WO2015058572A1 - 一种香菇的工厂化生产方法 - Google Patents

一种香菇的工厂化生产方法 Download PDF

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WO2015058572A1
WO2015058572A1 PCT/CN2014/083569 CN2014083569W WO2015058572A1 WO 2015058572 A1 WO2015058572 A1 WO 2015058572A1 CN 2014083569 W CN2014083569 W CN 2014083569W WO 2015058572 A1 WO2015058572 A1 WO 2015058572A1
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culture
mushroom
liquid
bottle
automatic
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PCT/CN2014/083569
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English (en)
French (fr)
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尚晓东
宋春艳
谭琦
于海龙
章炉军
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上海市农业科学院
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G18/00Cultivation of mushrooms
    • A01G18/70Harvesting
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G18/00Cultivation of mushrooms
    • A01G18/20Culture media, e.g. compost
    • A01G18/22Apparatus for the preparation of culture media, e.g. bottling devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of edible fungi cultivation, and in particular relates to a method for industrial production of shiitake mushrooms.
  • the output value of edible fungi in China has exceeded 100 billion, ranking fifth in the planting industry, with the largest output of mushrooms.
  • the production of edible fungi culture usually includes mixing, bagging (bottle), high pressure, atmospheric pressure sterilization, inoculation after cooling, cultivation, mushroom management, and packaging. .
  • the varieties that can be cultivated in bottles are suitable for the factory operation mode of mechanical operation, such as Flammulina velutipes, Zhenji mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, etc., and some varieties cannot be in existing bottles.
  • products with market competitiveness can be produced.
  • Only traditional bag cultivation, such as mushrooms and fungus can not be automated in bagging and inoculation, which greatly consumes labor and constitutes long-term stable development. Hidden dangers.
  • mushrooms cannot be harvested in a single stream like a mushroom, and a production cycle usually produces 4-5 mushrooms, and the mushrooms are not concentrated.
  • the management of the mushrooming of each tidal level usually requires measures such as nourishing bacteria, water injection, buds, and mushrooming.
  • the process of replenishing water requires the operation of each rod and the labor is extremely great.
  • the mushroom mushroom needs to be stimulated by various aspects such as temperature difference, humidity difference, illumination and mechanical vibration. These measures are often personalized. In many cases, it is based on experience. It is difficult to have unified standardization and precision. Management measures.
  • the invention first provides a method for the factory production of shiitake mushrooms, the method comprising the following steps:
  • the culture medium is filled in the culture bottle with an automatic bottling machine, and then the liquid culture is inoculated into the culture bottle by an automatic liquid strainer to perform primary culture;
  • the conditions for the primary culture are: temperature 21-22 ° C, humidity 60-70% RH, light less than 10 lux, C02 less than 6,000 ppm, and culture time not exceeding 40 days;
  • the method of secondary culture is:
  • the bud operation is carried out.
  • the specific method is as follows: the surface of the bacterium is washed with water and water is poured in the first two days, so that the water content of the bacterium is more than 70%, heat preservation (21-25 ° C), moisturizing (90- 95%) After 2-3 days of stagnation, the light is 3001ux, and 2 rounds of cooling (less than 15 °C), moisture (60-70%) and aeration (C02 less than 4000 ppm) are performed in sequence every day. The difference between the wetness and the oxygen promotes the occurrence of the primordium, and the primordium is generally visible after 3-4 days.
  • the primordial base of the mushroom will break out from the brown fungus on the surface of the fungus, and gradually grow into a small mushroom bud.
  • the mushroom bud can be irradiated with blue LED, which can be inhibited by the stem of the mushroom every day for more than 12 hours. The effect of elongation. After 5-7 days of growth, the small mushroom buds can grow into 5-6 cm in diameter and 7-8 points in mature commercial mushrooms, which can be picked by hand.
  • the factory production method of the mushroom provided by the invention breaks down the cultivation of the mushroom material into two stages of primary culture and secondary culture, and introduces mechanical automatic operation on the loading, inoculation, briquetting and the like, and breaks through
  • the manual operation mode of the existing mushroom production greatly saves labor, improves labor efficiency, and is suitable for factory production.
  • the automatic bottling machine adopts the GXZP type bottling machine of Lianyungang Guoxin Edible Fungus Complete Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • the automatic liquid bacteria machine adopts the GXJZ-Y type inoculation machine of Lianyungang Guoxin Edible Fungus Complete Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • the cultivation method of the mushroom liquid strain is: The hyphae are cultured in a solid medium of a petri dish, and the microbial examination is free of contamination by bacteria. The cultured hyphae are taken out, homogenized with a proper amount of sterile water and homogenized, and then inserted at a ratio of 15% (V/V).
  • the culture liquid after the bacteria is fermented and cultured to produce a first-class liquid species, and then the first-stage liquid species are amplified by the first-stage liquid seed homogenization, and the liquid liquid species are produced by homogenizing the secondary liquid.
  • One of the two liquid species is produced by a triangular shake flask.
  • the inoculation amount is 10%
  • the culture temperature is controlled at 24 ° C ⁇ 25 ° C, about 6 days
  • the amount of purified air in the first 3 days is 1: 0. 5V / V - min, holding pressure 5 ⁇ 7 X 10 4 Pa, after The ventilation was doubled in 3 days.
  • the culture solution is clear and transparent, and a large number of tiny uniform hyphal balls are suspended in the liquid, and there is no odor.
  • First step, primary culture the culture medium is filled in the culture bottle by using an automatic bottling machine, and then the liquid culture is inoculated into the culture bottle by an automatic liquid strainer to perform primary culture;
  • Liquid culture medium was prepared according to the following formula (the following percentages are by weight):
  • the mushroom culture medium is filled in the culture bottle with an automatic bottling machine, covered, autoclaved, and cooled, and the liquid mushroom strain is automatically inoculated into the culture bottle for primary culture.
  • automatic bottling is under the control of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) computer, which is composed of pusher, bottling machine, punching machine and capping machine (these are all organic components of automatic bottling machine) Part) Continuous, automatic completion of the process of pushing baskets, bottling, compaction, punching, glanding, etc., the entire process is automated to ensure the uniformity of the bottling quality.
  • PLC Programmable Logic Controller
  • the main steps of the sterilization operation 1 steam into the sterilizer chamber, heating the sterilized culture bottle to 98 ° C, about 30 minutes; 2 through the vacuum pump to extract the sterilizer indoor air to achieve the specified vacuum ; 3 repeated 1, 2 process, reached the set number of times; 4 steam into the sterilizer room, heating the sterilized material, the temperature is raised from 102 ° C to 118 ° C, at the set sterilization temperature Keep the set sterilization pressure and the set sterilization time for 3 hours and 20 minutes to achieve the purpose of sterilization; 5 terminate the ventilation, the temperature is reduced from 117 °C to 106 °C, lasting 1 hour, discharging Vine in the bacteria room: 6 Vacuuming by vacuum pump, the temperature is reduced from 106 °C to 103 °C, returning air, drying the sterilized culture bottle for 15 minutes; 7 repeated 6 times, the temperature is reduced from 103 °C 98 ° C.
  • the main steps of liquid inoculation are as follows:
  • the automatic liquid bacteria machine automatically completes the operations of entering the basket, opening the lid, inoculation, glanding and out of the basket under the control of the PLC computer.
  • the inoculation is accurate, quantitative, uniform and intelligent.
  • Liquid inoculation The time interval between actions is short, ensuring rapid and safe liquid seed inoculation production.
  • 1Inoculation room temperature is maintained at 18 ⁇ 20°C ; 2The room of the inoculation room is dust-free; 3Inoculation room must maintain a certain positive pressure state, the introduction of fresh air is highly efficient filtration, the indoor temperature is maintained at 10,000, and the inoculation machine area is maintained at 100 levels; 4 The inoculation room should be uniformly, thoroughly and thoroughly disinfected regularly; 5 Relevant vessels and tools before and after the inoculation operation should be scrubbed, soaked or flame-burned with 75% alcohol; 6 During the inoculation operation, personnel must follow the aseptic operation requirements.
  • the initial culture conditions after inoculation are as follows:
  • the second step secondary culture: After the primary culture is full of bacteria, the mushroom material is excavated by an automatic bottle digger, crushed and mixed, then clamped, filled in a container, and subjected to secondary culture;
  • the automatic bottle-cutting after primary culture includes the actions required for the steps of cleaning, uncovering, pressing, turning, positioning, pressing, cutting the knife, lowering the knife, and emptying the empty bottle, and can excavate 16 bottles at a time.
  • the main process flow of the briquetting forming the feeding material of the fungus material entering the packaging scale from the storage hopper is terminated by the two-stage feeding of the thick and thin, the container is in place, feeding and compacting.
  • the bacterial material is pressed into a rectangular shallow plate with four sides high and a low middle portion, and the shaped molding material helps to store water, which is beneficial to replenish water to the bacteria during the cultivation process. It is also characterized in that the flat broil which is pressed has a larger upper surface area and a smaller side area, which ensures more above-mentioned mushroom, the mushroom stem is straight, and the mushroom shape is positive.
  • 1 indoor temperature is maintained at 18 ⁇ 20°C; 2 indoor floor is dust-free; 3 indoor must maintain a certain positive pressure state, the introduction of fresh air is highly efficient filtration, indoor maintenance is 10000, and inoculation machine area is maintained at 100; 4 indoor regular Uniform, thorough and thorough disinfection; 5 before and after the operation of the relevant utensils, tools with 75% alcohol scrub, soak or flame burning; 6 during the operation must be carried out according to aseptic requirements.
  • the method of secondary culture is cultured as follows:
  • Irradiating the mushroom buds with blue LEDs for more than 12 hours per day can achieve the purpose of inhibiting the elongation of the stipe.
  • the post-cooking color change or the inter-tidal culture, the in-situ hydration and cooling can be carried out by using the recessed part of the brick or the original container containing the bacteria brick to promote the moisturizing bud.
  • Table 1 below is a comparison of the results of producing shiitake mushrooms by the method of Example 1 and producing shiitake mushrooms by the production method of the conventional mushroom sticks.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Mushroom Cultivation (AREA)

Abstract

一种香菇的工厂化生产方法,该方法包括步骤:初级培养、次级培养、催蕾、出菇、采收。该方法突破了现有香菇生产中手工操作为主的模式,极大节省了劳动力,提高了劳动效率,适用于工厂化生产。

Description

说 明 书 一种香菇的工厂化生产方法 技术领域
本发明涉及食用菌栽培领域, 具体的说涉及一种香菇的工厂化生产方法。
背景技术
我国食用菌产值过千亿, 名列种植业第五位, 其中香菇产量最多。我国的食用菌种 植主要有两种模式: 以手工操作为主的传统模式和以自动化设备操作为主的工厂化模 式。 随着人口老龄化进程的加剧和劳动力成本的提高, 我国食用菌栽培由传统模式向 工厂化模式的转型升级已经成为一种必然趋势。 但是, 由于不同食用菌出菇的技术要 求不同, 目前并不是所有的品种都能进行自动化的工厂化生产。 从技术上看, 无论哪 种模式, 食用菌培养的生产通常包括拌料, 装袋(瓶), 高压、 常压灭菌, 冷却后接种, 培养, 出菇管理, 采收到包装等基本环节。 在我国大规模栽培的 10余种食用菌中, 可 以瓶式栽培的品种适于采用机械操作的工厂化模式, 如金针菇、 真姬菇、 杏鲍菇等, 而一些品种由于不能在现有瓶式栽培技术条件下生产出具有市场竞争力的产品, 只能 采用传统的袋式栽培, 如香菇、 木耳等, 在装袋、 接种环节无法实现自动化, 极大地 消耗了劳动力, 对长期稳定发展构成了隐患。
香菇等食用菌不能完全实现工厂化生产的另一重要原因在于其出菇特性。首先,香 菇不能象金针菇那样单潮集中出菇采收, 一个生产周期通常出 4-5 潮菇, 且出菇不集 中。 每个潮次的出菇管理通常都需要养菌、 注水、 催蕾、 出菇等措施, 其中补充水分 的环节需要每个菌棒操作, 用工极大。 其次, 香菇的出菇需要温差、 湿差、 光照及机 械震动等多方面的剌激才能实现, 这些措施往往是个性化的, 很多情况下是靠经验, 很难有统一的标准化、 精准化的管理措施。
发明内容
本发明首先提供了一种香菇的工厂化生产方法, 该方法包括如下步骤:
①初级培养: 用自动装瓶机装填培养基于培养瓶内,然后用自动液体菌种机接种液 体菌种于培养瓶内, 进行初级培养;
②次级培养: 初级培养发满菌后, 用自动挖瓶机将香菇菌料挖出, 搅碎混匀, 然 后压块, 装填于容器内, 进行次级培养;
③催蕾、 出菇、 采收。
其中初级培养的条件为: 温度 21-22°C, 湿度 60~70%RH, 光照小于 10 lux, C02 小于 6,000 ppm, 培养时间不超过 40天;
其中次级培养的方法为:
前 4-6天保温 (21-25°C )、 保湿 (90-95% ), 促进菌丝愈合和气生菌丝生长; 等菌 料表面的菌丝浓白后, 每天依次进行 2轮的降温 (低于 15°C )、 排湿 (60-70% ) 和增 氧 (C02小于 4000 ppm) 操作, 通过温差、 湿差和氧差的变化促进气生菌丝的倒伏, 形成菌膜;菌丝倒伏,形成菌膜后,在保温 (21-22°C)的同时,每天进行 8小时光照 1001ux、 保湿 (85-90% ) 处理, 促进菌料表面棕色素的分泌和棕色菌皮的形成; 菌料完成生理 成熟时, 菌料表面亮棕色, 富有弹性, 此时可进入催蕾操作;
其中催蕾、 出菇及采收的方法为:
次级培养成熟后,进行催蕾操作,具体方法为:前两天用水冲洗菌块表面并浇透水, 使菌料的含水量大于 70%,保温(21-25°C )、保湿(90-95% )闷菌 2-3天后,光照 3001ux, 每天依次进行 2轮的降温(低于 15°C )、排湿(60-70% )和增氧(C02小于 4000 ppm) 操作, 通过温差、 湿差和氧差促进原基发生, 一般经过 3-4天可见原基。
经过催蕾, 香菇原基会从菌料表面的棕色菌皮下破皮而出, 逐渐长大成小菇蕾, 此 时可以用蓝色 LED照射菇蕾, 每天大于 12小时, 可以达到抑制其菌柄伸长的作用。 小菇蕾经过 5-7天左右的生长, 可以长成直径 5-6厘米、 7-8分成熟的商品菇, 即可手 工采摘。
本发明提供的一种香菇的工厂化生产方法,通过将香菇菌料的培养分解成初级培养 和次级培养两个阶段, 在装料、 接种、 压块等环节上引入机械自动化操作, 突破了现 有香菇生产中的手工操作为主的模式, 极大节省了劳动力, 提高了劳动效率, 适用于 工厂化生产。
具体实施方式
香菇菌种, 申香 16, 上海市农业科学院。
自动化装瓶机, 采用连云港国鑫食用菌成套设备有限公司 GXZP型装瓶机。
全自动液体菌种机, 采用连云港国鑫食用菌成套设备有限公司 GXJZ-Y型接种机。 其中香菇液体菌种的培养方法为: 菌丝用培养皿固体培养基培养, 经微生物学检查无杂菌污染, 取出培养的菌丝块, 用匀浆机加适量无菌水匀浆后按 15% (V/V)比例接入灭菌后的培养液, 进行发酵培养 生产一级液体种, 再用一级液体种均浆后放大生产二级液体种, 用二级液体种均浆后 生产栽培液体种。 其中一、 二级液体种用三角摇瓶的方法生产。
液体种培养方法:
接种量 10%, 培养温度控制在 24°C〜25°C, 6天左右, 前 3天通净化空气量为 1: 0. 5V/V - min, 保压 5〜7 X 104Pa, 后 3天通气量加倍。 培养结束, 培养液清澈透明, 液 中悬浮着大量微小均匀菌丝球, 无异味。
实施例 1
第一步, 初级培养: 用自动装瓶机装填培养基于培养瓶内, 然后用自动液体菌种机 接种液体菌种于培养瓶内, 进行初级培养;
按照下列配方配制液体菌种培养基 (下列百分比均为重量百分比) :
玉米粉 2%, 大豆粉 2%, 葡萄糖 1%, 酵母膏 0. 3%, 磷酸二氢钾 0. 1%, 硫酸镁 0. 1%, 水
1升。
用自动化装瓶机装填香菇培养基于培养瓶内, 盖盖, 高压灭菌、 冷却后, 自动接种 香菇液体菌种于培养瓶内, 进行初级培养。
其中自动装瓶在 PLC ( Programmable Logic Controller, 可编程逻辑控制器) 电脑控 制下, 由推筐机、 装瓶机、 打孔机、 压盖机 (这些都是自动装瓶机成套设备的有机组 成部分 ) 等连续、 自动完成推筐、 装瓶、 压实、 打孔、 压盖等工序, 整个工艺流程自 动化, 保证装瓶质量上的均匀性。
其中灭菌操作的主要步骤: ①蒸汽通入灭菌器室内, 加热被灭菌培养瓶到 98°C, 约 需要 30 分钟;②通过真空泵抽取灭菌器室内空气,使其达到规定的真空度;③反复①、 ②的过程, 达到设定的次数; ④将蒸汽通入灭菌器室内, 加热被灭菌物, 使温度由 102 °C升至 118°C,在设定的灭菌温度下保持设定的灭菌压力及设定的灭菌时间,历时 3 小 时 20 分钟, 达到灭菌的目的; ⑤终止通气, 温度由 117°C降到 106°C, 历时 1小时, 排放出灭菌室内蒸汽: ⑥通过真空泵抽真空, 温度由 106°C 降至 103 °C, 回流空气, 对被灭菌培养瓶进行干燥,历时 15 分钟;⑦反复⑥的过程,温度由 103 °C 降至 98°C。
其中液体接种的主要步骤如下: 全自动液体菌种机在 PLC电脑控制下, 自动完成进 筐、 开盖、 接种、 压盖、 出筐等动作, 接种准确、 定量、 均匀、 智能。 液体接种的每 个动作之间的时间间隔要很短, 保证快速安全液体菌种接种生产。
接种注意以下几方面:
①接种室内温度保持 18~20°C ; ②接种室的地面无尘处理; ③接种室内必须保 持一定的正压状态, 新风的引入经高效过滤, 室内保持 10000级, 接种机区域保持 100 级; ④接种室定期进行均匀、 周到和彻底消毒; ⑤接种操作前后相关器皿、 工具用 75 %的酒精擦洗、浸泡或火焰灼烧; ⑥接种操作的过程中人员必须按无菌操作要求进 行。
接种后的初次培养条件如下:
温度 21 , 湿度 65%RH, 光照为 8 1ux, C02为 5,000 ppm, 培养时间 38 天。 第二步: 次级培养: 初级培养发满菌后, 用自动挖瓶机将香菇菌料挖出, 搅碎混 匀, 然后压块, 装填于容器内, 进行次级培养;
用自动挖瓶机将菌丝满瓶后的香菇菌料挖出, 同时搅碎混匀, 然后重新装填于长 29厘米、 宽 21厘米、 高 5厘米一定规格的容器中, 压实、 成型处理后继续进行次级培 养。
其中初级培养后的自动挖瓶, 包括清洁、 去盖、 压瓶、 翻转、 定位、 压紧、 挖刀上 升、 挖刀下降、 翻转空瓶等工序要求的动作, 一次可挖出 16瓶菌瓶内的菌料。 具有节 省人力, 劳动强度低, 工作效率高, 挖瓶质量好等特点。
其中压块成型的主要工艺流程: 菌料自储料斗进入包装秤的给料装置,通过粗细两 级加料达重终止, 容器到位, 投料, 压实。
将菌料压成四边高、 中间低的矩形浅盘, 此种形制的成型菌料有助于装存水, 利于 栽培过程中向菌料补充水分。 其特征还在于所压制成的扁平的菌砖具有较大的上表面 积和较小侧面积, 保证较多的上面出菇, 菇柄直, 菇形正。
挖瓶和压块成型注意以下几方面:
①室内温度保持 18~20°C ; ②室内地面无尘处理; ③室内必须保持一定的正压状 态, 新风的引入经高效过滤, 室内保持 10000级, 接种机区域保持 100级; ④室内定 期进行均匀、 周到和彻底消毒; ⑤操作前后相关器皿、 工具用 75 %的酒精擦洗、 浸 泡或火焰灼烧; ⑥操作的过程中人员必须按无菌操作要求进行。
次级培养的方法, 按如下方法进行培养:
前 4-6天保温 (23 °C )、 保湿 (95% ), 促进菌丝愈合和气生菌丝生长; 等菌料表面 的菌丝浓白后, 每天依次进行 2轮的降温(低于 15°C, 可以为 10°C )、 排湿(60-70% ) 和通风增氧 (。02为350(^?1^ 操作, 通过温差、 湿差和氧差促进气生菌丝的倒伏, 形成菌膜; 菌丝倒伏,形成菌膜后,在保温 (21 °C)的同时,每天进行 8小时光照 1001ux、 保湿 (85% ) 处理, 促进菌料表面棕色素的分泌和棕色菌皮的形成。 菌料完成生理成 熟时, 菌料表面亮棕色, 富有弹性, 此时可进入催蕾操作。
第三步, 催蕾、 出菇、 采收
前两天用水冲洗菌砖表面并浇透水,使含水量大于 70%,保温(23°C )、保湿(95%) 闷菌 2天后, 光照 3001ux, 每天依次进行 2轮的降温 (低于 15°C, 可以为 10°C )、 排 湿(65% )和增氧(C02小于 4000 ppm)操作, 通过温差、湿差和氧差促进原基发生。
用蓝色 LED照射菇蕾, 每天大于 12小时, 可以达到抑制其菌柄伸长的目的。 次级培养成型、后熟转色或潮间养菌结束后,利用菌砖的凹陷部位或盛装菌砖的原 有容器进行原位补水、 降温, 可以促进保湿催蕾。
下面表 1是对用实施例 1的方法生产香菇和用传统菌棒的生产方式生产香菇的结果 比较。
表 1 生产结果比较
Figure imgf000006_0001

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1. 一种香菇的工厂化生产方法, 其特征在于该方法包括如下步骤:
①初级培养: 用自动装瓶机装填培养基于培养瓶内,然后用自动液体菌种机接种液 体菌种于培养瓶内, 进行初级培养;
②次级培养: 初级培养发满菌后, 用自动挖瓶机将香菇菌料挖出, 搅碎混匀, 然 后压块, 装填于容器内, 进行次级培养;
③催蕾、 出菇、 采收。
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