WO2015083714A1 - エポキシ樹脂組成物、並びにこれを用いたフィルム、プリプレグ及び繊維強化プラスチック - Google Patents
エポキシ樹脂組成物、並びにこれを用いたフィルム、プリプレグ及び繊維強化プラスチック Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015083714A1 WO2015083714A1 PCT/JP2014/081903 JP2014081903W WO2015083714A1 WO 2015083714 A1 WO2015083714 A1 WO 2015083714A1 JP 2014081903 W JP2014081903 W JP 2014081903W WO 2015083714 A1 WO2015083714 A1 WO 2015083714A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- epoxy resin
- component
- resin composition
- reinforced plastic
- fiber
- Prior art date
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
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- WDGCBNTXZHJTHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-1,3-oxazol-2-id-4-one Chemical group O=C1CO[C-]=N1 WDGCBNTXZHJTHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
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Classifications
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B27/04—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as impregnant, bonding, or embedding substance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/38—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising epoxy resins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/20—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the epoxy compounds used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
- C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
- C08G59/20—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the epoxy compounds used
- C08G59/22—Di-epoxy compounds
- C08G59/223—Di-epoxy compounds together with monoepoxy compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an epoxy resin composition suitably used for a fiber reinforced plastic used for sports / leisure use, industrial use, and the like, and a film, prepreg and fiber reinforced plastic using the same.
- Fiber reinforced plastics one of fiber reinforced composite materials, are widely used from sports / leisure applications to industrial applications such as automobiles and airplanes because of their light weight, high strength and high rigidity.
- a method for producing a fiber reinforced plastic there is a method of using an intermediate material obtained by impregnating a matrix resin composition into a base material composed of long fibers (continuous fibers) such as reinforcing fibers, that is, a prepreg. According to this method, there is an advantage that the content of the reinforcing fiber in the fiber reinforced plastic can be easily managed and the content can be designed to be high.
- Specific methods for producing fiber reinforced plastic from prepreg include molding using an autoclave, press molding, internal pressure molding, oven molding, and sheet wrap molding.
- fiber reinforced plastic tubular bodies are widely used for sports and leisure applications such as fishing rods, golf club shafts, ski poles, bicycle frames and the like.
- fiber reinforced plastic tubular bodies are widely used for sports and leisure applications such as fishing rods, golf club shafts, ski poles, bicycle frames and the like.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above background, and can provide a fiber-reinforced plastic having excellent mechanical properties.
- the present invention provides a fiber-reinforced plastic tubular body having excellent breaking strength, a prepreg capable of suitably producing the same, and an epoxy resin composition capable of suitably producing the prepreg.
- the present inventors have determined that the fracture strength of the fiber-reinforced plastic tubular body is determined by a specific manufacturing method using the bending elastic modulus and bending fracture strain of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition, and the composition. It was found that the produced fiber-reinforced plastic had a high correlation with the 90 ° bending strength. That is, Flexural modulus of cured resin, By using an epoxy resin composition in which the bending fracture strain of the cured resin and the 90 ° bending strength of the fiber reinforced plastic are both high, the fiber reinforced plastic having high mechanical properties, particularly the fiber reinforced plastic tubular body having high fracture strength Found that can provide.
- the 90 ° bending strength of a fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ comprising a reinforced fiber base material in which a cured product of the epoxy resin composition and carbon fibers as continuous fibers are aligned in one direction is 95 MPa or more.
- the bending elastic modulus of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is 3.3 GPa or more.
- the bending fracture strain of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is 9% or more.
- the epoxy resin is As component (A), an oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin that is not a glycidylamine-type epoxy resin, Component (B-2) includes glycidyl phthalimide, and component (C) includes a bisphenol type bifunctional epoxy resin having a number average molecular weight of 600 or more, no oxazolidone ring, and not a glycidyl amine type epoxy resin.
- the content of the component (A) is 30 parts by mass to 70 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition.
- the epoxy resin composition as described in any one of these.
- component (G) a low-viscosity epoxy resin (provided that it does not have an oxazolidone ring and is not a diglycidylamine-type epoxy resin or glycidylphthalimide)
- the epoxy resin composition according to one item is a low-viscosity epoxy resin (provided that it does not have an oxazolidone ring and is not a diglycidylamine-type epoxy resin or glycidylphthalimide)
- the total amount of the components (A), (B-2), (C), (D) and (G) is 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition.
- the content of component (C) is 5 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition The epoxy resin composition as described in any one of these.
- component (A) an oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin that is not a glycidylamine-type epoxy resin, As component (B-2), glycidyl phthalimide, As a component (C), a bisphenol type bifunctional epoxy resin having a number average molecular weight of 600 or more, no oxazolidone ring, and not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin, Phenoxy resin as component (D), A curing agent as component (E), and a low-viscosity epoxy resin that does not have an oxazolidone ring as component (G) and is neither a diglycidylamine-type epoxy resin nor glycidylphthalimide, An epoxy resin composition comprising An epoxy in which the total amount of the components (A), (B-2), (C) and (G) is 75 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition Resin composition.
- the content of the component (B-2) is 1 to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition.
- the content of the component (D) is 1 to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition. -1].
- a film comprising the epoxy resin composition according to any one of [1] to [7-2].
- a prepreg in which a reinforcing fiber base material is impregnated with the epoxy resin composition according to any one of [1] to [7-2].
- a fiber-reinforced plastic comprising a cured product of the epoxy resin composition according to any one of [1] to [7-2] and reinforcing fibers.
- the fiber-reinforced plastic according to [10] which is tubular.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the shape of a fourth wound sheet (prepreg) wound fourth around the mandrel in the shaft experiments 1 to 3 of the example.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the shape of a fifth wound sheet (prepreg) wound fifth around the mandrel in the shaft experiments 1 to 3 of the examples.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a mandrel used in shaft experiments 4 to 5 of Examples.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the shape of a first wound sheet (prepreg) wound first around a mandrel in shaft experiments 4 to 5 of Examples.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the shape of a second winding sheet (prepreg) wound second around a mandrel in shaft experiments 4 to 5 of Examples.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the shape of a third wound sheet (prepreg) wound third around a mandrel in shaft experiments 4 to 5 of Examples.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the shape of a fourth winding sheet (prepreg) wound fourth around a mandrel in shaft experiments 4 to 5 of Examples.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the shape of a fifth wound sheet (prepreg) wound fifth around a mandrel in shaft experiments 4 to 5 of Examples.
- the bending elastic modulus of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is 3.3 GPa or more.
- the bending fracture strain of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is 9% or more.
- the 90 ° bending strength of a fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ comprising a reinforced fiber base material in which a cured product of the epoxy resin composition and carbon fibers as continuous fibers are aligned in one direction is 95 MPa or more.
- the fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ preferably has a 90 ° bending fracture strain of 1.3% or more.
- the “fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ ” is a fiber reinforced plastic comprising a cured product of an epoxy resin composition and a reinforced fiber base material in which carbon fibers as continuous fibers are aligned in one direction.
- a unidirectional prepreg having a fiber basis weight of 125 g / m 2 and a resin content of 28% by mass is obtained by impregnating an epoxy resin composition into a reinforcing fiber substrate in which carbon fibers are aligned in one direction. (Unidirectional prepreg) is produced, and this means a fiber reinforced plastic obtained by stacking and curing 18 sheets so that the fiber directions are the same.
- the flexural modulus and bending strain are in a trade-off relationship, but as a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have achieved a high level of compatibility by controlling both physical properties within a specific range. I found it possible.
- the breaking strength of the fiber-reinforced plastic obtained can be improved.
- the fiber reinforced plastic tubular body produced using the epoxy resin composition It has been found that it is more effective in improving the breaking strength.
- the breaking strength of the fiber-reinforced plastic obtained can be remarkably improved.
- this invention exists in the epoxy resin composition which has an epoxy resin and a hardening
- the bending elastic modulus of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is 3.3 GPa or more.
- the bending fracture strain of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is 9% or more.
- A5052 aluminum is used as an adherent, and the tensile shear lap-shear strength measured according to JIS K 6850 is 9.5 MPa or more.
- the present inventors make the bending elastic modulus and the bending fracture strain compatible at a high level, and uses the epoxy resin composition to set the tensile shear bond strength based on a specific aluminum as a specific value. It has also been found that the breaking strength of the fiber reinforced plastic tubular body produced using the epoxy resin composition is remarkably improved by the above.
- the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is referred to as “resin cured product”, “the flexural modulus of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition” is referred to as “resin flexural modulus”, and “curing of the epoxy resin composition”.
- “Bending fracture strain of product” is referred to as “resin bending fracture strain” and "fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ consisting of a reinforced fiber base material in which a cured product of epoxy resin composition and carbon fibers as continuous fibers are aligned in one direction”
- “90 ° bending strength” is simply referred to as “90 ° bending strength of fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ ”
- “90 ° bending fracture strain of fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ made of a material” may be simply referred to as “90 ° bending fracture strain of fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ ”.
- epoxy resin is used as the name of one category of thermosetting resin or the name of the category of a chemical substance called a compound having an epoxy group in a molecule, but is used in the latter sense in the present invention ( However, the mass average molecular weight of an epoxy resin shall be less than 50000).
- epoxy resin composition means a composition containing an epoxy resin and a curing agent, and optionally other additives.
- ⁇ represents a range including numerical values and ratios described before and after “ ⁇ ”.
- Normal temperature means a temperature range of 10 to 30 ° C.
- a cured resin plate having a thickness of 2 mm obtained by curing the epoxy resin composition is processed into a test piece (length 60 mm ⁇ width 8 mm).
- a test piece length 60 mm ⁇ width 8 mm.
- an INSTRON 4465 measuring machine manufactured by Instron
- the elastic modulus of the test piece is measured.
- the obtained fiber reinforced plastic has a high 0 ° bending strength. Furthermore, when the fiber reinforced plastic is tubular, the tubular body has high bending strength.
- the resin bending elastic modulus may be 3.3 GPa or more, but is more preferably 3.4 GPa or more because a fiber-reinforced plastic having higher 0 ° bending strength and 90 ° bending strength can be obtained.
- a fiber-reinforced plastic having higher 0 ° bending strength and 90 ° bending strength can be obtained.
- limiting in particular in the upper limit of a resin bending elastic modulus Usually, it is 6.0 GPa or less.
- the resin bending fracture strain may be 9% or more, but 11% or more is more preferable because a fiber-reinforced plastic having a higher 90 ° bending strength can be obtained. More preferably, it is 12% or more.
- the upper limit of the resin bending fracture strain is 13% as is apparent from the above-described measurement method. “(3) 90 ° bending strength of fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ is 95 MPa or more”
- the 90 ° bending strength of the fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ is a value measured by the following method.
- a reinforced fiber base material in which carbon fibers are aligned in one direction is impregnated with an epoxy resin composition, and a fiber basis weight is 125 g / m 2 and a resin content is 28% by mass, a unidirectional prepreg. Are stacked and cured so that the fiber direction is [0 °] 18, and a fiber reinforced plastic panel (fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ ) is manufactured.
- the specimen is bent and the bending strength and breaking strain are measured.
- the 90 ° bending fracture strain of the fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ is 1.3% or more, a tubular body having higher bending strength can be obtained. More preferably, it is 1.4% or more.
- a fiber reinforced plastic tubular body having a high breaking strength can be obtained.
- an epoxy resin composition having a high resin bending elastic modulus By using an epoxy resin composition having a high resin bending elastic modulus, the deformation of the entire tubular body and the collapse of the tube during bending pressurization of the fiber reinforced plastic tubular body obtained by using the epoxy resin composition are suppressed. Breakdown due to buckling is less likely to occur. Further, when the 90 ° bending strength of the fiber reinforced plastic ⁇ produced using the epoxy resin composition is high, the adhesive strength between the cured product of the epoxy resin composition and the reinforced fiber is sufficiently high, and the reinforced fiber and the cured resin product are obtained. Peeling at the interface is suppressed.
- the tensile shear bond strength in the present invention is a value measured using A5052 aluminum in accordance with JIS K 6850. According to the study by the present inventors, the epoxy resin composition having a tensile shear adhesive strength of 9.5 MPa or more has a sufficiently high adhesive strength between the cured product of the epoxy resin composition and the reinforcing fiber, and the fiber reinforced plastic. It was found that peeling at the interface between the reinforcing fiber and the cured resin was suppressed.
- a low-molecular compound having an epoxy group for example, a low-molecular compound that fills the free volume between the crosslinks of the resin is more preferable.
- a low-molecular reactive resin is generally a glass of a cured resin. There is a tendency to lower the transition point. In order to solve this, it has been found that, for example, it is effective to use an oxazolidone ring-containing resin in combination.
- Specific examples of such a low molecular weight compound having an epoxy group include glycidylamine type epoxy resins and glycidylphthalimide. Details will be described later.
- composition 2 An epoxy resin composition comprising the following components (A), (B-2), (C), (D) and (E).
- Component (A) Oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin (but not glycidylamine type epoxy resin).
- Component (B-2) glycidyl phthalimide.
- Component (C) Bisphenol type bifunctional epoxy resin having a number average molecular weight of 600 or more (however, it does not have an oxazolidone ring and is not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin).
- Component (E) curing agent In the present specification, “compositions 1 and 2” mean “each of composition 1 and composition 2”. Hereinafter, each component will be described in detail.
- Component (A) Oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin (but not glycidylamine type epoxy resin) The compositions 1 and 2 contain, as component (A), an epoxy resin having an oxazolidone ring structure in the molecule (but not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin) (hereinafter simply referred to as “oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin”).
- component (A) an epoxy resin having an oxazolidone ring structure in the molecule (but not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin) (hereinafter simply referred to as “oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin”).
- oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin” means an epoxy resin having no glycidylamino group in the molecule.
- the oxazolidone ring structure is formed by the addition reaction of an isocyanate group and an epoxy group. That is, an oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin (component (A)) can be obtained by reacting an excess of the epoxy resin (X) with the isocyanate compound (Y).
- various isocyanate compounds can be used.
- an isocyanate compound having a plurality of isocyanate groups is preferable.
- the diisocyanate which has a rigid structure is preferable.
- Examples of such an isocyanate compound (Y) include diisocyanates such as phenylene diisocyanate, tolylene diisocyanate, bis (isocyanatomethyl) benzene, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, bis (isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane, hexamethylene diisocyanate, and the like.
- epoxy resin (X) Various types of epoxy resins can be used as the epoxy resin (X).
- an epoxy resin having an epoxy group at both ends of the molecule is preferred.
- epoxy resins such as bisphenol A type epoxy resin, bisphenol F type epoxy resin, and biphenyl type epoxy resin are used.
- bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, and biphenyl diglycidyl ether are particularly preferable because the viscosity of the obtained oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin, that is, component (A) is not too high.
- the component (A) is preferably an oxazolidone ring-containing epoxy resin obtained by reacting an isocyanate compound (Y) with an epoxy resin (X).
- epoxy resins as described above may be used in combination.
- the content of the component (A) in the compositions 1 and 2 is preferably 30 parts by mass to 70 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of all epoxy resins contained in the compositions 1 and 2.
- the amount of the component (A) is 30 parts by mass or more, the heat resistance and mechanical properties of the cured products of the compositions 1 and 2 are preferably high.
- the said compositions 1 and 2 are used as a matrix resin composition of a fiber reinforced plastic, since the 90 degree bending strength of the obtained fiber reinforced plastic improves, it is desirable.
- the amount is more preferably 40 parts by mass to 60 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 50 parts by mass to 60 parts by mass.
- Component (B-1) Glycidylamine type epoxy resin (however, it does not have an oxazolidone ring)”
- the composition 1 contains a glycidylamine type epoxy resin (however, it does not have an oxazolidone ring) as the component (B-1).
- the glycidylamine type epoxy resin has an effect of increasing the resin bending elastic modulus of the epoxy resin composition containing the glycidylamine type epoxy resin.
- glycidylamine type epoxy resin used as component (B-1) in the present invention include tetraglycidyldiaminodiphenylmethanes, glycidyl compounds of aminophenol or aminocresol, glycidylanilines, and glycidyl compounds of xylenediamine. Is mentioned.
- glycidyl compounds of aminophenol and aminocresol include jER630 (trade name, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), Araldite MY0500, Araldite MY0510, Araldite MY0600 (all trade names, manufactured by Huntsman Advanced Materials) , Sumiepoxy ELM120, and Sumiepoxy ELM100 (all trade names, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- Examples of commercially available glycidyl anilines include GAN, GOT (both trade names, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) and Bakelite EPR493 (trade names, manufactured by Bakelite AG).
- Examples of the glycidyl compound of xylenediamine include TETRAD-X (trade name, manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc.).
- the component (B-1) two or more of these epoxy resins may be used in combination.
- a compound having a cycloalkane or an aromatic ring structure in a portion other than the glycidylamine structure in the molecule is preferable because of high resin flexural modulus.
- a glycidylamine type epoxy resin having a relatively low molecular weight (for example, a number average molecular weight of 300 or less) can improve the resin bending elastic modulus without reducing the resin bending breaking strain of the epoxy resin composition containing the glycidylamine type epoxy resin. This is preferable because it is possible.
- glycidyl anilines for example, glycidyl aniline, N, N-diglycidyl-o-toluidine, etc.
- glycidyl anilines are preferable because the high resin bending elastic modulus of the epoxy resin composition containing the glycidyl aniline can be realized.
- N, N-diglycidyl-o-toluidine is preferable because even a small amount can increase the resin bending elastic modulus of the epoxy resin composition containing the N, N-diglycidyl-o-toluidine.
- epoxy resins capable of imparting a high elastic modulus to the cured resin often reduce the resin bending fracture strain, but N, N-diglycidyl-o-toluidine is also difficult to reduce the resin bending fracture strain. preferable.
- the component (B-1) contained in the composition 1 has an advantage of improving the resin flexural modulus, but if the content is too large, the adhesion between the cured resin and the reinforcing fiber is lowered. There is a tendency to reduce the 90 ° bending strength of fiber reinforced plastics.
- the component (A) has an effect of improving the adhesion between the cured resin and the reinforcing fiber, but tends to make it difficult to improve the resin bending elastic modulus.
- the component (A): component (B-1) is preferably 60:40 to 99: 1 in terms of mass ratio, and 70:30 More preferably, it is ⁇ 95: 5.
- the amount of the component (B-1) contained in the composition 1 is preferably 1 part by mass to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of all epoxy resins contained in the composition 1. . If the amount of the component (B-1) is 1 part by mass or more, the resin flexural modulus is high and preferable. On the other hand, it is preferably 30 parts by mass or less from the viewpoint of resin bending fracture strain. Particularly preferred is 3 to 10 parts by mass.
- Component (B-2) Glycidylphthalimide
- the composition 2 contains glycidyl phthalimide as the component (B-2).
- Glycidyl phthalimide has an effect of increasing the resin bending elastic modulus of the epoxy resin composition containing the glycidyl phthalimide.
- the glycidyl phthalimide in the present invention means N-glycidyl phthalimide.
- Examples of commercially available products of glycidyl phthalimide include Denacol EX-731 (trade name, manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation).
- the component (B-2) contained in the composition 2 has the advantage of improving the resin flexural modulus, but if the content is too large, the adhesion between the cured resin and the reinforcing fibers is reduced. There is a tendency to reduce the 90 ° bending strength of fiber reinforced plastics.
- the component (A) described above has an effect of improving the adhesion between the cured resin and the reinforcing fiber, but tends to make it difficult to improve the resin bending elastic modulus.
- the component (A): component (B-2) is 70:30 to 97: 3 by mass ratio, and 80:20 More preferably, it is ⁇ 95: 5.
- glycidyl phthalimide is comparatively low molecular weight, a point with low volatility is also preferable from a viewpoint of the handleability of the composition 2 containing this.
- the amount of the component (B-2) contained in the composition 2 is preferably 1 part by mass to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of all epoxy resins contained in the composition 2. . If the amount of the component (B-2) is 1 part by mass or more, the resin flexural modulus is high and preferable. On the other hand, it is preferable that it is 15 mass parts or less from a viewpoint of a resin bending fracture strain. Particularly preferred is 3 to 10 parts by mass. More preferably, it is 3 to 6 parts by mass.
- the component (B-1) and the component (B-2) may be used in combination. That is, the composition of the present invention can contain at least one selected from the group consisting of the component (B-1) and the component (B-2) as the component (B).
- the total amount of component (B-1) and component (B-2) is the total amount of epoxy resin contained in the epoxy resin composition.
- the amount is preferably 1 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass. Note that the composition containing both the component (B-1) and the component (B-2) is not specifically mentioned below, but the description regarding the composition 1 and the composition 2 is applied as it is.
- compositions 1 and 2 contain a bisphenol type bifunctional epoxy resin that has a number average molecular weight of 600 or more as the component (C), does not have an oxazolidone ring structure in the molecule, and is not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin.
- component (C) does not have an oxazolidone ring structure in the molecule, and is not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin.
- not having an oxazolidone ring” and “not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin” are as described above.
- Bifunctional epoxy resin means a compound having two epoxy groups in the molecule. The same applies to “trifunctional epoxy resin” and the like.
- a bisphenol type bifunctional epoxy resin having a number average molecular weight of 600 or more has an effect of increasing the resin bending fracture strain of an epoxy resin composition containing the bisphenol type bifunctional epoxy resin.
- epoxy resin used as the component (C) examples include, but are not limited to, bisphenol A type epoxy resin and bisphenol F type epoxy resin. Moreover, you may use 2 or more types of these epoxy resins in combination as a component (C).
- compositions 1 and 2 are preferable because the fracture toughness of the fiber-reinforced plastic obtained using the component (C), which is a bifunctional epoxy resin, increases. That is, the fracture toughness of the fiber reinforced plastic is higher than when a trifunctional or higher functional epoxy resin is used, and the heat resistance of the cured product is higher than when a monofunctional epoxy resin is used.
- the number average molecular weight of the component (C) is 600 or more because a high resin bending fracture strain can be obtained. More preferably, it is 800 or more.
- the number average molecular weight is preferably 2000 or less, more preferably 1300 or less, from the viewpoint of the heat resistance of the cured resin and the resin bending elastic modulus.
- bisphenol A type epoxy resins preferably used as the component (C) include jER1001, jER1002, jER1055, jER1004, jER4004P (all trade names, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), and the like, and bisphenol F type epoxy.
- examples of commercially available resins include YDF-2001 (trade name, manufactured by Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co., Ltd.), jER4004P (trade name, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), and the like.
- a bisphenol F type epoxy resin is preferable in terms of a high resin flexural modulus.
- the amount of the component (C) contained in the compositions 1 and 2 is 5 parts by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of all epoxy resins contained in the compositions 1 and 2. Is preferred. If the amount of the component (C) is 5 parts by mass or more, the resin bending fracture strain is high and preferable. On the other hand, it is preferable that it is 30 mass parts or less from a viewpoint of a resin bending elastic modulus. Particularly preferred is 10 to 20 parts by mass.
- compositions 1 and 2 contain a phenoxy resin as the component (D).
- the resin bending fracture strain of the composition is improved, but the resin bending elastic modulus is lowered instead.
- the phenoxy resin has the effect of increasing the resin bending fracture strain without reducing the resin bending elastic modulus.
- phenoxy resin used as component (D) examples include, but are not limited to, bisphenol A type phenoxy resin, bisphenol F type phenoxy resin, or phenoxy resin in which bisphenol A type and bisphenol F type are mixed. Two or more of these phenoxy resins may be used in combination as the component (D).
- the mass average molecular weight of the phenoxy resin as the component (D) is preferably 50,000 to 80,000. That is, when the mass average molecular weight of the phenoxy resin is 50000 or more, the viscosity of the compositions 1 and 2 can be adjusted to an appropriate viscosity range with an appropriate blending amount. On the other hand, if the mass average molecular weight is 80,000 or less, it can be dissolved in an epoxy resin, and can be adjusted to an appropriate viscosity range even with a very small amount, without excessively thickening the compositions 1 and 2. .
- the mass average molecular weight of the phenoxy resin is more preferably 50000-70000.
- phenoxy resin examples include YP-50, YP-50S, YP-70 (trade names, all manufactured by Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co., Ltd.), jER1256, jER4250, jER4275 (trade names, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation). Etc.
- the amount of the component (D) contained in the compositions 1 and 2 is 1 part by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of all epoxy resins contained in the compositions 1 and 2. Is preferred. If it is 1 part by mass or more, it is preferable because the resin bending fracture strain of the epoxy resin composition containing it is high, and if it is 15 parts by mass or less, it is preferable because the flexural modulus of elasticity of the epoxy resin composition is high. Particularly preferred is 4 to 10 parts by mass.
- compositions 1 and 2 contain a curing agent as the component (E).
- the kind of the curing agent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include amine curing agents, imidazoles, acid anhydrides, and boron chloride amine complexes.
- dicyandiamide is preferable because it does not change the performance of the epoxy resin composition before being cured due to moisture, has long-term stability, and can be cured at a relatively low temperature (eg, about 100 to 130 ° C.).
- the content of the component (E) in the compositions 1 and 2 varies depending on the type of the component (E).
- the component (E) is dicyandiamide
- all the contents included in the compositions 1 and 2 It is usually 1 part by mass or more and 25 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the epoxy resin.
- the amount of active hydrogen in dicyandiamide is 0.6 to 1.0 times the total number of moles of epoxy groups of all epoxy resins blended in compositions 1 and 2.
- cured material of an epoxy resin composition with favorable mechanical property is obtained, it is preferable.
- a ratio of 0.6 to 0.8 times is more preferable because a cured product having better heat resistance is excellent.
- what is necessary is just to calculate the total mole number of the epoxy group which the epoxy resin contained in an epoxy resin composition has from the preparation amount.
- dicyandiamide as the component (E) and use the component (F) urea-based curing aid in combination with the component (E) because the epoxy resin composition can be cured in a short time even at a low temperature.
- urea curing aids examples include 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea (PDMU), toluenebisdimethylurea (TBDMU), 3- (3,4-dichlorophenyl) -1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), and the like. Examples include, but are not limited to, urea derivative compounds. Urea-based curing aids can be used alone or in combination of two or more. In particular, 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea and toluenebisdimethylurea are preferable from the viewpoints of heat resistance and resin bending strength of the cured resin.
- the compounding quantity of a component (F) is 1.0 mass part or more and 5.0 mass parts or less with respect to 100 mass parts of total amounts of the epoxy resin contained in the said compositions 1 and 2. Particularly preferred is 1.5 to 4.0 parts by mass.
- Component (G) Low-viscosity epoxy resin (however, it does not have an oxazolidone ring and is not a glycidylamine-type epoxy resin or glycidylphthalimide)”
- the compositions 1 and 2 may contain a low-viscosity epoxy resin as a component (G) (however, it does not have an oxazolidone ring and is neither a glycidylamine-type epoxy resin nor a glycidylphthalimide).
- the low viscosity epoxy resin means an epoxy resin having a viscosity at 30 ° C. of 1000 Pa ⁇ s or less.
- “not having an oxazolidone ring” and “not a glycidylamine type epoxy resin” are as described above.
- the viscosity at 30 ° C. is measured as follows. First, the temperature of the component (G) is raised to 30 ° C. at 1 Hz, 2 ° C./min, and a rheometer (rotational dynamic viscoelasticity) such as DSR-200 (Rheometrics), Viscoanalyzer VAR100 (Rheologicala), etc. The viscosity at 30 ° C. is measured using a measuring device.
- the viscosity of the compositions 1 and 2 can be easily adjusted to an appropriate range, and the tackiness of the prepreg containing the composition 1 or 2 is adjusted to an appropriate range. can do.
- a fiber-reinforced plastic molded product with less voids can be obtained.
- component (G) examples include bisphenol A type epoxy resin, bisphenol F type epoxy resin, biphenyl type epoxy resin, dicyclopentadiene type epoxy resin, phenol novolac type epoxy resin, cresol novolac type epoxy resin, glycidyl phenyl ether type epoxy. Resin. Furthermore, examples include, but are not limited to, epoxy resins obtained by modifying these epoxy resins and brominated epoxy resins obtained by brominating these epoxy resins. Two or more of these epoxy resins may be combined and used as the component (G).
- the compositions 1 and 2 do not cause a sudden increase in viscosity even when reaching the curing temperature, and void generation in the resin cured product is suppressed, Moreover, since the heat resistance of the obtained hardened
- Bisphenol F-type epoxy resin is particularly preferable because it is excellent in resin flexural modulus.
- the amount of the component (G) in the compositions 1 and 2 is preferably 50 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of all the epoxy resins contained in the compositions 1 and 2. From the viewpoint of workability of the prepreg containing the component (G), the resin bending elastic modulus, and the resin bending breaking strain, it is preferably 50 parts by mass or less. Particularly preferred is 5 to 40 parts by mass.
- compositions 1 and 2 each include any of the component (A), the component (B-1), the component (B-2), the component (C), and the component (G) as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. May also contain an epoxy resin that does not fall under (hereinafter referred to as “other epoxy resin”).
- Examples of other epoxy resins include bifunctional epoxy resins such as bisphenol A type epoxy resins, bisphenol F type epoxy resins, biphenyl type epoxy resins, dicyclopentadiene type epoxy resins, and epoxy resins obtained by modifying these.
- Examples of the tri- or higher functional polyfunctional epoxy resin include phenol novolac type epoxy resin, cresol novolac type epoxy resin, triglycidylaminophenol, tetrakis (glycidyloxyphenyl) ethane and glycidylphenyl ether such as tris (glycidyloxyphenyl) methane.
- Type epoxy resin is phenol novolac type epoxy resin, cresol novolac type epoxy resin, triglycidylaminophenol, tetrakis (glycidyloxyphenyl) ethane and glycidylphenyl ether such as tris (glycidyloxyphenyl) methane.
- epoxy resins obtained by modifying these epoxy resins are exemplified, but not limited thereto. Two or more of these epoxy resins may be combined and used as other epoxy resins.
- the amount of “other epoxy resin” contained in the compositions 1 and 2 is the total amount of all epoxy resins contained in the compositions 1 and 2. It is preferable that it is 25 mass parts or less with respect to 100 mass parts.
- An epoxy resin composition comprising the components (A), (B-1), (C), (D), (E) and (G), wherein the components (A), (B-1), (C ) And (G) is preferably an epoxy resin composition that is 75 parts by mass or more based on 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition.
- An epoxy resin composition comprising the components (A), (B-2), (C), (D), (E) and (G), wherein the components (A), (B-2), (C ) And (G) is preferably an epoxy resin composition that is 75 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of epoxy resins contained in the epoxy resin composition.
- the compositions 1 and 2 are one or more additives selected from the group consisting of the component (D) phenoxy resin, a thermoplastic resin other than the component (D) phenoxy resin, a thermoplastic elastomer, and an elastomer, as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. May be contained.
- This additive not only serves to change the viscoelasticity of the compositions 1 and 2 to optimize the viscosity, storage elastic modulus and thixotropic properties, but also toughness of the cured products of the compositions 1 and 2. Improve.
- the thermoplastic resin, thermoplastic elastomer or elastomer used as the additive may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the additive may be melt
- the additive is arranged on the surface layer of the prepreg in the form of fine particles, long fibers, short fibers, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, mesh, pulp, etc., it is preferable because delamination of the fiber reinforced plastic can be suppressed.
- the thermoplastic resin consists of a carbon-carbon bond, amide bond, imide bond, ester bond, ether bond, carbonate bond, urethane bond, urea bond, thioether bond, sulfone bond, imidazole bond and carbonyl bond in the main chain.
- a thermoplastic resin having a bond selected from the group is preferably used, for example, polyacrylate, polyamide, polyaramid, polyester, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polyetherimide, polysulfone and polyethersulfone.
- a group of thermoplastic resins belonging to engineering plastics is more preferably used.
- thermoplastic resins have a functional group capable of reacting with an epoxy resin from the viewpoints of improving the toughness of the cured products of the compositions 1 and 2 and maintaining environmental resistance.
- the functional group that can react with the epoxy resin include a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a hydroxyl group.
- the epoxy resin composition of the present invention can be made into a film by applying it to a release paper or the like.
- the film of the present invention is useful as an intermediate material for producing a prepreg, and as a surface protective film and an adhesive film by being attached to a substrate and cured.
- a prepreg can be obtained by impregnating the reinforcing fiber substrate with the epoxy resin composition of the present invention.
- the reinforcing fiber is not particularly limited, and carbon fiber, graphite fiber, glass fiber, organic fiber, boron fiber, steel fiber and the like are used.
- reinforcing fibers constituting the reinforcing fiber substrate carbon fibers and graphite fibers have good specific elastic modulus and a great effect on weight reduction is recognized, and therefore can be suitably used for the prepreg of the present invention. Also, any type of carbon fiber or graphite fiber can be used depending on the application. Further, as the reinforcing fiber base material, these reinforcing fibers are tow, cloth, chopped fiber, a form in which continuous fibers are aligned in one direction, a form in which a continuous fiber is used as a woven fabric, and a tow.
- multi-axial warp knit forms in which multiple sheets of unidirectional reinforcing fibers are stacked in different directions and stitched with auxiliary yarns, and reinforcing fibers are nonwoven fabrics And the like.
- cured material of an epoxy resin composition and a reinforced fiber can be obtained by shaping and hardening the prepreg of this invention.
- This fiber reinforced plastic It can use for general industrial uses, such as a structural material for aircrafts, a motor vehicle use, a ship use, a sports use, and another windmill and a roll.
- the tubular body made of the fiber reinforced plastic of the present invention has a very high breaking strength, and therefore can be particularly suitably used for sports / leisure applications such as golf shafts.
- As a method for producing fiber reinforced plastic autoclave molding, press molding, internal pressure molding, oven molding, sheet wrap molding, etc.
- the molding method examples include RTM, VaRTM, filament winding, and RFI which are impregnated with an epoxy resin composition and cured to obtain a molded product.
- RTM thermoplastic urethane
- VaRTM vacuum vapor deposition
- filament winding filament winding
- RFI reactive ion vapor deposition
- AER4152 (trade name): bifunctional epoxy resin having an oxazolidone ring in the skeleton, number average molecular weight 814, manufactured by Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation
- DER858 (trade name “DER858”): bifunctional epoxy resin having an oxazolidone ring in the skeleton Component (B-1) manufactured by Dow Chemical Japan Co., Ltd .
- jER604 (trade name): glycidylamine type tetrafunctional epoxy resin, tetraglycidyldiaminodimethylmethane, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation jER630 (trade name): glycidylamine type trifunctional epoxy resin, N, N-bis (2,3 -Epoxypropyl) -4- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) aniline, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation GAN (trade name): diglycidyl aniline, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.
- GOT (trade name): N, N- Diglycidyl-o-toluidine, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. (B-2) EX731: Trade name “Deconal EX-731”, N-glycidylphthalimide, manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation Component (C): jER1001 (trade name): bisphenol A type bifunctional epoxy resin, epoxy equivalent 450-500 g / eq, number average molecular weight 900, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation jER1002 (trade name): bisphenol A type bifunctional epoxy resin, epoxy equivalent 600 -700 g / eq, number average molecular weight 1200, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation jER1055 (trade name): Bisphenol A type bifunctional epoxy resin, epoxy equivalent 850 g / eq, number average molecular weight 1600, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation ): YP-70 (trade name): bisphenol A / bisphenol F copolymerized phenoxy resin,
- YP-50S phenoxy resin, mass average molecular weight 50,000-70, 00, Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9 The epoxy resin composition was prepared by the following procedure, and the resin bending elastic modulus, the resin bending fracture strain, and the tensile shear bond strength were measured. The resin composition and measurement (evaluation) results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- a master batch (2) was obtained.
- ⁇ Preparation of catalyst resin composition 2> The components (E) and (F) shown in Table 3 are uniformly dispersed with a three-roll mill in a part of the liquid epoxy resin components included in the resin compositions of Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 3. Thus, a catalyst resin composition 2 was prepared.
- the uniform master batch (1) was obtained by heating and mixing. The obtained master batch (1) was cooled to 120 ° C., and then the remainder of the solid epoxy resin component was added thereto, mixed at 120 ° C.
- Epoxy resin composition 2 was obtained.
- ⁇ Method of tensile shear bond strength test (lap shear test)> The tensile shear bond strength was measured in accordance with JIS K 6850 "Adhesive-Test method for tensile shear bond strength of rigid adherend".
- ⁇ Epoxy resin composition described above so that the test piece (A5052 aluminum processed to length 100 mm ⁇ width 25 mm ⁇ thickness 0.1 mm) has a length of 6.3 mm ⁇ width 25 mm ⁇ thickness 0.1 mm as an adhesive part.
- the preparation of the epoxy resin composition obtained in 1> was applied. In order to set the thickness of the epoxy resin composition to 0.1 mm, several 0.1 mm glass beads were placed on the applied epoxy resin composition to form a spacer.
- a test piece on which the epoxy resin composition was not further applied was bonded to the surface of the test piece on which the epoxy resin composition was applied, and this was heated in an oven at a temperature rising rate of 2 ° C./min.
- a tensile test piece was obtained by holding and curing for a minute.
- both ends of the tensile test piece were grasped with a chuck in an environment of a temperature of 23 ° C. and a humidity of 50% RH, and the sample was pulled and broken at a test speed of 1 mm / second. It was confirmed that the surface after fracture was interfacial peeling.
- the resin area was measured from the test piece after fracture.
- the tensile shear bond strength was calculated from the calculated value of maximum load value at break / resin area. The results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
- Examples 21 to 23 and Comparative Examples 12 to 13 Except for using the raw materials listed in Table 4, an epoxy resin composition was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 to prepare a cured resin plate. Using the obtained cured resin plate, the resin bending elastic modulus, the resin bending breaking strain, and the tensile shear bond strength were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 4. Moreover, the fiber reinforced plastic panel was produced with the method shown below, and the bending strength of the fiber reinforced plastic was measured using this. The results are shown in Table 4. ⁇ Fiber-reinforced plastic panel manufacturing method> An epoxy resin composition was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the raw materials listed in Table 4 were used. The obtained epoxy resin composition was heated to 60 ° C. and applied to release paper with a film coater. Thus, a resin film was produced. The thickness of the resin film was set so that the resin content of the prepreg was 28% by mass when a prepreg was produced using two of the resin films as described later.
- a carbon fiber (manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., HR 40) is wound on this resin film (on the surface of the release paper on the resin film forming side) with a drum winder so that the fiber basis weight becomes a sheet of 125 g / m 2. It was. Further, another resin film was bonded onto the carbon fiber sheet on the drum winder.
- a carbon fiber sheet sandwiched between two resin films was fused at a temperature of 100 ° C., a pressure of 0.4 MPa, and a feed rate of 1 m / min (Asahi Textile Machinery Co., Ltd., JR-600S, treatment length 1340 mm, pressure Is a cylinder pressure) to obtain a prepreg having a fiber basis weight of 125 g / m 2 and a resin content of 28% by mass.
- the temperature was further increased to 130 ° C. at 2 ° C./min.
- the pressure in the bag film was returned to atmospheric pressure when the pressure in the autoclave reached 0.14 MPa.
- the pressure in the autoclave was raised to 0.6 MPa and then held.
- the laminated prepreg in the film bag was heat-cured at 130 ° C. for 90 minutes to obtain a fiber reinforced plastic panel.
- the fiber-reinforced plastic panel obtained by the above-mentioned ⁇ Fiber-reinforced plastic panel manufacturing method> was processed into a test piece having the following shape.
- For 0 ° bending property evaluation: length 100 mm ⁇ width 12.7 mm, L / d 40
- For 90 ° bending property evaluation: length 60 mm ⁇ width 12.7 mm, L / d 16
- processing was performed so that the reinforcing fibers were oriented at 0 ° or 90 ° with respect to the longitudinal direction of the test piece.
- Examples 24 to 26 and Comparative Example 14 An epoxy resin composition was prepared in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the raw materials listed in Table 5 were used, and a cured resin plate was produced in the same manner as in Example 12. Using the obtained cured resin plate, the resin bending elastic modulus and the resin bending breaking strain were measured in the same manner as in Example 12. The results are shown in Table 5. Further, using the obtained epoxy resin composition, a fiber reinforced plastic was produced according to the above-mentioned ⁇ Method for producing fiber reinforced plastic panel>. Next, using this, measurement was performed according to the above-mentioned ⁇ Measurement of fiber reinforced plastic bending strength>. The results are shown in Table 5.
- Examples 27 to 28 and Comparative Examples 15 to 17 Using the epoxy resin compositions prepared in Examples 1 and 24 and Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 14, prepregs were produced by the following procedure. Using the obtained prepreg, a golf club shaft was molded according to the following procedure. The obtained golf club shaft was subjected to FLEX measurement, shaft three-point bending strength measurement, thread cutting test, and Izod impact test by the methods described later. The results are shown in Table 6.
- ⁇ Preparation method for golf club shaft prepreg> The epoxy resin composition shown in Table 6 was heated to 60 ° C. to 65 ° C. according to the viscosity, and applied to release paper with a film coater to prepare a resin film. The thickness of the resin film was set so that the resin content of the prepreg was 25% by mass when a prepreg was produced using two of the resin films as described later.
- Carbon fiber manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., TR 50S is aligned and introduced into a prepreg manufacturing machine so that the fiber basis weight is 125 g / m 2 , and the carbon fiber sheet is sandwiched between the two resin films. It is. A carbon fiber sheet sandwiched between two resin films is heated with a roll at a temperature of 100 ° C. and pressurized so that the carbon fiber sheet is sufficiently impregnated with the resin composition, and the fiber basis weight is 125 g / m 2 . A prepreg having a content of 25% by mass was obtained.
- the prepregs of Examples and Comparative Examples thus obtained were designated as prepregs 1-1, 2-1, 3-1, 4 and 5 as shown in Table 6.
- prepreg was prepared in the same manner as described above except that carbon fiber (manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., HR 40) was used.
- the obtained prepregs were designated as prepregs 1-2, 2-2, and 3-2 as shown in Table 6.
- a mandrel 10 having the shape shown in FIG. 1 was prepared.
- This mandrel 10 is made of iron and has an overall length L3. From the small diameter end P1 to the position (switching point) P2 of the length L1, the mandrel 10 has a truncated cone shape whose outer diameter increases linearly. Yes, from the switching point P2 to the large diameter end P3 having the length L2, the outer diameter is constant.
- the specific outer diameter, length, and taper rate at each part of the mandrel 10 are as follows.
- the outer diameter of the small diameter end P1 is 5.00 mm
- the outer diameter of the switching point P2 is 13.50 mm
- the same outer diameter (13.50 mm) is from the switching point P2 to the large diameter end P3.
- the length L1 from the small diameter end P1 to the switching point P2 is 1000 mm
- the length L2 from the switching point P2 to the large diameter end P3 is 500 mm.
- the overall length L3 of the mandrel 10 is 1500 mm.
- the taper ratio from the narrow end P1 to the switching point P2 is 8.50 / 1000.
- the prepreg 1-2 is cut to produce the first wound sheet 1 (FIG. 2B), and the prepreg 1-1 is cut to obtain the second to fifth wound sheets 2, 3, 4, 5 (FIG. 2C to FIG. 2). 2F).
- the first wrapping sheet 1 two prepregs 1-2 whose carbon fiber orientation directions are + 45 ° and ⁇ 45 ° with respect to the longitudinal direction of the shaft are prepared, 9 mm on the small diameter side of the mandrel, and on the large diameter side And 21 mm.
- the first to fifth wound sheets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 from the position of 60 mm from the narrow end of the mandrel 10 shown in FIG. 2A to the position of 1165 mm are shown in FIGS.
- the first wound sheet 1 ′ two prepregs 4 whose carbon fiber orientation directions are + 45 ° and ⁇ 45 ° with respect to the longitudinal direction of the shaft are prepared, and 9 mm on the small diameter side of the mandrel and 9 mm on the large diameter side. Overlapping was carried out by 21 mm.
- the first to fifth wound sheets 1 ′, 2 ′, 3 ′, 4 ′, 5 ′ from the position of 80 mm from the narrow end of the mandrel 10 shown in FIG. 3A to the position of 1165 mm from the narrow end. Were sequentially wound as shown in FIGS. 3B to 3F.
- a polypropylene tape having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m ⁇ width 20 mm was wound and tied at a pitch of 2 mm, and this was heated at 145 ° C. for 2 hours to cure the prepreg. Thereafter, the mandrel 10 was extracted, the polypropylene tape was removed, and both ends were cut 10 mm to a length of 1145 mm. Next, the surface was polished using a polishing machine to obtain a golf club shaft for wood.
- the obtained golf club shaft was fixed at a position of 920 mm from the small diameter end, and the amount of deflection at the small diameter end when a weight of 1 kg was applied to a position of 10 mm from the small diameter end of the shaft was measured.
- the results are shown in Table 6.
- the upper portion (striking side) of the impact test jig is chamfered with 2R in advance, and the gap between the test piece and the impact test jig is not bonded.
- the test piece is not cut (notched). Table 6 shows the measurement results.
- the epoxy resin composition of the present invention By using the epoxy resin composition of the present invention, it can be widely provided from a fiber reinforced plastic molded article having excellent mechanical properties, for example, a molded article for sports and leisure to a molded article for industrial use such as an aircraft.
- a fiber reinforced plastic tubular body having a high breaking strength is obtained, which is extremely effective for sports and leisure applications such as a golf club shaft.
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Abstract
Description
すなわち、
樹脂硬化物の曲げ弾性率、
樹脂硬化物の曲げ破断歪、及び
繊維強化プラスチックの90°曲げ強度
がいずれも高いエポキシ樹脂組成物を用いることにより、高い機械特性を有する繊維強化プラスチック、特に高い破壊強度を有する繊維強化プラスチック管状体を提供できることを見出した。さらに、該繊維強化プラスチックの90°曲げ破断歪も高いエポキシ樹脂組成物を使用すると、さらに高い破壊強度を有する管状体の繊維強化プラスチックが得られることを見出した。
また本発明者らは、硬化物の曲げ弾性率と曲げ破断歪がいずれも高く、かつ特定のアルミニウムを基材とした引張せん断接着強さが高いエポキシ樹脂組成物を用いることによっても、同様に高い機械特性を有する繊維強化プラスチック、特に高い破壊強度を有する繊維強化プラスチック管状体を得られることを見出した。
さらに本発明者らは、オキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂に、特定の低分子化合物及び特定の熱可塑性樹脂を併用することにより、所望の性能を有し、前記課題を解決できる繊維強化プラスチックを提供できることを見出した。
すなわち本発明の要旨は以下に存する
[1]エポキシ樹脂及び硬化剤を含有し、かつ下記(1)、(2)及び(3)を満たす持つエポキシ樹脂組成物。
(1)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ弾性率が3.3GPa以上。
(2)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ破断歪が9%以上。
(3)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と、連続繊維である炭素繊維が一方向に引き揃えられた強化繊維基材からなる繊維強化プラスチックαの、90°曲げ強度が95MPa以上。
[2]前記繊維強化プラスチックαの、90°曲げ破断歪が1.3%以上である[1]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[3]エポキシ樹脂及び硬化剤を含有し、かつ下記(1)、(2)及び(4)を満たす持つエポキシ樹脂組成物。
(1)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ弾性率が3.3GPa以上。
(2)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ破断歪が9%以上。
(4)被着剤としてA5052アルミニウムを使用し、JIS K 6850に準拠して測定された引張せん断接着強さ(tensile lap-shear strength)が9.5MPa以上。
[4] 前記エポキシ樹脂が、
成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-1)として、オキサゾリドン環を有しないグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂、及び
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であって、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂
を含み、
さらに、成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、及び成分(E)として硬化剤を含む[1]~[3]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-1]前記成分(B-1)がグリシジルアニリン類である、[4]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-2]前記成分(B-1)がN,N-ジグリシジル-o-トルイジンである、[4-1]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-3] 前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(B-1)の含有量が1質量部~30質量部である、 [4]~[4-2]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-4]前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(D)の含有量が1質量部~15質量部である、[4]~[4-3]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-5] 前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(A)の含有量が30質量部~70質量部である、[4]~[4-4]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-6]さらに成分(F)ウレア系硬化助剤を含む、[4]~[4-5]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-7]さらに成分(G)低粘度エポキシ樹脂(但しオキサゾリドン環を有さず、ジグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂またはグリシジルフタルイミドではない)を含む、[4]~[4-6]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-8]前記成分(A)、(B-1)、(C)、(D)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上である、[4-7]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-9]前記成分(G)の全部もしくは一部がビスフェノールF型エポキシ樹脂である、[4-7]または[4-8]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[4-10]前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(C)の含有量が5質量部~30質量部である、[4]~[4-9]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5]前記エポキシ樹脂が、
成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-2)として、グリシジルフタルイミド、及び
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であって、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂
を含み、
さらに、成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、及び成分(E)として硬化剤を含む、[1]~[3]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-1]前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(B-2)の含有量が1質量部~15質量部である、[5]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-2]前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(D)の含有量が1質量部~15質量部である、[5]又は[5-1]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-3]前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(A)の含有量が30質量部~70質量部である、[5]~[5-2]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-4]さらに成分(F)ウレア系硬化助剤を含む、[5]~[5-3]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-5]さらに成分(G)低粘度エポキシ樹脂(但しオキサゾリドン環を有さず、ジグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂またはグリシジルフタルイミドではない)を含む、[5]~[5-4]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-6]前記成分(A)、(B-2)、(C)、(D)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上である、[5-5]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-7]成分(G)の全部もしくは一部がビスフェノールF型エポキシ樹脂である、[5-5]又は[5-6]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[5-8]前記エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対する前記成分(C)の含有量が5質量部~30質量部である、[5]~[5-7]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[6]成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-1)として、オキサゾリドン環を有さないグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂、
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であってオキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂、
成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、
成分(E)として硬化剤、及び
成分(G)として、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、ジグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂及びグリシジルフタルイミドのいずれでもない低粘度エポキシ樹脂、
を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物であり、
該成分(A)、(B-1)、(C)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上であるエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[6-1]前記成分(B-1)の含有量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して1質量部~30質量部である、[6]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[6-2]前記成分(D)の含有量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して1質量部~15質量部である、[6]又は[6-1]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[7]成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-2)として、グリシジルフタルイミド、
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であってオキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂、
成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、
成分(E)として硬化剤、及び
成分(G)として、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、ジグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂及びグリシジルフタルイミドのいずれでもない低粘度エポキシ樹脂、
を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物であり、
該成分(A)、(B-2)、(C)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上であるエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[7-1]前記成分(B-2)の含有量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して1質量部~15質量部である、[7]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[7-2]前記成分(D)の含有量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して1質量部~15質量部である、[7]又は[7-1]に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
[8][1]~[7-2]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物からなるフィルム。
[9][1]~[7-2]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物が強化繊維基材に含浸されたプリプレグ。
[10][1]~[7-2]のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と強化繊維からなる繊維強化プラスチック。
[11]管状である[10]に記載の繊維強化プラスチック。
(2)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ破断歪が9%以上。
(3)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と、連続繊維である炭素繊維が一方向に引き揃えられた強化繊維基材からなる繊維強化プラスチックαの、90°曲げ強度が95MPa以上。
また本発明のエポキシ樹脂組成物は、前記繊維強化プラスチックαの、90°曲げ破断歪が1.3%以上であることが好ましい。
なお本発明において「繊維強化プラスチックα」とは、エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と、連続繊維である炭素繊維が一方向に引き揃えられた強化繊維基材からなる繊維強化プラスチックであり、より具体的には、炭素繊維が一方向に引き揃えられてなる強化繊維基材に、エポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸させて、繊維目付が125g/m2、樹脂含有量が28質量%である一方向プリプレグ(unidirectional prepreg)を作製し、これを繊維方向が同じになるよう18枚積み重ね、硬化させて得られた繊維強化プラスチックを意味する。
また本発明は、少なくともエポキシ樹脂及び硬化剤を含有し、かつ下記(1)、(2)及び(4)を満たす持つエポキシ樹脂組成物及びその用途に存する。
(1)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ弾性率が3.3GPa以上。
(2)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ破断歪が9%以上。
(4)被着剤としてA5052アルミニウムを使用し、JIS K 6850に準拠して測定された引張せん断接着強さ(tensile lap-shear strength)が9.5MPa以上。
本発明者らは、前述したように曲げ弾性率と曲げ破断歪を高いレベルで両立させると共に、該エポキシ樹脂組成物を用い、特定のアルミニウムを基材とした引張せん断接着強さを特定の値以上とすることによっても、該エポキシ樹脂組成物を用いて作製された繊維強化プラスチック管状体の破壊強度が、著しく向上することを見出した。
「(1)樹脂曲げ弾性率3.3GPa以上」
本発明における樹脂曲げ弾性率は、以下の方法によって測定された値である。
樹脂曲げ破断歪は、以下の方法において測定された値である。
「(3)繊維強化プラスチックαの90°曲げ強度が95MPa以上」
繊維強化プラスチックαの90°曲げ強度は、以下の方法にて測定された値である。
樹脂曲げ弾性率が高いエポキシ樹脂組成物を用いることにより、これを用いて得られる繊維強化プラスチック管状体の、曲げ加圧時の管状体全体の変形及び管のつぶれが抑制され、また炭素繊維の座屈による破壊が生じにくくなる。更に該エポキシ樹脂組成物を用いて作製された繊維強化プラスチックαの90°曲げ強度が高い場合、該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と強化繊維との接着強度が十分高く、強化繊維と樹脂硬化物との界面での剥離が抑制される。
加えて該エポキシ樹脂組成物の樹脂曲げ破断歪が高い場合、該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物は適度に伸長し、これを含む繊維強化プラスチックには破壊起点が生じにくい。よって、樹脂曲げ弾性率、樹脂曲げ破断歪、及び繊維強化プラスチックαの90°曲げ強度がいずれも高い繊維強化プラスチック管状体は、曲げ加圧時の変形や管のつぶれによる破壊起点が発生し難く、高い破壊強度を発揮することができる。
前述したように、これらの物性は互いにトレードオフの関係にあるため、全てを満たすことは困難であったが、本発明者らは鋭意検討の結果、各物性を前記(1)~(3)の範囲とすることにより、それを実現した。
つまり前記(1)~(3)をすべて満たすことにより、繊維強化プラスチック管状体の破壊強度が著しく向上すると考えられる。
「(4)引張せん断接着強さ(tensile lap-shear strength)」
本発明における引張せん断接着強さは、A5052アルミニウムを使用し、JIS K 6850に準拠して測定された値である。
本発明者らによる検討によると、この引張せん断接着強さが9.5MPa以上であるエポキシ樹脂組成物は、該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と強化繊維との接着強度が十分高く、繊維強化プラスチックにおける強化繊維と樹脂硬化物との界面での剥離が抑制されることが判明した。結果、該エポキシ樹脂組成物を用いることにより、曲げ強度の高い繊維強化プラスチック管状体を得ることができる。引張せん断接着強さは9.5MPa以上であればよいが、10MPa以上であると更に好ましい。
前述したように、前記(1)~(3)を満たすエポキシ樹脂組成物を用いることにより、破壊強度の高い繊維強化プラスチック管状体が得られるが、前記(1)(2)と上述の(4)を満たすエポキシ樹脂組成物を使用することによっても、同様に破壊強度の高い繊維強化プラスチック管状体を得ることができる。
〔組成〕
樹脂曲げ弾性率を向上させる方法として、樹脂の架橋密度を上げる、固いフィラーを添加する、環状の骨格を持つ樹脂を使用する等の手法があるが、これらの手法は一般に、いずれも樹脂曲げ破断歪を低下させる傾向がある。
このようなエポキシ基を有する特定の低分子化合物として、具体的にはグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂や、グリシジルフタルイミド等が挙げられる。詳しくは後述する。
下記成分(A)、(B-1)、(C)、(D)及び(E)を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物。
成分(A)オキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂(但しグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではない)。
成分(B-1)グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂(但しオキサゾリドン環を有さない)。
成分(C)数平均分子量が600以上であるビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂(但しオキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではない)。
成分(D)フェノキシ樹脂。
成分(E)硬化剤。
〔組成物2〕
下記成分(A)、(B-2)、(C)、(D)及び(E)を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物。
成分(A)オキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂(但しグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではない)。
成分(B-2)グリシジルフタルイミド。
成分(C)数平均分子量が600以上であるビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂(但しオキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではない)。
成分(D)フェノキシ樹脂。
成分(E)硬化剤。
なお、本明細書において「組成物1及び2」とは「組成物1及び組成物2の各々」の意味である。
以下、各成分につき詳細に説明する。
前記組成物1及び2は、成分(A)として分子内にオキサゾリドン環構造を有するエポキシ樹脂(但しグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではない)(以下、単に「オキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂」と称す)を含有する。ここで「グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではない」とは、分子中にグリシジルアミノ基を有さないエポキシ樹脂であることを意味する。
前記組成物1は、成分(B-1)としてグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂(但しオキサゾリドン環を有しない)を含有する。
さらに、比較的低分子量(例えば数平均分子量が300以下)のグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂は、これを含むエポキシ樹脂組成物につき、樹脂曲げ破断歪を低下させることなく樹脂曲げ弾性率を向上させることができるため好ましい。特にグリシジルアニリン類(例えばグリシジルアニリン、N,N-ジグリシジル-o-トルイジンなど)は、これを含むエポキシ樹脂組成物の高い樹脂曲げ弾性率が実現できるため好ましい。中でもN,N-ジグリシジル-o-トルイジンは、少量でも、これを含むエポキシ樹脂組成物の樹脂曲げ弾性率を高めることができるため好ましい。
一般的に、樹脂硬化物に高い弾性率を付与できるエポキシ樹脂は、樹脂曲げ破断歪を低下させる場合が多いが、N,N-ジグリシジル-o-トルイジンは樹脂曲げ破断歪を低下させ難い点でも好ましい。
前記組成物2は、成分(B-2)としてグリシジルフタルイミドを含有する。
前記組成物1及び2は、成分(C)として数平均分子量が600以上であり、かつ分子内にオキサゾリドン環構造を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂を含有する。ここで「オキサゾリドン環を有しない」及び「グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではない」については上記した通りである。
前記組成物1及び2は、成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂を含有する。
前記組成物1及び2は、成分(E)として硬化剤を含有する。
前記組成物1及び2における成分(E)の含有量は、該成分(E)の種類により異なるが、例えば成分(E)がジシアンジアミドである場合は、前記組成物1及び2に含まれる全てのエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対し、通常1質量部以上25質量部以下である。より好ましくは、前記組成物1及び2に配合される全てのエポキシ樹脂が有するエポキシ基の全モル数に対し、ジシアンジアミドの活性水素のモル数が0.6~1.0倍となる量であると、機械物性が良好なエポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物が得られるため好ましい。0.6~0.8倍であると、さらに耐熱性が良好な硬化物が優れるため、より好ましい。
なお、エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂が有するエポキシ基の全モル数は、仕込み量から算出すればよい。
前記組成物1及び2は、更に成分(F)としてウレア系硬化助剤を含有していてもよい。
前記組成物1及び2は、成分(G)として低粘度エポキシ樹脂(但しオキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂及びグリシジルフタルイミドのいずれでもない。以下同様。)を含有していても良い。低粘度エポキシ樹脂とは、30℃における粘度が1000Pa・s以下であるエポキシ樹脂を意味する。ここで「オキサゾリドン環を有さず」及び「グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂でない」については上記した通りである。
また、これらエポキシ樹脂を2種類以上組み合わせて、成分(G)として使用しても構わない。
成分(G)として、ビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂を含有することにより、前記組成物1及び2は、硬化温度に達しても急な粘度上昇を生じず、樹脂硬化物におけるボイド発生が抑制され、また得られた硬化物の耐熱性が優れるのでさらに好ましい。ビスフェノールF型エポキシ樹脂の場合、樹脂曲げ弾性率にも優れるので特に好ましい。
前記組成物1及び2には、各々本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で、成分(A)、成分(B-1)、成分(B-2)、成分(C)及び成分(G)のいずれにも該当しないエポキシ樹脂(以下、「その他エポキシ樹脂」と称する。)を含有していても良い。
特に前記組成物1においては、
前記成分(A)、(B-1)、(C)、(D)、(E)及び(G)を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物であり、該成分(A)、(B-1)、(C)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上であるエポキシ樹脂組成物
であることが好ましく、前記組成物2においては、
前記成分(A)、(B-2)、(C)、(D)、(E)及び(G)を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物であり、該成分(A)、(B-2)、(C)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上である、エポキシ樹脂組成物
であることが好ましい。
前記組成物1及び2は、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で、前記成分(D)フェノキシ樹脂、以外の熱可塑性樹脂、熱可塑性エラストマーおよびエラストマーからなる群から選ばれた1種以上の添加剤を含有していてもよい。
この添加剤は、前記組成物1及び2の粘弾性を変化させて、粘度、貯蔵弾性率およびチキソトロープ性を適正化する役割があるだけでなく、該組成物1及び2の硬化物の靭性を向上させる。
添加剤として用いられる熱可塑性樹脂、熱可塑性エラストマーまたはエラストマーは、単独で使用してもよいし2種以上を併用してもよい。また、エポキシ樹脂成分中に溶解して配合されてもよく、微粒子、長繊維、短繊維、織物、不織布、メッシュ、パルプなどの形状でエポキシ樹脂組成物中に含まれていても良い。添加剤が、微粒子、長繊維、短繊維、織物、不織布、メッシュ、パルプなどの形状でプリプレグの表層に配置される場合には、繊維強化プラスチックの層間剥離を抑制することができるため好ましい。
また、これらの熱可塑性樹脂がエポキシ樹脂と反応しうる官能基を有することは、前記組成物1及び2の硬化物の靭性向上および耐環境性維持の観点から好ましい。エポキシ樹脂と反応しうる官能基としては、カルボキシル基、アミノ基および水酸基などが挙げられる。
本発明のエポキシ樹脂組成物は、離型紙などに塗布することでフィルムとすることができる。本発明のフィルムはプリプレグを製造するための中間材料として、また、基材に貼り付け硬化させることで表面保護フィルム、接着フィルムとして有用である。
本発明のエポキシ樹脂組成物を強化繊維基材に含浸させることでプリプレグを得ることができる。該強化繊維には特に制限は無く、炭素繊維、黒鉛繊維、ガラス繊維、有機繊維、ボロン繊維、スチール繊維などが用いられる。
また、該強化繊維基材としては、これらの強化繊維を、トウ (tow)、クロス、チョップドファイバー、連続繊維を一方向に引き揃えた形態、連続繊維を経緯にして織物とした形態、トウを一方向に引き揃え横糸補助糸で保持した形態、複数枚の一方向の強化繊維のシートを異なる方向に重ねて補助糸でステッチして留めマルチアキシャルワープニットとした形態、また、強化繊維を不織布とした形態などが挙げられる。
中でも、本発明の繊維強化プラスチックからなる管状体は、非常に高い破壊強度を有することから、ゴルフシャフト等のスポーツ・レジャー用途に特に好適に使用することができる。
繊維強化プラスチックの製造方法としては、前述した本発明のプリプレグを用いたオートクレーブ成形、プレス成形、内圧成形、オーブン成形、シートラップ成形などや、強化繊維のトウやプリフォームに、前述した本発明のエポキシ樹脂組成物を含浸させて、硬化し成形物を得るRTM、VaRTM、フィラメントワインディング、RFIなどの成形法を挙げることができる。なお、前述の管状体を製造する場合は、通常シートラップ成形や内圧成形などが用いられるが、これらの成形方法に限られるものではない。
成分(A):
AER4152(商品名):骨格中にオキサゾリドン環を持つ2官能エポキシ樹脂、数平均分子量814、旭化成イーマテリアルズ株式会社製
DER858(商品名「DER858」):骨格中にオキサゾリドン環を持つ2官能エポキシ樹脂、ダウケミカル日本株式会社製
成分(B-1):
jER604(商品名):グリシジルアミン型4官能エポキシ樹脂、テトラグリシジルジアミノジメチルメタン、三菱化学(株)製
jER630(商品名):グリシジルアミン型3官能エポキシ樹脂、:N,N-ビス(2,3-エポキシプロピル)-4-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)アニリン、三菱化学(株)製
GAN(商品名):ジグリシジルアニリン、日本化薬(株)製
GOT(商品名):N,N-ジグリシジル-o-トルイジン、日本化薬(株)製
成分(B-2)
EX731:商品名「デコナールEX-731」、N-グリシジルフタルイミド、ナガセケムテックス株式会社製
成分(C):
jER1001(商品名):ビスフェノールA型2官能エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量450~500g/eq、数平均分子量900、三菱化学(株)製
jER1002(商品名):ビスフェノールA型2官能エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量600~700g/eq、数平均分子量1200、三菱化学(株)製
jER1055(商品名):ビスフェノールA型2官能エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量850g/eq、数平均分子量1600、三菱化学(株)製
成分(D):
YP-70(商品名):ビスフェノールA/ビスフェノールF共重合型フェノキシ樹脂、質量平均分子量50,000~60,000、新日鉄住金化学株式会社製
YP-50S(商品名):フェノキシ樹脂、質量平均分子量50,000~70,00、新日鉄住金化学株式会社製
成分(E):
DICY15(商品名):ジシアンジアミド、三菱化学(株)製
成分(F):
DCMU99(商品名):3-(3,4-ジクロロフェニル)-1,1-ジメチルウレア、PTIジャパン(株)製
成分(G):
jER828(商品名):ビスフェノールA型2官能エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量189g/eq、三菱化学(株)製
jER807(商品名):ビスフェノールF型2官能エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量167g/eq、三菱化学(株)製
その他のエポキシ樹脂:
N775(商品名):フェノールノボラック型多官能エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量190g/eq、DIC(株)製
MX-113(商品名「カネエースMX-113」):ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂(2官能エポキシ樹脂。エポキシ当量:189g/eq):66質量%、及びブタジエン系コアシェル型ゴム粒子(体積平均粒径:100nm):33質量%、株式会社カネカ製
その他の成分:
熱可塑性樹脂:
ビニレックE(商品名):ポリビニルホルマール、チッソ(株)製
TPAE32(商品名):ポリエーテルエステルアミド、T&K TOKA(株)製
nanostrength 52(商品名):アクリル系ブロック共重合体(ポリ(メチルメタクリレート)/ポリ(ブチルアクリレート)/ポリ(メチルメタクリレート)のトリブロック共重合体、アルケマ(株)製
〔実施例1~11及び比較例1~9〕
以下の手順でエポキシ樹脂組成物を調製し、樹脂曲げ弾性率、樹脂曲げ破断歪み、及び引張せん断接着強さを測定した。樹脂組成および測定(評価)結果を表1及び2に示す。
表1及び2に示す各実施例及び比較例の樹脂組成のうち、jER828の一部に、同表に示す成分(E)および成分(F)を3本ロールミルで均一に分散させて、触媒樹脂組成物1を調製した。
表1及び2に示す樹脂組成のうち、各実施例及び比較例の原材料から、成分(D)と、その他の成分のうち比較的低粘度である成分の一部を、150℃にて加熱混合することによって、均一なマスターバッチ(1)を得た。
〔実施例12~20及び比較例10~11〕
以下の手順でエポキシ樹脂組成物を調製し、これを用いて樹脂曲げ弾性率、樹脂曲げ破断歪み、及び引張せん断接着強さを測定した。樹脂組成および測定(評価)結果を表3に示す。
<触媒樹脂組成物2の調製>
表3に示す、各実施例及び比較例の樹脂組成に含まれる液体状のエポキシ樹脂成分の一部に、同表に示す成分(E)および成分(F)を3本ロールミルで均一に分散させて、触媒樹脂組成物2を調製した。
<エポキシ樹脂組成物2の調製>
表3に示す、各実施性及び比較例の樹脂組成に含まれる固体状のエポキシ樹脂成分の一部と、液体状のエポキシ樹脂成分の残部の一部、及び成分(D)を、150℃にて加熱混合することで均一なマスターバッチ(1)を得た。
得られたマスターバッチ(1)を120℃に冷却した後、ここに固体状のエポキシ樹脂成分の残部を添加し、120℃で混合して均一に分散させ、マスターバッチ(2)を得た。
得られたマスターバッチ(2)を60℃に冷却した後、予め調製しておいた触媒樹脂組成物および液体状のエポキシ樹脂成分の残部を添加し、60℃で混合して均一に分散させ、エポキシ樹脂組成物2を得た。
上述の<エポキシ樹脂組成物1の調製>及び<エポキシ樹脂組成物2の調製>にて得られた各エポキシ樹脂組成物を、厚さ2mmのポリテトラフルオロエチレン製のスペーサーと共にガラス板で挟んで、昇温速度2℃/分で昇温し、130℃で90分間保持して硬化させることにより硬化樹脂板を得た。
上述の<硬化樹脂板の作製>にて得られた厚み2mmの各硬化樹脂板を、試験片(長さ60mm×幅8mm)に加工した。次いで、500Nロードセルを備えたINSTRON 4465測定機を用い、温度23℃、湿度50%RHの環境下、3点曲げ治具(圧子R=3.2mm、サポートR=1.6mm)を用い、サポート間距離(L)と試験片の厚み(d)の比をL/d=16として各試験片を曲げ、弾性率および最大荷重時の歪並びに破断歪を得た。
JIS K 6850「接着剤-剛性被着材の引張せん断接着強さ試験方法」に準拠し、引張せん断接着強さを測定した。
試験片(長さ100mm×幅25mm×厚み0.1mmに加工したA5052アルミニウム)に、接着部分として、長さ6.3mm×幅25mm×厚み0.1mmとなるよう、上述の<エポキシ樹脂組成物1の調製>にて得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物を塗布した。エポキシ樹脂組成物の厚みを0.1mmとするため、塗布したエポキシ樹脂組成物の上に0.1mmのガラスビーズを数個のせて、スペーサーとした。該試験片の、エポキシ樹脂組成物塗布面に、更にエポキシ樹脂組成物を塗布していない試験片を貼り合わせ、これをオーブンにて昇温速度2℃/分で昇温し、130℃で90分間保持して硬化させることにより引張試験片を得た。
次いで、5kNロードセルを備えたINSTRON 5565測定機を用い、温度23℃、湿度50%RHの環境下、引張試験片の両端をチャックでつかみ、試験速度1mm/秒にて引っ張って破断させた。破断後の表面が界面剥離であることを確認した。破断後の試験片より樹脂面積を計測した。破断時の最大荷重値/樹脂面積の計算値から引張せん断接着強さを算出した。結果を表1~3に示す。
表4に記載された原材料を使用する以外は、実施例1と同様にエポキシ樹脂組成物を調製し、硬化樹脂板を作製した。得られた硬化樹脂板を用いて、実施例1と同様に樹脂曲げ弾性率、樹脂曲げ破断歪及び引張せん断接着強さを測定した。結果を表4に示す。
また以下に示す方法で繊維強化プラスチックパネルを作製し、これを用いて繊維強化プラスチックの曲げ強度を測定した。結果を表4に示す。
<繊維強化プラスチックパネル作製方法>
表4に記載された原材料を使用する以外は、実施例1と同様にエポキシ樹脂組成物を調製し、得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物を、60℃に加温し、フィルムコーターで離型紙に塗布して樹脂フィルムを作製した。該樹脂フィルムの厚みは、後述するように該樹脂フィルムを2枚用いてプリプレグを作製した場合に、該プリプレグの樹脂含有率が28質量%となるよう設定した。
上述の<繊維強化プラスチックパネル作製方法>にて得られた繊維強化プラスチックパネルを、以下の形状の試験片に加工した。
0°曲げ特性評価用:長さ100mm×幅12.7mm、L/d=40
90°曲げ特性評価用:長さ60mm×幅12.7mm、L/d=16
この時、試験片の長手方向に対して補強繊維が0°または90゜に配向するように加工した。次いで、インストロン社製の万能試験機を用い、温度23℃、湿度50%RHの環境下、3点曲げ治具(圧子R=5mm、サポートR=3.2mm)を用い、サポート間距離(L)と試験片の厚み(d)の比をL/dとして、クロスヘッドスピード(分速)=(L2×0.01)/(6×d)の条件で試験片を曲げ、0°及び90°における曲げ強度、弾性率及び破断歪を得た。0°曲げ特性はVf60%となるよう換算した。結果を表4に示す。
表5に記載された原材料を使用する以外は、実施例12と同様にエポキシ樹脂組成物を調製し、実施例12と同様に硬化樹脂板を作製した。得られた硬化樹脂板を用いて、実施例12と同様に樹脂曲げ弾性率及び樹脂曲げ破断歪を測定した。結果を表5に示す。
また、得られたエポキシ樹脂組成物を用い、前述の<繊維強化プラスチックパネル作成方法>に従って繊維強化プラスチックを作製した。次にこれを用いて前述の<繊維強化プラスチック曲げ強度の測定>に従って測定を行った。結果を表5に示す。
実施例1並びに24、及び比較例1、2並びに14にて調製したエポキシ樹脂組成物を用い、以下の手順でプリプレグを作製した。得られたプリプレグを用いて、以下の手順でゴルフクラブシャフトを成形した。得られたゴルフクラブシャフトにつき、後述する方法でFLEX測定、シャフト三点曲げ強度測定、ねじ切り試験、及びアイゾット衝撃試験を行った。結果を表6に示す。
表6に示すエポキシ樹脂組成物を、粘度に応じて60℃~65℃に加温し、フィルムコーターで離型紙に塗布して樹脂フィルムを作製した。該樹脂フィルムの厚みは、後述するように該樹脂フィルムを2枚用いてプリプレグを作製した場合に、該プリプレグの樹脂含有率が25質量%となるよう設定した。
さらに、炭素繊維(三菱レイヨン株式会社製、HR 40)を用いる以外は、上述と同様にプリプレグを作製した。得られたプリプレグを、表6に記載の通り、各々プリプレグ1-2、2-2、3-2とした。
図1に示す形状のマンドレル10を用意した。このマンドレル10は、鉄製であり、全体の長さL3にあって、その細径端P1から長さL1の位置(切換点)P2までは、その外径が直線的に漸増した円錐台形状であり、切換点P2から長さL2の太径端P3までは、その外径は一定である。
プリプレグ1-2を切断して第1の巻き付けシート1(図2B)を作製し、プリプレグ1-1を切断して第2~第5の巻き付けシート2,3,4,5(図2C~図2F)を作製した。
ここで第1の巻き付けシート1は、炭素繊維配向方向がシャフト長手方向に対して+45°と-45°の2枚のプリプレグ1-2を用意し、マンドレルの細径側で9mm、太径側で21mmずらして重ね合わせた。
ついで図2Aに示すマンドレル10の細径端部から60mmの位置から細径端部から、1165mmの位置まで、第1~第5の巻き付けシート1,2,3,4,5を図2B~図2Fに示すように順次巻きつけた。その上に、厚さ30μm×幅20mmのポリプロピレンテープを2mmピッチで巻き付け緊縛し、これを145℃で2時間加熱して、プリプレグを硬化させた。その後、マンドレル10を抜き取り、ポリプロピレンテープを外して、両端を各10mm切断して長さ1145mmとした。ついで研磨機を用いて表面を研磨しウッド用ゴルフクラブシャフトを得た。
(シャフト実験2)
第1の巻き付けシート1をプリプレグ2-2で、第2~第5の巻き付けシート2,3,4,5をプリプレグ2-1で作製した以外は、シャフト実験1と同様にウッド用ゴルフクラブシャフトを得た。
(シャフト実験3)
第1の巻き付けシート1をプリプレグ3-2で、第2~第5の巻き付けシート2,3,4,5をプリプレグ3-1で作製した以外は、シャフト実験1と同様にウッド用ゴルフクラブシャフトを得た。
(シャフト実験4)
プリプレグ4を切断し、第1~第4の巻き付けシート1’,2’,3’,4’,5’(図3B~図3F)を作製した。
プリプレグ5を用いた以外は、シャフト実験4と同様にウッド用ゴルフクラブシャフトを得た。
得られたゴルフクラブシャフトの、細径端から920mmの位置を固定して、シャフト細径端から10mmの位置に1kgの錘を掛けたときのシャフト細径端のたわみ量を測定した。結果を表6に示す。
得られたゴルフクラブシャフトについて、製品安全協会が定める「ゴルフクラブ用シャフトの認定基準及び基準確認方法」(通商産業大臣承認5産第2087号・平成5年10月4日)における、C型シャフトの3点曲げ試験方法に従って3点曲げ試験を実施した。なお、今回は該「ゴルフクラブ用シャフトの認定基準及び基準確認方法」における荷重点位置T(シャフト細径端部から90mm)と荷重点位置B(シャフト細径端部から525mm)と荷重点位置C(シャフト細径端部から993mm)の試験を各5~10本ずつ実施した。結果を表6に示す。
製品安全協会策定の「ゴルフクラブ用シャフトの認定基準及び基準確認方法」(通商産業大臣承認5産第2087号・平成5年10月4日)のねじり試験に準拠して、得られたゴルフクラブシャフトのねじ切り試験を行った。
得られたゴルフクラブシャフトの、シャフト細径端部から長さ60mmを切り出して、アイゾット衝撃試験片とした。アイゾット衝撃試験はJIK K 7110に準拠した上島製作所製アイゾット衝撃試験機(容量29.4N・m)に、図4Aに示す治具20を固定し、図4Bに示すように治具20に試験片30を30mm挿入して、治具上面から22mm位置でハンマーにより打撃して衝撃吸収エネルギーを測定した。なお、衝撃試験治具の上部(打撃側)には予め2Rの面取りを施してあり、試験片と衝撃試験治具の隙間は接着しない。また試験片には切り込み(ノッチ)は施していない。測定結果を表6に示す。
20 治具
30 試験片
1 試験1~3における第1の巻き付けシート
2 試験1~3における第2の巻き付けシート
3 試験1~3における第3の巻き付けシート
4 試験1~3における第4の巻き付けシート
5 試験1~3における第5の巻き付けシート
1’ 試験4、5における第1の巻き付けシート
2’ 試験4、5における第2の巻き付けシート
3’ 試験4、5における第3の巻き付けシート
4’ 試験4、5における第4の巻き付けシート
5’ 試験4、5における第5の巻き付けシート
Claims (11)
- エポキシ樹脂及び硬化剤を含有し、かつ下記(1)、(2)及び(3)を満たす持つエポキシ樹脂組成物。
(1)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ弾性率が3.3GPa以上。
(2)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ破断歪が9%以上。
(3)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と、連続繊維である炭素繊維が一方向に引き揃えられた強化繊維基材からなる繊維強化プラスチックαの、90°曲げ強度が95MPa以上。 - 前記繊維強化プラスチックαの、90°曲げ破断歪が1.3%以上である請求項1に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。
- エポキシ樹脂及び硬化剤を含有し、かつ下記(1)、(2)及び(4)を満たす持つエポキシ樹脂組成物。
(1)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ弾性率が3.3GPa以上。
(2)該エポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物の曲げ破断歪が9%以上。
(4)被着剤としてA5052アルミニウムを使用し、JIS K 6850に準拠して測定された引張せん断接着強さが9.5MPa以上。 - 前記エポキシ樹脂が、
成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-1)として、オキサゾリドン環を有しないグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂、及び
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であって、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂
を含み、
さらに、成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、及び成分(E)として硬化剤を含む請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。 - 前記エポキシ樹脂が、
成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-2)として、グリシジルフタルイミド、及び
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であって、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂
を含み、
さらに、成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、及び成分(E)として硬化剤を含む請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物。 - 成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-1)として、オキサゾリドン環を有さないグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂、
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であってオキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂、
成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、
成分(E)として硬化剤、及び
成分(G)として、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、ジグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂及びグリシジルフタルイミドのいずれでもない低粘度エポキシ樹脂、
を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物であり、
該成分(A)、(B-1)、(C)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上であるエポキシ樹脂組成物。 - 成分(A)として、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないオキサゾリドン環含有エポキシ樹脂、
成分(B-2)として、グリシジルフタルイミド、
成分(C)として、数平均分子量が600以上であってオキサゾリドン環を有さず、グリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂ではないビスフェノール型2官能エポキシ樹脂、
成分(D)としてフェノキシ樹脂、
成分(E)として硬化剤、及び
成分(G)として、オキサゾリドン環を有さず、ジグリシジルアミン型エポキシ樹脂及びグリシジルフタルイミドのいずれでもない低粘度エポキシ樹脂、
を含むエポキシ樹脂組成物であり、
該成分(A)、(B-2)、(C)及び(G)の合計量が、該エポキシ樹脂組成物に含まれるエポキシ樹脂の合計量100質量部に対して75質量部以上であるエポキシ樹脂組成物。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物からなるフィルム。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物が強化繊維基材に含浸されたプリプレグ。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のエポキシ樹脂組成物の硬化物と強化繊維からなる繊維強化プラスチック。
- 管状である請求項10に記載の繊維強化プラスチック。
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JPWO2018061516A1 (ja) * | 2016-09-28 | 2019-07-04 | 日鉄ケミカル&マテリアル株式会社 | 繊維強化プラスチック成形用材料、その製造方法及び成形物 |
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JP6995779B2 (ja) | 2016-12-27 | 2022-01-17 | 日鉄ケミカル&マテリアル株式会社 | 硬化性エポキシ樹脂組成物、及びそれを用いた繊維強化複合材料 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2016222935A (ja) | 2016-12-28 |
KR20160072191A (ko) | 2016-06-22 |
CN105793315A (zh) | 2016-07-20 |
KR101819842B1 (ko) | 2018-01-17 |
US20160297959A1 (en) | 2016-10-13 |
JP6497370B2 (ja) | 2019-04-10 |
JPWO2015083714A1 (ja) | 2017-03-16 |
JP6011644B2 (ja) | 2016-10-19 |
CN105793315B (zh) | 2018-08-03 |
US10501618B2 (en) | 2019-12-10 |
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