WO2016094685A1 - Proton-binding polymers for oral administration - Google Patents

Proton-binding polymers for oral administration Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016094685A1
WO2016094685A1 PCT/US2015/065041 US2015065041W WO2016094685A1 WO 2016094685 A1 WO2016094685 A1 WO 2016094685A1 US 2015065041 W US2015065041 W US 2015065041W WO 2016094685 A1 WO2016094685 A1 WO 2016094685A1
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Prior art keywords
polymer
amine polymer
chloride
crosslinked
binding capacity
Prior art date
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Ceased
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PCT/US2015/065041
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gerrit Klaerner
Eric F. Connor
Randi K. Gbur
Matthew J. Kade
Paul H. Kierstead
Jerry M. Buysse
Michael J. Cope
Kalpesh N. Biyani
Son H. Nguyen
Scott M. Tabakman
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Tricida Inc
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Tricida Inc
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Priority to KR1020267002683A priority Critical patent/KR20260017508A/ko
Priority to CN201580075741.9A priority patent/CN107428955B/zh
Priority to HK18103560.4A priority patent/HK1243952B/en
Priority to EP19191396.1A priority patent/EP3593808B1/en
Priority to DK15823049.0T priority patent/DK3229816T3/da
Priority to RS20200504A priority patent/RS60208B1/sr
Priority to CA2969238A priority patent/CA2969238C/en
Priority to US15/533,705 priority patent/US11311571B2/en
Priority to MEP-2020-85A priority patent/ME03783B/me
Priority to BR112017011838-6A priority patent/BR112017011838B1/pt
Priority to LTEP15823049.0T priority patent/LT3229816T/lt
Priority to SI201531167T priority patent/SI3229816T1/sl
Priority to EP15823049.0A priority patent/EP3229816B1/en
Priority to PL15823049T priority patent/PL3229816T3/pl
Priority to JP2017531176A priority patent/JP6903576B2/ja
Priority to MA41150A priority patent/MA41150B1/fr
Priority to RU2017124157A priority patent/RU2713416C2/ru
Priority to AU2015360413A priority patent/AU2015360413B2/en
Priority to IL290729A priority patent/IL290729B2/en
Priority to IL322207A priority patent/IL322207A/en
Priority to KR1020247000875A priority patent/KR102920551B1/ko
Application filed by Tricida Inc filed Critical Tricida Inc
Priority to BR122021001914-2A priority patent/BR122021001914B1/pt
Priority to HRP20200689TT priority patent/HRP20200689T1/hr
Priority to KR1020177018413A priority patent/KR102625115B1/ko
Priority to EP20154562.1A priority patent/EP3718551B1/en
Priority to CN202111132616.0A priority patent/CN113855703B/zh
Priority to SM20200225T priority patent/SMT202000225T1/it
Priority to MX2017007497A priority patent/MX377154B/es
Priority to MX2019014711A priority patent/MX382077B/es
Priority to ES15823049T priority patent/ES2787218T3/es
Priority to PL19191396T priority patent/PL3593808T3/pl
Priority to MDE20170179T priority patent/MD3229816T2/ro
Publication of WO2016094685A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016094685A1/en
Priority to IL252439A priority patent/IL252439B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to CY20201100400T priority patent/CY1122928T1/el
Priority to IL278034A priority patent/IL278034B/en
Priority to CY20211100141T priority patent/CY1124073T1/el
Priority to AU2021245144A priority patent/AU2021245144B2/en
Priority to US17/724,105 priority patent/US11738041B2/en
Priority to US18/238,665 priority patent/US20230405043A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/74—Synthetic polymeric materials
    • A61K31/785—Polymers containing nitrogen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/12—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
    • C08F226/04—Diallylamine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F26/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F26/02—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F26/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F26/02—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
    • C08F26/04—Diallylamine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F271/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of nitrogen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F26/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/02—Alkylation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/24—Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2810/00—Chemical modification of a polymer
    • C08F2810/20—Chemical modification of a polymer leading to a crosslinking, either explicitly or inherently
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2333/24—Homopolymers or copolymers of amides or imides
    • C08J2333/26—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylamide or methacrylamide

Definitions

  • Acid-base disorders are common in chronic kidney disease and heart failure patients.
  • Chronic kidney disease CKD
  • CKD CKD
  • Metabolic acidosis resulting from the accumulation of acid (H + ) or depletion of base (HCO3 " ) in the body, is a common complication of patients with CKD, particularly when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR, a measure of renal function) falls below 30 ml/min/1 .73m 2 .
  • GFR glomerular filtration rate
  • Metabolic acidosis has profound long term effects on protein and muscle metabolism, bone turnover and the development of renal osteodystrophy.
  • metabolic acidosis influences a variety of paracrine and endocrine functions, again with long term consequences such as increased
  • a preformed amine polymer having a chloride binding capacity of at least 10 mmol/g in Simulated Gastric Fluid ("SGF") and a Swelling Ratio in the range of 2 to 10 is formed.
  • the preformed amine polymer is (at least partially) deprotonated with a base and contacted with a swelling agent to swell the deprotonated preformed amine polymer.
  • the swollen, deprotonated preformed amine polymer is crosslinked with a crosslinker containing amine reactive moieties to form a post-polymerization crosslinked amine polymer.
  • the crosslinked amine polymer has a chloride ion binding capacity of at least 2.0 mmol/g in Simulated Small Intestine Inorganic Buffer ("SIB”), a phosphate ion binding capacity of less than 0.8 mmol/g in SIB, and a chloride ion to phosphate ion binding ratio in SIB of at least 2.3:1 , respectively.
  • SIB Simulated Small Intestine Inorganic Buffer
  • the crosslinked amine polymer has a chloride ion binding capacity of at least 3.5 mmol/g in Simulated Small Intestine Inorganic Buffer ("SIB”), a phosphate ion binding capacity of less than 1.5 mmol/g in SIB, and a chloride ion to phosphate ion binding ratio in SIB of at least 2.3:1 , respectively.
  • SIB Simulated Small Intestine Inorganic Buffer
  • the crosslinked amine polymer has a retained chloride content of at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or even at least 90% of the chloride that was initially bound in a Gl Compartment Transit Assay and a retained chloride content of at least 0.5, at least 1 , at least 1 .5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, or even at least 5 mmol chloride/g of polymer in a Gl Compartment Transit Assay ("GICTA").
  • GICTA Gl Compartment Transit Assay
  • alkanol denotes an alkyl moiety that has been substituted with at least one hydroxyl group.
  • alkanol groups are "lower alkanol” groups comprising one to six carbon atoms, one of which is attached to an oxygen atom.
  • lower alkanol groups comprise one to three carbon atoms.
  • Retention Buffer comprises 50 mM N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2- aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES), 100 mM sodium acetate, 2 mM sodium phosphate, 3 mM sodium sulphate, 17 mM sodium chloride and 30 mM sodium bicarbonate adjusted to pH 7.
  • the anion composition in Retention Buffer represent typical late-colon lumen concentrations (Wrong, O et al. [1965] Clinical Science 28, 357-375).
  • the SPE tubes are capped and sealed and incubated at 37 °C for approximately 40 hours, which is a typical transit time for the human large intestine (Metcalf, AM et al. Gastroenterology
  • heterocyclyl group optionally substituted with an alkyl group means that the alkyl may but need not be present, and the description includes embodiments in which the heterocyclyl group is substituted with an alkyl group and embodiments in which the heterocyclyl group is not substituted with alkyl.
  • Dionex ICS-2100 Thermo Scientific
  • ICS-2100 Thermo Scientific
  • the test buffer used for SOB assay comprises 50 mM 2-(N-morpholin nesulfonic acid (MES), 50 mM sodium acetate, 36 mM sodium chloride, 7mM sodium phosphate, 1 .5 mM sodium citrate, 30 mM oleic acid and 5 mM Sodium taurocholate, buffered to pH 6.2.
  • concentrations of potential competing anions reflect typical gastrointestinal lumen concentrations found at various points of the Gl tract and the pH is an average value representative of pH values encountered both the duodenum and the large intestine.
  • the chloride 2-(N-morpholin nesulfonic acid
  • [lon] s tart corresponds to the starting concentration of an ion in the SOB buffer
  • [lon]fjnai corresponds to the final value of that particular ion in the measured filtrates after exposure to the test polymer
  • dilution factor is the dilution factor
  • 2.5 is the polymer concentration in mg/ml.
  • substituted hydrocarbyl denotes hydrocarbyl, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclo, or heteroaryl moieties which are substituted with at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen, including moieties in which a carbon chain atom is substituted with a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorous, boron, sulfur, or a halogen atom.
  • a therapeutically effective dose of the crosslinked amine polymers disclosed herein will depend, at least in part, on the disease being treated, the capacity of the crosslinked free amine polymer, and the intended effect.
  • the daily dose of the crosslinked free amine polymer is sufficient to retard the rate of reduction of serum bicarbonate levels over a prolonged period.
  • the daily dose of the crosslinked free amine polymer is sufficient to maintain serum bicarbonate levels over a prolonged period.
  • the daily dose of the crosslinked free amine polymer is sufficient to increase serum bicarbonate levels over a prolonged period.
  • the daily dose is sufficient to achieve or maintain a serum bicarbonate level of at least about 20 mEq/L over a prolonged period.
  • a non-absorbed, free-amine polymer of the present disclosure is orally ingested and used to treat metabolic acidosis (including by increasing serum
  • the polymer is designed to simultaneously maximize efficacy (net HCI binding and excretion) and minimize Gl side effects (through low swelling particle design and particle size distribution).
  • Optimized HCI binding may be accomplished through a careful balance of capacity (number of amine binding sites), selectivity (preferred binding of chloride versus other anions, in particular organic anions in the colon) and retention (not releasing significant amounts of chloride in the lower Gl tract to avoid the activity of the CI7HCO 3 " exchanger [antiporter] in the colon and intestine; if chloride is not tightly bound to the polymer the CI7HCO 3 " exchanger can mediate uptake of chloride ion from the intestinal lumen and reciprocal exchange for bicarbonate from the serum, thus effectively decreasing serum bicarbonate.
  • the mechanism of action for the HCI polymeric binder comprises the following.
  • the free amine polymer becomes protonated by binding proton (H + ).
  • the positive charge formed as a result of this binding is then available for chloride anion binding.
  • the polymer sequentially encounters different Gl tract environments in the order duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon, each with a complement of distinct organic and inorganic anions. Physical and chemical properties of the polymer are designed to control access of protonated binding sites to this collection of anions.
  • the crosslinked amine polymer has a chloride ion binding capacity of at least 4 mmol/g, and a phosphate ion binding capacity of less than 2 mmol/g after 4 hours in SIB.
  • the crosslinked amine polymer has a chloride ion binding capacity of at least 4 mmol/g, and a phosphate ion binding capacity of less than 2 mmol/g after 4 hours in SIB.
  • the crosslinked polymer of the present disclosure is characterized by a proton-binding capacity and a chloride binding capacity after 1 hour in SGF that is at least 70% of the proton-binding capacity and the chloride binding capacity, respectively, of the crosslinked amine polymer at 24 hours in SGF.
  • the crosslinked polymer of the present disclosure is characterized by a proton-binding capacity and a chloride binding capacity after 1 hour in SGF that is at least 80% of the proton-binding capacity and the chloride binding capacity, respectively, of the crosslinked amine polymer at 24 hours in SGF.
  • the amount of the non-protonating swelling agent is selected to tune the subsequent degree of crosslinking effectively forming a template that is then locked into place via the amine consuming crosslinking step.
  • the second crosslinking step the swollen, deprotonated preformed amine polymer is crosslinked with a crosslinker containing amine reactive moieties to form a post-polymerization crosslinked amine polymer.
  • selectivity for chloride over other competing ions is achieved with highly crosslinked amine polymers.
  • relatively high chloride binding capacity maybe be attained by reacting a preformed amine polymer bead with neat crosslinker in the presence of a swelling agent (water). While this "non-dispersed" reaction provides access to high selectivity for chloride over competing ions in the SIB and SOB assays, it also results in macroscopically (and microscopically) aggregated polymer beads.
  • a solvent e.g., heptane
  • the crosslinker may be used in large excess relative to the amount of preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixtures. Stated differently, in such
  • combination of an inert solvent (relative to the preformed amine polymer) such as one of the previously identified non-polar solvents and a crosslinking solvent or the (dispersing) solvent may exclusively comprise a crosslinking solvent (e.g., DCE or DCP).
  • a crosslinking solvent e.g., DCE or DCP
  • Ri, R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, or substituted hydrocarbyl.
  • Ri , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, aryl, aliphatic, heteroaryl, or heteroaliphatic provided, however, each of Ri, f3 ⁇ 4 and R3 are not hydrogen.
  • Ri, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic, unsaturated heteroaliphatic, heteroalkyl, heterocyclic, aryl or heteroaryl, provided, however, each of Ri, R2 and R3 are not hydrogen.
  • primary amines react at least once and potentially may react up to three times with the crosslinker
  • secondary amines can react up to twice with the crosslinkers
  • tertiary amines can only react once with the crosslinker.
  • formation of a significant number of quaternary nitrogens/amines is generally not preferred because quaternary amines cannot bind protons.
  • the preformed amine polymer is a crosslinked amine polymer comprising the residue of an amine corresponding to Formula 1a and the crosslinked amine polymer is prepared by radical polymerization of an amine corresponding to Formula 1 a:
  • the preformed amine polymer is a crosslinked amine polymer comprising the residue of an amine corresponding to Formula 1 c:
  • n are independently non-negative integers
  • the preformed amine polymer is a crosslinked amine polymer comprising the residue of an amine corresponding to Formula 2
  • the crosslinked amine polymer is prepared by (i) substitution polymerization of the amine corresponding to Formula 2 with a polyfunctional crosslinker (optionally also comprising amine moieties) or (2) radical polymerization of an amine corresponding to Formula 2
  • R10, R20, R3o, and R40 are independe drogen, aliphatic, aryl, heteroaliphatic, or heteroaryl.
  • R10, R20, R3o, and R40 are independently hydrogen, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic.
  • m is 0 to 2
  • n is 0 or 1
  • X 2 is aliphatic or heteroaliphatic
  • R10, R20, R30, and R 40 are independently hydrogen, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic.
  • m is 0 to 2
  • n is 0 or 1
  • X 2 is alkyl or aminoalkyl
  • Rio, R20, R30, and R 4 o are independently hydrogen, aliphatic, or heteroaliphatic.
  • X 2 is alkyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; each X12 is independently hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, aminoalkyl, boronic acid or halo; and z is a non-negative number.
  • the preformed amine polymer is a crosslinked amine polymer comprising the residue of an amine corresponding to Formula 2a, the crosslinked amine polymer is prepared by substitution polymerization of the amine corresponding to Formula 1 with a polyfunctional crosslinker (optionally also comprising amine moieties).
  • m and z are independently 0, 1 , 2 or 3, and n is 0 or 1.
  • Ri 5 , Rie and Ri 7 are independently unsaturated aliphatic or unsaturated heteroaliphatic, X5 is hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, oxo, or amino, and z is a non-negative integer.
  • Ri 5 , Ri6 and R17 are independently alkyl or heteroalkyl, X 5 is hydrocarbyl, substituted
  • Crosslinked polymers derived from the monomers and polymers in formulas 1 through 3 may be synthesized either in solution or bulk or in dispersed media.
  • solvents that are suitable for the synthesis of polymers of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to water, low boiling alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol), dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, heptane, chlorobenzene, toluene.
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 4:1 (water to polymer).
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 3.5:1 .
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 3:1 .
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 2.5:1.
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 2:1 .
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 1 .5:1 .
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 1 :1.
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 0.75:1.
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 0.5:1.
  • the reaction mixture comprises water as a swelling agent and the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be less than about 0.25:1.
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be at least about 0.15:1 (water to polymer) but less than the water absorption capacity of the preformed amine polymer.
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be at least about 2:1 but less than the water absorption capacity of the preformed amine polymer.
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be at least about 2.5:1 but less than the water absorption capacity of the preformed amine polymer.
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be at least about 3:1 but less than the water absorption capacity of the preformed amine polymer.
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture will typically be at least about 3.5:1 but less than the water absorption capacity of the preformed amine polymer.
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer will be in the range of about 0.15:1 to about 4:1 .
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer will be in the range of about 0.2:1 to about 3.5:1 .
  • the weight ratio of water to preformed amine polymer will be in the range of about 0.2:1 to about 3:1 .
  • the crosslinker and the solvent may be the same; i.e., the solvent is a crosslinking solvent such as 1 ,2-dichloroethane, 1 ,3-dichloropropane, 1 ,4-dichlorobutane or a combination thereof.
  • the solvent is a crosslinking solvent such as 1 ,2-dichloroethane, 1 ,3-dichloropropane, 1 ,4-dichlorobutane or a combination thereof.
  • Additional modification to the preformed crosslinked polymer can be achieved through the addition of modifiers, including but not limited to amine monomers, additional crosslinkers, and polymers. Modification can be accomplished through covalent or non-covalent methods. These modifications can be evenly or unevenly dispersed throughout the preformed polymer material, including modifications biased to the surface of the preformed crosslinked polymer. Furthermore, modifications can be made to change the physical properties of the preformed crosslinked polymer, including but not limited to reactions that occur with remaining reactive groups such as halpalkyl groups and ally I groups in the preformed polymer. Reactions and modifications to the preformed
  • the R substituents are hydrogen and 10-40% are an ethylene crosslink.
  • 65-90% of the R substituents are hydrogen and 10-
  • the chloride binding capacity can range from about 5.0 mmol/g to about 25 mmol/g, preferably from about 7.5 mmol/g to about 20 mmol/g, and even more preferably from about 10 mmol/g to about 15 mmol/g.
  • Several techniques are known in the art to determine the chloride binding capacity.
  • SGF Simulated Gastric Fluid assay
  • the chloride binding in this SOB assay after twenty-four hours exposure of the polymer to the test buffer at 37 °C is greater than about 0.5 mmol per gram of polymer, preferably greater than about 1 mmol/g of polymer, more preferably greater than about 1.5 mmol/g of polymer, even more preferably greater than about 2.0 mmol/g of , even more preferably greater than about 2.5 mmol/g of polymer and most preferably greater than about 3.0 mmol/g of polymer.
  • the chloride binding in SOB after 24 hours exposure at 37 °C is one measure of the ability of a polymer to retain chloride as it passes through the Gl tract.
  • the in vivo binding performance of polymers of the present disclosure can be evaluated by measuring the change in urine acid levels after administration to an animal, including a human, with normal renal function.
  • the removal of additional HCI (or HCI equivalent) from the body by the action of the administered polymer, given enough time to reach metabolic equilibrium, is reflected in changes in urine bicarbonate, titratable acid, citrate or other indicators of urinary acid excretion.
  • the Swelling Ratio of the polymers of the present disclosure represent an experimental confirmation of the degree of crosslinking and by extension the relative pore sizes of the polymers and accessibility to anions larger than (or with a hydration ratio larger than) chloride. In some embodiments the swelling is measured in deionized water and is expressed in terms of grams of water per gram of dry polymer.
  • the polymers of the current disclosure have a Swelling Ratio in deionized water of ⁇ 5g/g, ⁇ 4g/g, ⁇ 3g/g, ⁇ 2g/g or ⁇ 1g/g.
  • Embodiment 18 The process of any preceding enumerated Embodiment wherein the crosslinking agent is a compound containing at least two amine-reactive groups selected from the group consisting of alkyl halides, epoxides, phosgene, anhydrides, carbamates, carbonates, isocyanates, thioisocyanates, esters, activated esters, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, sulfonates and derivatives thereof, acyl halides, aziridines, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyls, ketones, aldehydes, and pentafluoroaryl groups.
  • the crosslinking agent is a compound containing at least two amine-reactive groups selected from the group consisting of alkyl halides, epoxides, phosgene, anhydrides, carbamates, carbonates, isocyanates, thioisocyanates, esters, activated esters, carboxylic acids and derivatives
  • Embodiment 27 The process of any preceding enumerated Embodiment wherein the process additionally comprises forming the preformed amine polymer in a solvent system and the crosslinked amine polymer is formed without isolation of the preformed amine polymer from the solvent system.
  • Embodiment 28 The process of any preceding enumerated Embodiment wherein the preformed amine polymer comprises the residue of an amine selected from Table C.
  • Embodiment 30 The process of any preceding enumerated Embodiment wherein the preformed amine polymer is characterized by a first selectivity for chloride relative to citrate, phosphate and/or taurocholate in SIB and/or SOB and the crosslinked polymer is characterized by a second selectivity for chloride relative to citrate, phosphate and/or taurocholate in SIB and/or SOB wherein:
  • Embodiment 34 A process for the preparation of a crosslinked amine polymer comprising crosslinking a preformed amine polymer in a reaction mixture to form a crosslinked amine polymer, the reaction mixture comprising the preformed amine polymer, a solvent, and a crosslinking agent, wherein the preformed amine polymer is characterized by a first selectivity for chloride relative to citrate, phosphate and/or taurocholate in SIB and/or SOB and the crosslinked polymer is characterized by a second selectivity for chloride relative to citrate, phosphate and/or taurocholate in SIB and/or SOB wherein:
  • the crosslinked polymer has an increased binding capacity for chloride and a decreased binding capacity for phosphate in SIB relative to the preformed amine polymer
  • Embodiment 54 A process for the preparation of a crosslinked amine polymer, the process comprising (i) swelling a preformed amine polymer with a swelling agent, and (ii) crosslinking the preformed amine polymer to form the crosslinked amine polymer in a reaction mixture comprising a crosslinking agent and the swelling agent, wherein the preformed amine polymer is crosslinked and has an absorption capacity for the swelling agent, the amount of swelling agent in the reaction mixture is less than the absorption capacity of the preformed amine polymer for the swelling agent, and the weight ratio of swelling agent to the preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture is less than 1 :1.
  • Embodiment 55 The process of any of Embodiments 41 to 54 wherein the swelling agent is a polar solvent.
  • Embodiment 56 The process of any of Embodiments 41 to 55 wherein the swelling agent is water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, formic acid, acetic acid, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • the swelling agent is water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, formic acid, acetic acid, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 58 The process of any of Embodiments 41 to 57 wherein the weight ratio of the swelling agent to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture is less than 0.5:1.
  • Embodiment 69 The process of any of Embodiments 41 to 68 wherein the process additionally comprises forming the preformed amine polymer in a solvent system and the crosslinked amine polymer is formed without isolation of the preformed amine polymer from the solvent system.
  • the crosslinked polymer has an increased binding capacity for chloride and a decreased binding capacity for taurocholate in SOB relative to the preformed amine polymer.
  • Embodiment 79 The process of Embodiment 78 wherein the crosslinked polymer has a decreased binding capacity for chloride in SGF relative to the preformed amine polymer
  • Embodiment 81 The process of Embodiment 78 wherein relative to the preformed amine polymer the post-polymerization crosslinked polymer has (i) an increased binding capacity for chloride and a decreased binding capacity for phosphate, citrate and/or taurocholate, in combination, in SOB and (ii) a decreased binding capacity in SGF.
  • Embodiment 82 A process for the preparation of a crosslinked amine polymer, the process comprising crosslinking a preformed amine polymer in a reaction mixture to form the crosslinked amine polymer, the reaction mixture comprising the preformed amine polymer, a swelling agent that swells the preformed amine polymer and dichloroethane.
  • Embodiment 94 The process of any Embodiments 82 to 86 wherein the weight ratio of the swelling agent to preformed amine polymer in the reaction mixture is at least 0.15:1.
  • Embodiment 98 The process of any of Embodiments 82 to 96 wherein the swelling agent is water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, formic acid, acetic acid, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulf oxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • the swelling agent is water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, formic acid, acetic acid, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulf oxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, or a combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 113 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a
  • crosslinked amine polymer having a ratio of chloride ion binding capacity to phosphate ion binding capacity in Simulated Small Intestine Inorganic Buffer ("SIB”) of at least 2.3:1 , respectively, and a Swelling Ratio of less than 5.
  • SIB Simulated Small Intestine Inorganic Buffer
  • Embodiment 121 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a
  • SIB Simulated Small Intestine Inorganic Buffer
  • Embodiment 129 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a
  • Embodiment 130 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a
  • Embodiment 132 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a
  • Embodiment 135. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a
  • Embodiment 139 A polymer comprising a structure corresponding to Formula 4:
  • Embodiment 145 The polymer of Embodiment 139 or 140 wherein the sum of a and b is 57 and c is 24.
  • Embodiment 147 The polymer of any of Embodiments 139 to 145 wherein 55-90% of the R substituents are hydrogen and 10-45% are an ethylene crosslink between two nitrogens of the crosslinked amine polymer.
  • Embodiment 148 The polymer of any of Embodiments 139 to 145 wherein 60-90% of the R substituents are hydrogen and 10-40% are an ethylene crosslink between two nitrogens of the crosslinked amine polymer.
  • Embodiment 151 The polymer of any of Embodiments 139 to 145 wherein 75-85% of the R substituents are hydrogen and 15-25% are an ethylene crosslink between two nitrogens of the crosslinked amine polymer.
  • Embodiment 152 The polymer of any of Embodiments 139 to 145 wherein 80-85% of the R substituents are hydrogen and 15-205% are an ethylene crosslink between two nitrogens of the crosslinked amine polymer.
  • Dry preformed amine polymer beads (15.00 g) were added to a 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stir paddle and nitrogen gas inlet. To the beads was added 1 ,2-dichloroethane (DCE) (90 mL, resulting in a 1 :6 bead to DCE (g/mL) ratio). The beads were dispersed in the DCE using mechanical agitation (-150 rpm stirring). Water (3.75 mL, resulting in a 0.25:1 water to bead mass ratio) was added directly to the dispersion, and stirring was continued for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the flask was immersed into an oil bath held at 70°C.
  • DCE ,2-dichloroethane
  • the beads were then filtered, and then purified by washing (MeOH two times, hfeO once, 1 N HCI two times, H2O once, 1 N NaOH three times, and then H 2 O until the pH of solution after washing was 7).
  • the purified beads were then dried by lyophilization for 48 hours.
  • the example procedure below is the standard recipe for all of the examples in this section. Specifically, this denotes a 1 :6 bead to dispersing solvent (g/mL) ratio, 1 :1 water to bead mass ratio, 1 molar equivalent of DCP to nitrogen in preformed amine polymer, 70°C jacket (heating mantle) temperature, and 16 hours reaction time.
  • Preformed amine polymer beads were prepared as follows. Two aqueous stock solutions of monomer (50% w/w) were prepared by independently dissolving allylamine hydrochloride (93.9 g) and DAPDA (97.7) in water. The 3 L Ace Glass jacketed reactor, equipped with an overhead stirrer (stirring at 180 rpm), addition funnel,
  • the beads were allowed to drain into a 2 L media bottle and the reactor was rinsed with methanol (500 mL).
  • the beads were purified by washing (MeOH two times, H20 once, 1 N HCI two times, H20 once, 1 N NaOH three times, and then H20 until the pH of solution after washing was 7), and were dried by lyophilization.
  • the preformed amine polymer beads were subjected to a second step of crosslinking according to the general procedure for solvent-dispersed crosslinking: DCE, using the specific example procedure described above scaled to 10 g of preformed amine polymer beads.
  • DCE solvent-dispersed crosslinking
  • the resulting polymers were again either dried in a lyophilizer, or in a conventional oven at 60°C for 40 hours.
  • the oven dried polymer had similar binding in SIB, but improved chloride binding in SOB, compared to the lyophilized polymer (Table 22).
  • the reaction was heated to 50 °C for 16 hours. After this time the reaction was heated to 80 °C for 1 hour and then cooled to room temperature.
  • the resulting beads were purified and isolated by washing the beads using, MeOH, HCI, aqueous sodium hydroxide, and water. The beads were dried using lyophilization techniques (Table 28).
  • the reaction was heated to 50 °C for 16 hours. After this time the reaction was heated to 80°C for 1 hour and then cooled to room temperature.
  • the resulting beads were purified and isolated by washing the beads using, MeOH, HCI, aqueous sodium hydroxide, and water. The beads were dried using lyophilization techniques.
  • the reaction is heated for a further 16 hours at 70 °C.
  • the reaction is cooled to room temperature.
  • the beads are purified using a filter frit with the following wash solvents; methanol, water, aqueous solution of HCI, water, aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and 3 water washes or until the filtrate measures a pH of 7.

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KR102920551B1 (ko) 2026-02-02
US20180021370A1 (en) 2018-01-25
SI3229816T1 (sl) 2020-09-30
RU2020102937A (ru) 2020-02-13
MA41150B1 (fr) 2020-06-30

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