WO2022077855A1 - 一种含硅材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种含硅材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2022077855A1
WO2022077855A1 PCT/CN2021/080988 CN2021080988W WO2022077855A1 WO 2022077855 A1 WO2022077855 A1 WO 2022077855A1 CN 2021080988 W CN2021080988 W CN 2021080988W WO 2022077855 A1 WO2022077855 A1 WO 2022077855A1
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silicon
containing material
oxide particles
silicon oxide
particles
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French (fr)
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涂飞跃
方自力
杨乐之
彭青姣
余林遇
罗磊
封青阁
覃事彪
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长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a silicon-containing material and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • lithium-ion batteries have great advantages in terms of development space, service life and electrical performance, and are quite competitive.
  • the rapidly developing power battery market has put forward higher requirements for lithium-ion batteries: higher energy density, better cycle life, better high-low temperature charge-discharge performance and safety performance, etc. Therefore, as a lithium-ion battery
  • the important components of lithium ion battery and the key factors affecting the electrical performance of the battery need to be further deepened and improved in the research on electrode materials for lithium ion batteries.
  • silicon exhibits high capacity, and at the same time, this type of material has a low lithium-deintercalation voltage, and is considered to be the most promising alternative to carbon materials to become the anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
  • silicon when silicon is used as a negative electrode active material, there is a large volume effect in the charging and discharging process, which easily leads to electrode fracture and pulverization, an increase in resistance, and a sudden drop in cycle performance, which severely limits the utilization and commercialization of silicon negative electrode materials.
  • the research on silicon anode active materials mainly includes the preparation of silicon-carbon composite materials by the mixed pyrolysis of silicon powder and carbon source, and the simultaneous deposition of silicon and amorphous silicon dioxide by gas-phase method.
  • the first charging and discharging efficiency of the active material is still low, and it is still relatively sensitive to water, and the safety and stability have not been significantly improved.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a silicon-containing material and its preparation method and application in order to overcome the deficiencies and defects mentioned in the above background technology.
  • the silicon-containing material has low volume effect and sensitivity to water, and can effectively Improve first cycle efficiency and safety performance.
  • the preparation method of the silicon-containing material has simple process, simple operation and high productivity, and can be suitable for large-scale industrial production.
  • the technical scheme proposed by the present invention is:
  • a silicon-containing material comprising silicon oxide particles and silicate mineral particles, the silicate mineral particles are dispersed in the interior and surface of the silicon oxide particles; or the silicate mineral is dispersed in the silicon oxide particles interior or surface.
  • the silicon oxide particles include a silicon phase and a silicon dioxide phase, and the silicon dioxide phase is dispersed inside and/or on the surface of the silicon phase.
  • silicon oxide is used as the negative electrode active material
  • the silicon oxide particles The silicon dioxide in the silicon oxide has obvious volume effect during the charging and discharging process, which causes the reduction of the battery cycle performance and the first cycle efficiency, and also easily leads to problems in use safety;
  • the silicate mineral particles in the silicon oxide are composed of two Silica is converted and formed by reaction, so the presence of silicate mineral particles can reduce the mass proportion of silicon dioxide in silicon oxide, improve the contact resistance during short circuit, reduce the volume effect of negative electrode active materials, and help improve the battery.
  • the silicate mineral particles are wollastonite. While wollastonite replaces silica to reduce the volume effect of the material, it will not have a great adverse effect on the electrochemical performance of the silicon-containing material.
  • the mass fraction of the silicate mineral particles in the silicon-containing material is A, 0.1% ⁇ A ⁇ 30%.
  • the mass fraction of silicate mineral particles reaches 0.1% the water sensitivity of silicon-containing materials as anode active materials is significantly improved; while if the mass fraction of silicate mineral particles exceeds 30%, it will lead to When the silicon-containing material is used as the negative electrode active material, its electrical properties are lost, resulting in the failure of the battery to be used normally.
  • the mass fraction of the silicate mineral particles in the silicon-containing material is A, 0.1% ⁇ A ⁇ 20%. After repeated experiments and tests by the inventor, the optimum mass fraction A of the silicate mineral particles is obtained as 0.1% ⁇ A ⁇ 20%.
  • the silicon oxide particles include a silicon phase and a silicon dioxide phase
  • the silicon phase contains a metal element X
  • the metal element X is one of titanium element, aluminum element, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal
  • the silica phase contains metal element Z
  • the metal element Z is one or more of titanium element, aluminum element, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal.
  • the metal elements X and Z are one or more of Ti, Al, Li and Mg.
  • the above-mentioned metals have better electrical conductivity than silicon or can reduce the relative oxygen content of the material, and can maximize the electrical performance of silicon oxide particles and silicon-containing materials.
  • the surface of the silicon-containing material is also covered with a carbon material. Due to the high reversible specific capacity and electrical conductivity of carbon materials, the use of carbon material layers to coat silicon-containing particles can improve the specific capacity and conductivity of silicon-containing active material particles, thereby improving the negative electrode active materials and the batteries to which they are applied. electrical properties.
  • the carbon material covers an area of more than 30% of the surface of the silicon-containing material.
  • the mass of the carbon material layer accounts for 0.01% to 30% of the mass of the silicon-containing material.
  • the molecular formula of the silicon oxide particles is represented by SiO x , and 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.7.
  • the present invention also provides a method for preparing a silicon-containing material of the above technical solution, comprising the following steps:
  • the silicon oxide particles are mixed with the calcium-containing compound, and the reaction is excited under specific conditions to obtain a silicon-containing material.
  • the principle of the above preparation method is: by reacting with a calcium-containing compound, SiO2 in the silicon-containing material can be reacted and converted into silicate mineral particles, thereby reducing the volume effect of the silicon-containing material, which is beneficial to improve the first cycle of the battery.
  • Efficiency, cycle performance and safety performance; the preparation method of the technical solution is simple to operate and suitable for large-scale industrial production.
  • the calcium-containing compound is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
  • the reaction operation between the silicon oxide particles and the calcium-containing compound is specifically to carry out the reaction between the silicon oxide particles and the calcium-containing compound.
  • the ball milling is mixed and excited, and repolymerization occurs, and then the product is post-treated and then calcined to obtain the silicon-containing material.
  • the present invention also provides an application of the silicon-containing material of the above technical solution, where the silicon-containing material is used as a negative electrode active material in a lithium ion secondary battery.
  • the design idea of the above technical solution is that the silicon-containing material in the above technical solution is used as the negative electrode active material in the lithium ion secondary battery, which can effectively reduce the volume effect of the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery, which is beneficial to improve the first time of the battery. cycle efficiency and safety performance.
  • the silicon-containing material of the present invention can reduce the volume effect of the material during lithium insertion and lithium release, thereby improving the first cycle efficiency and safety performance of the battery, and because the silicate mineral particles themselves are water-stable components, Therefore, it has a certain improvement effect on the problem that the negative electrode active material is sensitive to water.
  • the preparation method of the silicon-containing material of the present invention has the advantages of simple process, simple operation and high productivity, and can be suitable for large-scale industrial production.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the silicon-containing material of Example 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope photograph of Example 1 of the present invention.
  • the silicon-containing material of this embodiment includes silicon oxide particles, a hard carbon layer covering the surface of the silicon oxide particles, and wollastonite dispersed in and/or on the surface of the silicon oxide particles, wherein wollastonite accounts for the silicon-containing material.
  • the total mass of the material is about 6%.
  • the schematic diagram of the structure of the silicon-containing material is shown in Figure 1, wherein the X element can be one or more arbitrary elements among alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, titanium elements and aluminum elements, and the Z element can be alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, titanium One or more arbitrary elements among elements and aluminum elements, X and Z elements may be the same or different, in this embodiment, X and Z metal elements are both Li.
  • FIG. 4 The scanning electron microscope photograph of the silicon-containing material of this embodiment is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • SiO x particles and calcium hydroxide (mass ratio of 30:1) are mixed and excited by ball milling under alkaline conditions, and the excitation is carried out and maintained at 80°C to repolymerize, and then the product is crushed and pulverized.
  • the silicon-containing material of this embodiment includes silicon oxide particles, a hard carbon layer covering the surface of the silicon oxide particles, and wollastonite dispersed in and/or on the surface of the silicon oxide particles, wherein wollastonite accounts for the silicon-containing material. 2% of the total mass of the material.
  • the negative electrode active material of this comparative example includes silicon oxide particles and a hard carbon layer covering the surface of the silicon oxide particles.
  • the structure of the negative electrode active material of this comparative example is shown in Fig. 2 .
  • the preparation method of the negative electrode active material of this comparative example comprises the following steps:
  • Example 1 After the silicon-containing materials of Example 1, Example 2 and the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 were made into negative electrodes and then prepared into batteries, relevant tests were carried out, and the results were as follows:
  • Example 1 and Example 2 have decreased to a certain extent, the initial charge and discharge efficiency has increased to varying degrees compared with Comparative Example 1, which improves the electrical properties of the material and meets the expected design expectations.
  • Example 1 and Example 2 Through the water stability test under the conditions shown in Table 2, the results show that the exposure of Example 1 and Example 2 to air and water will not affect the capacity performance, which is significantly better than that of Comparative Example 1, and improves the water sensitivity of the material. characteristics, in line with expected design expectations.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种含硅材料及其制备方法和应用，包括硅氧化物颗粒和硅酸盐矿物颗粒，硅酸盐矿物颗粒分散在硅氧化物颗粒的内部和表面；或硅酸盐矿物分散在硅氧化物颗粒的内部或表面。含硅材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：(1)准备所需原料，将硅和二氧化硅混合后加热沉积得到沉积物，将沉积物粉碎得到硅氧化物颗粒；(2)将硅氧化物颗粒与含钙化合物混合，在特定条件下激发进行反应，得到含硅材料。本发明的含硅材料应用于负极材料时能够降低嵌锂和释锂时材料的体积效应，从而提高电池的首次循环效率以及安全性能，同时对负极活性材料对水敏感的问题也有一定的改善作用。本发明的制备方法工艺简单、操作简便、产能高，可适用于大规模产业化生产。

Description

一种含硅材料及其制备方法和应用 技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池领域，尤其涉及一种含硅材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
在现有的二次电池种类中，锂离子电池在发展空间、使用寿命和电学性能等方面都具有较大的优势，具备相当的竞争力。目前，高速发展的动力电池市场对锂离子电池提出了更高的要求：更高的能量密度、更好的循环寿命、更好的高低温充放电性能和安全性能等，因此，作为锂离子电池的重要组成部分和影响电池电学性能的关键因素，关于锂离子电池电极材料的研究还需要进一步地深入与完善。
硅作为新型负极活性材料表现出了很高的容量，同时该类材料的脱嵌锂电压较低，被认为是最有希望替代碳材料成为下一代锂离子电池的负极材料。但是硅作为负极活性材料使用时在充放电过程中存在较大的体积效应，易导致电极断裂粉化、电阻增大、循环性能骤降，严重地限制了硅负极材料的利用和商业化进程。
目前，对于硅负极活性材料的研究主要包括硅粉与碳源进行混合热解制备硅-碳复合材料、使用气相法同时沉积硅和非晶二氧化硅等，但经过上述方法改进后的硅负极活性材料的首次充放效率依然较低，对水仍比较敏感，安全性和稳定性也未得到明显的提高。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是，为克服以上背景技术中提到的不足和缺陷，提供一种含硅材料及其制备方法和应用，该含硅材料体积效应和对水敏感性低，能有效提高首次循环效率以及安全性能。该含硅材料的制备方法工艺简单、操作简便、产能高，可适用于大规模产业化生产。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明提出的技术方案为：
一种含硅材料，包括硅氧化物颗粒和硅酸盐矿物颗粒，所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒分散在硅氧化物颗粒的内部和表面；或所述硅酸盐矿物分散在硅氧化物颗粒的内部或表面。
上述技术方案的设计思路在于，硅氧化物颗粒包括硅相以及二氧化硅相，二氧化硅相分散在硅相的内部和/或表面，当硅氧化物作为负极活性材料时，硅氧化物颗粒中的二氧化硅在充放电过程中具有明显的体积效应，造成了电池循环性能和首次循环效率的降低，还容易导致使用安全方面的问题出现；硅氧化物中的硅酸盐矿物颗粒由二氧化硅反应转化生成，因此硅酸盐矿物颗粒的存在能够降低硅氧化物中作为二氧化硅的质量占比，提高了短路时的接触电阻，降低了负极活性材料的体积效应，有利于提高电池的首次循环效率、循环性能以及安 全性能。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒为硅灰石。硅灰石在取代二氧化硅减少材料体积效应的同时还不会对含硅材料的电化学性能造成较大不利影响。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒的质量在所述含硅材料的质量分数为A，0.1％＜A＜30％。在硅酸盐矿物颗粒的质量分数达到0.1％时，含硅材料作为负极活性材料的对水敏感性得到了较为显著的改善；而若硅酸盐矿物颗粒的质量分数超过30％，则会导致含硅材料作为负极活性材料时失去其电学性质，导致电池无法正常使用。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒在所述含硅材料的质量份数为A，0.1％＜A＜20％。所述经过发明人的反复试验和测试，得到硅酸盐矿物颗粒最适宜的质量分数A为0.1％＜A＜20％。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述硅氧化物颗粒包括硅相和二氧化硅相，所述硅相中含有金属元素X，所述金属元素X为钛元素、铝元素、碱金属和碱土金属中的一种或多种，和/或所述二氧化硅相中含有金属元素Z，所述金属元素Z为钛元素、铝元素、碱金属和碱土金属中的一种或多种。硅相和/或二氧化硅相中金属元素的存在可改善硅氧化物颗粒的电化学性能。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述金属元素X和Z为Ti、Al、Li和Mg中的一种或多种。上述几种金属的导电性较硅好或可以降低材料的相对氧含量，能够最大程度上提高硅氧化物颗粒以及含硅材料在电学方面的表现。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述含硅材料表面还覆盖有碳材料。由于碳材料具有较高的可逆比容量和导电性能，使用碳材料层对含硅进行包覆能够改善含硅活性物质颗粒的比容量和导电性，从而提高负极活性材料及其所应用于的电池的电学性能。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述碳材料覆盖所述含硅材料的表面30％以上的面积。
作为上述技术方案的优选，碳材料层质量占含硅材料质量的0.01％～30％。
作为上述技术方案的优选，硅氧化物颗粒的分子式由SiO x表示，0.5≤x≤1.7。
基于同一技术构思，本发明还提供一种上述技术方案的含硅材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)准备所需原料，将硅和二氧化硅混合后加热沉积得到沉积物，将沉积物粉碎得到硅氧化物颗粒；
(2)将硅氧化物颗粒与含钙化合物混合，在特定条件下激发进行反应，得到含硅材料。
上述制备方法的原理为：通过与含钙化合物进行反应，能够将含硅材料中的SiO 2反应转化成硅酸盐矿物颗粒，从而降低了含硅材料的体积效应，有利于提高电池的首次循环效率、 循环性能以及安全性能；本技术方案的制备方法操作简单，适于大规模产业化生产。
作为上述技术方案的优选，所述步骤(2)中含钙化合物为氧化钙或氢氧化钙，所述硅氧化物颗粒与含钙化合物的反应操作具体为将硅氧化物颗粒与含钙化合物进行球磨混合激发，发生重聚合，再将产物经后处理后进行煅烧，得到所述含硅材料。
基于同一技术构思，本发明还提供一种上述技术方案的含硅材料的应用，所述含硅材料作为负极活性材料应用于锂离子二次电池。
上述技术方案的设计思路在于，将上述技术方案中的含硅材料作为负极活性材料应用于锂离子二次电池中，可以有效降低锂离子二次电池负极材料的体积效应，有利于提高电池的首次循环效率以及安全性能。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点在于：
(1)本发明的含硅材料，能够降低嵌锂和释锂时材料的体积效应，从而提高电池的首次循环效率以及安全性能，同时由于硅酸盐矿物颗粒本身是是对水稳定的成份，因此对负极活性材料对水敏感的问题有一定的改善作用。
(2)本发明的含硅材料的制备方法，工艺简单、操作简便、产能高，可适用于大规模产业化生产。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明实施例1的含硅材料的结构示意图；
图2为本发明对比例1的含硅材料的结构示意图；
图3为本发明实施例1和2及对比例1的含硅材料的XRD测试对比图；
图4为本发明实施例1的扫描电子显微镜照片。
具体实施方式
为了便于理解本发明，下文将结合说明书附图和较佳的实施例对本发明作更全面、细致地描述，但本发明的保护范围并不限于以下具体的实施例。
除非另有定义，下文中所使用的所有专业术语与本领域技术人员通常理解的含义相同。本文中所使用的专业术语只是为了描述具体实施例的目的，并不是旨在限制本发明的保护范围。
除非另有特别说明，本发明中用到的各种原材料、试剂、仪器和设备等均可通过市场购 买得到或者可通过现有方法制备得到。
实施例1：
本实施例的含硅材料，包括硅氧化物颗粒、覆盖在硅氧化物颗粒表面的硬炭层和分散在硅氧化物颗粒内部和/或表面的硅灰石，其中，硅灰石占含硅材料总质量约为6％。含硅材料的结构示意图如图1所示，其中，X元素可以是碱金属、碱土金属、钛元素和铝元素中的一种或多种任意元素，Z元素可以是碱金属、碱土金属、钛元素和铝元素中的一种或多种任意元素，X和Z元素可以相同也可以不同，在本实施例中X和Z金属元素均为Li。
本实施例的含硅材料的扫描电子显微镜照片如图4所示。
本实施例的含硅材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将硅粉和二氧化硅按照1：1的比例混合，在惰性气体的保护下低压加热后，在顶部沉积板上进行沉积，得到SiO x成分的结块，将该结块经颚碎、气流粉碎、球磨后粉化得到硅氧化物颗粒(SiO x颗粒)；
(2)将上述SiO x颗粒与氢氧化钙(质量比为30:1)在碱性条件下进行球磨混合激发，进行激发并经80℃温养护，发生重聚合，再将产物经破碎、粉碎球磨，经冲洗后，在惰性气体的保护下加热至1400℃，得到分散有硅灰石的SiO x颗粒；
(3)将上述分散有硅酸盐矿物颗粒的SiO x颗粒使用烃类气体进行化学气相沉积，在表面形成碳材料层，然后进行预锂化处理，得到含硅材料。
实施例2：
本实施例的含硅材料，包括硅氧化物颗粒、覆盖在硅氧化物颗粒表面的硬炭层和分散在硅氧化物颗粒内部和/或表面的硅灰石，其中，硅灰石占含硅材料总质量的2％。
本实施例的含硅材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将硅粉和二氧化硅按照1：1的比例混合，在惰性气体的保护下低压加热后，在顶部沉积板上进行沉积，得到SiO x成分的结块，将该结块经颚碎、气流粉碎、球磨后粉化得到硅氧化物颗粒(SiO x颗粒)。
(2)将上述SiO x颗粒与氧化钙混合，浸渍在水中进行激发并经80℃温养护，发生重聚合，再将产物经破碎、粉碎球磨、干燥，再在惰性气氛下加热至1400℃，得到分散有硅灰石的SiO x颗粒。
(3)将上述分散有硅酸盐矿物颗粒的SiOx颗粒使用烃类气体进行化学气相沉积，在表面形成碳材料层，然后进行预锂化处理，得到含硅材料。
对比例1：
本对比例的负极活性材料，包括硅氧化物颗粒和覆盖在硅氧化物颗粒表面的硬炭层。本 对比例的负极活性材料的结构如图2所示。
本对比例的负极活性材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将硅粉和二氧化硅按照1：1的比例混合，在惰性气体的保护下低压加热后，在顶部沉积板上进行沉积，得到SiO x成分的结块，将该结块经颚碎、气流粉碎、球磨后粉化得到SiO x颗粒。
(2)将上述分散有硅酸盐矿物颗粒的SiO x颗粒使用烃类气体进行化学气相沉积，在表面形成碳材料层，然后进行预锂化/预掺杂处理，得到含硅材料。
对实施例1、2的含硅材料以及对比例的负极活性材料进行XRD测试，结果如图3所示。
将实施例1、实施例2的含硅材料以及对比例1的负极活性材料制成负极再制备成电池后，进行相关测试，结果如下：
将上述三组电池经扣电0.1C充放进行容量测试，结果见表1。
测试结果显示，实施例1和实施例2虽然容量有一定下降，但首次充放效率和对比例1相比较，均有不同程度上升，改善了材料的电性能，符合预期设计期望。
表1容量测试结果
  容量/mAh/g 首次充放效率/％
实施例1 1014 85
实施例2 1140 86
对比例1 1265 84
经表2中所示条件的对水稳定性测试，结果显示，实施例1和实施例2在空气和水中暴露，不会影响容量发挥，显著优于对比例1，改善了材料的对水敏感的特性，符合预期设计期望。
表2材料对水稳定性测试结果(容量保持率)
  空气中暴露24h 空气中暴露72h 浸水0.5h 浸水4h
实施例1 100％ 97％ 98％ 97％
实施例2 100％ 96％ 97％ 95％
对比例1 99％ 94％ 97％ 93％
经表3中所示条件的对实施例1、2和对比例1进行安全和滥用测试(表中数字代表电池失控严重程度：1：无冒烟；2：冒烟但无明火；3，明火；4，爆炸)，结果显示，实施例1和实施例2在短路、过充和针刺测试中，均表现出比对比例1更优的安全特性，符合预期设计期望。
表3材料制备电池安全性测试结果
  短路 过充 挤压 针刺
实施例1 1 2 1 1
实施例2 1 2 1 1
对比例1 2 3 1 2

Claims (7)

  1. 一种含硅材料，其特征在于，包括硅氧化物颗粒和硅酸盐矿物颗粒，所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒分散在硅氧化物颗粒的内部和表面；或所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒分散在硅氧化物颗粒的内部或表面；所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒为硅灰石；所述硅酸盐矿物颗粒的质量在所述含硅材料的质量分数为A，0.1％＜A＜20％；所述含硅材料表面还覆盖有碳材料。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的含硅材料，其特征在于，所述硅氧化物颗粒包括硅相和二氧化硅相，所述硅相中含有金属元素X，所述金属元素X为钛元素、铝元素、碱金属和碱土金属中的一种或多种，和/或所述二氧化硅相中含有金属元素Z，所述金属元素Z为钛元素、铝元素、碱金属和碱土金属中的一种或多种。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的含硅材料，其特征在于，所述金属元素X和Z为Ti、Al、Li和Mg中的一种或多种。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的含硅材料，其特征在于，所述碳材料覆盖所述含硅材料的表面30％以上的面积。
  5. 一种权利要求1所述的含硅材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    (1)准备所需原料，将硅和二氧化硅混合后加热沉积得到沉积物，将沉积物粉碎得到硅氧化物颗粒；
    (2)将硅氧化物颗粒与含钙化合物混合，进行球磨混合激发，发生重聚合，再将产物经后处理后进行煅烧，得到所述含硅材料。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的含硅材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(2)中含钙化合物为氧化钙或氢氧化钙。
  7. 一种权利要求1-4任一项所述的含硅材料的应用，其特征在于，所述含硅材料作为负极活性材料应用于锂离子二次电池。
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