WO2021182339A1 - 固体電解質、蓄電デバイス及び固体電解質の製造方法 - Google Patents
固体電解質、蓄電デバイス及び固体電解質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/56—Solid electrolytes, e.g. gels; Additives therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid electrolyte containing plastic crystals, a power storage device using the solid electrolyte, and a method for producing the solid electrolyte.
- Secondary batteries, electric double layer capacitors, fuel cells, solar cells and other power storage devices are roughly configured with positive and negative electrodes facing each other with an electrolyte layer in between.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has a Faraday reaction electrode, and charges and discharges electrical energy by reversibly inserting and removing lithium ions in the electrolyte layer into the electrode.
- the electric double layer capacitor one or both of the electrodes are polarization electrodes, and the electric double layer capacitor is charged and discharged by utilizing the storage action of the electric double layer formed at the interface between the polarization electrode and the electrolyte layer.
- a solid electrolyte layer can be selected as the electrolyte layer of the power storage device.
- the region where the electrode is chemically reacted, such as hydration deterioration, is limited to the vicinity of the electrode. Therefore, the leakage current is smaller than that of the electrolytic solution, and self-discharge is suppressed. Further, as compared with the electrolytic solution, the amount of gas generated due to the chemical reaction with the electrode is reduced, and the risk of valve opening and liquid leakage is also reduced.
- the solid electrolyte examples include sulfide-based solid electrolytes such as Li 2 S / P 2 S 5 and oxide-based solid electrolytes such as Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 such as N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium.
- a flexible crystalline solid electrolyte having (P12) as a cation and a bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide (FSA) as an anion, and a polymer-based solid electrolyte such as polyethylene glycol are known.
- the selected matrix phase is doped with lithium ions as an electrolyte as needed, and in the electric double layer capacitor, the selected matrix phase is doped with, for example, TEMABF 4 as an electrolyte as needed.
- Plastic crystals are soluble in organic solvents. On the other hand, sulfides and oxides are insoluble. Therefore, when a plastic crystal is adopted as a solid electrolyte or a matrix phase of a solid electrolyte, a production method in which an anionic component and a cation component of the plastic crystal or a salt thereof is dissolved in a solvent and cast on an electrode can be adopted. .. Therefore, the plastic crystal-based solid electrolyte has improved adhesion to the electrode as compared with the sulfide-based and oxide-based solid electrolytes, and if the active material phase of the electrode has a porous structure, it is contained in the structure. It has the advantage of being easy to enter.
- the soft viscous crystal-based solid electrolyte has a lower ionic conductivity of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude or more as compared with the sulfide-based and oxide-based solid electrolytes.
- a solid electrolyte containing plastic crystals consisting of N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium cations and bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anions has an ionic conductivity on the order of 1 ⁇ 10-5 S / cm in a 25 ° C environment. There is a report that there is.
- a solid electrolyte containing a plastic crystal composed of an N, N-dimethylpyrrolidinium cation and a bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide anion has an ionic conductivity on the order of 1 ⁇ 10-8 S / cm. be.
- the ionic conductivity is reported to be on the order of 1 ⁇ 10 -2 S / cm. Further, for example, in the case of a solid electrolyte of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , it is reported that the ionic conductivity is on the order of 1 ⁇ 10 -3 S / cm.
- the present invention has been proposed to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a plastic crystal-based solid electrolyte having high ionic conductivity and a power storage device using the solid electrolyte. ..
- the ion of the solid electrolyte is compared with the case where the cation is used alone. It was found that the conductivity is improved. It was also found that when one of the two cations is an imidazolium type, the degree of improvement in the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is large, and two types of anions that can form plastic crystals are also used. It was found that when used in combination, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is improved as compared with the case where the anion is used alone.
- the solid electrolyte according to the present invention contains a plastic crystal doped with an electrolyte, and the plastic crystal is a variety of imidazolium and imidazolium. It is characterized by containing a total of two or more cations in which at least one is selected from the group of various quaternary ammoniums.
- the plastic crystal may contain two or more kinds of anions.
- the soft viscous crystal is a group of various amide anions in which two hydrogen atoms of the NH 2 anion are substituted with a perfluoroalkylsulfonyl group, a fluorosulfonyl group, or both, and a tris (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) metanide anion. It may contain a total of two or more anions selected from.
- the soft viscous crystal contains two kinds of cations selected from the group of various quaternary ammoniums, or is selected from the group of various imidazoliums2.
- the various imidazoliums and one other cation other than the various quaternary ammoniums may be included.
- One type of cation selected from the various imidazolium groups is 1,3-dimethylimidazolium cation, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium cation, or any of these cations. It is an imidazolium in which a methyl group is substituted at the 2-position, and the soft viscous crystal is an N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide as an anion for one cation selected from the group of various imidazoliums. It preferably contains an anion.
- one kind of cation selected from the group of various imidazoliums is 1,3-dimethylimidazolium or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, and the soft viscous crystal is from the group of various imidazoliums.
- the anion for one selected cation includes a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid anion in which the hydrocarbon group extending from the sulfonic acid skeleton is substituted with a perfluoroalkyl group.
- a plastic crystal By combining these anions and imidazolium, a plastic crystal can be easily synthesized, and the degree of improvement in the ionic conductivity of the plastic crystal becomes high.
- a power storage device using this solid electrolyte is also an aspect of the present invention.
- the method for producing a solid electrolyte according to the present invention is based on this finding, and is selected from the group of various pyrrolidiniums, various imidazoliums, various quaternary ammoniums, and various phosphoniums in order to solve the above problems. It is characterized by including a step of producing a plastic crystal containing two kinds of cations.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using the plastic crystal is improved.
- the solid electrolyte intervenes between the positive and negative electrodes of the power storage device and mainly conducts ions.
- the power storage device is a passive element that charges and discharges electric energy, such as a lithium ion secondary battery and an electric double layer capacitor.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has a Faraday reaction electrode, and charges and discharges electrical energy by reversibly inserting and removing lithium ions in a solid electrolyte into the electrode.
- the electric double layer capacitor one or both of the electrodes are polarized electrodes, and the electric double layer capacitor is charged and discharged by utilizing the storage action of the electric double layer formed at the interface between the electrode and the solid electrolyte.
- This solid electrolyte contains an ionic salt as an electrolyte, in which a parent phase is formed of soft-viscous crystals that serve as an ionic conduction medium, and the soft-viscosity crystals are doped.
- Plastic crystals also called plastic crystals, have an ordered arrangement and a disordered orientation. That is, a plastic crystal has a three-dimensional crystal lattice structure in which anions and cations are regularly arranged, while these anions and cations have rotational irregularity. In the plastic crystal, the cations and anions generated by the dissociation of the electrolyte are hopping by the rotation of the anions and cations and move through the voids in the crystal lattice.
- Plastic crystals are composed of at least two cations. At least one cation of the plastic crystal is selected from the group of various imidazoliums and various quaternary ammoniums. That is, the plastic crystal is composed of two different types of imidazolium, two different types of quaternary ammonium, one type of imidazolium and one type of quaternary ammonium, one type of imidazolium and another cation, or one type of 4 Contains quaternary ammonium and other cations. Examples of other cations include various phosphoniums.
- Imidazoleium contains a five-membered ring containing a nitrogen atom at the 1st and 3rd positions.
- the five-membered ring is a cyclic conjugated system, and the surface charge density decreases due to the delocalization of ⁇ electrons, and the apparent charge amount q decreases. Therefore, the Coulomb force with the cations constituting the plastic crystal becomes small.
- the 1-position and the 3-position are substituted with an alkyl group. This alkyl group keeps a distance from the anion, and the Coulomb force generated between this imidazolium and the anion becomes small.
- n and m are integers of 1 or more and 3 or less, and p is 0 or 1.
- DMI 1,3-dimethylimidazolium
- EMI 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
- Examples of the quaternary ammonium include tetraalkylammonium represented by the following chemical formula (B) and substituted with a linear alkyl group regardless of the number of carbon atoms.
- B tetraalkylammonium
- a, b and c are 2 and d is 1, it is triethylmethylammonium (TEMA).
- a, b, c and d are integers of 1 or more, and the number of carbon atoms may be any.
- examples of the quaternary ammonium include pyrrolidinium having a five-membered ring represented by the following chemical formula (C) and to which a methyl group, an ethyl group or an isopropyl group is bonded.
- R1 and R2 are methyl group, ethyl group or isopropyl group.
- N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium P12
- C1 N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium
- C2 N-Isopropyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium
- C3 N-diethylpyrrolidinium
- quaternary ammonium examples include spiro-type pyrrolidinium (SBP) represented by the following chemical formula (D).
- Examples of other cations include tetraalkylphosphonium represented by the following chemical formula (E) and substituted with a linear alkyl group regardless of the number of carbon atoms.
- Examples of the tetraalkylphosphonium include a tetraethylphosphonium cation (TEP).
- TEP tetraethylphosphonium cation
- e, f, g and h are integers of 1 or more, and the number of carbon atoms may be any.
- the crystal structure changes due to the mixing of the two types, and this change causes hopping of cations and anions in the electrolyte. It is presumed that this will facilitate and cause an improvement in the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte.
- the mixing ratio of the two types is in the range of 10:90 to 90:10 in terms of molar ratio, in other words, the mixing ratio of the two types is 10 mol% or more and 90 mol or more with respect to the total number of moles of the cations constituting the plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is significantly improved.
- the mixing ratio of the two types is in the range of 20:80 to 80:20 in terms of molar ratio, in other words, the mixing ratio of the two types is 20 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of the cations constituting the plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is further significantly improved.
- the anion constituting the plastic crystal may be any known as long as it does not become an ionic liquid and can form a plastic crystal while maintaining a solid state within the operating temperature range of the power storage device, and two or more types of anions are selected. You may. Imidazoleium is a cation that constitutes an ionic liquid in a temperature range including room temperature, and when this imidazolium is selected, a specific species is selected as an anion for forming a plastic crystal.
- the two hydrogen atoms of the NH 2 anion are substituted with a perfluoroalkylsulfonyl group, a fluorosulfonyl group, or both.
- the various amide anions include, for example, linear, various bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) amide anions represented by the following chemical formula (F), bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anions, and various N- (fluorosulfonyl). -N- (Perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) amide anion is included.
- n and m are integers of 0 or more, and the number of carbon atoms may be any.
- n and m are 1 or more, it is a bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) amide anion.
- the bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) amide anion include a bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide anion (TFSA anion) represented by the following chemical formula (F1) and a bis (penta) represented by the following chemical formula (F2).
- TFSA anion bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide anion
- F2 bis (penta) represented by the following chemical formula (F2).
- Fluoroethylsulfonyl) amide anion (BETA anion) can be mentioned.
- the group having 0 carbon atoms is a fluorosulfonyl group, and if n and m are 0, the bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anion (FSA anion) represented by the following chemical formula (F3) is represented. ).
- amide anions include, for example, 5-membered ring and 6-membered ring heterocyclic formulas, and N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide anions (CFSA) represented by the following chemical formula (G).
- CFSA N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide anions
- H N-pentafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamides represented by the following chemical formula (H) are included.
- TFSM anion The tris (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) metanide anion (TFSM anion) is represented by the following chemical formula (I).
- Examples of various perfluoroalkyl phosphate anions in which a part of the fluorine atom of PF 6 is substituted with a fluoroalkyl group include tris (fluoroalkyl) trifluorophosphate anions represented by the following chemical formula (J).
- q is an integer of 1 or more, and the number of carbon atoms may be any.
- FAP anion tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate anion (FAP anion) represented by the following chemical formula (J1).
- perfluoroalkyl borate anions examples include mono (fluoroalkyl) trifluoroborate anions represented by the following chemical formula (K) and bis (fluoroalkyl) fluoroborate anions.
- K mono (fluoroalkyl) trifluoroborate anions
- t is an integer of 1 or more
- the number of carbon atoms may be any.
- t is an integer of 1 or more, and the number of carbon atoms may be any.
- NFS anions Various perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid anions (NFS anions) are represented by the following chemical formula (L).
- r is an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less.
- various perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid anions include a trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anion having an r in the following chemical formula (L), a pentafluoroethyl sulfonic acid anion having an r in the following chemical formula (L), and the following. It is preferable that the heptafluoropropanesulfonic acid anion having r in the chemical formula (L) and the nonafluorobutane sulfonic acid anion in which r is 4 in the following chemical formula (L).
- the anion constituting the soft viscous crystal together with this imidazolium is the N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide anion represented by the above chemical formula (G).
- Imidazoleium is known as a cation that constitutes an ionic liquid having a melting point of -3 ° C, which is composed of a combination with a bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide anion, which is also called a TFSA anion.
- a bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide anion which is also called a TFSA anion.
- the CFSA anion or NFS anion constitutes a plastic crystal having a melting point of 302 ° C. in the case of P12CFSA in combination with N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, which is also called a P12 cation, for example. That is, it is considered that the melting point of the plastic crystal containing these anions becomes high. Therefore, these anions are considered to act in the direction of raising the melting point of the salt with the cation having a low melting point and easily forming an ionic liquid.
- imidazolium when combined with these anions, constitutes a plastic crystal that exhibits even higher ionic conductivity.
- the anion is not limited to one type, but two types may be combined.
- the use of two types of anions improves ionic conductivity.
- the crystal structure changes to a mixture of the two types, and this change facilitates hopping of anions and cations in the electrolyte.
- the mixing ratio of the two types in total may be any.
- the mixing ratio of the two types is in the range of 10:90 to 90:10 in terms of molar ratio, in other words, the mixing ratio of the two types is 10 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of anions constituting the plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is significantly improved.
- the mixing ratio of the two types is in the range of 20:80 to 80:20 in terms of molar ratio, in other words, the mixing ratio of the two types is 20 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of anions constituting the plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is further significantly improved.
- the ionic salt doped in the plastic crystal to be an electrolyte may be selected depending on the type of power storage device.
- ionic salts for lithium ion secondary batteries Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N (commonly known as LiTFSA), Li (FSO 2 ) 2 N (commonly known as LiFSA), Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 Examples thereof include N, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiTaF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3, and the like, which are used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the ionic salt for the electric double layer capacitor is a salt of an organic acid, a salt of an inorganic acid, or a salt of a composite compound of an organic acid and an inorganic acid, and is used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Organic acids include oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutanic acid, pimelli acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, benzoic acid, toluic acid, enanthic acid, malonic acid, Examples thereof include carboxylic acids such as 1,6-decandicarboxylic acid, 1,7-octanedicarboxylic acid, azelaic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid and tridecanedioic acid, phenols and sulfonic acids.
- carboxylic acids such as 1,6-decandicarboxylic acid, 1,7-octanedicarboxylic acid, azelaic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid and tridecanedioic acid, phenols and sulfonic acids.
- Examples of the inorganic acid include boric acid containing tetrafluoroborate and the like, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid, carbonic acid, silicic acid and the like.
- Examples of the composite compound of an organic acid and an inorganic acid include borodisalicylic acid, borodioxalic acid, and borodiglycolic acid.
- Examples of these organic acid salts, inorganic acid salts, and at least one salt of the composite compound of organic acid and inorganic acid include ammonium salt, quaternary ammonium salt, quaternized amidinium salt, amine salt, sodium salt, and potassium. Examples include salt. Examples of the quaternary ammonium ion of the quaternary ammonium salt include tetramethylammonium, triethylmethylammonium, tetraethylammonium and the like. Examples of the quaternized amidinium include ethyldimethylimidazolinium and tetramethylimidazolinium.
- Examples of amines in amine salts include primary amines, secondary amines, and tertiary amines.
- Primary amines include methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine and the like
- secondary amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, ethylmethylamine and dibutylamine
- tertiary amines include trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine and tributylamine. Examples thereof include ethyldimethylamine and ethyldiisopropylamine.
- Examples of the ionic salt for the electric double layer capacitor include salts containing the cation components of the above chemical formulas (N), (P), (Q) and (R) constituting the plastic crystal.
- An example of a method for producing a solid electrolyte containing such a plastic crystal is as follows.
- the alkali metal salt of the first kind of anion and the halogenated cation constituting the plastic crystal are dissolved in the solvent, respectively.
- the alkali metal include Na, K, Li and Cs.
- the halogen include F, Cl, Br and I.
- Water is preferable as the solvent.
- An ion exchange reaction is carried out by gradually dropping a solution of an anionic metal salt into a halogenated cation solution. To the halogenated cation solution, add an equimolar amount of the anion metal salt solution and stir.
- a plastic crystal containing the first kind of anion is produced, and an alkali metal halide is produced. Since the plastic crystal is hydrophobic and the alkali metal halide is hydrophilic, the plastic crystal exists in a solid state in the aqueous solution, and the alkali metal halide is dissolved in the aqueous solution.
- An organic solvent such as dichloromethane is mixed with an aqueous solution in which the plastic crystals exist in a solid state. When an organic solvent such as dichloromethane is mixed and allowed to stand, the mixed solution is separated into an aqueous layer and an organic solvent layer.
- Alkali metal halide is removed by removing the aqueous layer from the liquid separation. This operation may be repeated a plurality of times such as 5 times. As a result, after removing the alkali metal halide, an organic solvent such as dichloromethane is evaporated to obtain a plastic crystal crystal containing the first kind of anion. If the mixture is allowed to stand without mixing an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, a precipitate of plastic crystal containing the first kind of anion is obtained. Therefore, this precipitate is collected by filtration, washed with water, and then vacuum dried. You may do it.
- a plastic crystal containing the second type of anion can also be obtained by the same manufacturing method as the plastic crystal containing the first type of anion. That is, the alkali metal salt of the second kind of anion and the halogenated cation are each dissolved in a solvent, and an ion exchange reaction is carried out by dropping, and an organic solvent such as dichloromethane is mixed to remove the aqueous layer.
- the plastic crystals containing the first and second types of anions are purified, they are added to the vial at a mol ratio of 1: 1 and an ionic salt as an electrolyte is further added to the vial.
- the ionic salt is preferably 0.1 or more and 50 mol% or less based on the total amount of plastic crystals.
- an organic solvent in which the plastic crystal and the electrolyte are soluble such as aceniton or acetonitrile, is further added to the vial to prepare an organic solvent solution in which both the plastic crystal and the electrolyte are dissolved.
- the method for producing a solid electrolyte containing plastic crystals is not limited to this, and various methods can be used.
- each solution in which the powdered plastic crystal and the electrolyte are individually dissolved in an organic solvent may be prepared and these solutions may be mixed.
- the two types of plastic crystals may be dissolved separately in an organic solvent, or the two types of plastic crystals may be dissolved in an organic solvent at the same time.
- the powdered plastic crystal may be dissolved in an organic solvent, and then an electrolyte may be added to the organic solvent.
- powdered plastic crystals may be added to the organic solvent. Then, this organic solvent may be cast on the object.
- the power storage device consists of positive and negative electrodes facing each other with a solid electrolyte sandwiched between them.
- a separator is arranged between the positive and negative electrodes to prevent contact between the positive and negative electrodes and to maintain the shape of the solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte has a thickness sufficient to prevent contact between the positive and negative electrodes and has a hardness capable of maintaining its shape independently, it may be so-called separatorless.
- the positive and negative electrodes of the electric double layer capacitor are formed by forming an active material layer on the current collector.
- a metal having a valve action such as aluminum foil, platinum, gold, nickel, titanium, steel, and carbon can be used.
- shape of the current collector any shape such as a film shape, a foil shape, a plate shape, a net shape, an expanded metal shape, and a cylindrical shape can be adopted.
- the surface of the current collector may be an uneven surface formed by etching or the like, or may be a plain surface. Further, surface treatment may be performed to attach phosphorus to the surface of the current collector.
- At least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is a polar electrode.
- the active material layer of the depolarizing electrode contains a carbon material having a porous structure having an electric double layer capacity.
- a solid electrolyte using this plastic crystal is particularly suitable for an electric double layer capacitor having an active material layer having a porous structure. Since the plastic crystal is soluble, it easily penetrates into the porous structure and the filling rate into the active material layer is increased. On the other hand, sulfide-based and oxide-based solid electrolytes have low filling properties in the porous structure. Therefore, the electric double layer capacitor to which this plastic crystal is applied can have both good filling property into a porous structure and high ionic conductivity, and has a high capacity and a high output. It should be noted that either the positive electrode or the negative electrode may be formed with an active material layer containing metal compound particles or a carbon material that causes a Faraday reaction.
- the carbon material in the polar electrode is mixed with a conductive auxiliary agent and a binder and applied to the current collector by the doctor blade method or the like.
- a mixture of a carbon material, a conductive auxiliary agent, and a binder may be molded into a sheet and pressure-bonded to a current collector.
- the porous structure is formed by the gaps formed between the primary particles and the secondary particles when the carbon material has a particle shape, and is formed by the gaps formed between the fibers when the carbon material is fibrous.
- the carbon material of the active material layer in the polarization electrode is natural plant structure such as palm, synthetic resin such as phenol, activated carbon made from fossil fuel such as coal, coke, pitch, etc., Ketjen black, acetylene.
- Examples thereof include carbon black such as black and channel black, carbon nanohorns, amorphous carbon, natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized Ketjen black, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers.
- the specific surface area of this carbon material may be improved by activation treatment such as steam activation, alkali activation, zinc chloride activation, electric field activation, and opening treatment.
- binder examples include rubbers such as fluorine-based rubber, diene-based rubber, and styrene-based rubber, fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose such as carboxymethyl cellulose and nitrocellulose, and polyolefin resins and polyimides.
- examples thereof include resins, acrylic resins, nitrile resins, polyester resins, phenol resins, polyvinyl acetate resins, polyvinyl alcohol resins, epoxy resins and the like. These binders may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the carbon nanotube may be a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) in which the graphene sheet is one layer, or a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in which two or more layers of graphene sheets are coaxially rolled and the tube wall is multi-walled. It may have been.
- SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotube
- MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotube
- a carbon coat layer containing a conductive agent such as graphite may be provided between the current collector and the active material layer.
- a carbon coat layer can be formed by applying a slurry containing a conductive agent such as graphite, a binder, or the like to the surface of the current collector and drying it.
- the positive and negative electrodes of the lithium ion secondary battery are formed by forming an active material layer on the current collector.
- Current collectors include metals such as aluminum foil, platinum, gold, nickel, titanium, and steel, carbon, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacrylonitrile, and polyoxadiazole.
- a conductive polymer material or a resin obtained by filling a non-conductive polymer material with a conductive filler can be used.
- any shape such as a film shape, a foil shape, a plate shape, a net shape, an expanded metal shape, and a cylindrical shape can be adopted.
- the active material is mixed with the binder and applied to the current collector by the doctor blade method or the like.
- a mixture of the carbon material and the binder may be molded into a sheet and pressure-bonded to the current collector.
- Conductive carbon such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite, which are conductive aids, may be added to the active material layer, and the active material and the binder are kneaded and applied to the current collector. It may be crimped.
- Examples of the active material of the positive electrode include metal compound particles capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, which include layered rock salt type LiMO 2 , layered Li 2 MnO 3- LiMO 2 solid solution, and spinel type LiM 2 O 4 (formula).
- Specific examples of these include LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi 4/5 Co1 / 5 O 2 , LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 1/2 Mn 1/2 O 2 , LiFeO.
- the metal compound particles include sulfur and sulfides such as Li 2 S, TiS 2 , MoS 2 , FeS 2 , VS 2 , Cr 1/2 V 1/2 S 2 , NbSe 3 , VSe 2 , NbSe 3, and the like.
- Examples of the active material of the negative electrode include metal compound particles capable of storing and releasing lithium ions, for example, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , MnO, MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , CoO, Co 3 O 4 , NiO, Ni 2 O 3 , TiO, TiO 2 , TiO 2 (B), CuO, NiO, SnO, SnO 2 , SiO 2 , RuO 2 , WO, WO 2 , WO 3 , Oxides such as MoO 3 , ZnO, metals such as Sn, Si, Al, Zn, composite oxides such as LiVO 2 , Li 3 VO 4 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Sc 2 thio 5 , Fe 2 thio 5 , nitrides such as Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N, Ge 3 N 4, Zn 3 N 2, Cu 3 N, a Y 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 , MoS 2.
- the separator When a separator is used for the power storage device, the separator includes cellulose such as kraft, Manila hemp, esparto, hemp, and rayon, mixed papers thereof, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, and polyester resins such as derivatives thereof.
- cellulose such as kraft, Manila hemp, esparto, hemp, and rayon
- polyester resins such as derivatives thereof.
- the plastic crystal and the ionic salt are dissolved in a solvent such as acetonitrile and cast into the active material layer and the separator.
- the solvent is volatilized by leaving it in a temperature environment such as 80 ° C., and the active material layers of the positive and negative electrodes are opposed to each other via a separator, and then the remaining moisture in a temperature environment such as 150 ° C. Etc. are volatilized.
- the power storage device is manufactured by connecting the lead electrode terminal to the current collector of the positive and negative electrodes and sealing the lead electrode terminal with an outer case.
- Examples 1 to 5 Using plastic crystals containing two types of quaternary ammonium as cations, solid electrolytes for electric double layer capacitors of Examples 1 to 5 were prepared. Then, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes of Examples 1 to 5 was measured.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 1 contains N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P12), which is a five-membered ring pyrrolidinium, as the first type of quaternary ammonium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 1 contains spiro-type pyrrolidinium (SBP) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- SBP spiro-type pyrrolidinium
- the solid electrolyte of Example 2 contains N-isopropyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P13iso), which is a five-membered ring of pyrrolidinium, as the first type of quaternary ammonium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 1 contains spiro-type pyrrolidinium (SBP) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- SBP spiro-type pyrrolidinium
- the solid electrolyte of Example 3 contains N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium (P22), which is a five-membered ring pyrrolidinium, as the first type of quaternary ammonium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 1 contains spiro-type pyrrolidinium (SBP) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- SBP spiro-type pyrrolidinium
- the solid electrolyte of Example 4 contains N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P12), which is a five-membered ring pyrrolidinium, as the first type of quaternary ammonium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 1 also contains N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium (P22), which is also a five-membered ring of pyrrolidinium, as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- the P12 cation and the P22 cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 5 contains the tetraalkylammonium triethylmethylammonium (TEMA) as the first type of quaternary ammonium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 1 contains N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium (P22), which is a five-membered ring of pyrrolidinium, as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- the TEMA cation and the P22 cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the manufacturing method of the solid electrolyte of each example was common as follows.
- the anions constituting the plastic crystals of each example were N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide anions (CFSA anions). That is, a plastic crystal composed of the first kind anion and the CFSA cation and a plastic crystal composed of the second kind anion and the CFSA cation were added to the vial at a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the P12CFSA plastic crystal containing the P12 cation and the CFSA anion was prepared as follows. First, an aqueous solution of a halide obtained by halogenating the P12 cation with Bromine Br was prepared. In addition, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of CFSA anion and lithium Li was prepared. An aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt was added dropwise to the aqueous solution of the halide to carry out an ion exchange reaction. After the ion exchange reaction, dichloromethane was mixed, the organic solvent layer was extracted from the separated liquid divided into the aqueous layer and the organic solvent layer, activated carbon was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. Then, the precipitate was further collected by filtration, and the precipitate was dried to obtain plastic crystals.
- SBPCFSA plastic crystal crystals containing SBP cation and CFSA anion were prepared as follows. First, an aqueous solution of a halide obtained by halogenating the SBP cation with chlorine Cl was prepared. In addition, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of CFSA anion and lithium Li was prepared. An aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt was added dropwise to the aqueous solution of the halide to carry out an ion exchange reaction. After the ion exchange reaction, dichloromethane was mixed, the organic solvent layer was extracted from the separated liquid divided into the aqueous layer and the organic solvent layer, activated carbon was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. Then, the precipitate was further collected by filtration, and the precipitate was dried to obtain plastic crystals.
- the P13iso CFSA plastic crystal containing the P13iso cation and the CFSA anion was prepared as follows. First, an aqueous solution of a halide obtained by halogenating the P13iso cation with iodine I was prepared. In addition, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of CFSA anion and lithium Li was prepared. An aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt was added dropwise to the aqueous solution of the halide to carry out an ion exchange reaction. After the ion exchange reaction, dichloromethane was mixed, the organic solvent layer was extracted from the separated liquid divided into the aqueous layer and the organic solvent layer, activated carbon was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. Then, the precipitate was further collected by filtration, and the precipitate was dried to obtain plastic crystals.
- a P22CFSA plastic crystal containing a P22 cation and a CFSA anion was prepared as follows. First, an aqueous solution of a halide obtained by halogenating the P22 cation with iodine I was prepared. In addition, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of CFSA anion and lithium Li was prepared. An aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt was added dropwise to the aqueous solution of the halide to carry out an ion exchange reaction. After the ion exchange reaction, dichloromethane was mixed, the organic solvent layer was extracted from the separated liquid divided into the aqueous layer and the organic solvent layer, activated carbon was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. Then, the precipitate was further collected by filtration, and the precipitate was dried to obtain plastic crystals.
- the TEMACFSA plastic crystal containing the TEMA cation and the CFSA anion was prepared as follows. First, an aqueous solution of a halide obtained by halogenating the TEMA cation with chlorine Cl was prepared. In addition, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of CFSA anion and lithium Li was prepared. An aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt was added dropwise to the aqueous solution of the halide to carry out an ion exchange reaction. After the ion exchange reaction, dichloromethane was mixed, the organic solvent layer was extracted from the separated liquid divided into the aqueous layer and the organic solvent layer, activated carbon was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. Then, the precipitate was further collected by filtration, and the precipitate was dried to obtain plastic crystals.
- SBPBF 4 spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate, manufactured by Tokyo Kasei
- electrolyte is further added to the vial so that the total amount of the plastic crystals and the electrolyte is 30 mol%, and the total amount of the plastic crystals and the electrolyte is added.
- Acetonitrile (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added so that the solid content concentration of the above was 10 wt%. This acetonitrile solution was added dropwise to a glass separator and dried at 80 ° C. to evaporate acetonitrile. This evaporation operation was repeated 3 times.
- the glass separator impregnated with the solid electrolyte was dried in a vacuum environment of 80 ° C. for 12 hours, further dried in a vacuum environment of 120 ° C. for 3 hours, and further dried in a vacuum environment of 150 ° C. for 2 hours. As a result, water was removed to obtain a solid electrolyte of each example.
- the ionic conductivity of each example was measured. That is, by sandwiching a glass separator impregnated with a solid electrolyte between two platinum electrodes and facing each other with an electrode retainer, a two-pole sealed cell (manufactured by Toyo System) is assembled, impedance measurement is performed, and the impedance measurement result and solid The ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness of the glass separator impregnated with the electrolyte. The measurement results of this ionic conductivity are shown in Table 1 below.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of each example is at least 10 times higher than that of the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal, and at the maximum. It can be confirmed that the improvement is more than 300 times. From this, it was confirmed that the solid electrolyte using the plastic crystal containing two kinds of cations selected from the group of various quaternary ammoniums has improved ionic conductivity.
- Example 6 A plastic crystal containing two types of imidazolium as a cation was used to prepare a solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 6. Then, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 6 was measured.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 6 contains 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) as the first type of imidazolium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 6 contains 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (DMI) as the second type of imidazolium.
- the EMI cation and the DMI cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the anion constituting the plastic crystal of Example 6 was N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide anion (CFSA anion).
- the method for producing the solid electrolyte of Example 6 is the same conditions and the same production method as in Examples 1 to 5, and the first type of plastic crystal and the second type of plastic crystal are vials at a molar ratio of 1: 1. Added to the jar.
- Example 6 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 6 was measured. The results are shown in Table 2 below. The method for measuring and calculating the ionic conductivity is the same as in Examples 1 to 5. Table 2 also lists the ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes using various plastic crystals alone. The solid electrolyte used as a comparative control was prepared under the same conditions as the solid electrolyte of each example, except that it was composed of one type of plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 6 is at least 10 times higher than that of the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal. It can be confirmed that there is. From this, it was confirmed that the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using the plastic crystal containing two kinds of cations selected from the group of various imidazoliums was improved.
- Examples 7 to 11 Select one type from imidazolium as a cation, select one type from quaternary ammonium, and use a plastic crystal containing a total of two types of cations to prepare the solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Examples 7 to 11. Made. Then, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes of Examples 7 to 11 was measured.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 7 contains 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) as the first type of imidazolium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 7 contains triethylmethylammonium (TEMA) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- EMI cation and TEMA cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 8 contains 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) as the first type of imidazolium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 8 contains N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P12) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- the EMI cation and the P12 cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 9 contains 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) as the first type of imidazolium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 9 contains spiro-type pyrrolidinium (SBP) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- the EMI cation and the SBP cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 10 contains the first type of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (DMI).
- the solid electrolyte of Example 10 contains spiro-type pyrrolidinium (SBP) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- DMI 1,3-dimethylimidazolium
- SBP spiro-type pyrrolidinium
- the DMI cation and the SBP cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 11 contains 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium (MPI) as the first type of imidazolium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 11 contains spiro-type pyrrolidinium (SBP) as the second type of quaternary ammonium.
- MPI cations and SBP cations are contained in plastic crystals in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes of Examples 7 to 11 was measured.
- the results are shown in Table 3 below.
- the method for measuring and calculating the ionic conductivity is the same as in Examples 1 to 5.
- Table 3 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using various plastic crystals alone is also listed.
- the solid electrolyte used as a comparative control was prepared under the same conditions as the solid electrolyte of each example, except that it was composed of one type of plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for electric double layer capacitors in each example is at least as in Example 7 as compared with the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal. It can be confirmed that it is equivalent to, and is improved by about 4 digits at the maximum. As a result, it was confirmed that the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using the plastic crystal containing a cation selected from each of the various imidazolium groups and the various quaternary ammonium groups was improved.
- Example 12 A plastic crystal containing a total of two types of imidazolium and other seed cations was used as cations to prepare a solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 12. Then, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 12 was measured.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 12 contains 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) as the first type of imidazolium.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 12 contains a tetraethylphosphonium cation (TEP), which is a phosphonium, as a second type of cation.
- the EMI cation and the TEP cation are contained in the plastic crystal in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
- the anion constituting the plastic crystal of Example 12 was N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide anion (CFSA anion).
- the method for producing the solid electrolyte of Example 12 is the same conditions and the same production method as in Examples 1 to 5, and the first type of plastic crystal and the second type of plastic crystal are vials at a molar ratio of 1: 1. Added to the jar.
- Example 12 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 12 was measured.
- the results are shown in Table 2 below.
- the method for measuring and calculating the ionic conductivity is the same as in Examples 1 to 5.
- Table 4 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using various plastic crystals alone is also listed.
- the solid electrolyte used as a comparative control was prepared under the same conditions as the solid electrolyte of each example, except that it was composed of one type of plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 6 is at least about 30 times higher than that of the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal. It can be confirmed that there is. From this, it was confirmed that the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte was improved even if other cations were included.
- the solid electrolyte using the plastic crystal containing a total of two or more cations in which at least one is selected from the group of various imidazoliums and various quaternary ammoniums has improved ionic conductivity. ..
- Example 13 Two types of cations and two types of anions are combined to form two types of plastic crystals having a molar ratio of 1: 1. These plastic crystals are used to form a solid electrolyte for an electric double layer capacitor of Example 13. Was produced. Then, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 13 was measured.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 13 contains a quaternary ammonium spirolidinium (SBP) as the first type of cation, and this cation and N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide (CFSA) are added. The first type of plastic crystal combined was used.
- SBP quaternary ammonium spirolidinium
- CFSA N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide
- the solid electrolyte of Example 13 contains N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P12) as a quaternary ammonium as a second type of cation, and this cation and a bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide (TFSA).
- P12 N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium
- TFSA bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide
- Example 13 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 13 was measured.
- the results are shown in Table 5 below.
- the method for measuring and calculating the ionic conductivity is the same as in Examples 1 to 5.
- Table 5 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using various plastic crystals alone is also listed.
- the solid electrolyte used as a comparative control was prepared under the same conditions as the solid electrolyte of each example, except that it was composed of one type of plastic crystal. Furthermore, as a comparison target, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 1 is also shown.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 13 is at least about 100 times higher than that of the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal. It can be confirmed that the improvement is more than 20,000 times at the maximum. Moreover, although it is common that two types of quaternary ammonium are used as cations, two types of cations and two types of anions are used as compared with the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 1 in which one type of anion is used. In Example 13 in which an anion was used in combination, the ionic conductivity was further increased to nearly 100 times.
- Example 14 Apart from Example 13, two types of cations and two types of anions are combined to form two types of plastic crystal crystals having a molar ratio of 1: 1. These plastic crystal crystals are used to generate electricity in Example 14.
- a solid electrolyte for a double layer capacitor was made.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 14 contains a quaternary ammonium spirolidinium (SBP) as the first type of cation, and this cation and N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide (CFSA) are added.
- SBP quaternary ammonium spirolidinium
- CFSA N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide
- Example 14 contained triethylmethylammonium (TEMA) of tetraalkylammonium as a quaternary ammonium as a second type of cation, and this cation was combined with bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide (TFSA). The second kind of soft viscous crystal was used.
- TSA triethylmethylammonium
- TFSA bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide
- the mixture containing the TEMA cation and the TFSA anion is prepared as follows, and the amount of addition is adjusted to obtain plastic crystals. That is, first, an aqueous solution of a halide obtained by halogenating the TEMA cation with chlorine Cl was prepared. In addition, an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of CFSA anion and lithium Li was prepared. An equal amount of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt was added dropwise to the aqueous solution of the halide to carry out an ion exchange reaction.
- TEMATFSA plastic crystal has a property as a plastic crystal by containing 30% or more of the TEMATFSA plastic crystal with respect to the total mol% of the plastic crystal and the electrolyte.
- Example 15 As a comparison target with Example 14, a solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 15 was prepared.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 15 is composed of two types of plastic crystals having a molar ratio of 1: 1 in combination with two types of cations and one type of anion.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 15 contains a quaternary ammonium spirolidinium (SBP) as the first type of cation, and this cation and N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide (CFSA) are added.
- SBP quaternary ammonium spirolidinium
- CFSA N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide
- the solid electrolyte of Example 15 contains triethylmethylammonium (TEMA) of tetraalkylammonium as a quaternary ammonium as a second kind of cation, and this cation and N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonyl.
- TSA triethylmethylammonium
- CFSA plastic crystal combined with amide
- the solid electrolyte of Example 16 contains a quaternary ammonium spirolidinium (SBP) as the first type of cation, and this cation and N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide (CFSA) are added.
- SBP quaternary ammonium spirolidinium
- CFSA N, N-hexafluoro-1,3-disulfonylamide
- the solid electrolyte of Example 14 contains N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P12), which is a five-membered ring pyrrolidinium as a quaternary ammonium as a second type of cation, and this cation and tris (trifluoromethane).
- P12 N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium
- TFSM anion A second type of plastic crystal combined with a sulfonyl) methanide anion
- Example 16 a solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 1 was prepared.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 1 is composed of two types of plastic crystals having a molar ratio of 1: 1 by combining two types of cations and one type of anion.
- Example 14 to 16 and Example 1 The results are shown in Table 6 below.
- the method for measuring and calculating the ionic conductivity is the same as in Examples 1 to 5.
- Table 6 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using various plastic crystals alone is also listed.
- the solid electrolyte used as a comparative control was prepared under the same conditions as the solid electrolyte of each example, except that it was composed of one type of plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for the electric double layer capacitor of Example 14 is at least about 10,000 times higher than that of the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal. It can be confirmed that it has improved. Moreover, although it is common that two types of quaternary ammonium are used as cations, two types of cations and two types of anions are used as compared with the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 15 in which one type of anion was used. In Example 14 in which an anion was used in combination, the ionic conductivity exceeded 1000 times.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for electric double layer capacitors of Example 16 is at least about 76 times higher than that of the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal. You can check. Moreover, although it is common that two types of quaternary ammonium are used as cations, two types of cations and two types of anions are used as compared with the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 1 in which one type of anion is used. In Example 16 in which an anion was used in combination, the ionic conductivity exceeded 16 times.
- Example 14 and Example 15 and the comparison between Example 16 and Example 17 show, for example, the two hydrogen atoms of the NH 2 anion are perfluoroalkylsulfonyl groups, fluorosulfonyl groups or theirs.
- Example 17 Using three types of plastic crystals, a solid electrolyte for the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 17 was prepared. Then, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 17 was measured.
- the solid electrolyte of Example 17 contains N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P12) of pyrrolidinium, which is a quaternary ammonium of a five-membered ring, as the first kind of cation, and this cation and an amide anion, bis.
- P12 N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium
- FSA anion fluorfonyl
- P12FSA soft viscous crystal which is the first type
- the solid electrolyte of Example 17 contains triethylmethylammonium (TEMA) of tetraalkylammonium as a quaternary ammonium as a second kind of cation, and this cation and a bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anion (FSA) which is an amide anion. Anions) were combined, and the second type, TEMAFSA soft viscous crystals, was used.
- TEMA triethylmethylammonium
- FSA bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide anion
- the solid electrolyte of Example 17 contains N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (P12), which is a quaternary ammonium of a five-membered ring, and is an amide anion, which is an amide anion.
- P12 N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium
- TFSA trifluoromethanesulfonyl
- LiTFSA lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide, manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.
- acetonitrile Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- This acetonitrile solution was added dropwise to a glass separator and dried at 80 ° C. to evaporate acetonitrile. This evaporation operation was repeated 3 times. By this evaporation operation, the glass separator impregnated with the solid electrolyte was dried in a vacuum environment of 80 ° C. for 12 hours, further dried in a vacuum environment of 120 ° C. for 3 hours, and further dried in a vacuum environment of 150 ° C. for 2 hours. As a result, water was removed to obtain the solid electrolyte of Example 16.
- Example 17 The results are shown in Table 7 below.
- the method for measuring and calculating the ionic conductivity is the same as in Examples 1 to 5.
- Table 7 the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte using various plastic crystals alone is also listed.
- the solid electrolyte used as a comparative control was prepared under the same conditions as the solid electrolyte of Example 17 except that it was composed of one type of plastic crystal.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte for lithium ion secondary batteries of Example 17 is at least twice as high as that of the solid electrolyte using one type of plastic crystal, and maximum. It can be confirmed that the improvement is more than 600 times. As a result, it was confirmed that the ionic conductivity was improved even in the solid electrolyte for lithium ion secondary batteries.
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Abstract
Description
固体電解質は、蓄電デバイスの正負電極間に介在し、主としてイオンを伝導する。蓄電デバイスは、電気エネルギーを充放電する受動素子であり、例えばリチウムイオン二次電池及び電気二重層キャパシタ等である。リチウムイオン二次電池は、ファラデー反応電極を有し、固体電解質中のリチウムイオンを電極に可逆的に挿入及び脱離させることにより電気エネルギーを充電及び放電する。電気二重層キャパシタは、電極の一方又は両方が分極性電極であり、電極と固体電解質との界面に形成される電気二重層の蓄電作用を利用して充電及び放電する。
柔粘性結晶は少なくとも2種のカチオンで構成される。柔粘性結晶のカチオンは、各種イミダゾリウム及び各種4級アンモニウムの群から少なくとも1種が選択される。即ち、柔粘性結晶は、異なる2種のイミダゾリウム、異なる2種の4級アンモニウム、1種類のイミダゾリウムと1種類の4級アンモニウム、1種類のイミダゾリウムと他のカチオン、又は1種類の4級アンモニウムと他のカチオンを含む。他のカチオンとしては、例えば各種ホスホニウムが挙げられる。
アニオンとしては、各種アミドアニオン、トリス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)メタニドアニオン、ヘキサフルオロホスフェートアニオン(PF6アニオン)、PF6の一部のフッ素原子がフルオロアルキル基で置換された各種パーフルオロアルキルホスフェートアニオン、BF4アニオンの一部のフッ素原子がフルオロアルキル基で置換された各種パーフルオロアルキルボレートアニオン、スルホン酸骨格から延びる炭化水素基がパーフルオロアルキル基に置換された各種パーフルオロアルキルスルホン酸アニオン(NFSアニオン)が挙げられる。
柔粘性結晶にドープされて電解質となるイオン性塩は、蓄電デバイスの種類に応じればよい。リチウムイオン二次電池に対するイオン性塩としては、Li(CF3SO2)2N(通称:LiTFSA)、Li(FSO2)2N(通称:LiFSA)、Li(C2F5SO2)2N、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiTaF6、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3等が挙げられ、単独又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いられる。電気二重層キャパシタに対するイオン性塩としては、有機酸の塩、無機酸の塩、又は有機酸と無機酸との複合化合物の塩であり、単独又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いられる。
このような柔粘性結晶を含む固体電解質の製造方法の例としては次の通りである。柔粘性結晶を構成する第1種類目のアニオンのアルカリ金属塩及びハロゲン化したカチオンを各々溶媒に溶解させる。アルカリ金属としては、Na、K、Li、Csが挙げられる。ハロゲンとしてはF、Cl、Br、Iが挙げられる。溶媒としては水が好ましい。ハロゲン化したカチオンの溶液に対してアニオンの金属塩の溶液を少しずつ滴下してイオン交換反応を行っていく。ハロゲン化したカチオンの溶液に対してアニオンの金属塩の溶液を等モル量添加し、攪拌する。
蓄電デバイスは、固体電解質を挟んで正負の電極を対向させて成る。正負の電極の接触を防止し、また固体電解質の形態保持のために正負の電極の間にはセパレータが配される。但し、固体電解質が正負の電極の接触を防止可能な程度の厚みを有し、また単独で形態保持可能な硬度を備えるようにすれば、所謂セパレータレスであってもよい。
カチオンとして2種類の第4級アンモニウムを含む柔粘性結晶を用い、実施例1乃至5の電気二重層キャパシタ用の固体電解質を作製した。そして、実施例1乃至5の固体電解質のイオン伝導度を測定した。
カチオンとして2種類のイミダゾリウムを含む柔粘性結晶を用い、実施例6の電気二重層キャパシタ用の固体電解質を作製した。そして、実施例6の固体電解質のイオン伝導度を測定した。実施例6の固体電解質は、1種類目のイミダゾリウムとして1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム(EMI)を含む。また、実施例6の固体電解質は、2種類目のイミダゾリウムとして1,3-ジメチルイミダゾリウム(DMI)を含む。EMIカチオンとDMIカチオンは柔粘性結晶中に1:1のモル比で含まれる。
カチオンとしてイミダゾリウムから1種類を選択し、第4級アンモニウムから1種類を選択し、計2種類のカチオンを含む柔粘性結晶を用い、実施例7乃至11の電気二重層キャパシタ用の固体電解質を作製した。そして、実施例7乃至11の固体電解質のイオン伝導度を測定した。
カチオンとしてイミダゾリウムと他の種カチオンの計2種類を含む柔粘性結晶を用い、実施例12の電気二重層キャパシタ用の固体電解質を作製した。そして、実施例12の固体電解質のイオン伝導度を測定した。実施例12の固体電解質は、1種類目のイミダゾリウムとして1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム(EMI)を含む。また、実施例12の固体電解質は、2種類目のカチオンとしてホスホニウムであるテトラエチルホスホニウムカチオン(TEP)を含む。EMIカチオンとTEPカチオンは柔粘性結晶中に1:1のモル比で含まれる。
2種類のカチオンと2種類のアニオンとを組み合わせて、1:1のモル比の2種類の柔粘性結晶を構成し、これら柔粘性結晶を用いて実施例13の電気二重層キャパシタ用の固体電解質を作製した。そして、実施例13の固体電解質のイオン伝導度を測定した。実施例13の固体電解質は、1種類目のカチオンとして第4級アンモニウムであるスピロ型ピロリジニウム(SBP)を含み、このカチオンとN,N-ヘキサフルオロ-1,3-ジスルホニルアミド(CFSA)を組み合わせた第1種類目の柔粘性結晶を用いた。また、実施例13の固体電解質は、2種類目のカチオンとして第4級アンモニウムとしてN-エチル-N-メチルピロリジニウム(P12)を含み、このカチオンとビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)アミド(TFSA)を組み合わせた第2種類目の柔粘性結晶を用いた。
実施例13とは別に、2種類のカチオンと2種類のアニオンとを組み合わせて、1:1のモル比の2種類の柔粘性結晶を構成し、これら柔粘性結晶を用いて実施例14の電気二重層キャパシタ用の固体電解質を作製した。実施例14の固体電解質は、1種類目のカチオンとして第4級アンモニウムであるスピロ型ピロリジニウム(SBP)を含み、このカチオンとN,N-ヘキサフルオロ-1,3-ジスルホニルアミド(CFSA)を組み合わせた第1種類目の柔粘性結晶を用いた。また、実施例14の固体電解質は、2種類目のカチオンとして第4級アンモニウムとしてテトラアルキルアンモニウムのトリエチルメチルアンモニウム(TEMA)を含み、このカチオンとビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)アミド(TFSA)を組み合わせた第2種類目の柔粘性結晶を用いた。
3種類の柔粘性結晶を用い、実施例17のリチウムイオン二次電池用の固体電解質を作製した。そして、実施例17の固体電解質のイオン伝導度を測定した。実施例17の固体電解質は、1種類目のカチオンとして五員環の第4級アンモニウムであるピロリジニウムのN-エチル-N-メチルピロリジニウム(P12)を含み、このカチオンとアミドアニオンであるビス(フルオロスルホニル)アミドアニオン(FSAアニオン)を組み合わせ、第1種類目であるP12FSA柔粘性結晶を用いた。
Claims (13)
- 電解質がドープされた柔粘性結晶を含み、
前記柔粘性結晶は、各種イミダゾリウム及び各種4級アンモニウムの群から少なくとも1種が選ばれる計2種以上のカチオンを含むこと、
を特徴とする固体電解質。 - 前記柔粘性結晶は、前記各種4級アンモニウムの群から選ばれる2種類のカチオンを含むこと、
を特徴とする請求項1記載の固体電解質。 - 前記柔粘性結晶は、前記各種イミダゾリウムの群から選ばれる2種類のカチオンを含むこと、
を特徴とする請求項1記載の固体電解質。 - 前記柔粘性結晶は、前記各種イミダゾリウムの群及び前記各種4級アンモニウムの群からそれぞれ1種選ばれるカチオンを含むこと、
を特徴とする請求項1記載の固体電解質。 - 前記柔粘性結晶は、
各種イミダゾリウム及び各種4級アンモニウムの群から選ばれる1種のカチオンと、
前記各種イミダゾリウム及び前記各種4級アンモニウムを除く他の1種のカチオンと、
を含むこと、
を特徴とする請求項1記載の固体電解質。 - 前記柔粘性結晶は、2種以上のアニオンを含むこと、
を特徴とする請求項1乃至9の何れかに記載の固体電解質。 - 請求項1乃至10の何れかに記載の固体電解質と、
前記固体電解質を挟んで対向する両電極と、
を備えること、
を特徴とする蓄電デバイス。 - 前記両電極の一方又は両方は、多孔質材料により成る活物質層と集電体を有する分極性電極であり、
前記分極性電極と前記固体電解質との境界面に電気二重層が形成されること、
を特徴とする請求項11記載の蓄電デバイス。 - 各種イミダゾリウム及び各種4級アンモニウムの群から少なくとも1種が選ばれる計2種以上のカチオンを含む柔粘性結晶を作製する工程を含むこと、
を特徴とする固体電解質の製造方法。
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