧基]-3-甲氧基苯基)乙基)-2-乙烷磺酰基氨基-3-甲基丁酰胺;
3.唑类
-三唑类:双苯三唑醇(Bitertanol)、糠菌唑(Bromuconazole)、环唑醇(Cyproconazole)、醚唑(Difenoconazole)、烯唑醇(Diniconazole)、烯菌灵(Enilconazole)、氧唑菌(Epoxiconazole)、腈苯唑(Fenbuconazole)、氟硅唑(Flusilazole)、喹唑菌酮(Fluquinconazole)、粉唑醇(FlutriafoD、己唑醇(Hexaconazol)、酰胺唑(Imibenconazole)、环戊唑醇(Ipconazole)、环戊唑菌(Metconazole)、腈菌唑(Myclobutanil)、戊菌唑(Penconazole)、丙环唑(Propiconazole)、丙硫菌唑(Prothioconazole)、硅氟唑(Simeconazole)、戊唑醇(Tebuconazole)、氟醚唑(Tetraconazole)、唑菌醇(Triadimenol)、三唑酮(Triadimefon)、戊叉唑菌(Triticonazole);
-咪唑类:氰霜唑(Cyazofamid)、烯菌灵(Imazalil)、稻瘟酯(Pefurazoate)、丙氯灵(Prochloraz)、氟菌唑(Triflumizole);
-苯并咪唑类:苯菌灵(Benomyl)、多菌灵(Carbendazim)、麦穗宁(Fuberidazole)、涕必灵(Thiabendazole);
-其他:噻唑菌胺(Ethaboxam)、氯唑灵(Etridiazole)、土菌消(Hymexazole);
4.含氮杂环基化合物,如
-吡啶类:氟啶胺(Fluazinam)、啶斑肟(Pyrifenox)、3-[5-(4-氯苯基)-2,3-二甲基异唑烷-3-基]吡啶;
-嘧啶类:磺嘧菌灵(Bupirimate)、环丙嘧啶(Cyprodinil)、嘧菌腙(Ferimzone)、异嘧菌醇(Fenarimol)、嘧菌胺(Mepanipyrim)、氟苯嘧啶醇(Nuarimol)、二甲嘧菌胺(Pyrimethanil);
-哌嗪类:嗪氨灵(Triforine);
-吡咯类:氟菌(Fludioxonil)、拌种咯(Fenpiclonil);
-吗啉类:4-十二烷基-2,6-二甲基吗啉(Aldimorph)、吗菌灵(Dodemorph)、丁苯吗啉(Fenpropimorph)、克啉菌(Tridemorph);
-二羧酰亚胺类:异丙定(Iprodione)、杀菌利(Procymidone)、烯菌酮(Vinclozolin);
-其他:噻二唑素(Acibenzolar-S-methyl)、敌菌灵(Anilazine)、克菌丹(Captan)、敌菌丹(Captafol)、棉隆(Dazomet)、哒菌清(Diclomezine)、氰菌胺(Fenoxanil)、灭菌丹(Folpet)、苯锈啶(Fenpropidin)、唑酮菌(Famoxadone)、咪唑菌酮(Fenamidone)、异噻菌酮(Octhilinone)、噻菌灵(Probenazole)、丙氧喹啉(Proquinazid)、喹氧灵(Quinoxyfen)、三环唑(Tricyclazole)、5-氯-7-(4-甲基哌啶-1-基)-6-(2,4,6-三氟苯基)-[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶、2-丁氧基-6-碘-3-丙基苯并吡喃-4-酮、3-(3-溴-6-氟-2-甲基吲哚-1-磺酰基)-[1,2,4]三唑-1-磺酸二甲基酰胺;
5.氨基甲酸盐和二硫代氨基甲酸盐
-氨基甲酸盐类:乙霉威(Diethofencarb)、Flubenthiavalicarb、异丙菌胺(Iprovalicarb)、百维灵(Propamocarb)、3-(4-氯苯基)-3-(2-异丙氧羰基氨基-3-甲基丁酰氨基)丙酸甲酯、N-(1-(1-(4-氰基苯基)乙烷磺酰基)丁-2-基)氨基甲酸4-氟苯基酯;
6.其他杀真菌剂
-有机金属化合物类:三苯锡基盐;
-含硫的杂环基化合物:稻瘟灵(isoprothiolane)、二噻农(dithianon);
-有机磷化合物:克瘟散(edifenphos)、藻菌磷(fosetyl)、乙膦铝(fosetyl-aluminum)、异稻瘟净(iprobenfos)、定菌磷(pyrazophos)、甲基立枯磷(tolclofos-methyl);
-有机氯化合物:甲基托布津(thiophanate-methyl)、百菌清(chlorothalonil)、抑菌灵(dichlofluanid)、对甲抑菌灵(tolylfluanid)、磺菌胺(flusulfamide)、四氯苯酞(phthalide)、六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene)、戊菌隆(pencycuron)、五氯硝基苯(quintozene);
-硝基苯基衍生物:乐杀螨(binapacryl)、敌螨普(dinocap)、敌螨通(dinobuton);甲基托布津(Thiophanate-methyl);
-其他:螺茂胺(spiroxamine)、环氟菌胺(cyflufenamid)、清菌脲(cymoxanil)、苯菌酮(metrafenone)
除草剂,如
b1)类脂生物合成抑制剂,如炔禾灵(Chlorazifop)、炔草酯(Clodinafop)、氯丁草(Clofop)、氰氟草酯(Cyhalofop)、Ciclofop、唑禾草灵(Fenoxaprop)、高唑禾草灵(Fenoxaprop-p)、噻唑禾草灵(Fenthiaprop)、吡氟禾草灵(Fluazifop)、精吡氟禾草灵(Fluazifop-P)、吡氟氯禾灵(Haloxyfop)、精吡氟氯禾灵(Haloxyfop-P)、恶草醚(Isoxapyrifop)、唑酰草胺(Metamifop),喔草酯(Propaquizafop)、喹禾灵(Quizalofop)、精喹禾灵(Quizalofop-P)、三氟苯氧丙酸(Trifop)、丁氧环酮(Butroxydim)、噻草酮(Cycloxydim)、环苯草酮(Profoxydim)、稀禾定(Sethoxydim)、醌肟草(Tepraloxydim)、肟草酮(Tralkoxydim)、苏达灭(Butylate)、草灭特(Cycloat)、燕麦敌(Diallat)、哌草丹(Dimepiperat)、扑草灭(EPTC)、禾草畏(Esprocarb)、抑草威(Ethiolate)、氮草(Isopolinate)、甲硫苯威(Methiobencarb)、草达灭(Molinate)、坪草丹(Orbencarb)、克草猛(Pebulate)、苄草丹(Prosulfocarb)、草克死(Sulfallat)、杀草丹(Thiobencarb)、丁草威(Tiocarbazil)、野麦畏(Triallat)、灭草猛(Vernolat)、呋草黄(Benfuresat)、乙呋草黄(Ethofumesat)和地散磷(Bensulid);
b2)ALS抑制剂,如磺氨黄隆(Amidosulfuron)、四唑黄隆(Azimsulfuron)、苄嘧黄隆(Bensulfuron)、氯嘧黄隆(Chlorimuron)、绿黄隆(Chlorsulfuron)、醚黄隆(Cinosulfuron)、环丙黄隆(Cyclosulfamuron)、胺苯黄隆(Ethametsulfuron)、乙氧嘧黄隆(Ethoxysulfuron)、啶嘧黄隆(Flazasulfuron)、氟定黄隆(Flupyrsulfuron)、甲酰氨磺隆(Foramsulfuron)、吡氯黄隆(Halosulfuron)、啶咪黄隆(Imazosulfuron)、碘黄隆(Iodosulfuron)、甲基二磺隆(Mesosulfuron)、甲黄隆(Metsulfuron)、烟嘧黄隆(Nicosulfuron)、环丙氧黄隆(Oxasulfuron)、氟嘧黄隆(Primisulfuron)、氟丙黄隆(Prosulfuron)、吡嘧黄隆(Pyrazosulfuron)、玉嘧黄隆(Rimsulfuron)、嘧黄隆(Sulfometuron)、乙黄黄隆(Sulfosulfuron)、噻黄隆(Thifensulfuron)、醚苯黄隆(Triasulfuron)、苯黄隆(Tribenuron)、三氟啶磺隆(Trifloxysulfuron)、氟胺磺隆(Triflusulfuron)、三氟甲磺隆(Tritosulfuron)、咪草酯(Imazamethabenz)、咪草啶酸(Imazamox)、甲基咪草烟(Imazapic)、灭草烟(Imazapyr)、灭草喹(Imazaquin)、咪草烟(Imazethapyr)、氯酯磺草胺(Cloransulam)、唑嘧磺胺(Diclosulam)、双氟磺草胺(Florasulam)、氟唑啶草(Flumetsulam)、唑草磺胺(Metosulam)、五氟磺草胺(Penoxsulam)、双嘧苯甲酸(Bispyribac)、肟啶草(Pyriminobac)、丙苯磺隆(Propoxycarbazone)、氟酮磺隆(Flucarbazone)、嘧苯草肟(Pyribenzoxim)、环酯草醚(Pyriftalid)和嘧硫苯甲酸(Pyrithiobac);
b3)光合成抑制剂,如莠去通(Atraton)、莠去津(Atrazine)、莠灭净(Ametryne)、叠氮津(Aziprotryne)、草净津(Cyanazine)、硫草净津(Cyanatryn)、可乐津(Chlorazine)、环草津(Cyprazine)、敌草净(Desmetryne)、戊草津(Dimethametryne)、杀草净(Dipropetryn)、草止津(Eglinazine)、抑草津(Ipazine)、麦苏百津(Mesoprazine)、醚草通(Methometon)、盖草津(Methoprotryne)、环氰津(Procyazine)、丙草止津(Proglinazine)、扑灭通(Prometon)、扑草净(Prometryne)、扑灭津(Propazine)、另丁津(Sebuthylazine)、密草通(Secbumeton)、西玛津(Simazine)、西玛通(Simeton)、西草净(Simetryne)、甲氧去草净(Terbumeton)、特丁津(Terbuthylazine)和去草净(Terbutryne);
b4)原卟啉原-IX氧化酶抑制剂,如氟锁草醚(Acifluorfen)、治草醚(Bifenox)、氯硝醚(Chlomethoxyfen)、草枯醚(Chlornitrofen)、氯氟草醚(Ethoxyfen)、消草醚(Fluorodifen)、乙羧氟草醚(Fluoroglycofen)、氯草醚(Fluoronitrofen)、氟黄胺草醚(Fomesafen)、氟呋草醚(Furyloxyfen)、氟硝磺酰胺(Halosafen)、乳氟禾草灵(Lactofen)、除草醚(Nitrofen)、硝氟草醚(Nitrofluorfen)、乙氧氟草醚(Oxyfluorfen)、异丙吡草酯(Fluazolate)、氟唑草酯(Pyraflufen)、吲哚酮草酯(Cinidon-ethyl)、酰亚胺苯氧乙酸(Flumiclorac)、氟嗪酮(Flumioxazin)、炔草胺(Flumipropyn)、达草氟(Fluthiacet)、噻二唑胺(Thidiazimin)、恶草灵(Oxadiazon)、炔丙唑草(Oxadiargyl)、唑啶炔草(Azafenidin)、氟酮唑草(Carfentrazone)、磺胺草唑(Sulfentrazone)、戊唑草(Pentoxazone)、双苯嘧草酮(Benzfendizone)、氟丙嘧草酯(Butafenacil)、双唑草腈(Pyraclonil)、氟唑草胺(Profluazol)、氟哒嗪草酯(Flufenpyr)、Flupropacil、吡氯草胺(Nipyraclofen)和乙胺草醚(Etnipromid);
b5)漂白剂除草剂,如氟哒草(Metflurazon)、达草灭(Norflurazon)、氟苯啶草(Flufenican)、吡氟草胺(Diflufenican)、氟吡酰草胺(Picolinafen)、氟丁酰草胺(Beflubutamid)、氟草同(Fluridone)、氟咯草酮(Flurochloridone)、呋草酮(Flurtamone)、甲基磺草酮(Mesotrione)、磺草酮(Sulcotrione)、异恶氯草酮(Isoxachlortole)、异氟草(Isoxaflutole)、吡草酮(Benzofenap)、吡唑特(Pyrazolynate)、苄草唑(Pyrazoxyfen)、苯并双环酮(Benzobicyclon)、杀草强(Amitrole)、异恶草酮(Clomazone)、苯草醚(Aclonifen)、4-(3-三氟甲基苯氧基)-2-(4-三氟甲基苯基)嘧啶以及下式的3-杂环基取代的苯甲酰基衍生物(参见WO-A-96/26202、WO-A-97/41116、WO-A-97/41117和WO-A-97/41118):
其中各变量R8-R13如下所定义:
R8、R10为氢、卤素、C1-C6烷基、C1-C6卤代烷基、C1-C6烷氧基、C1-C6卤代烷氧基、C1-C6烷硫基、C1-C6烷基亚磺酰基或C1-C6烷基磺酰基;
R9为选自如下的杂环基:噻唑-2-基、噻唑-4-基、噻唑-5-基、异唑-3-基、异唑-4-基、异唑-5-基、4,5-二氢异唑-3-基、4,5-二氢异唑-4-基和4,5-二氢异唑-5-基,其中所提到的9个基团可以未被取代或被卤素、C1-C4烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、C1-C4卤代烷基、C1-C4卤代烷氧基或C1-C4烷硫基单取代或多取代,例如单-、二-、三-或四取代;
R11为氢、卤素或C1-C6烷基;
R12为C1-C6烷基;
R13为氢或C1-C6烷基,若pH<8;
b9)有丝分裂抑制剂,如氟草胺(Benfluralin)、地乐胺(Butralin)、敌乐胺(Dinitramine)、丁氟消草(Ethalfluralin)、氟消草(Fluchloralin)、异乐灵(Isopropalin)、氟烯硝草(Methalpropalin)、磺乐灵(Nitralin)、黄草消(Oryzalin)、胺硝草(Pendimethalin)、氨基丙氟灵(Prodiamine)、卡乐施(Profluralin)、氟乐灵(Trifluralin)、甲基胺草磷(Amiprofos-methyl)、草胺磷(Butamifos)、氟硫草定(Dithiopyr)、噻氟啶草(Thiazopyr)、拿草特(Propyzamide)、敌草索(Chlorthal)、长杀草(Carbetamide)、氯苯胺灵(Chlorpropham)和苯胺灵(Propham);
b10)VLCFA抑制剂,如乙草胺(Acetochlor)、甲草胺(Alachlor)、丁草胺(Butachlor)、丁烯草胺(Butenachlor)、敌草乐(Delachlor)、安塔(Diethatyl)、克草胺(Dimethachlor)、噻吩草胺(Dimethenamid)、精噻吩草胺(Dimethenamid-P)、吡草胺(Metazachlor)、异丙甲草胺(Metolachlor)、S-异丙甲草胺(S-Metolachlor)、丙草胺(Pretilachlor)、异丙草胺(Propisochlor)、广草胺(Prynachlor)、猛杀草(Terbuchlor)、噻醚草胺(Thenylchlor)、二甲苯草胺(Xylachlor)、草立死(CDEA)、磺唑草(Epronaz)、草乃敌(Diphenamid)、草萘胺(Napropamide)、萘丙胺(Naproanilide)、烯草胺(Pethoxamid)、氟噻草胺(Flufenacet)、苯噻草胺(Mefenacet)、四唑酰草胺(Fentrazamide)、莎稗磷(Anilofos)、哌草磷(Piperophos)、唑草胺(Cafenstrole)、茚草酮(Indanofan)和灭草环(Tridiphane);
b11)纤维素生物合成抑制剂,如敌草腈(Dichlobenil)、草克乐(Chlorthiamid)、异恶草胺(Isoxaben)和胺草唑(Flupoxam);
b12)分离剂除草剂,如消草酯(Dinofenate)、硝丙酚(Dinoprop)、戊硝酚(Dinosam)、地乐酚(Dinoseb)、地乐消酚(Dinoterb)、二硝甲酚(DNOC)、硝草酚(Etinofen)和丁硝酚(Medinoterb);
b13)各种除草剂,如新燕灵(Benzoylprop)、氟燕灵(Flamprop)、麦草伏M(Flamprop-M)、溴丁酰草胺(Bromobutide)、氯甲丹(Chlorflurenol)、环庚草醚(Cinmethylin)、苯丙隆(Methyldymron)、乙苯酰草(Etobenzanid)、稗草畏(Pyributicarb)、氯嗪草(Oxaziclomefone)、苯氧丙胺津(Triaziflam)和溴甲烷(Methyl bromide)。
安全剂,如
解草酮(benoxacor)、喹氧乙酸(cloquintocet)、抑害腈(cyometrinil)、dicyclonon、dietholate、解草唑(fenchlorazole)、解草啶(fenclorim)、解草胺(flurazole)、肟草安(fluxofenim)、解草呋(furllazole)、双苯恶唑酸(isoxadifen)、吡咯二酸(mefenpyr)、mephenate、萘二甲酸酐(naphthalicanhydride)、2,2,5-三甲基-3-(二氯乙酰基)-1,3-唑烷(R-29148)、4-(二氯乙酰基)-1-氧杂-4-氮杂螺[4.5]癸烷(AD-67;MON 4660)和解草腈(oxabetrinil)。
对本发明微胶囊特别合适的除草剂(代表优选的除草剂)是包括二硝基苯胺化合物如胺硝草和氟乐灵,N-乙酰苯胺化合物如甲草胺、异丙甲草胺、噻吩草胺(dimethenamide)、乙草胺、吡草胺、敌稗(propanil)和扑草胺(propachlor),溴苯腈酯(bromoxynil ester)、2,4-滴酯(2,4-D ester)、2甲4氯酯(MCPA ester)、定草酯(triclopyr ester)在内的除草化合物或其混合物。优选在本发明方法中的除草剂为二硝基苯胺化合物和/或N-氯代乙酰苯胺,其中最优选二硝基苯胺化合物为胺硝草且N-氯代乙酰苯胺为噻吩草胺或精噻吩草胺(dimethenamide P)。
尤其适用于本发明的杀虫化合物(代表优选的杀虫剂)包括磷酸酯化合物如特丁磷(terabufos)、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、二嗪农和丙溴磷,以及拟除虫菊酯化合物如氯氰菊酯、甲体氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、hydromethylon、谷硫磷、硫丹、monochlorophos、triazemate和甲拌磷。
尤其适用于本发明的杀真菌化合物(代表优选的杀真菌剂)包括环丙嘧啶、敌螨普、吗菌灵、吗菌灵乙酸酯、苯锈啶、丁苯吗啉、氟硅唑、烯菌灵、腈菌唑、异丙消(nitrothalisopropyl)、戊菌唑、百维灵、唑菌胺酯、螺茂胺、肟菌酯和丙环唑。
本发明还包括通过本发明方法制备的微胶囊组合物。任选可以将通过本发明方法得到的微胶囊水基分散体干燥或分离和/干燥或直接使用。干燥的微胶囊可以悬浮于溶剂,优选水中。
本发明的微胶囊包括芯,该芯包含由水不溶混性溶剂和/或水不溶混性活性成分和水不溶混性表面活性剂或水不溶混性表面活性剂混合物组成的连续相,其中在所述连续相中分散有吸水组分且其中该芯被壳壁包围。
在该芯中,吸水组分可以固体颗粒的分散体形式或以水溶液或分散体形式存在并乳化于芯材料的连续相中。优选吸水组分以水溶液形式存在并乳化在芯材料的连续相中。
由本发明方法制备的微胶囊组合物优选在芯材料中含有5-50重量%,更优选20-50重量%的盐水不溶混性材料(为水不溶混性活性成分)和5-40重量%,更优选10重量%至约40重量%吸水组分的分散体或溶液。
整个微胶囊组合物的吸水组分为该组合物的0.1-10重量%,优选0.2-5重量%。
如何使用水不溶混性活性成分进行本发明方法以提供本发明的快速释放微胶囊的实例如下:
1.提供水不溶混性溶剂和/或一部分水不溶混性活性成分和水不溶混性表面活性剂的混合物,得到混合物(1)。
2.向(1)中加入形成内相吸水组分的材料(如上述盐或其他吸水材料)和水溶性添加剂的水溶液,得到混合物(2)。
3.均化(2),得到乳化液滴或分散颗粒的直径小于所需微胶囊直径,优选所述乳化液滴或分散颗粒的中值粒度小于2μm,最优选小于1μm中值直径的乳液或分散体(3)。
4.在搅动下将液体形式的活性成分(例如熔融胺硝草)加入(3)中,得到混合物(4)。
5.将形成微胶囊壁的单体1(例如二异氰酸酯聚合物)加入(4)中,得到混合物(5)。
6.在搅动下将(5)加入水溶性盐(如硫酸镁)和乳化剂的水溶液中,得到乳液或分散体(6)。
7.向(6)中加入形成微胶囊壳的单体2(例如1,6-六亚甲基二胺)并搅拌,得到混合物(7)。
8.加入增稠剂或抗沉降剂(例如Kelzan)。
水溶性添加剂、形成微胶囊壁的单体1、形成微胶囊壁的单体2的实例以及增稠剂或抗沉降剂的实例对专业人员而言是已知的,其公开可以在实施例以及本申请中作为参考文献附上的US 5,705,174中找到且如上所列。
制备本发明快速释放微胶囊组合物的程序的各部分更详细地如下所述。
1.制备水相
如对标准程序所述制备水相。
更具体而言,将水溶性盐和乳化剂溶于水中。任选可以加入消泡剂。如上所解释,该操作可以在各种温度范围进行。例如,可以加热混合物,例如在使用熔融胺硝草时加热到60℃。为了更好地溶解,例如可以使用混合器低速搅拌混合物。
在优选实施方案中,外部水相包含 a)30-95重量%水,b)1-10重量%乳化剂和 c)1重量%至约20重量%盐。
2.制备内相吸水组分(上述通用方法的步骤1-3)
向水不溶混性溶剂或一部分水不溶混性活性成分中加入水不溶混性表面活性剂或乳化剂以制备溶液(步骤(A)Ia))。然后加入盐(例如NaCl、MgSO4、NaHCO3,更合适的盐如上所述)的水溶液、K2CO3(更合适的盐如上所述)或其他吸水添加剂或水溶性添加剂(见上)(步骤(A)Ib))并将该混合物均化直到形成油包水乳液(步骤(A)Ic))。该乳液的粒度优选小于约2μm,更优选小于约1μm中值直径。如上所解释,该操作可以在各种温度范围进行。例如,该操作可以在环境温度下进行且随后将该乳液加热到60℃。盐水或吸水剂溶液的量以及盐或吸水剂类型对配制剂的有效性通常是重要的。通常必须掺入足够的盐水以促进水的快速吸收和胶囊的溶胀。然而,大量盐水通常降低配制剂中活性成分的可用空间量。
盐水可以有机相重量的1-50%掺入。其中盐的比例可以占约5-50重量%。盐的量取决于其水溶性。
3.将内相(例如熔融胺硝草)与吸水组分混合
例如可以使用熔融组分。然而,还可以使用液体活性成分或溶于不与水溶混的有机溶剂中的活性成分。活性成分的实例如上所述(见上述备注)。通常将热的(若需要加热的话)内相搅入吸水组分的乳液中,或者将吸水组分搅入热的内相中。当充分混合时,加入形成壳的单体1如多异氰酸酯(步骤B)并混合。其他合适的单体可以使用如上所述那些。
4.微胶囊形成
将如此制备的内相加入使用混合器在8000rpm下搅拌的水相中(步骤C)。然而,还可以使用其他结合方法(见上文,结合有高剪切混合的均化器)和其他混合速度。在简短混合之后,加入形成壳的单体2如多胺溶液。若使用混合器,则将该混合物立即从该混合器中取出。将该混合物在低速搅拌下维持在约60℃。然而,如上所解释,还可以使用其他温度范围。
上述通用反应或更详细描述的反应的所有步骤可以通过分批或连续方法完成。
如上所述,整个微胶囊组合物的吸水组分占该组合物的约0.1-10重量%,优选0.2-5重量%。
本发明进一步包括一种防治有害生物体如有害昆虫和/或植物病原性真菌的方法,包括使所述有害生物体或其栖息地、繁殖地、食物供应源、植物、种子、土壤、区域、材料或其中有害生物体生长或可能生长的环境或需要加以保护以防有害生物体侵袭或侵染的材料、植物、种子、土壤、表面或空间与有效量的本发明的微胶囊组合物接触。
术语种子包括所有种类的种子和植物繁殖体,包括但不限于真正的种子、种子切片、吸根、球茎、鳞茎、果实、块茎、谷粒、切片、插枝等且在优选实施方案中是指真正的种子。
合适的种子禾谷类作物、根系作物、油料作物、蔬菜、香料、观赏植物的种子,例如硬粒小麦和其他小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦、玉米(饲料玉米和糖用玉米/甜玉米和大田玉米)、大豆、油料作物、十字花科植物、棉花、向日葵、香蕉、稻、油籽油菜、芜菁油菜、糖用甜菜、饲料甜菜、茄子、土豆、牧草、草地、草坪、饲料用草、西红柿、韭葱、南瓜、卷心菜、莴苣、胡椒、黄瓜、甜瓜、芸苔属、甜瓜、菜豆、豌豆、大蒜、洋葱、胡萝卜、块茎植物如土豆、甘蔗、烟草、葡萄、喇叭花、老鹳草/天竺葵、三色堇和风仙花的种子。
本发明进一步包括一种防治不希望的植物生长的方法,该方法包括使除草有效量的本发明微胶囊组合物作用于植物、其生长地或植物的种子。
术语种子处理包括所有本领域已知的合适种子处理技术,例如但不限于拌种、种子包衣、种子撒粉、浸种、种子包膜、种子多层包衣、种子包壳、种子滴淋和种子造粒。
例如,种子可以用包含本发明微胶囊的含水悬浮液处理。还可以进行如上所述的种子干混。
术语植物病原性真菌包括但不限于下列节肢动物和线虫:
稻、蔬菜、大豆、油菜/油籽油菜、糖用甜菜和水果上的链格孢(Alternaria)属,
糖用甜菜和蔬菜上的丝囊霉(Aphanomyces)属,
玉米、禾谷类、稻和草坪中的平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris)属和内脐蠕孢(Drechslera)属,
禾谷类中的禾白粉菌(Blumeria graminis)(白粉病),
草莓、蔬菜、观赏植物和葡萄藤上的灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)(灰霉病),
莴苣上的莴苣盘梗霉(Bremia lactucae),
玉米、大豆和糖用甜菜上的尾孢(Cercospora)属,
玉米、禾谷类、稻上的旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus)属(例如禾谷类上的禾旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus sativus),稻上的宫部旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolusmiyabeanus)),
大豆和棉花上的剌盘孢(Colletotricum)属,
禾谷类和玉米上的内脐蠕孢(Drechslera)属,
玉米上的突脐蠕孢(Exserohilum)属,
葫芦科植物上的二孢白粉菌(Erysiphe cichoracearum)和单丝壳白粉菌(Sphaerotheca fuliginea),
葡萄藤上的葡萄白粉病菌(Erysiphe necator),
各种植物上的镰孢霉(Fusarium)属和轮枝孢(Verticillium)属,
禾谷类上的禾顶囊壳(Gaeumanomyces graminis)属,
禾谷类和稻上的赤霉(Gibberella)属(例如稻上的藤仓赤霉(Gibberellafujikuroi),禾谷类上的玉蜀黍赤霉(Gibberella zeae)),
稻上的Grainstaining complex,
禾谷类上的Michrodochium nivale,
禾谷类、香蕉和花生上的球腔菌(Mycosphaerella)属,
大豆上的豆薯层锈菌(Phakopsora pachyrhizi)和山马蟥层锈菌(Phakopsarameibomiae),
大豆和向日葵上的拟茎点霉(Phomopsis)属,
土豆和西红柿上的致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans),
葡萄藤上的葡萄生单轴霉(Plasmopara viticola),
苹果上的苹果白粉病菌(Podosphaera leucotricha),
小麦和大麦上的小麦基腐病菌(Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides),
啤酒花和黄瓜上的假霜霉(Pseudoperonospora)属,
禾谷类和玉米上的柄锈菌(Puccinia)属,
禾谷类上的核腔菌(Pyrenophora)属,
稻上的稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae),
稻、玉米、棉花、油菜、油籽油菜、向日葵、糖用甜菜、蔬菜、草坪、坚果和其他各种植物上的宫部旋孢腔菌和笹木伏革菌(Corticium sasakii)(立枯丝核病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)),半裸镰刀菌(Fusarium semitectum)(和/或串珠镰孢霉(moniliforme)),稻尾孢菌(Cercospora oryzae)、帚梗柱孢属(Sarocladium oryzae)、稻叶鞘腐败病(S.attenuatum)、稻叶黑粉菌(Entyloma oryzae)、藤仓赤霉(Gibberella fujikuroi)(bakanae),Grainstaining complex(各种病原体),平脐蠕孢属,内脐蠕孢属以及腐霉(Pythium)属和丝核菌(Rhizoctonia)属,
土豆上的立枯丝核病菌(Rhizoctonia solani),
油菜/油籽油菜和向日葵上的核盘菌(Sclerotinia)属,
小麦上的小麦壳针孢(Septoria tritici)和颖枯壳多孢(Stagonosporanodorum),
葡萄藤上的葡萄钩丝壳(Uncinula necator),
玉米上的丝轴黑粉菌(Sphacelotheca reilinia),
大豆和棉花上的根串珠霉(Thievaliopsis)属,
禾谷类上的腥黑粉菌(Tilletia)属,
禾谷类、玉米和糖用甜菜上的黑粉菌(Ustilago)属,以及苹果和梨上的黑星菌(Venturia)属(黑星病)。
术语有害昆虫害虫包括但不限于下列节肢动物和线虫:
千足虫(倍足亚纲(Diplopoda))如Blaniulus属,
蚁类(膜翅目(Hymenoptera)),如Atta capiguara、切叶蚁(Atta cephalotes)、Atta laevigata、Atta robusta、Atta sexdens、Atta texana、小黄家蚁(Monomorium pharaonis)、热带火蚁(Solenopsis geminate)、红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta)、红蚁(Pogonomyrmex)属和大头蚁(Pheidolemegacephala),
甲虫(鞘翅目(Coleoptera)),例如梨窄吉丁(Agrilus sinuatus)、直条叩头虫(Agriotes lineatus)、暗色叩头虫(Agriotes obscurus)和其他叩甲(Agriotes)属、Amphimallus solstitialis、Anisandrus dispar、墨西哥棉铃象(Anthonomus grandis)、苹花象(Anthonomus pomorum)、Aracanthusmorei、甜菜隐食甲(Atomaria linearis)、拟步甲(Blapstinus)属、纵坑切梢小蠹(Blastophagus piniperda)、Blitophaga undata、Bothynoderespunciventris、蚕豆象(Bruchus rufimanus)、豌豆象(Bruchus pisorum)、欧洲兵豆象(Bruchus lentis)、苹卷象(Byctiscus betulae)、甜菜大龟甲(Cassidanebulosa)、Cerotoma trifurcata、白菜籽龟象(Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis)、芫菁龟象(Ceuthorrhynchus napi)、甜菜胫跳甲(Chaetocnema tibialis)、Conoderus vespertinus和其他金针虫(Conoderus)属、Conorhynchusmendicus、石刁柏负泥虫(Crioceris asparagi)、Cylindrocopturusadspersus、Diabrotica(longicornis)barberi、Diabrotica semi-punctata、南美叶甲(Diabrotica speciosa)、黄瓜十一星叶甲(Diabroticaundecimpunctata)、玉米根叶甲(Diabrotica virgifera)和其他叶甲(Diabrotica)属、Eleodes属、墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis)、烟草跳甲(Epitrix hirtipennis)、棉灰蒙象变种(Eutinobothrus brasiliensis)、欧洲松树皮象(Hylobius abietis)、埃及苜蓿叶象(Hypera brunneipennis)、紫苜蓿叶象(Hypera postica)、云杉八齿小蠹(Ips typographus)、烟草负泥虫(Lemabilineata)、黑角负泥虫(Lema melanopus)、马铃薯叶甲(Leptinotarsadecemlineata)、Limonius californicus和其他金针虫(Limonius)属、稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus)、阿根廷茎象甲(Listronotus bonariensis)、玉米叩甲(Melanotus communis)和其他叩甲(Melanotus)属、油菜露尾甲(Meligethes aeneus)、大栗鳃金龟(Melolontha hippocastani)、五月鳃金龟(Melolontha melolontha)、水稻负泥虫(Oulema oryzae)、葡萄黑耳喙象(Ortiorrhynchus sulcatus)、Oryazophagus oryzae、草莓根象甲(Otiorrhynchus ovatus)、稻叶甲(Oulema oryzae)、辣根猿叶甲(Phaedoncochleariae)、Phyllotreta chrysocephala、Phyllophaga cuyabana和其他食叶鳃金龟(Phyllophaga)属、庭园发丽金龟(Phyllopertha horticola)、大豆淡足跳甲(Phyllotreta nemorum)、黄曲条菜跳甲(Phyllotreta striolata)和其他跳甲(Phyllotreta)属、日本金龟子(Popillia japonica)、Promecopscarinicollis、Premnotrypes voraz、Psylliodes属、豌豆叶象(Sitona lineatus)、谷象(Sitophilus granaria)、Sternechus pinguis、Sternechus subsignatus以及Tanymechus palliatus和其他Tanymechus属;
蝇类(双翅目(Diptera)),如Agromyza oryzea、蛆症金蝇(Chrysomyabezziana)、Chrysomya hominivorax、Chrysomya macellaria、高粱瘿蚊(Contarinia sorghicola)、Cordylobia anthropophaga、瓜实蝇(Dacuscucurbitae)、油橄榄实蝇(Dacus oleae)、油菜叶瘿蚊(Dasineura brassicae)、葱蝇(Delia antique)、麦地种蝇(Delia coarctata)、灰地种蝇(Delia platura)、甘蓝地种蝇(Delia radicum)、小毛厕蝇(Fannia canicularis)、马蝇(Gasterophilus intestinalis)、Geomyza Tripunctata、刺舌蝇(Glossinamorsitans)、Haematobia irritans、Haplodiplosis equestris、纹皮蝇(Hypoderma lineata)、蔬菜斑潜蝇(Liriomyza sativae)、美国潜叶蝇(Liriomyza trifolii)、Lucilia caprina、铜绿蝇(Lucilia cuprina)、丝光绿蝇(Lucilia sericata)、Lycoria pectoralis、麦瘿蚊(Mayetiola destructor)、厩腐蝇(Muscina stabulans)、羊狂蝇(Oestrus ovis)、Opomyza florum、瑞典麦秆蝇(Oscinella frit)、天仙子泉蝇(Pegomya hysocyami)、葱蝇(Phorbiaantiqua)、萝卜蝇(Phorbia brassicae)、麦地种蝇(Phorbia coarctata)、Progonya leyoscianii、胡萝卜茎蝇(Psila rosae)、樱桃实蝇(Rhagoletiscerasi)、苹果实蝇(Rhagoletis pomonella)、Tabanus bovinus、Tetanopsmyopaeformis、Tipula oleracea和欧洲大蚊(Tipula paludosa),
异翅目昆虫(异翅目(Heteroptera)),例如拟绿蝽(Acrosternum hilare)、玉米长蝽(Blissus leucopterus)、大叶蝉科(Cicadellidae)如蚕豆微叶蝉(Empoascafabae)、叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)、黑斑烟盲蝽(Cyrtopeltis notatus)、飞虱科(Delpahcidae)、棉红蝽(Dysdercus cingulatus)、Dysdercus intermedius、麦扁盾蝽(Eurygaster integriceps)、Euschistus impictiventris、棉红铃喙缘蝽(Leptoglossus phyllopus)、美洲牧草盲蝽(Lygus lineolaris)、牧草盲蝽(Lygus pratensis)、黑尾叶蝉(Nephotettix)属、稻绿蝽(Nezara viridula)、蝽科(Pentatomidae)、甜菜拟网蝽(Piesma quadrata)、Solubea insularis和Thyanta perditor;
蚜虫和其他同翅目昆虫(同翅目(Homoptera)),例如Acyrthosiphononobrychis、落叶松球蚜(Adelges laricis)、Aphidula nasturtii、甜菜蚜(Aphisfabae)、草莓根蚜(Aphis forbesi)、大豆蚜(Aphis glycines)、棉蚜(Aphisgossypii)、北美茶簏子蚜(Aphis grossulariae)、苹果蚜(Aphis pomi)、Aphisschneideri、卷叶蚜(Aphis spiraecola)、Aphis sambuci、豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)、马铃薯蚜(Aulacorthum solani)、Brachycauduscardui、杏圆尾蚜(Brachycaudus helichrysi)、Brachycaudus persicae、Brachycaudus prunicola、甘蓝蚜(Brevicoryne brassicae)、Capitophorushorni、Cerosipha gossypii、Chaetosiphon fragaefolii、Cryptomyzus ribis、高加索冷杉椎球蚜(Dreyfusia nordmannianae)、云杉椎球蚜(Dreyfusiapiceae)、居根西圆尾蚜(Dysaphis radicola)、Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani、Dysaphis plantaginea、Dysaphis pyri、蚕豆微叶蝉(Empoasca fabae)、桃大尾蚜(Hyalopterus pruni)、Hyperomyzus lactucae、麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae)、大戟长管蚜(Macrosiphum euphorbiae)、蔷薇管蚜(Macrosiphon rosae)、Megoura viciae、巢莱修尾蚜(Melanaphis pyrarius)、麦无网蚜(Metopolophium dirhodum)、Myzodes(Myzus)persicae、冬葱瘤额蚜(Myzus ascalonicus)、Myzus cerasi、李瘤蚜(Myzus varians)、Nasonoviaribis-nigri、稻飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、囊柄瘿绵蚜(Pemphigusbursarius)、杨脉瘿绵蚜(Pemphigus populivenae)和其他瘿绵蚜(Pemphigus)属、蔗飞虱(Perkinsiella saccharicida)、忽布疣蚜(Phorodon humuli)、木虱科(Psyllidae)如苹木虱(Psylla mali)、梨木虱(Psylla piri)和其他木虱(Psylla)属、冬葱瘤蛾蚜(Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus)、玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphummaidis)、禾谷溢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)、Rhopalosiphum insertum、Sappaphis mala、Sappaphis mali、麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)、Schizoneura lanuginosa、麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)、白粉虱(Trialeurodesvaporariorum)、Toxoptera aurantiiand和葡萄根瘤蚜(Viteus vitifolii);鳞翅目昆虫(鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)),例如小地老虎(Agrotis ypsilon)、黄地老虎(Agrotis segetum)和其他地虎(Agrotis)属,木棉虫(Alabamaargillacea)、黎豆夜蛾(Anticarsia gemmatalis)、Argyresthia conjugella、叉纹夜蛾(Autographa gamma)、树尺蠖(Bupalus piniarius)、Cacoeciamurinana、Capua reticulana、Cheimatobia brumata、二化螟(Chilosuppresalis)和其他禾草螟(Chilo)属,云杉色卷蛾(Choristoneurafumiferana)、Choristoneura occidentalis、二化螟(Cirphis unipuncta)、稻纵卷叶虫(Cnaphlocrocis medinalis)、苹果小卷蛾(Cydia pomonella)、松毛虫(Dendrolimus pini)、Diaphania nitidalis、西南玉米杆草螟(Diatraeagrandiosella)、埃及钻夜蛾(Earias insulana)、南美玉米苗斑螟(Elasmopalpus lignosellus)、女贞细卷蛾(Eupoecilia ambiguella)、切夜蛾(Euxoa)属、Evetria bouliana、Feltia subterranea、蜡螟(Galleriamellonella)、李小食心虫(Grapholitha funebrana)、梨小食心虫(Grapholithamolesta)、棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera)、烟芽夜蛾(Heliothis virescens)、玉米穗虫(Heliothis zea)、菜螟(Hellula undalis)、Hibernia defoliaria、美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)、苹果巢蛾(Hyponomeuta malinellus)、番茄虫蛾(Keiferia lycopersicella)、Lambdina fiscellaria、甜菜夜蛾(Laphygmaexigua)、Lerodea eufala、咖啡潜叶蛾(Leucoptera coffeella)、旋纹潜蛾(Leucoptera scitella)、Lithocolletis blancardella、葡萄浆果小卷蛾(Lobesiabotrana)、甜菜网螟(Loxostege sticticalis)、舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar)、模毒蛾(Lymantria monacha)、桃潜蛾(Lyonetia clerkella)、黄褐天幕毛虫(Malacosoma neustria)、甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae)、织蛾科(Momphidae)、黄杉毒蛾(Orgyia pseudotsugata)、玉米螟(Ostrinianubilalis)、小眼夜蛾(Panolis flammea)、棉花红铃虫(Pectinophoragossypiella)、疆夜蛾(Peridroma saucia)、圆掌舟蛾(Phalera bucephala)、马铃薯麦蛾(Phthorimaea operculella)、柑桔潜叶蛾(Phyllocnistis citrella)、欧洲粉蝶(Pieris brassicae)、苜蓿绿夜蛾(Plathypena scabra)、菜蛾(Plutellaxylostella)、大豆夜蛾(Pseudoplusia includens)、Rhyacionia frustrana、Scrobipalpula absoluta、Sesamia nonagrioides和其他蛀茎夜蛾(Sesamia)属,麦蛾(Sitotroga cerealella)、葡萄卷叶蛾(Sparganothis pilleriana)、草地夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)、海灰翅夜蛾(Spodoptera littoralis)、斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)、Thaumatopoea pityocampa、绿色橡木飞蛾(Tortrixviridana)、粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)和Zeiraphera canadensis;
直翅目昆虫(直翅目(Orthoptera)),例如珍蝶科(Acrididae)、居屋艾蟋(Acheta domestica)、东方蜚蠊(Blatta orientalis)、德国小蠊(Blattellagermanica)、欧洲球螋(Forficula auricularia)、蝼蛄(Gryllotalpagryllotalpa)、飞蝗(Locusta migratoria)、双纹黑蝗(Melanoplus bivittatus)、红足黑蝗(Melanoplus femur-rubrum)、墨西哥黑蝗(Melanoplusmexicanus)、迁飞黑蝗(Melanoplus sanguinipes)、石栖黑蝗(Melanoplusspretus)、条纹红蝗(Nomadacris septemfasciata)、美洲蟑螂(Periplanetaamericana)、美洲沙漠蝗(Schistocerca americana)、Schistocerca peregrina、Stauronotus maroccanus和庭疾灶螽(Tachycines asynamorus);
白蚁(等翅目(Isoptera)),例如Calotermes flavicollis、乳白蚁(Coptotermes)属、玉米叶蝉(Dalbulus maidis)、Leucotermes flavipes、暗黄大白蚁(Macrotermes gilvus)、欧洲散白蚁(Reticulitermes lucifugus)和Termesnatalensis;
蓟马(缨翅目(Thysanoptera)),例如烟褐蓟马(Frankliniella fusca)、苜蓿花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)、东方花蓟马(Frankliniella tritici)和其他花蓟马(Frankliniella)属,桔硬蓟马(Scirtothrips citri)、稻蓟马(Thripsoryzae)、棕榈蓟马(Thrips palmi)、菖蒲蓟马(Thrips simplex)和烟蓟马(Thrips tabaci),
蜘蛛纲(Arachnoidea),如蜘蛛(蜱螨目(Acarina)),例如软蜱科(Argasidae)、硬蜱科(Ixodidae)和疥螨科(Sarcoptidae),如长星形壁虱(Amblyommaamericanum)、热带花蜱(Amblyomma variegatum)、波斯锐缘蜱(Argaspersicus)、牛壁虱(Boophilus annulatus)、Boophilus decoloratus、微小牛蜱(Boophilus microplus)、Dermacentor silvarum、Hyalomma truncatum、蓖子硬蜱(Ixodes ricinus)、Ixodes rubicundus、Ornithodorus moubata、Otobius megnini、鸡皮刺螨(Dermanyssus gallinae)、绵羊疥病(Psoroptesovis)、Rhipicephalus appendiculatus、Rhipicephalus evertsi、人疥螨(Sarcoptes scabiei),瘿螨(Eriophyidae)属,如苹果刺锈螨(Aculusschlechtendali)、Phyllocoptrata oleivora和Eriophyes sheldoni;细螨(Tarsonemidae)属,如Phytonemus pallidus和侧多食跗线螨(Polyphagotarsonemus latus);细须螨(Tenuipalpidae)属,如紫红短须螨(Brevipalpus phoenicis);叶螨(Tetranychidae)属,如朱砂叶螨(Tetranychuscinnabarinus)、神泽叶螨(Tetranychus kanzawai)、太平洋叶螨(Tetranychuspacificus)、棉叶螨(Tetranychus telarius)和二点叶螨(Tetranychus urticae),苹果叶螨(Panonychus ulmi)、柑椐叶螨(Panonychus citri)和oligonychuspratensis;
线虫,尤其是植物寄生线虫如根结线虫,北方根结线虫(Meloidogynehapla)、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(Meloidogynejavanica)和其他根结线虫属(Meloidogyne);形成胞囊的线虫,马铃薯金线虫(Globodera rostochiensis)和其他球胞囊属(Globodera);禾谷胞囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)、大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)、甜菜胞囊线虫(Heterodera schachtii)、三叶草胞囊线虫(Heterodera trifolii)和其他胞囊线虫属(Heterodera);种子肿瘿线虫,粒线虫属(Anguina);茎叶线虫,滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchoides);刺线虫,杂草刺线虫(Belonolaimus longicaudatus)和其他针刺线虫属(Belonolaimus);松线虫,松材线虫(Bursaphelenchusxylophilus)和其他伞滑刃线虫属(Bursaphelenchus);环形线虫,环纹线虫属(Criconema)、小环线虫属(Criconemella)、轮线虫属(Criconemoides)、中环线虫属(Mesocriconema);球茎线虫,腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchusdestructor)、甘薯茎线虫(Ditylenchus dipsaci)和其他茎线虫属(Ditylenchus);锥线虫,锥线虫属(Dolichodorus);螺旋形线虫,Heliocotylenchus multicinctus和其他Helicotylenchus属;鞘线虫和鞘形(sheathoid)线虫,鞘线虫属(Hemicycliophora)和Hemicriconemoides属;Hirshmanniella属;冠线虫,Hoploaimus属;伪根结线虫,珍珠线虫属(Nacobbus);针线虫,Longidorus elongatus和其他长针线虫属(Longidorus);根腐线虫,Pratylenchus neglectus、穿刺根腐线虫(Pratylenchus penetrans)、Pratylenchus curvitatus、Pratylenchus goodeyi和其他根腐线虫属(Pratylenchus);穿孔线虫,香蕉穿孔线虫(Radopholussimilis)和其他穿孔线虫属(Radopholus);肾形线虫,Rotylenchus robustus和其他盘旋线虫属(Rotylenchus);Scutellonema属;残根线虫,Trichodorusprimitivus和其他毛刺线虫属(Trichodorus)、拟毛刺属(Paratrichodorus);阻长线虫,Tylenchorhynchus claytoni、Tylenchorhynchus dubius和其他矮化线虫属(Tylenchorhynchus);柑桔线虫,垫刃线虫属(Tylenchulus);剑线虫,剑线虫属(Xiphinema);以及其他植物寄生线虫属。
不希望的植物生长的防治应理解为指破除杂草。杂草在最宽意义上应理解为指所有生长在不希望它们出现的场所的植物,例如:
如下属的双子叶杂草:白芥属(Sinapis)、独行菜属(Lepidium)、拉拉藤属(Galium)、繁缕属(Stellaria)、母菊属(Matricaria)、春黄菊属(Anthemis)、牛膝菊属(Galinsoga)、藜属(Chenopodium)、荨麻属(Urtica)、千里光属(Senecio)、苋属(Amaranthus)、马齿苋属(Portulaca)、苍耳属(Xanthium)、旋花属(Convolvulus)、番薯属(Ipomoea)、蓼属(Polygonum)、田菁属(Sesbania)、豚草属(Ambrosia)、蓟属(Cirsium)、飞廉属(Carduus)、苦苣菜属(Sonchus)、茄属(Solanum)、蔊菜属(Rorippa)、节节菜属(Rotala)、母草属(Lindernia)、野芝麻属(Lamium)、婆婆纳属(Veronica)、苘麻属(Abutilon)、刺酸模属(Emex)、曼陀罗属(Datura)、堇菜属(Viola)、鼬瓣花属(Galeopsis)、罂粟属(Papaver)、矢车菊属(Centaurea)、车轴草属(Trifolium)、毛莨属(Ranunculus)、蒲公英属(Taraxacum)。
如下属的单子叶杂草:稗属(Echinochloa)、狗尾草属(Setaria)、黍属(Panicum)、马唐属(Digitaria)、梯牧草属(Phleum)、早熟禾属(Poa)、羊茅属(Festuca)、穇属(Eleusine)、臂形草属(Brachiaria)、黑麦草属(Lolium)、雀麦属(Bromus)、燕麦属(Avena)、莎草属(Cyperus)、高梁属(Sorghum)、冰草属(Agropyron)、狗牙根属(Cynodon)、雨久花属(Monochoria)、Fimbristyslis、慈姑属(Sagittaria)、荸荠属(Eleocharis)、藨草属(Scirpus)、雀稗属(Paspalum)、鸭嘴草属(Ischaemum)、尖瓣花属(Sphenoclea)、龙爪茅属(Dactyloctenium)、剪股颖属(Agrostis)、看麦娘属(Alopecurus)、Apera。
本发明的微胶囊按如下评价:
a.测量微胶囊的粒度分布。
b.通过显微镜观察微胶囊的结构以检测微胶囊的形状和外观并确定胶囊内是否存在任何包容物。
c.测量活性成分包封的完整性。
d.测量稀释时微胶囊的吸水程度。
e.生物效力。
吸水率的测量可以通过测量微胶囊的粒度分布并测定中值直径而进行。微胶囊的体积增加可以由dV=(D/D0)3计算,其中dV为初始胶囊体积与最终胶囊体积的比例,D为最终胶囊中值直径且Do为初始胶囊中值直径。体积增加是由于吸水。水的吸收也可以通过显微镜证实。进入微胶囊中的水在胶囊芯中以液滴可见。可以见到这些液滴的尺寸随着与稀释水接触的时间增加而增大。还可以观察到胶囊直径的增加和胶囊壁如何被拉伸且胶囊变成完美的球形而没有在未稀释的胶囊中所见到凹痕。
生物效力按专业人员已知的那样通过例如准备好层状土壤并种植各种杂草种子而测定。将胺硝草的微胶囊配制剂在水中稀释并通过喷雾以一定范围的活性成分浓度施用于土壤表面上。然后将土壤层放置在温室中以使种子萌发并出苗。观察农药对生长植物的效果。
试验
提供下列实施例以为本领域普通技术人员提供如何制备和评价本文所要求保护的组合物和方法的完整公开和描述,这些实施例仅用于示例说明本发明且不限制发明人所认定的其发明的范围。除非另有指明,百分数为对组分和组合物的总重量给定的重量百分数,温度以℃计或为环境温度且压力为大气压或接近大气压。
实施例1
标准微囊包封(根据US 5,705,174)
将Diwatex 200(由Lignotech,Rothschild,WI生产的改性木素乳化剂)和硫酸镁在水中的混合物加热到60℃并搅拌得到水溶液。在搅拌下将盐水不溶混性溶液(事先通过将胺硝草和MondurMRS二异氰酸酯(由Mobay Corp.,Pittsburgh,PA制造的4,4’-二苯基二异氰酸酯聚合物)的混合物加热到60℃而制备)加入该水溶液中以形成乳液。然后降低搅拌器速度并将1,6-六亚甲基二胺(HMDA)的水溶液加入该搅拌的乳液,将所得混合物搅拌约2小时。在搅拌下加入KelzanS黄原胶(1%溶液,Kelco Corp,San Diego,CA),形成在表1中标记为组合物号1的微胶囊组合物。
实施例2-5(根据本发明)
将Diwatex 200和硫酸镁在水中的混合物加热到60℃并搅拌得到水溶液。将胺硝草加热到60℃。制备Aromatic 200(ExxonMobil,Houston,TX)和HypermerLP6(聚合脂肪酸酯,平均分子量为4300;Uniqema,Wilmington,DE)的溶液并以水溶液加入Atlas G-5000(Uniqema,Wilmington,DE)(丁基起始的氧化乙烯/氧化丙烯共聚物)和盐(七水硫酸镁,氯化钠,碳酸氢钠或碳酸钾)的共混物,均化该混合物,直到形成粒度小于2μm的油包水乳液。
将热胺硝草搅拌到该乳液中。在充分混合之后加入MondurMRS二异氰酸酯(由Mobay Corp.,Pittsburgh,PA制造的4,4’-二苯基二异氰酸酯聚合物)。
然后在快速混合下将该混合物加入该水溶液中,形成乳液。然后降低搅拌速度并将1,6-六亚甲基二胺的水溶液加入该搅拌的乳液中,将所得混合物搅拌约2小时。
在搅拌下加入KelzanS(1%溶液),形成在表1中标记为组合物号2-5的微胶囊组合物。
实施例6-具有快速释放机制的精噻吩草胺的微囊包封
将Reaxx 88B(MeadWestvaco,Charleston Height,SC,木素磺酸的钠盐)、硫酸镁、消泡剂和水的混合物加热到60℃并搅拌得到水溶液。将精噻吩草胺加热到60℃。制备水、碳酸氢钠和Atlox 5413B(G-5000和上列未确定阴离子盐的专有共混物,Uniqema,Wilmington,DE)的共混物并将其加热到60℃,加入精噻吩草胺中并将该混合物均化,直到形成粒度小于2μm的油包水乳液。然后加入MondurMRS(4,4’-二苯基二异氰酸酯聚合物(Bayer,Pittsburgh,PA)并充分混合。然后将该混合物在快速混合下加入水溶液中形成乳液。然后降低搅拌器速度并将1,6-六亚甲基二胺的水溶液加入搅拌的乳液中并将所得混合物搅拌约2小时。在搅拌下加入KelzanS(1%溶液),形成在表1中标为组合物号1的微胶囊组合物。
表1
实施例号 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||
%壁D(V,0.5),μm%除草剂 | 2.05.6633.0 | 1.05.1124.0 | 2.05.9735.3 | 4.03.4624.3 | 4.06.2324.3 | 1.81.138.7 | ||||
除草剂[胺硝草(P)/精噻吩草胺(D)] | ||||||||||
P | P | P | P | P | D | |||||
%工艺规定 | 35.1 | 25.57 | 33.1 | 25.57 | 25.57 | 41.6 | ||||
胶囊芯: | ||||||||||
MondurMRSAromatic 200HypermerLP6AtloxG-5000Atlox 5413B七水硫酸镁氯化钠碳酸氢钠碳酸钾去离子水 | 0.53------------------------------------ | 0.368.860.350.53--------0.99--------3.41 | 0.540.560.13--------0.56---------------- | 1.208.860.350.53------------0.50----4.50 | 1.208.860.350.53----------------1.253.75 | 1.3------------0.2--------0.5----4.50 | ||||
水相: | ||||||||||
去离子水Diwatex 200,15%溶液Reax 88B七水硫酸镁消泡剂TH IND | 34.546.50----17.11 | 34.956.55----17.51 | 36.06.84----18.00 | 35.106.65----17.85 | 35.106.65----17.85 | 22.95----6.618.5 |
30 AFHMDA,25%溶液Kelzan,1%溶液 | 0.060.741.25 | 0.060.260.51 | 0.060.761.32 | 0.051.804.00 | 0.051.804.00 | 0.051.802.00 |
总量 | 100标准 | 100NaCl内 | 100MgSO4内 | 100NaHCO3内 | 100K2CO3内 | 100NaHCO3内 |
由“胶囊芯”打头的组分用来形成胶囊芯(或内相),由“水相”打头的组分用来形成水相(或外相)。
实施例7
微胶囊评价
吸水率的测量通过测量微胶囊的粒度分布并测定中值直径而进行。微胶囊的体积增加由dV=(D/D0)3计算,其中dV为初始胶囊体积与最终胶囊体积的比例,D为最终胶囊中值直径且Do为初始胶囊中值直径。体积增加是由于吸水。水的吸收也可以通过显微镜证实。进入微胶囊中的水在胶囊芯中以液滴可见。测量与稀释水接触1小时后尺寸的增加。还可以观察到胶囊直径的增加和胶囊壁如何被拉伸且胶囊变成完美的球形而没有在未稀释的胶囊中所见到凹痕。
生物效力通过例如准备好层状土壤并种植各种杂草种子而测定。将胺硝草的微胶囊配制剂在水中稀释并通过喷雾以一定范围的活性成分浓度施用于土壤表面上。然后将土壤层放置在温室中以使种子萌发并出苗。观察农药对生长植物的效果。
结果示于表2中,其中组合物1-5与表1所列那些相同。
表2
测试 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
稀释时溶胀dV(在去离子水中1小时后胶囊体积增加)dV(在pH 3.5的水中1小时后体积增加) | 无1.021.02 | 有22 | 有22 | 有4.56.0 | 有15.411.5 | ------------ |
显微镜:水包容物生物效力:评估的损害%14天,马唐 | 无60 | 一些未检测 | 一些未检测 | 许多95 | 许多95 | 许多---- |
Claims (17)
1.一种制备微胶囊组合物的方法,该方法包括:
(1.1)将水不溶混性溶剂和/或至少一种水不溶混性活性成分(I)与水不溶混性表面活性剂或水不溶混性表面活性剂的混合物混合;
(1.2)向该混合物中加入吸水组分,和
(1.3)将该混合物均化以得到分散颗粒的中值粒度小于2μm的分散体,得到混合物(I),
(2)然后将混合物(I)与形成微胶囊壁的单体1结合,得到混合物(III);
(3)将混合物(III)与包含水溶性盐和水溶性乳化剂的水相结合,得到混合物(IV),和
(4)将混合物(IV)与形成微胶囊壁的单体2结合。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,包括:
(1.1)将水不溶混性溶剂和/或水不溶混性活性成分(I)与水不溶混性表面活性剂或水不溶混性表面活性剂的混合物混合;
(1.2)向该混合物中加入吸水组分,和
(1.3)将该混合物均化以得到分散颗粒的中值粒度小于2μm的分散体,得到混合物(I),
(1.4)将混合物(I)与水不溶混性活性成分(I)结合,得到混合物(II),
(2)然后将混合物(II)与形成微胶囊壁的单体1结合,得到混合物(III);
(3)将混合物(III)与包含水溶性盐和水溶性乳化剂的水相结合,得到混合物(IV),和
(4)将混合物(IV)与形成微胶囊壁的单体2结合并任选随后与抗沉降剂结合。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中吸水组分以如下形式加入:
(a)吸水组分的水溶液;
(b)吸水组分在水不溶混性溶剂中的悬浮液;
(c)吸水组分在水中的分散体。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,该方法包括:
(1)在搅动下将可以通过如下步骤得到的内相吸水组分(I):
(11.1)将水不溶混性溶剂和/或一部分水不溶混性活性成分与水不溶混性表面活性剂或乳化剂混合,
(1.2)向该混合物中加入吸水组分的水溶液,和
(1.3)将该混合物均化,得到乳化颗粒的中值粒度低于2μm的乳液;
(1.4)与包含活性成分的内相结合,得到混合物(II),
(2)然后在搅动下将混合物(II)与形成微胶囊壁的单体1结合,得到混合物(III);
(3)在搅动下将混合物(III)与包含水溶性盐和乳化剂的水相结合,得到混合物(IV),和
(4)将混合物(IV)与形成微胶囊壁的单体2结合以及任选随后与抗沉降剂结合。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的方法,其中所述吸水组分选自:
(a)盐,或无机盐的混合物;和
(b)选自交联聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、纤维素材料、吡咯烷酮共聚物、聚葡萄糖的聚合物,
(c)吸水材料、丙二醇、乙二醇、三甘醇、聚乙二醇、乙氧基化葡萄糖、丙氧基化葡萄糖、乙氧基化甘油、氢化淀粉水解物、葡萄糖谷氨酸盐甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇和甘油。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述吸水盐选自氯化钠、硫酸镁、碳酸氢钠和碳酸钾。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述活性成分选自除草剂、杀虫剂和杀真菌剂。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中所述除草剂为二硝基苯胺化合物和/或N-氯代乙酰苯胺。
9.一种包含芯的微胶囊,该芯包含由水不溶混性溶剂和/或水不溶混性活性成分(I)和水不溶混性表面活性剂或水不溶混性表面活性剂的混合物组成的连续相,其中吸水组分分散在所述连续相中并且其中该芯被壳壁包围。
10.根据权利要求9的微胶囊,其中所述吸水组分以在所述芯材料的连续相中乳化的水溶液形式存在。
11.根据权利要求9或10的微胶囊,含有5重量%至约50重量%盐水不溶混性材料和5重量%至约40重量%吸水组分。
12.根据权利要求11的微胶囊,其中所述盐水不溶混性材料为除草剂或杀虫剂或杀真菌剂或其组合。
13.一种农业化学配制剂,包含分散在溶剂中的根据权利要求8-11中任一项的微胶囊。
14.一种保护种子的方法,包括使种子在播种前与根据权利要求9-13中任一项的微胶囊接触。
15.用根据权利要求9-13中任一项的微胶囊处理的种子。
16.一种防治有害生物体如有害昆虫和/或植物病原性真菌的方法,包括使所述有害生物体或其栖息地、繁殖地、食物供应源、植物、种子、土壤、区域、材料或其中有害生物体生长或可能生长的环境或需要防止有害生物体侵袭或侵染的材料、植物、种子、土壤、表面或空间与杀真菌或杀虫有效量的根据权利要求9-13中任一项的微胶囊组合物接触。
17.一种防治不希望的植物生长的方法,包括使除草有效量的根据权利要求9-13中任一项的微胶囊组合物作用于有害植物、其生长场所或种子上。
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CN109743927B (zh) * | 2019-03-14 | 2021-11-19 | 武汉市农业科学院 | 一种提高扁豆发芽率的扁豆种子处理方法 |
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US20080207445A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
MY146405A (en) | 2012-08-15 |
WO2006092409A3 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
NZ560592A (en) | 2009-12-24 |
UY29408A1 (es) | 2006-10-02 |
ZA200708306B (en) | 2010-01-27 |
TW200642750A (en) | 2006-12-16 |
EA200701816A1 (ru) | 2008-06-30 |
PE20061029A1 (es) | 2006-11-27 |
MX2007009675A (es) | 2007-10-15 |
CA2599389A1 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
IL185105A0 (en) | 2007-12-03 |
EP2133140A3 (en) | 2010-04-07 |
CN101132851B (zh) | 2010-11-24 |
AR053819A1 (es) | 2007-05-23 |
KR20070113264A (ko) | 2007-11-28 |
WO2006092409A2 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
JP2008531652A (ja) | 2008-08-14 |
BRPI0607495A2 (pt) | 2010-04-06 |
EP2133140A2 (en) | 2009-12-16 |
UA90888C2 (ru) | 2010-06-10 |
AU2006219854A1 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
AU2006219854B2 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
EP1855793A2 (en) | 2007-11-21 |
AR081909A2 (es) | 2012-10-31 |
CR9354A (es) | 2009-11-12 |
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