WO2019188056A1 - 鉛蓄電池 - Google Patents
鉛蓄電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019188056A1 WO2019188056A1 PCT/JP2019/008727 JP2019008727W WO2019188056A1 WO 2019188056 A1 WO2019188056 A1 WO 2019188056A1 JP 2019008727 W JP2019008727 W JP 2019008727W WO 2019188056 A1 WO2019188056 A1 WO 2019188056A1
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- electrode plate
- negative electrode
- carbon material
- positive electrode
- lead
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/08—Selection of materials as electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/16—Suspending or supporting electrodes or groups of electrodes in the case
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/56—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of lead
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lead storage battery.
- Lead acid batteries are used for various purposes in addition to automotive and industrial use.
- the lead acid battery includes a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution.
- a separator is disposed between the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate.
- PSOC partially charged state
- ISS idling stop start
- Patent Document 1 describes that in lead storage batteries used in PSOC, the specific gravity of the electrolytic solution is likely to decrease due to stratification, resulting in a micro short circuit. Further, the length A between the outer ends of the ears at both ends immediately below at least one of the positive strap and the negative strap is set to the upper frame of the polar plate located at both ends of the polar plate connected to the at least one strap. It is described that the permeation short circuit can be suppressed by making it smaller than the length B between the outer end surfaces of the bone part and providing a porous layer between at least one of the separator and the positive electrode plate or between the separator and the negative electrode plate.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a lead storage battery used in PSOC, in which graphite or carbon fiber is contained in the negative electrode material, and the ratio of the mass N of the negative electrode material to the mass P of the positive electrode material per lead storage battery: N / It is proposed that P is 0.62 or more. Accordingly, it is described that it is difficult to cause a penetration short circuit due to graphite or carbon fiber, and that it is possible to provide a lead storage battery excellent in life performance in an environment accompanied by deep discharge such as PSOC. Further, it is described that when the electrolytic solution contains Al ions, the lifetime is improved, and when the electrolytic solution contains Li ions, the permeation short circuit is suppressed.
- Patent Document 2 an improvement in life performance under PSOC conditions can be expected by including a carbon material in the negative electrode material.
- a minute amount is associated with stratification in PSOC applications. A short circuit may occur.
- the lead storage battery includes a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, an electrode plate group including a separator interposed between the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution.
- the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material including a first carbon material and a second carbon material, and the first carbon material has a particle diameter of 32 ⁇ m or more, and the second carbon The material has a particle diameter of less than 32 ⁇ m, and the ratio of the powder resistance R2 of the second carbon material to the powder resistance R1 of the first carbon material: R2 / R1 is 20 or more and 200 or less,
- the present invention relates to a lead storage battery in which a distance D between a positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate and a maximum thickness T of the separator satisfy ⁇ 0.1 mm ⁇ DT ⁇ 0.1 mm.
- the lead storage battery according to the present invention can suppress an infiltration short circuit when used in PSOC.
- the lead storage battery includes a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, an electrode plate group including a separator interposed between the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution.
- the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material including a first carbon material and a second carbon material.
- the first carbon material has a particle diameter of 32 ⁇ m or more
- the second carbon material has a particle diameter of less than 32 ⁇ m.
- the ratio of the powder resistance R2 of the second carbon material to the powder resistance R1 of the first carbon material: R2 / R1 (hereinafter also referred to as R2 / R1 ratio) is 20 or more and 200 or less.
- the distance D between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate hereinafter also referred to as the interelectrode distance D) and the maximum thickness T of the separator satisfy ⁇ 0.1 mm ⁇ DT ⁇ 0.1 mm.
- the separator interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate is pressed, the reaction is further concentrated on the upper part of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and electrons are transferred to the lead compound that has permeated the separator, thereby depositing lead. Is promoted. As a result, an osmotic short circuit occurs. In this way, when the charge / discharge reaction is concentrated on a part of the electrode plate, it is difficult to suppress the occurrence of the permeation short circuit.
- the first carbon material having a particle diameter of 32 ⁇ m or more and the second carbon material having a particle diameter of less than 32 ⁇ m are included in the negative electrode material, and the R2 / R1 ratio is set to 20 or more and 200 or less.
- the R2 / R1 ratio is set to 20 or more and 200 or less.
- the ratio R2 / R1 is less than 20 or exceeds 200, it is considered that a good conductive network is not formed in the negative electrode material and the conductive network is likely to deteriorate. Therefore, when the cycle is repeated under PSOC conditions, lead sulfate is accumulated in the lower part of the negative electrode plate, the charge / discharge reaction of the positive electrode plate proceeds in a limited manner at the upper part, the positive electrode plate is bent, and an osmotic short circuit is caused. It is considered a thing.
- the R2 / R1 ratio is preferably controlled to 27 or more and 155 or less.
- carbon materials having various powder resistances are known. It is known that the powder resistance of a powder material varies depending on the shape, particle diameter, particle internal structure, particle crystallinity, and the like. In the conventional technical common sense, the powder resistance of the carbon material is not directly related to the resistance of the negative electrode plate, and is not considered to affect the PSOC life performance.
- the (DT) value is set to 0.1 mm or less.
- the amount of the electrolyte around the electrode plate is reduced, and the specific gravity of the electrolyte after discharge is lowered. Therefore, the charge acceptability (efficiency) is improved, and the entire surface of the electrode plate is easily used when the cycle is repeated, and the discharge voltage tends to increase.
- the end-of-discharge voltage in the deep discharge cycle test with a DOD of 50% is maintained high by setting the (DT) value to 0.1 mm or less.
- Such an effect is more prominent in the case of a liquid type lead acid battery than in the case of a control valve type lead acid battery, and is considered to be effective in suppressing an infiltration short circuit.
- the total number of positive plates and negative plates included in the electrode plate group may be, for example, 12 or more.
- the electrolytic solution may contain aluminum ions.
- Aluminum ions are believed to have the effect of improving regenerative acceptance.
- the good conductive network in the negative electrode material and aluminum ions act synergistically to promote uniform charge / discharge reaction. Therefore, it is considered that the effect of suppressing the bending of the positive electrode plate is enhanced, and the effect of suppressing the penetration short circuit is also enhanced.
- the aluminum ion concentration may be, for example, 0.02 mol / L to 0.2 mol / L. If it is 0.02 mol / L or more, the effect of improving the regenerative acceptance by aluminum ions is clearly obtained, and it becomes more obvious at 0.04 mol / L or more. Further, by setting the aluminum ion concentration to 0.2 mol / L or less, better low temperature high rate performance can be maintained.
- the influence of the control of the R2 / R1 ratio and the (DT) value on the life of the lead storage battery, the penetration short circuit, etc. can be evaluated by the following method.
- a deep-discharge cycle test is performed at a discharge depth of 50% (DOD 50%), and the transition of the end-of-discharge voltage is evaluated. Specifically, a fully-formed lead acid battery is fully charged, and the end-of-discharge voltage at the time of DOD 50% discharge is measured at 40 ° C. under the following charge / discharge conditions, and the transition is monitored. When the voltage at the time of DOD 50% discharge is less than 1.67 V / cell, it is defined as the life.
- ⁇ Charging / discharging conditions Discharge: Discharge at a constant current of Y ⁇ I n A for 2 hours. Charging: a constant voltage of 2.6V / cell is charged 5 hours at the maximum current Y ⁇ I n A.
- I n A is a current value (A) obtained by dividing the nominal n hour rate capacity (Ah) of the battery by n.
- the distance between the centers of the ears may be measured at the lower part of the cross section of the strap connecting the ears of the plurality of positive electrode plates in parallel.
- an average value of pitches in any two electrode plate groups (cells) is obtained.
- the pitch is measured and averaged at the electrode plate groups of the first cell and the fourth cell counting from the positive electrode terminal side.
- the thickness of the positive electrode plate is an average value of the thicknesses of all the positive electrode plates included in the electrode plate group
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate is an average value of the thicknesses of all the negative electrode plates included in the electrode plate group.
- the thickness of each electrode plate is, for example, measured with a micrometer at three locations near the both ends and near the center (a total of eight locations: positions indicated by numerals 1 to 8 in FIG. 8) along the periphery of the electrode plate. Average.
- the positive electrode plate is washed with water to remove sulfuric acid and dried at atmospheric pressure before measuring the thickness.
- the negative electrode plate is washed with water to remove sulfuric acid and vacuum dried (dried at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure). Measure the thickness.
- the thickness of the electrode plate includes the mat. This is because the mat is used integrally with the electrode plate. However, when a mat is attached to the separator, the thickness of the mat is included in the thickness of the separator.
- the maximum thickness of the separator is an average value of the thicknesses of all the separators included in the electrode plate group (cell). After removing the sulfuric acid from the separator by washing with water and drying under atmospheric pressure, a cross-sectional photograph of the separator is taken, and the maximum thickness is measured at five locations in the cross-sectional photograph and averaged.
- the maximum thickness of the separator is a thickness including the base portion and the rib when the separator includes a base portion and a rib protruding from at least one main surface of the base portion.
- the maximum thickness of the separator is the thickness of the base part, the height from the base part of the rib on one main face, and the base part of the rib on the other main face. Is the sum of the heights. At this time, if the height of the rib varies depending on the portion of the base portion, the rib having the maximum height is selected.
- the positive electrode plate is taken out, washed with water and dried. Next, as shown in FIG. 9, the dried positive electrode plate is placed on a horizontal base, and the upper end of the positive electrode plate 3 is pressed while the lower end (P1) of the lower electrode 3 is pressed. The lifting distance W from the horizontal base at the end (P2) opposite to the ear 3a is measured. The lifting distance W is measured for all the positive plates included in the electrode group to be measured, and an average value thereof is obtained. In a lead-acid battery including a plurality of series-connected electrode plate groups, an average value in any two electrode plate groups is obtained.
- the average value of the lifting distances W of all the positive electrode plates included in the first and fourth cell electrode plate groups from the positive electrode terminal side is obtained.
- the lifting distance W (average value) of the positive electrode plate of the lead storage battery serving as a reference is 100%
- the relative value of the lifting distance W of the positive electrode plate of another lead storage battery is obtained as the curvature ratio.
- (2-4) Permeation short-circuit occurrence rate After performing the permeation short-circuit acceleration test, the area of permeation marks (lead marks) into the separator is measured. The area of the penetration mark is obtained by image processing of a photograph of the separator. In a lead-acid battery having a plurality of series-connected electrode plates, two arbitrary electrode plate groups (in the case of a lead-acid battery including six electrode plate groups, the first cell and the fourth cell are counted from the positive electrode terminal side). The average value of penetration marks of all separators included in the electrode plate group of the cell is obtained. When the area of the penetration mark of the lead storage battery serving as a reference is 100%, the relative value of the area of the penetration mark of another lead storage battery is obtained as the penetration short circuit occurrence rate.
- the negative electrode plate is usually composed of a negative electrode current collector (such as a negative electrode grid) and a negative electrode material.
- a negative electrode current collector such as a negative electrode grid
- a negative electrode material is a portion obtained by removing the negative electrode current collector and the mat from the negative electrode plate.
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate is, for example, 1.05 mm to 5.0 mm, and can be 1.05 mm to 2.0 mm.
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate includes the mat.
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate may be 1.05 mm or more, 5.0 mm or less, or 2.0 mm or less.
- the negative electrode material includes a negative electrode active material (lead or lead sulfate) that develops capacity by an oxidation-reduction reaction.
- the negative electrode active material in the charged state is spongy lead, but the unformed negative electrode plate is usually produced using lead powder.
- the negative electrode material includes a first carbon material and a second carbon material.
- the first carbon material has a particle diameter of 32 ⁇ m or more, and the second carbon material has a particle diameter of less than 32 ⁇ m.
- a 1st carbon material and a 2nd carbon material are isolate
- the negative electrode material may further contain an organic shrinking agent, barium sulfate or the like, and may further contain other additives as necessary.
- carbon black graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, or the like
- carbon black include acetylene black, ketjen black, furnace black, and lamp black.
- the graphite may be any carbon material including a graphite-type crystal structure, and may be any of artificial graphite and natural graphite.
- the ratio of the powder resistance R2 of the second carbon material to the powder resistance R1 of the first carbon material is 20 or more, 200 or less, further 27 or more, 155 as to become less, for example, the type of each of the carbon material, the average particle diameter D 50, may be adjusted such specific surface area.
- the ratio of the powder resistance R2 of the second carbon material to the powder resistance R1 of the first carbon material may be 20 or more, or 27 or more. It may be 200 or less and may be 155 or less.
- the first carbon material for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of graphite, hard carbon, and soft carbon is preferable.
- the first carbon material preferably contains at least graphite.
- the second carbon material preferably contains at least carbon black.
- the content of the first carbon material in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.05% by mass or more and 3.0% by mass or less, preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less, Preferably they are 0.1 mass% or more and 1.5 mass% or less.
- the content of the second carbon material in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.03% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less, preferably 0.05% by mass or more and 0.5% by mass or less, Preferably they are 0.05 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less.
- a method for determining or analyzing the physical properties of the carbon material will be described below.
- a separation of carbon material An already formed fully charged lead acid battery is disassembled, the negative electrode plate is taken out, sulfuric acid is removed by washing with water, and vacuum drying (drying under a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure) is performed. A negative electrode material is collected from the dried negative electrode plate and pulverized. To 5 g of the crushed sample, 30 mL of a 60% strength by weight aqueous nitric acid solution is added and heated at 70 ° C. Furthermore, 10 g of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 30 mL of 28% by mass ammonia water and 100 mL of water are added, and heating is continued to dissolve soluble components.
- the sample pretreated in this way is recovered by filtration.
- the collected sample is passed through a sieve having an opening of 500 ⁇ m to remove a component having a large size such as a reinforcing material, and the component that has passed through the sieve is collected as a carbon material.
- the collected carbon material is sieved wet using a sieve having an opening of 32 ⁇ m
- the remaining carbon material is not passed through the sieve eyes but the first carbon material is passed through the sieve eyes.
- JIS Z8815: 1994 may be referred to.
- a carbon material is placed on a sieve having an opening of 32 ⁇ m, and the screen is screened by gently shaking the sieve for 5 minutes while sprinkling ion-exchanged water.
- the first carbon material remaining on the sieve is recovered from the sieve by pouring ion-exchanged water and separated from the ion-exchanged water by filtration.
- the 2nd carbon material which passed the sieve is collect
- the recovered first carbon material and second carbon material are each dried at a temperature of 100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- a sieve having an opening of 32 ⁇ m a sieve having a sieve opening with a nominal opening of 32 ⁇ m as defined in JIS Z 8801-1: 2006 is used.
- the content of each carbon material in the negative electrode material may be determined by measuring the mass of each carbon material separated by the above procedure and calculating the ratio (mass%) of the mass in a 5 g crushed sample. .
- the powder resistance R1 of the first carbon material and the powder resistance R2 of the second carbon material are the same as those of the first carbon material and the second carbon material separated in the procedure of (A).
- a powder resistance measurement system for example, MCP-PD51 type manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd.
- -A value measured by a four-probe method using a resistivity meter for example, Loresta-GX MCP-T700, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd.
- the fully charged state of the lead-acid battery if the battery liquid formula, in 25 ° C. water bath, after constant current charging until the 2.5V / cell I n A, further I
- This is a state where constant current charging was performed at n A for 2 hours.
- the battery of the valve-regulated, and the fully charged state in a vapor bath of 25 ° C., at I n A, a constant current constant voltage charging of 2.23V / cell, the charging current during constant voltage charging There is a state where the charging was terminated when it becomes less than 0.005 ⁇ I n a.
- I n A is a current value (A) obtained by dividing the nominal n hour rate capacity (Ah) of the battery by n.
- A current value obtained by dividing the nominal n hour rate capacity (Ah) of the battery by n.
- I 5 A is 6 A and 0.005 ⁇ I 5 A is 30 mA.
- the negative electrode material can contain an organic shrinking agent.
- the organic shrunk agent is an organic polymer containing elemental sulfur, and generally contains one or more, preferably a plurality of aromatic rings in the molecule, and elemental sulfur as a sulfur-containing group.
- a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonyl group which is a stable form is preferable.
- the sulfonic acid group may exist in an acid form, or may exist in a salt form such as a Na salt.
- lignins may be used, or a condensate of an aromatic compound having a sulfur-containing group with formaldehyde may be used.
- lignins include lignin and lignin derivatives.
- the lignin derivative includes lignin sulfonic acid, a salt of lignin sulfonic acid (for example, an alkali metal salt such as a sodium salt), and the like.
- One organic shrinking agent may be used alone, or two or more organic shrinking agents may be used in combination. For example, you may use together lignin and the condensate by the formaldehyde of the aromatic compound which has a sulfur containing group.
- bisphenols As the aromatic compound, it is preferable to use bisphenols, biphenyls, naphthalenes, phenols and the like.
- Bisphenols, biphenyls, naphthalenes and phenols are generic names for compounds having a bisphenol skeleton, a biphenyl skeleton, a naphthalene skeleton and a phenol skeleton, respectively, and each may have a substituent. These may be contained alone in the organic shrinking agent, or a plurality of types may be contained.
- bisphenol bisphenol A, bisphenol S, bisphenol F and the like are preferable.
- the sulfur-containing group may be directly bonded to the aromatic ring of the aromatic compound.
- the sulfur-containing group may be bonded to the aromatic ring as an alkyl chain having a sulfur-containing group.
- Condensates of N, N ′-(sulfonyldi-4,1-phenylene) bis (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidine-5-sulfonamide) and the like are organic It may be used as an anti-shrink agent.
- the elemental sulfur content in the organic shrinking agent is, for example, 400 ⁇ mol / g or more and 10,000 ⁇ mol / g or less.
- the sulfur element content of the lignin is, for example, 400 ⁇ mol / g or more and 1000 ⁇ mol / g or less.
- the sulfur element content of the condensate of aromatic compounds having sulfur-containing groups with formaldehyde is, for example, 2000 ⁇ mol / g or more and 10,000 ⁇ mol / g or less, and preferably 3000 ⁇ mol / g or more and 9000 ⁇ mol / g or less.
- the content of the organic shrinking agent contained in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.01% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less, and preferably 0.02% by mass or more and 0.8% by mass or less.
- the negative electrode current collector may be formed by casting lead (Pb) or a lead alloy, or may be formed by processing a lead or lead alloy sheet. Examples of the processing method include an expanding process and a punching process.
- the lead alloy used for the negative electrode current collector may be any of a Pb—Sb alloy, a Pb—Ca alloy, and a Pb—Ca—Sn alloy. These lead alloys may further contain at least one selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ag, Al, Bi, As, Se, Cu and the like as an additive element.
- the negative electrode plate can be formed by filling a negative electrode paste into a negative electrode current collector, aging and drying to produce an unformed negative electrode plate, and then forming an unformed negative electrode plate.
- the negative electrode paste is prepared by adding water and sulfuric acid and kneading them to lead powder, carbon material, organic anti-shrink agent, and various additives used as necessary. When aging, it is preferable to age the unformed negative electrode plate at high humidity.
- the chemical conversion can be performed by charging the electrode plate group in a state where the electrode plate group including the unformed negative electrode plate is immersed in an electrolytic solution containing sulfuric acid in the battery case of the lead storage battery.
- the chemical conversion may be performed before the assembly of the lead storage battery or the electrode plate group. Spongy lead is produced by chemical conversion.
- the positive electrode plate is composed of a positive electrode current collector (such as a positive electrode lattice) and a positive electrode material.
- a positive electrode current collector such as a positive electrode lattice
- a positive electrode material is a portion obtained by removing the positive electrode current collector and the mat from the positive electrode plate.
- the positive electrode current collector may be formed in the same manner as the negative electrode current collector, and can be formed by casting lead or a lead alloy, processing a lead or lead alloy sheet, or the like.
- the thickness of the positive electrode plate is, for example, 1.05 mm to 10.0 mm, and may be 1.05 mm to 2.0 mm. Since such a positive electrode plate tends to have a large bending amount, the influence of the inter-electrode distance D on the permeation short circuit is increased.
- the thickness of a positive electrode plate shall be the thickness containing a mat.
- the lead alloy used for the positive electrode current collector a Pb—Ca alloy or a Pb—Ca—Sn alloy is preferable in terms of corrosion resistance and mechanical strength.
- the positive electrode current collector may have lead alloy layers having different compositions, and a plurality of alloy layers may be provided.
- the positive electrode material includes a positive electrode active material (lead dioxide or lead sulfate) that develops capacity by oxidation-reduction reaction.
- the positive electrode material may contain other additives as necessary.
- the unformed positive electrode plate is obtained by filling a positive electrode current collector with a positive electrode paste, aging and drying in the same manner as the negative electrode plate. Thereafter, an unformed positive electrode plate is formed.
- the positive electrode paste is prepared by kneading lead powder, additives, water, sulfuric acid and the like.
- the separator is a porous sheet, and a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, a microporous film, or the like can be used as the porous sheet.
- the woven fabric and the nonwoven fabric may be mainly composed of fibers, and for example, 60% by mass or more is formed of fibers.
- the woven fabric may be mainly composed of a woven or knitted fabric of fibers, and the nonwoven fabric may be mainly composed of intertwined fibers.
- As the fiber, glass fiber, polymer fiber, pulp fiber or the like can be used. Especially, it is preferable to use a polymer fiber and glass fiber together.
- the woven fabric and the non-woven fabric may contain components other than fibers. Examples of components other than fibers include acid-resistant inorganic powders and polymers as binders.
- the microporous membrane may be mainly composed of components other than the fiber component.
- a composition containing a pore-forming agent (polymer powder, oil, etc.), silica and the like is extruded into a sheet shape, and then the pore-forming agent is removed. Is obtained.
- the microporous membrane is preferably composed mainly of a polymer having acid resistance.
- the polymer include polyolefins, acrylic resins, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, and the like. Of these, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are preferably used.
- the separator may include a base portion and a rib protruding from at least one main surface of the base portion.
- the rib may be disposed on either the negative electrode plate side or the positive electrode plate side, or may be disposed on both sides.
- the rib pattern is not particularly limited. Since the diffusibility of the electrolyte solution in the vicinity of the negative electrode plate can be enhanced by the rib, the PSOC life performance can be improved and the effect of suppressing the permeation short circuit is enhanced. Moreover, since dissolution of lead is suppressed when the electrolytic solution contains aluminum ions, the effect of suppressing the penetration short circuit is enhanced.
- the maximum thickness of the separator is, for example, 0.65 mm to 1.1 mm, and can be 0.65 mm to 0.8 mm.
- the average thickness of a base part is 100 micrometers or more and 300 micrometers or less, for example, 150 micrometers or more and 250 micrometers or less are preferable.
- the average thickness of the base portion is obtained by measuring and averaging the thickness of the base portion at five arbitrarily selected locations in the cross-sectional photograph of the separator.
- the average height of the rib formed on one main surface is, for example, 0.05 mm or more, preferably 0.07 mm or more, for example, 0.40 mm or less, and preferably 0.20 mm or less.
- the average height of the rib formed on the other main surface is, for example, 0.3 mm or more, preferably 0.4 mm or more, for example 1.0 mm or less, and preferably 0.7 mm or less.
- the maximum thickness of the separator may be 0.65 mm or more, 1.1 mm or less, or 0.8 mm or less.
- the average thickness of the base part of the separator may be 100 ⁇ m or more, 150 ⁇ m or more, 300 ⁇ m or less, or 250 ⁇ m or less.
- the average height of the ribs formed on one main surface may be 0.05 mm or more, 0.07 mm or more, 0.40 mm or less, or 0.20 mm or less.
- the average height of the rib formed on the other main surface may be 0.3 mm or more, 0.4 mm or more, 1.0 mm or less, or 0.7 mm or less.
- a sheet-like separator may be sandwiched between the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate, or the separator may be interposed between the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate by accommodating the negative electrode plate or the positive electrode plate in a bag-like separator. Good. When a bag-shaped separator is used, the electrolytic solution is difficult to diffuse, but the diffusibility of the electrolytic solution is improved by providing ribs.
- the electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid, and may be gelled as necessary.
- the specific gravity at 20 ° C. of the electrolyte in a fully charged lead storage battery after formation is, for example, 1.10 to 1.35 g / cm 3 , and preferably 1.20 to 1.35 g / cm 3 .
- the aluminum ion concentration in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.02 mol / L to 0.2 mol / L.
- the aluminum ion concentration in the electrolytic solution is evaluated by extracting the electrolytic solution from a fully charged lead storage battery and quantifying the Al element by ICP emission spectroscopic analysis. At that time, the specific gravity d of the electrolytic solution is measured.
- the electrolyte solution in any one cell is collected in a fully charged state, the Al element is quantified by ICP emission spectrometry, and the aluminum ion concentration is calculated. To do.
- the quantitative value obtained by the ICP emission analysis method is M (wt%)
- the lead storage battery 1 includes a battery case 12 that houses an electrode plate group 11 and an electrolytic solution (not shown).
- the battery case 12 is partitioned into a plurality of cell chambers 14 by partition walls 13. Each cell chamber 14 accommodates one electrode group 11.
- the opening of the battery case 12 is sealed with a lid 15 having a negative electrode terminal 16 and a positive electrode terminal 17.
- the lid 15 is provided with a liquid port for each cell chamber, and a liquid port plug 18 is inserted into the liquid port. When replenishing water, the liquid stopper 18 is removed and the replenishing liquid is replenished from the liquid port.
- the electrode plate group 11 is configured by laminating a plurality of negative electrode plates 2 and positive electrode plates 3 each wrapped with a bag-like separator 4.
- the negative electrode shelf 6 that connects the ears 2 a of the plurality of negative electrode plates 2 in parallel is connected to the through connection body 8, and the ears of the plurality of positive electrode plates 3.
- a positive electrode shelf 5 that connects 3 a in parallel is connected to the positive pole 7.
- the positive pole 7 is connected to a positive terminal 17 outside the lid 15.
- the negative electrode column 9 is connected to the negative electrode shelf 6, and the through connector 8 is connected to the positive electrode shelf 5.
- the negative pole 9 is connected to the negative terminal 16 outside the lid 15.
- Each through-connector 8 passes through a through-hole provided in the partition wall 13 and connects the electrode plate groups 11 of the adjacent cell chambers 14 in series.
- a lead storage battery comprising a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, an electrode plate group including a separator interposed between the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution
- the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material including a first carbon material and a second carbon material,
- the first carbon material has a particle diameter of 32 ⁇ m or more
- the second carbon material has a particle size of less than 32 ⁇ m;
- the ratio of the powder resistance R2 of the second carbon material to the powder resistance R1 of the first carbon material: R2 / R1 is 20 or more and 200 or less,
- the distance D between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and the maximum thickness T of the separator Lead acid battery satisfying ⁇ 0.1 mm ⁇ DT ⁇ 0.1 mm.
- the content of the first carbon material in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.05% by mass or more and 3.0% by mass or less, preferably It is 0.1 mass% or more and 2.0 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 0.1 mass% or more and 1.5 mass% or less.
- the content of the first carbon material in the negative electrode material may be 0.05% by mass or more, 0.1% by mass or more, 3.0% by mass or less, or 2.0% by mass or less, It may be 1.5% by mass or less.
- the content of the second carbon material in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.03% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less, preferably It is 0.05 mass% or more and 0.5 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 0.05 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less.
- the content of the second carbon material in the negative electrode material may be 0.03% by mass or more, 0.05% by mass or more, 1.0% by mass or less, or 0.5% by mass or less, It may be 0.3% by mass or less.
- ⁇ Lead storage batteries A1 to A5 ⁇ (1) Production of negative electrode plate Lead powder, water, dilute sulfuric acid, a carbon material and an organic anti-shrink agent are mixed to obtain a negative electrode paste.
- the negative electrode paste is filled in a network part of an expanded lattice made of a Pb—Ca—Sn alloy as a negative electrode current collector, aged and dried to obtain an unformed negative electrode plate.
- the carbon material carbon black (acetylene black, average particle diameter D 50 : 35 nm) and graphite (average particle diameter D 50 : 110 ⁇ m) are used.
- the organic shrinking agent lignin is used, and the addition amount is adjusted so that the content contained in 100% by mass of the negative electrode material is 0.05% by mass, and blended into the negative electrode paste.
- a positive electrode paste is prepared by kneading lead powder, water, and sulfuric acid.
- the positive electrode paste is filled in a network portion of an expanded lattice made of a Pb—Ca—Sn alloy, and aged and dried to obtain an unformed positive electrode plate.
- the unformed negative electrode plate is accommodated in a bag-like separator formed of a polyethylene microporous film, and 12 or more electrodes are formed by combining the unformed negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate per cell.
- a board group is formed.
- the separator has a rib on the positive electrode contact side.
- the electrode plate group is inserted into a polypropylene battery case, an electrolytic solution is injected, and chemical conversion is performed in the battery case.
- the liquid lead acid battery for automobiles A1 to A5 has a nominal 5-hour rate capacity of 32 Ah and a nominal voltage of 12 V. Assemble A5.
- As the electrolytic solution an aqueous sulfuric acid solution whose concentration is controlled so that the specific gravity in the fully charged state after chemical conversion is 1.285 g / cm 3 is used.
- Aluminum sulfate is added to the sulfuric acid aqueous solution so that the aluminum ion concentration is 0.04 mol / L.
- the content of the first carbon material contained in the negative electrode material is 1.5 mass%, and the content of the second carbon material is 0.3 mass%.
- the R2 / R1 ratio is 27, and the (DT) value is as shown in Table 1.
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate is 1.1 mm, the thickness of the positive electrode plate is 1.4 mm, and the maximum thickness of the separator is 0.80 mm.
- the difference between the distance D between the electrodes and the maximum thickness T of the separator: (DT) values are as shown in Table 1.
- the above values are measured values after the electrode plate group of the produced lead storage battery is taken out, washed with water and dried according to the procedure described above.
- the negative electrode material is collected from the dried negative electrode plate and the carbon material contained in the negative electrode material is separated into the first carbon material and the second carbon material, the negative electrode material (100% by mass) It is a value calculated
- the powder resistances R1 and R2 and R2 / R1 ratio of each carbon material are also determined by the procedure described above.
- batteries A2, A3 and A4 are examples, and batteries A1 and A5 are comparative examples.
- Table 1 shows the bending amount ratio and the penetration short-circuit occurrence rate.
- the bending amount ratio and the permeation short-circuit occurrence rate are expressed as relative values with respect to the battery B2, using a battery B2 described later as a reference battery, as described below.
- the lifting distance W is measured for all positive electrode plates included in the electrode plate group accommodated in the cell chambers of the first cell and the fourth cell, counting from the positive electrode terminal side, and the average value thereof is obtained.
- the lifting distance W of the positive electrode plate of the battery B2 is set to 100%, a relative value of the lifting distance W of the positive electrode plate of another lead storage battery with respect to the battery B2 is obtained and set as a curvature ratio.
- ⁇ Lead storage batteries B1 to B5 ⁇ As the carbon material, carbon black (acetylene black, average particle diameter D 50: 35 nm) only is used. Other than this, as shown in Table 2, a negative electrode plate was prepared in the same manner as the lead storage batteries A1 to A5, and the lead storage batteries B1 to Assemble B5. The batteries B1 to B5 are all comparative examples. Table 2 shows the bending amount ratio and the penetration short-circuit occurrence rate.
- Lead storage battery C1 As the carbon material, carbon black (Ketjen black, average particle diameter D 50 : 40 nm) and graphite (average particle diameter D 50 : 110 ⁇ m) are used, and the R2 / R1 ratio is set to 15. Other than this, a negative electrode plate is produced in the same manner as the lead storage battery A2, and the lead storage battery C1 is assembled in the same manner as the lead storage battery A2 except that the obtained negative electrode plate is used. Battery C1 is a comparative example.
- Lead storage battery C2 As a carbon material, carbon black (furnace black, average particle diameter D 50 : 25 nm) and graphite (average particle diameter D 50 : 110 ⁇ m) are used, and the R2 / R1 ratio is set to 155. Other than this, a negative electrode plate is produced in the same manner as the lead storage battery A2, and the lead storage battery C2 is assembled in the same manner as the lead storage battery A2 except that the obtained negative electrode plate is used. Battery C2 is an example.
- carbon black (furnace black, average particle diameter D 50 : 10 nm) and graphite (average particle diameter D 50 : 110 ⁇ m) are used, and the R2 / R1 ratio is set to 205.
- a negative electrode plate is produced in the same manner as the lead storage battery A2, and the lead storage battery C3 is assembled in the same manner as the lead storage battery A2 except that the obtained negative electrode plate is used.
- Battery C3 is a comparative example.
- Table 3 shows the bending amount ratio and the penetration short-circuit occurrence rate of the batteries C1 to C3 together with the value of the battery A2.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the R2 / R1 ratio and the curvature ratio of the positive electrode for the batteries A2, B2, and C1 to C3.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the R2 / R1 ratio and the penetration short-circuit occurrence rate for the battery. 2 and 3, it can be understood that when the R2 / R1 ratio is 20 or more and 200 or less, the bending amount ratio is small and the penetration short-circuit occurrence rate is small.
- the batteries A2, C1, and C2 of the examples are also compared to the battery B2 that uses only the second carbon material or carbon black, which is considered to be less likely to cause an osmotic short circuit than when the first carbon material or graphite is used. It can be seen that the rate of occurrence of permeation short circuit is reduced.
- FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the (DT) value and the curvature ratio of the positive electrode for the batteries A1 to A5 and B1 to B5.
- FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the (DT) value and the penetration short-circuit occurrence rate for the battery. 4 and 5, as a whole, the batteries A1 to A5 using both the first carbon material and the second carbon material are curved as compared with the batteries B1 to B5 using only the second carbon material. It can be understood that the quantity ratio and the penetration short-circuit occurrence rate are significantly reduced.
- the penetration penetrating short circuit is further smaller than the battery B3 having the smallest occurrence rate of penetrating short circuit among the batteries B1 to B5. The incidence is getting smaller.
- the batteries A2 and A3 of Examples having a (DT) value of ⁇ 0.1 mm or more and 0 mm or less suppression of the permeation short circuit is remarkable.
- the slope calculated from the plots of the batteries B1 to B3 is 205% / mm, whereas the slope calculated from the plots of the batteries A1 to A3 is 170% / mm. That is, when the (DT) value is positive, the increase rate of the curvature amount ratio of the batteries A1 to A3 is reduced by 17% compared to that of the batteries B1 to B3. The effect of reducing the curvature amount ratio is unique when the first carbon material and the second carbon material are used in combination.
- the slope calculated from the plots of the batteries B1 to B3 is 360% / mm, whereas the slope calculated from the plots of the batteries A1 to A3 is 295%. That is, when the (DT) value is positive, the increase rate of the penetration short circuit occurrence rate of the batteries A1 to A3 is reduced by 18% compared to that of the batteries B1 to B3. Thus, the effect of suppressing the permeation short circuit is unique when the first carbon material and the second carbon material are used in combination.
- FIG. 6 shows the transition of the end-of-discharge voltage in the deep discharge cycle test of battery A3.
- FIG. 6 also shows the transition of the end-of-discharge voltage in the deep discharge cycle test of the lead storage battery D1 (comparative example) manufactured in the same manner as the battery A3 except that the (DT) value is changed to 0.15 mm. . It can be understood that by setting the (DT) value to 0 mm, the end-of-discharge voltage is maintained considerably higher even after the deep discharge cycle is repeated as compared with the case of 0.15 mm.
- the (DT) value is reduced to reduce the electrode plate This is considered to be because the amount of the electrolyte solution in the surrounding area decreases and the specific gravity of the electrolyte solution after discharge tends to be low. At this time, charge acceptability (efficiency) is improved, and it is considered that the entire surface of the electrode plate is easily used when the cycle is repeated. This is thought to be related to a decrease in the incidence of penetration short circuit.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the regenerative acceptance performance of the lead storage battery produced in the same manner as the battery A1 and the regenerative acceptance performance of the battery A1, except that sodium sulfate is added so as to be mol / L. It can be understood that the regenerative acceptability is remarkably improved by aluminum ions.
- the lead acid battery according to the present invention is mainly suitable for a liquid type lead acid battery, and can be suitably used as a power source for starting an automobile or a motorcycle or an industrial power storage device such as an electric vehicle (forklift, etc.). .
- 1 lead storage battery
- 2 negative electrode plate
- 2a ear of negative electrode plate
- 3 positive electrode plate
- 3a ear of positive electrode plate
- 4 bag-shaped separator
- 5 positive electrode shelf
- 6 negative electrode shelf
- 7 Positive pole
- 8 Through-connector
- 9 Negative pole
- 11 Electrode group
- 12 Battery case
- 13 Partition
- 14 Cell chamber
- 15 Lid
- 16 Negative terminal
- 17 Positive terminal
- 18 Liquid stopper
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Abstract
Description
(1)深放電サイクル試験における放電末期電圧
50%の放電深度(DOD50%)で、深放電サイクル試験を行い、放電末期電圧の推移を評価する。具体的には、既化成の鉛蓄電池を満充電し、40℃にて、以下の充放電条件で、DOD50%放電時の放電末期電圧を測定し、その推移をモニタする。DOD50%放電時の電圧が1.67V/セルを下回るときを、寿命とする。
<充放電条件>
放電:Y×InAの定電流で2時間放電する。
充電:2.6V/セルの一定電圧で、最大電流Y×InAで5時間充電する。
ここで、InAとは、電池の公称n時間率容量(Ah)をnで除算した電流値(A)である。Y=n/4である。例えば、公称20時間率容量が30Ahの電池であれば、I20A=1.5Aであり、Y=5である。
既化成の満充電状態の鉛蓄電池において、25℃の水槽中にて、下記(A)~(C)を5回繰り返した後、(D)を実施後に電池を解体し、セパレータへの浸透痕を評価する。<充放電条件>
(A)InAの定電流で1.0V/セルまで放電する。
(B)10Ωの抵抗を接続して28日間放置する。
(C)上限電流を50Aとし、2.4V/セルで30分間充電する。
(D)InAの定電流で27時間充電する。
既化成の満充電状態の鉛蓄電池を分解し、極板群を取り出し、式:「極間距離D=(ピッチ-正極板の厚み-負極板の厚み)/2」から算出する。ピッチとは、隣接する一対の正極板の耳の中心間距離である。極板群に含まれる全ての隣接する正極板の対についてピッチを求め、それらの平均値を上記式に代入する。例えば、極板群が正極板6枚と負極板7枚とで構成される場合、ピッチは5箇所で測定される。また、極板群が正極板7枚と負極板7枚とで構成される場合、ピッチは6箇所で測定される。耳の中心間距離は、複数の正極板の耳を並列接続するストラップの断面の下部で測定すればよい。複数の直列接続された極板群を具備する鉛蓄電池においては、任意の2つの極板群(セル)におけるピッチの平均値を求める。例えば、6個の極板群を含む12Vの鉛蓄電池の場合、正極端子側から数えて1セル目と4セル目の極板群においてピッチを測定し、平均化する。
セパレータの最大厚みは、極板群(セル)に含まれる全てのセパレータの厚みの平均値である。水洗により、セパレータから硫酸を除去し、大気圧下で乾燥した後、セパレータの断面写真を撮影し、断面写真において5箇所で最大厚みを測定し、平均化する。
浸透短絡加速試験の実施後、正極板を取り出し、水洗し、乾燥する。次に、図9に示すように、乾燥後の正極板を水平台に載置し、正極板3の下部の耳3a側の端部(P1)を押さえた状態で、正極板3の上部の耳3aとは反対側の端部(P2)の水平台からの浮き上がり距離Wを測定する。浮き上がり距離Wは、測定対象の極板群に含まれる全ての正極板について測定し、それらの平均値を求める。複数の直列接続された極板群を具備する鉛蓄電池においては、任意の2つの極板群における平均値を求める。例えば、6個の極板群を含む12Vの鉛蓄電池の場合、正極端子側から数えて1セル目と4セル目の極板群に含まれる全ての正極板の浮き上がり距離Wの平均値を求める。基準となる鉛蓄電池の正極板の浮き上がり距離W(平均値)を100%としたとき、他の鉛蓄電池の正極板の浮き上がり距離Wの相対値を湾曲量比として求める。
浸透短絡加速試験の実施後、セパレータへの浸透痕(鉛痕)の面積を測定する。浸透痕の面積は、セパレータの写真を画像処理して求める。複数の直列接続された極板群を具備する鉛蓄電池においては、任意の2つの極板群(6個の極板群を含む鉛蓄電池の場合は、正極端子側から数えて1セル目と4セル目の極板群)に含まれる全てのセパレータの浸透痕の平均値を求める。基準となる鉛蓄電池の浸透痕の面積を100%としたとき、他の鉛蓄電池の浸透痕の面積の相対値を浸透短絡発生率として求める。
DOD10%の放電状態から充電した時の充電電気量を評価する。具体的には、既化成の満充電状態の鉛蓄電池において、以下の充放電条件で、25℃にて評価する。
<充放電条件>
放電:2×InAでZ時間放電し、12時間休止する。
ここで、放電時間Zは、Z=公称n時間率容量(Ah)/(20×In)で算出される。
充電:2.42V/セルの定電圧で、最大電流100Aで60秒間充電する。
負極板は、通常、負極集電体(負極格子など)と、負極電極材料とで構成される。負極板に不織布を主体とするマットが貼り付けられている場合は、マットも負極板を構成するものとする。ここで、負極電極材料とは、負極板から負極集電体とマットを除いた部位である。
負極板の厚みは、1.05mm以上でよく、5.0mm以下でよく、2.0mm以下でもよい。
第1炭素材料および第2炭素材料は、第1炭素材料の粉体抵抗R1に対する第2炭素材料の粉体抵抗R2の比(R2/R1比)が、20以上でよく、27以上でもよく、200以下でよく、155以下でもよい。
(A)炭素材料の分離
既化成の満充電状態の鉛蓄電池を分解し、負極板を取り出し、水洗により硫酸を除去し、真空乾燥(大気圧より低い圧力下で乾燥)する。乾燥した負極板から負極電極材料を採取し、粉砕する。5gの粉砕試料に、60質量%濃度の硝酸水溶液30mLを加えて、70℃で加熱する。さらに、エチレンジアミン四酢酸二ナトリウム10g、28質量%濃度のアンモニア水30mLおよび水100mLを加えて、加熱を続け、可溶分を溶解させる。このようにして前処理を行なった試料をろ過により回収する。回収した試料を、目開き500μmのふるいにかけて、補強材などのサイズが大きな成分を除去し、ふるいを通過した成分を炭素材料として回収する。
第1炭素材料の粉体抵抗R1および第2炭素材料の粉体抵抗R2は、上記(A)の手順で分離された第1炭素材料および第2炭素材料のそれぞれについて、粉体抵抗測定システム(例えば株式会社三菱化学アナリテック製、MCP-PD51型)に、試料を0.5g投入し、圧力3.18MPa下で、JIS K 7194:1994に準拠した低抵抗-抵抗率計(例えば株式会社三菱化学アナリテック製、ロレスタ-GX MCP-T700)を用いて、四探針法により測定される値である。
あり、0.005×I5Aは30mAである。
負極電極材料には有機防縮剤を含ませることができる。有機防縮剤は、硫黄元素を含む有機高分子であり、一般に、分子内に1つ以上、好ましくは複数の芳香環を含むとともに、硫黄含有基として硫黄元素を含んでいる。硫黄含有基の中では、安定形態であるスルホン酸基もしくはスルホニル基が好ましい。スルホン酸基は、酸型で存在してもよく、Na塩のように塩型で存在してもよい。
正極板は、正極集電体(正極格子など)と、正極電極材料とで構成される。正極板に不織布を主体とするマットが貼り付けられている場合は、マットも正極板を構成するものとする。ここで、正極電極材料とは、正極板から正極集電体とマットを除いた部位である。
セパレータは、多孔質シートであり、多孔質シートとしては、織布、不織布、微多孔膜などを用いることができる。織布および不織布は、繊維を主体とすればよく、例えば60質量%以上が繊維で形成されている。織布は、繊維の織物または編物を主体とすればよく、不織布は、絡み合わせた繊維を主体とすればよい。繊維としては、ガラス繊維、ポリマー繊維、パルプ繊維などを用いることができる。中でも、ポリマー繊維とガラス繊維とを併用することが好ましい。織布および不織布は、繊維以外の成分を含んでもよい。繊維以外の成分としては、耐酸性の無機粉体、結着剤としてのポリマーなどが挙げられる。
セパレータの最大厚みは、0.65mm以上でもよく、1.1mm以下でよく、0.8mm以下でもよい。
セパレータの、ベース部の平均厚みは、100μm以上でよく、150μm以上でもよく、300μm以下でよく、250μm以下でもよい。
一方の主面に形成されるリブの平均高さは、0.05mm以上でよく、0.07mm以上でもよく、0.40mm以下でよく、0.20mm以下でもよい。
また、他方の主面に形成されるリブの平均高さは、0.3mm以上でよく、0.4mm以上でもよく、1.0mm以下でよく、0.7mm以下でもよい。
電解液は、硫酸を含む水溶液であり、必要に応じてゲル化させてもよい。化成後で満充電状態の鉛蓄電池における電解液の20℃における比重は、例えば1.10~1.35g/cm3であり、1.20~1.35g/cm3であることが好ましい。
鉛蓄電池1は、極板群11と電解液(図示せず)とを収容する電槽12を具備する。電槽12内は、隔壁13により、複数のセル室14に仕切られている。各セル室14には、極板群11が1つずつ収納されている。電槽12の開口部は、負極端子16および正極端子17を具備する蓋15で密閉されている。蓋15には、セル室毎に液口が設けられ、液口には液口栓18が挿入されている。補水の際には、液口栓18を外して液口から補水液が補給される。
(1)鉛蓄電池であって、負極板と、正極板と、前記負極板と前記正極板との間に介在するセパレータとを含む極板群と、電解液と、を備え、
前記負極板は、第1炭素材料と、第2炭素材料と、を含む負極電極材料を含み、
前記第1炭素材料は、32μm以上の粒子径を有し、
前記第2炭素材料は、32μm未満の粒子径を有し、
前記第1炭素材料の粉体抵抗R1に対する前記第2炭素材料の粉体抵抗R2の比:R2/R1が、20以上、200以下であり、
前記正極板と前記負極板との間の距離Dと、前記セパレータの最大厚みTとが、
-0.1mm≦D-T≦0.1mmを満たす鉛蓄電池。
負極電極材料中の第1炭素材料の含有量は、 0.05質量%以上でよく、0.1質量%以上でもよく、3.0質量%以下でよく、2.0質量%以下でもよく、1.5質量%以下でもよい。
負極電極材料中の第2炭素材料の含有量は、0.03質量%以上でよく、0.05質量%以上でもよく、1.0質量%以下でよく、0.5質量%以下でもよく、0.3質量%以下でもよい。
(1)負極板の作製
鉛粉、水、希硫酸、炭素材料および有機防縮剤を混合して、負極ペーストを得る。負極ペーストを、負極集電体としてのPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成、乾燥し、未化成の負極板を得る。炭素材料としては、カーボンブラック(アセチレンブラック、平均粒子径D50:35nm)および黒鉛(平均粒子径D50:110μm)を用いる。有機防縮剤としては、リグニンを用い、負極電極材料100質量%に含まれる含有量が0.05質量%となるように、添加量を調整して負極ペーストに配合する。
鉛粉と、水と、硫酸とを混練させて、正極ペーストを作製する。正極ペーストを、Pb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成、乾燥し、未化成の正極板を得る。
未化成の負極板を、ポリエチレン製の微多孔膜で形成された袋状セパレータに収容し、セル当たり未化成の負極板と正極板とが併せて12枚以上の極板群を形成する。セパレータは正極当接側にリブがついている。
ように濃度を制御した硫酸水溶液を用いる。硫酸水溶液には、アルミニウムイオン濃度が0.04mol/Lとなるように硫酸アルミニウムを添加する。
正極端子側から数えて1セル目および4セル目のセル室に収容されている極板群に含まれる全ての正極板について浮き上がり距離Wを測定し、それらの平均値を求める。次に、電池B2の正極板の浮き上がり距離Wを100%としたときの、他の鉛蓄電池の正極板の浮き上がり距離Wの電池B2に対する相対値を求め、湾曲量比とする。
電池B2の浸透痕の面積を100%としたときの、他の鉛蓄電池の浸透痕の面積の電池B2に対する相対値を求め、浸透短絡発生率とする。
炭素材料として、カーボンブラック(アセチレンブラック、平均粒子径D50:35nm)のみを用いる。これ以外は、表2に示すように、鉛蓄電池A1~A5と同様にして負極板を作製し、得られる負極板を用いること以外は、鉛蓄電池A1~A5と同様にして、鉛蓄電池B1~B5を組み立てる。電池B1~B5は全て比較例である。湾曲量比および浸透短絡発生率を表2に示す。
炭素材料として、カーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラック、平均粒子径D50:40nm)および黒鉛(平均粒子径D50:110μm)を用い、R2/R1比を15とする。これ以外は、鉛蓄電池A2と同様にして負極板を作製し、得られる負極板を用いること以外は、鉛蓄電池A2と同様にして、鉛蓄電池C1を組み立てる。電池C1は比較例である。
炭素材料として、カーボンブラック(ファーネスブラック、平均粒子径D50:25nm)および黒鉛(平均粒子径D50:110μm)を用い、R2/R1比を155とする。これ以外は、鉛蓄電池A2と同様にして負極板を作製し、得られる負極板を用いること以外は、鉛蓄電池A2と同様にして、鉛蓄電池C2を組み立てる。電池C2は実施例である。
炭素材料として、カーボンブラック(ファーネスブラック、平均粒子径D50:10nm)および黒鉛(平均粒子径D50:110μm)を用い、R2/R1比を205とする。これ以外は、鉛蓄電池A2と同様にして負極板を作製し、得られる負極板を用いること以外は、鉛蓄電池A2と同様にして、鉛蓄電池C3を組み立てる。電池C3は比較例である。
mol/Lとなるように硫酸ナトリウムを添加すること以外、電池A1と同様に作製される鉛蓄電池の回生受入性能と電池A1の回生受入性能との関係を図7に示す。アルミニウムイオンにより、回生受入性が顕著に向上することが理解できる。このようなアルミニウムイオンの作用と負極電極材料中に良好な導電ネットワークを形成する第1炭素材料と第2炭素材料とが相乗的に作用することで、充放電反応の均一化が更に促進され、浸透短絡を抑制する効果も高められるものと考えられる。
Claims (10)
- 鉛蓄電池であって、負極板と、正極板と、前記負極板と前記正極板との間に介在するセパレータとを含む極板群と、電解液と、を備え、
前記負極板は、第1炭素材料と、第2炭素材料と、を含む負極電極材料を含み、
前記第1炭素材料は、32μm以上の粒子径を有し、
前記第2炭素材料は、32μm未満の粒子径を有し、
前記第1炭素材料の粉体抵抗R1に対する前記第2炭素材料の粉体抵抗R2の比:R2/R1が、20以上、200以下であり、
前記正極板と前記負極板との間の距離Dと、前記セパレータの最大厚みTとが、
-0.1mm≦D-T≦0.1mmを満たす、鉛蓄電池。 - 前記距離Dと前記最大厚みTとが、-0.1mm≦D-T≦0mmを満たす、請求項1に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記電解液が、アルミニウムイオンを含み、
前記アルミニウムイオンの濃度が、0.02mol/L~0.2mol/Lである、請求項1または2に記載の鉛蓄電池。 - 前記R2/R1が、27以上、である請求項1~3のそれぞれに記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記R2/R1が、155以下である請求項1~4のそれぞれに記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記第1炭素材料の含有量が0.05質量%以上3.0質量%以下である請求項1~5のそれぞれに記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記第2炭素材料の含有量が0.03質量%以上1.0質量%以下である請求項1~6のそれぞれに記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記アルミニウムイオンの濃度が、0.04mol/L以上である、請求項3~7のそれぞれに記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記負極板の厚みが、1.05mm~5.0mmである、請求項1~8のそれぞれに記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記セパレータの最大厚が、0.65mm~1.1mmである、請求項1~9のそれぞれに記載の鉛蓄電池。
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