WO2021238083A1 - 一种利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法及其应用 - Google Patents

一种利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法及其应用 Download PDF

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WO2021238083A1
WO2021238083A1 PCT/CN2020/127697 CN2020127697W WO2021238083A1 WO 2021238083 A1 WO2021238083 A1 WO 2021238083A1 CN 2020127697 W CN2020127697 W CN 2020127697W WO 2021238083 A1 WO2021238083 A1 WO 2021238083A1
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suspension
silicate
carbon composite
attapulgite
sio
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PCT/CN2020/127697
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French (fr)
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李霞章
张海光
储悉尼
朱劼
严向玉
左士祥
姚超
刘文杰
毛辉麾
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常州大学
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/75—Cobalt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
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    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/745—Iron
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    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/755—Nickel
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
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    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
    • B01J37/10—Heat treatment in the presence of water, e.g. steam
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    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/34—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation
    • B01J37/341—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation
    • B01J37/344—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation of electromagnetic wave energy
    • B01J37/346—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation of electromagnetic wave energy of microwave energy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
    • C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
    • C01C1/0411—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst characterised by the catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
    • B01J2523/80—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts of Group VIII of the Periodic Table
    • B01J2523/84—Metals of the iron group
    • B01J2523/842—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
    • B01J2523/80—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts of Group VIII of the Periodic Table
    • B01J2523/84—Metals of the iron group
    • B01J2523/845—Cobalt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
    • B01J2523/80—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts of Group VIII of the Periodic Table
    • B01J2523/84—Metals of the iron group
    • B01J2523/847—Nickel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of novel material preparation and photocatalytic ammonia synthesis, and specifically relates to the preparation and application of silicate/carbon composite materials prepared from attapulgite.
  • ammonia synthesis has been a classic reaction in the field of catalysis.
  • the Haber-Bosch process has been widely used in industrial synthesis of ammonia.
  • this reaction needs to be carried out under high temperature and pressure, and consumes huge energy.
  • the photocatalytic ammonia synthesis reaction has received extensive attention in recent years. Its principle is to use sunlight to convert nitrogen to ammonia under the action of a catalyst.
  • the photocatalyst mostly adopts methods such as precious metal deposition or rare earth ion doping to improve its nitrogen fixation effect, and the cost is relatively high.
  • some catalysts such as TiO 2 are prone to agglomeration by themselves, which seriously affects their photocatalytic performance.
  • Attapulgite As a natural mineral clay material, attapulgite has abundant reserves in my country. Due to its good dispersibility, large specific surface area and unique one-dimensional nanorod structure, it can be a good catalyst Carrier. Modification of attapulgite can significantly change its physical and chemical properties, such as acidification, alkalization, ion exchange, etc. In addition, since attapulgite is rich in SiO 2 , SiO 2 raw material can be prepared by completely destroying its octahedral structure, and guarantees The original rod-shaped structure remains unchanged. Metal silicate can be prepared from silicon dioxide and is often used in the processing and manufacturing of cement and glass.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a preparation and application of a photocatalytic ammonia synthesis catalyst with low price, easily available raw materials, and high photo-generated electron-hole separation efficiency.
  • the preparation method is simple, the synthesis conditions are mild, and complex and expensive equipment is not required, which is conducive to large-scale promotion.
  • the general formula of the silicate/carbon composite material provided by the present invention is: xMSiO 4 /C, wherein the molar ratio of MSiO 4 and C is x, and the range of x is 0.1-0.3.
  • the sample not supporting the carbon material is denoted as MSiO 4 .
  • the metal M is one of Fe, Co, and Ni.
  • the preparation method of the silicate/carbon composite material includes the following steps:
  • the present invention attapulgite raw material is converted to SiO 2, after the above-described series of processing conditions, a SiO 2 obtained was found to still retaining the rod-like structure attapulgite, and the surface having a large number of active sites for adsorption of molecules N 2 reaction.
  • the morphology of commercially available SiO 2 is mostly microspheres with a smooth surface, which cannot achieve the effect of converting SiO 2 through the attapulgite rod of the present invention in application.
  • the addition of the rod-shaped silica carrier plays an important role in this application. If the silica carrier is not added, Co(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O is easily converted to CoO in a hydrothermal environment. Since the CoO nanoparticles are easy to agglomerate on the surface of the carbon layer in a high temperature environment, the resulting composite catalyst may not achieve the desired nitrogen fixation effect.
  • the rod-shaped silicate produced by the present invention can well overcome this problem. At the same time, the abundant active sites on the rod-shaped silicate surface can also effectively promote the reaction.
  • the mass ratio of SiO 2 to hydrated nickel nitrate is 1:9.7;
  • the mass ratio of SiO 2 to hydrated cobalt nitrate is 1:9.7;
  • the mass ratio of SiO 2 to ferric nitrate hydrate is 1:6.73;
  • the mass ratio of SiO 2 to NH 4 Cl is 1:1.18 ⁇ 3.56.
  • the present invention uses sucrose as a carbon source, which is inexpensive and easy to obtain, and is harmless to the human body, and the generated carbon carrier has the characteristics of easy conduction, and can quickly separate the electron-hole pairs generated by light excitation, so that the nitrogen fixation reaction continues to proceed.
  • sucrose as a carbon source
  • the generated carbon carrier has the characteristics of easy conduction, and can quickly separate the electron-hole pairs generated by light excitation, so that the nitrogen fixation reaction continues to proceed.
  • carbon carriers can achieve better effects in nitrogen fixation applications.
  • the invention adopts the microwave hydrothermal method. Under the high-frequency energy field, the molecular motion changes from the original disorderly state to the orderly high-frequency vibration, so that the heating is more uniform. Because the carbon nano-layer sheet is a single layer with a thickness of nanometers The size of the structure is more stable than the spherical carbon black particles. Under this condition, the smaller structural units forming the carbon black primary particles can self-assemble to form a more stable new structure of carbon nanolayers.
  • Synthesis of cobalt silicate and aqueous ammonia focus NHCl 4 provides an alkaline environment, Si-OH structure into Si-O -, present in the solution at this time and integrated to form cobalt Co 2+ silicate. Since the original rod-like morphology of the attapulgite is still retained after the formation of SiO 2 , it plays a role in guiding the template, and thus rod-like silicate is formed.
  • the prepared silicate/carbon composite material is used as photocatalysis in ammonia synthesis.
  • the advantages of the present invention are: selecting natural attapulgite clay minerals abundant in nature as raw materials, introducing metal elements Fe, Co, Ni, and synthesizing stable structure by microwave hydrothermal reaction, high separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes, and photocatalytic synthesis of ammonia
  • a new type of silicate/carbon composite photocatalyst with good effect at the same time, the method has rich sources of raw materials, low cost, environmentally friendly, simple preparation process, and is conducive to large-scale popularization.
  • Fig. 1 is an XRD pattern of 0.1Co 2 SiO 4 /C prepared in Example 1 and Co 2 SiO 4 prepared in Comparative Example 1;
  • Example 2 is a TEM image of the 0.1Co 2 SiO 4 /C sample prepared in Example 1 in the range of 100 nm.
  • the optimal formula and process are taken as examples, and the content of the invention is further elaborated.
  • the specific conditions not indicated therein it is carried out in accordance with conventional conditions.
  • the raw materials, reagents, or instruments used without the manufacturer's indication are all conventional products that can be purchased on the market.
  • the XRD pattern is shown in Figure 1.
  • the carbon in the composite material is in an amorphous state, it cannot show its corresponding characteristic diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern.
  • the Co 2 SiO 4 nanorods are successfully loaded on the surface of the carbon layer. .
  • the TEM picture is shown in Figure 2. It can be seen from the figure that Co 2 SiO 4 nanorods are uniformly loaded on the surface of the carbon layer.
  • the nanorods are uniform in size and have a length less than 100 nm, which is consistent with the XRD results.
  • the present invention also provides that the above-mentioned composite material is used for the composite photocatalyst to be used for photocatalytic synthesis of ammonia.
  • the application method is as follows: Weigh 0.04 g of the prepared silicate/carbon composite material (Co 2 SiO 4 /C) composite material, dissolve it in 100 mL of deionized water, and then add it to the photocatalytic reaction device, with N 2 being 60 mL A flow rate of 1/min was introduced into the reaction device, and after N 2 was introduced for 30 minutes, a 300W xenon lamp was used as a simulated light source. 10 mL samples were collected every 30 minutes, and Nessler’s reagent was added. After full reaction, the supernatant was extracted. Test its absorbance at the wavelength.
  • the NH 4 + concentration of 0.1Co 2 SiO 4 /C reaches 0.045 g/L after 120 min.
  • the loading of Co 2 SiO 4 is 0.2
  • the NH 4 + concentration of the sample reaches 0.05 g/L after 120 minutes, and the composite material has the best nitrogen fixation effect.
  • pure Co 2 SiO 4 (Comparative Example 1) is prone to agglomeration in water. After a period of reaction, its nitrogen fixation efficiency gradually decreases.
  • the use of Co 2 SiO 4 /C loaded with carbon layer material has excellent dispersion It can maintain a high nitrogen fixation rate for a certain period of time.
  • Comparative Example 1 differs in that: in step (2), sucrose is not added, the product does not contain a carbon carrier, and the rest of the operations are the same as Example 1.
  • Comparative Example 2 differs in that: conventional commercially available SiO 2 powder is used, and other operations are the same as Example 1.

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Abstract

一种利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法及其应用，制备过程包括：首先以凹凸棒石为原料，制备得到棒状结构的SiO 2。随后将制得的SiO 2分散于水中形成悬浊液并超声分散，将金属硝酸盐溶于上述溶液中，随后添加NH 4Cl，逐滴氨水，随后加入蔗糖，得到悬浊液。接着悬浊液进行微波水热反应，反应结束离心分离出固体。最后将固体放入马弗炉中经高温煅烧，研磨成得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料，应用于光催化合成氨。巧妙利用矿物凹凸棒石作为原料，通过对其结构进行重组，制备出具有良好固氮效果的硅酸盐/碳复合催化剂，相比于传统贵金属催化剂而言，具有原料成本低廉，合成方法简便等优势，有利于大规模推广。

Description

一种利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法及其应用 技术领域
本发明属于新型材料制备和光催化合成氨的技术领域，具体涉及由凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的制备和应用。
技术背景
近年来，合成氨作为催化领域的经典反应，Haber–Bosch过程已被广泛应用于工业合成氨，但是该反应需要在高温高压下进行，并且能源消耗量巨大，在能源日益短缺的今天，亟需寻找到一种新的合成氨方法。光催化合成氨反应近年来受到广泛关注，其原理是利用太阳光，在催化剂的作用下实现氮气到氨气的转化。然而，目前光催化剂多采用贵金属沉积或稀土离子掺杂等方法来提高其固氮效果，成本较高。此外，部分催化剂如TiO 2等由于自身容易发生团聚，致使其光催化性能受到严重影响。
凹凸棒石作为一种天然的矿物粘土材料，在我国有着丰富的储量，由于其自身具有良好的的分散性，较大的比表面积以及独特的一维纳米棒状结构，使其可以成为良好的催化剂载体。对凹凸棒石的改性可以明显改变其物化性质，如酸化，碱化，离子交换等，此外由于凹凸棒石中富含SiO 2，可以通过完全破坏其八面体结构来制得SiO 2原料，并保证原有的棒状结构不变。金属硅酸盐可由二氧化硅制备而来，常常用于水泥及玻璃的加工制造当中，近年来，有研究表明，过渡金属阳离子硅酸盐中的SiO 4四面体容易发生扭曲并极化，从而增强光生载流子的迁移。此外，由于其成本低和丰富的储量，基于硅酸盐的光催化剂将会具有广阔的前景。由于单一金属硅酸盐在受到光激发后容易发生光生电子与空穴的复合，碳材料如石墨等具有良好的传输电子的能力，将碳材料和金属硅酸盐相结合可显著提高光生电子空穴的分离效率。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种价格低廉，原料易得，光生电子空穴分离效率高的光催化合成氨催化剂的制备和应用。其制备方法简单、合成条件温且不需要复杂昂贵的设备，有利于大规模推广。
本发明提供的硅酸盐/碳复合材料组成通式为：xMSiO 4/C，其中，MSiO 4和 C的摩尔比为x，x的范围为0.1～0.3。此外，未负载碳材料的样品表示为MSiO 4。其中，所述金属M为Fe，Co，Ni中的一种。
本发明的技术解决方案是该硅酸盐/碳复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)将凹凸棒石与硫酸铵以质量比1：1-1：5混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升至500℃，随后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物按固液比1：20分散到2mol/L的盐酸溶液中，在80℃下水热搅拌6h后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到白色SiO 2。
本发明以凹凸棒做原料转化为SiO 2，经过上述一系列条件处理后，发现得到的SiO 2仍然保有凹凸棒的棒状结构，而且表面具有大量的可供N 2分子吸附反应的活性位点。而市售SiO 2其形貌多为表面光滑的微球，在应用上无法达到本发明通过凹凸棒转化SiO 2的效果。
且棒状结构的二氧化硅载体的加入，在本申请中起到重要的作用，如果不加二氧化硅载体，那么Co(NO 3) 2·6H 2O在水热环境下容易转变为CoO，由于CoO纳米颗粒在高温环境下容易团聚在碳层表面，可能导致所得复合催化剂无法达到理想固氮效果。而本发明生成的棒状的硅酸盐，则可以很好的克服这个问题，同时棒状硅酸盐表面丰富的活性位点，也可以有效的促进反应的进行。
(2)将制得的SiO 2分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min，随后，将10-30mmol金属硝酸盐溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min。随后加入蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液。
其中，SiO 2与水合硝酸镍质量比为1：9.7；
SiO 2与水合硝酸钴质量比为1：9.7；
SiO 2与水合硝酸铁质量比为1：6.73；
SiO 2与NH 4Cl质量比为1：1.18～3.56。
其中，本发明以蔗糖作为碳源，低廉易得，对人体无害，而且生成的碳载体具有易导电的特性，能快速分离光激发产生的电子空穴对，使得固氮反应不断地进行，所以碳载体相比于其它载体，在固氮应用上能取得更好的效果。
(3)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，120-200℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
本发明采用微波水热法，在高频能量场下，分子运动由原来杂乱无章的状态变为有序的高频振动，使加热更为均匀，由于碳纳米层片是一种单层厚度为纳米尺寸的、比炭黑球状粒子更稳定的结构,在这种条件下，形成炭黑初级粒子的更小的结构单元能够发生自组装而形成更稳定的碳纳米层片新结构。
硅酸钴合成的重点在于NHCl 4和氨水提供的碱性环境，Si-O-H结构转变为Si-O -，此时与溶液中存在的Co 2+结合生成硅酸钴。由于形成SiO 2后仍然保留了凹凸棒的原始棒状形貌起到了模板导向作用，从而会形成得到棒状硅酸盐。
(4)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨后得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料。
制备的硅酸盐/碳复合材料作为光催化应用在合成氨中。
本发明的优点是：选取自然界中丰富的天然凹凸棒石粘土矿物作为原料，引入金属元素Fe，Co，Ni，借助微波水热反应合成出结构稳定，光生电子空穴分离效率高，光催化合成氨效果好的新型硅酸盐/碳复合光催化剂；同时该方法原料来源丰富，成本低廉，环境友好，制备工艺简便，有利于大规模的推广。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的0.1Co 2SiO 4/C和对比实施例1制备的Co 2SiO 4的XRD图；
图2为实施例1制备的0.1Co 2SiO 4/C样品的100nm标尺范围的TEM图。
具体实施方式
实施例优选最佳配方和工艺过程为例，对发明内容进一步详细阐述，对于其中未注明具体条件，按照常规条件进行。所用原料、试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
实施例1
(1)将凹凸棒石与硫酸铵以质量比1：1混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升至500℃，保温2小时，随后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物按固液比1：20分散到2mol/L的盐酸溶液中，在80℃下水热搅拌6h后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到白色SiO 2。
(2)将0.3g制得的SiO 2分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min， 随后，将10mmolCo(NO 3) 2·6H 2O溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min。随后加入1.43g蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液。
(3)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至100mL容量的聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，120℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
(4)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨后得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料0.1Co 2SiO 4/C。
对本实施例所制备的0.1Co 2SiO 4/C复合材料进行X射线粉末衍射实验，并在透射电镜下观察其形貌和结构。
XRD图谱如图1所示，通过对照Co 2SiO 4的PDF卡片可以得知，在角度°＝31.2°、36.7°、59.3°、65.1°等处出现了Co 2SiO 4特有的衍射特征峰，此外因为复合材料中的碳为无定形状态，在XRD图谱中无法显示出有其对应的特征衍射峰，同时结合TEM照片图2，可以证明了Co 2SiO 4纳米棒成功负载到碳层的表面。
TEM照片如图2所示，从图中可以看出，碳层的表面上均匀负载了Co 2SiO 4纳米棒，纳米棒大小均匀且其长度小于100nm，与XRD结果相一致。
本发明还提供了上述复合材料用于所述复合光催化剂用于光催化合成氨。
所述应用方法为：称取制备的硅酸盐/碳复合材料(Co 2SiO 4/C)复合材料0.04g溶解于100mL去离子水中，然后再加入到光催化反应装置中，N 2以60mL/min的流速通入反应装置，通入N 2 30min后以300W的氙灯作为模拟光源进行照射，每隔30min收集10mL样品，加入纳氏试剂，充分反应后萃取上层清液，用紫外光谱仪在420nm波长下测试其吸光度。
通过上述方法测得0.1Co 2SiO 4/C在120min后NH 4 +浓度达到0.045g/L。当Co 2SiO 4的负载量为0.2时，样品在120min后NH 4 +浓度达到0.05g/L，复合材料的固氮效果最好。此外，纯Co 2SiO 4(对比实施例1)由于在水中容易发生团聚，在反应一段时间后，其固氮效率逐渐下降，而采用负载了碳层材料的Co 2SiO 4/C具有优良的分散性，可以在一定时间内保持较高的固氮速率。
实施例2
(1)将凹凸棒石粉末与硫酸铵以质量比1：2混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升至500℃，保温2小时，随后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物按固液比1：20分散到2mol/L的盐酸溶液中，在80℃下水热搅拌6h后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到白色SiO 2粉末。
(2)将0.6g制得的SiO 2粉末分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min，随后，将20mmolCo(NO 3) 2·6H 2O溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min。随后加入1.43g蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液。
(3)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至100mL容量的聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，140℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
(4)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨成粉末得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料0.2Co 2SiO 4/C。
后续检测如实施例1，120min后NH 4 +浓度达到0.05g/L。
实施例3
(1)将凹凸棒石粉末与硫酸铵以质量比1：3混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升至500℃，保温2小时，随后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物按固液比1：20分散到2mol/L的盐酸溶液中，在80℃下水热搅拌6h后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到白色SiO 2粉末。
(2)将0.9g制得的SiO 2粉末分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min，随后，将30mmolCo(NO 3) 2·6H 2O溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min。随后加入1.43g蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液。
(3)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至100mL容量的聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，160℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
(4)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨成粉末得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料0.3Co 2SiO 4/C。
后续检测如实施例1，120min后NH 4 +浓度达到0.042g/L。
实施例4
(1)将凹凸棒石粉末与硫酸铵以质量比1：4混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升至500℃，保温2小时，随后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物按固液比1：20分散到2mol/L的盐酸溶液中，在80℃下水热搅拌6h后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到白色SiO 2粉末。
(2)将0.6g制得的SiO 2粉末分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min，随后，将10mmol Fe(NO 3) 3·9H 2O溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min。随后加入1.43g蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液。
(3)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至100mL容量的聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，180℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
(4)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨成粉末得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料0.1FeSiO 3/C。
后续检测如实施例1，20min后NH 4 +浓度达到0.036g/L。
实施例5
(1)将凹凸棒石粉末与硫酸铵以质量比1：5混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升至500℃，保温2小时，随后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物按固液比1：20分散到2mol/L的盐酸溶液中，在80℃下水热搅拌6h后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到白色SiO 2粉末。
(2)将0.3g制得的SiO 2粉末分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min，随后，将10mmolNi(NO 3) 2·6H 2O溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min。随后加入1.43g蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液。
(3)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至100mL容量的聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，200℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
(4)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨成粉末得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料0.1Ni 2SiO 4/C。
后续检测如实施例1，120min后NH 4 +浓度达到0.03g/L。
对比实施例1
对比实施例1与实施例1相比，区别在于：在步骤(2)中不加入蔗糖，产品中不含碳载体，其余操作与实施例1相同。
(1)将凹凸棒石与硫酸铵以质量比1：1混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升至500℃，保温2小时，随后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物按固液比1：20分散到2mol/L的盐酸溶液中，在80℃下水热搅拌6h后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到白色SiO 2。
(2)将0.3g制得的SiO 2分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min，随后，将10mmolCo(NO 3) 2·6H 2O溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min，得到混合物悬浊液。
(3)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至100mL容量的聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，120℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
(4)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨成粉末得到硅酸盐材料Co 2SiO 4。
后续检测如实施例1，120min后NH 4 +浓度仅达到0.015g/L。
对比实施例2
对比实施例2与实施例1相比，区别在于：采用常规市售的SiO 2粉末，其它操作与实施例1相同。
(1)将0.3g市售的SiO 2粉末分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散30min，随后，将10mmolCo(NO 3) 2·6H 2O溶于上述悬浊液中，随后将20mmolNH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，再将1mL 28％浓度的氨水逐滴加入上述悬浊液中，搅拌10min。随后加入1.43g蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液。
(2)将上述得到的悬浊液转移至100mL容量的聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，120℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干。
(3)将上述得到的固体放入马弗炉中经500℃热处理2h后，最终研磨成 粉末得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料0.1Co 2SiO 4/C。
后续检测如实施例1，120min后NH 4 +浓度仅达到0.005g/L。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法，其特征在于：所述硅酸盐/碳复合材料组成通式为：xMSiO 4/C，其中，MSiO 4和C的摩尔比为x，x的范围为0.1～0.3，所述金属M为Fe，Co，Ni中的一种；
    所述硅酸盐/碳复合材料的制备步骤包括：
    (1)将凹凸棒石粉末与硫酸铵混合并置于陶瓷坩埚中，将坩埚放入马弗炉中升温煅烧，煅烧后自然降温至室温，将得到的煅烧产物分散到盐酸溶液中，水热搅拌后分离出固体，洗涤，烘干得到棒状结构的SiO 2；
    (2)将步骤(1)制得的SiO 2分散于水中形成SiO 2悬浊液并超声分散，随后将金属硝酸盐溶于悬浊液中，再将NH 4Cl添加到悬浊液中，将氨水逐滴加入悬浊液中，搅拌后加入蔗糖，得到混合物悬浊液；
    (3)将上述得到的混合物悬浊液转移至聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜中，120-200℃的条件下微波反应2h，随后自然冷却至室温，离心分离出固体，洗涤，烘干；
    (4)将上述烘干得到的固体放入马弗炉中，经500℃热处理后，最终研磨成粉末得到硅酸盐/碳复合材料(xMSiO 4/C)。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法，其特征在于：步骤(1)凹凸棒石粉末与硫酸铵是按质量比1：1-1：5混合。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法，其特征在于：步骤(1)升温煅烧是以2℃/min的速度升至500℃煅烧。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料的方法，其特征在于：步骤(1)水热搅拌条件为80℃下水热搅拌6h。
  5. 一种根据权利要求1-4任一项所述利用凹凸棒石制备硅酸盐/碳复合材料作为光催化在合成氨中的应用。
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