Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
  • H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
  • H01M4/045—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
  • H01M4/0457—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from dispersions or suspensions; Electrophoresis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D13/00—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process
  • C25D13/02—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process with inorganic material
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
  • H01M10/0436—Small-sized flat cells or batteries for portable equipment
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
  • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
  • H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
  • H01M10/0562—Solid materials
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
  • H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
  • H01M50/147—Lids or covers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
  • H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T29/00—Metal working
  • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
  • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
  • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of batteries and in particular lithium ion batteries. It relates more particularly to fully solid lithium ion batteries, and a new method of manufacturing such batteries.
• Li-ion batteries The methods of manufacturing lithium ion batteries (“Li-ion batteries”) are presented in numerous articles and patents, and "Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries” (W. van Schalkwijk and B. Scrosati). ), published in 2002 (Kluever Academy / Plenum Publishers) gives a good inventory.
• the electrodes of Li-ion batteries can be manufactured using printing techniques (including: roll coating, doctor blade, tape casting). These techniques make it possible to produce thicknesses of between 50 and 400 ⁇ . Depending on the thickness of the deposits, their porosities and the size of the active particles, the power and energy of the battery can be modulated.
• the inks (or pastes) deposited to form the electrodes contain particles of active materials, but also binders (organic), carbon powder to ensure electrical contact between the particles, and solvents that are evaporated during the step of drying the electrodes.
• a calendering step is performed on the electrodes, after which the active particles of the electrodes occupy about 60% of the volume of the deposit, which means that generally remains 40% of porosities between the particles. These porosities are then filled with a liquid or gelled electrolyte, which may comprise ionic and / or electrically conductive solid particles.
• lithium-ion battery architectures have, however, been developed for micro-storage applications of electrical energy. These are micro-batteries in thin layers. To meet the requirements of miniaturization and temperature resistance, these micro-batteries are entirely solid, without binders or electrolytes based on lithium salts and equipped with electrodes of very thin thickness, of the order of 2 to 5 microns . Such thin-film battery cells have excellent densities of mass and volume energy. Indeed, their electrodes are completely solid, without porosity and therefore totally compact.
• the electrolyte layers deposited on the electrodes are made of ceramic materials or vitroceramic highly insulating, can be deposited in very thin thickness without inducing risks of short-circuits or self-discharge too fast.
• This battery cell architecture without binders or electrolytes based on lithium salts, completely solid and without porosity can maximize the amount of active ingredient per unit volume, materialized by an increase in mass and volume energy densities.
• the electrodes In order to prevent these cells from being too resistive, the electrodes must remain thin, and their thickness is preferably less than 5 microns, or the electrodes must comprise conductive phases of lithium ions and / or electrons co-deposited with the electrodes. phases of active ingredient. To produce these electrodes in thin layers, several techniques have been described.
• Thermal spray technology is more suited to the production of relatively thick deposits, whereas physical deposition techniques are more suitable for producing thin films with thicknesses of less than 5 microns.
• Physical deposition techniques include several variants depending on the spray modes.
• the vaporization of the compounds to be deposited can be carried out by excitations at radio frequencies (RF), or assisted by ion beam (IBAD).
• RF radio frequencies
• IBAD assisted by ion beam
• these batteries have thick electrodes, and the electrolytes impregnated in the pores of the electrodes contribute to accelerate the transport of lithium ions in the thickness of the electrodes, the diffusion of lithium ions in the solid phases (active particles) being much more slow as the transport of lithium ions in the liquid electrolyte.
• the electrolytes in the form of aprotic liquid containing lithium salts make it possible to assemble stacks of battery cells in order to produce batteries of high capacities. Indeed, these liquid electrolytes, serve to achieve quite simply an ionic contact battery electrodes to make electrochemical cells.
• porous battery electrodes are then stacked or spiraled and the anodes and cathodes are separated by a porous separator.
• the electrical connections are then made by connecting the anode collectors between them and the cathode collectors between them.
• the ionic conduction between the anodes and cathodes is then ensured by the impregnation of the liquid electrolyte in the pores of the battery cell (i.e. in the porosities of the electrodes and the separator located between the electrodes).
• the thin-film batteries currently consist of an elementary cell with consequently a planar structure. They consist of a single cathode / electrolyte / anode stack made by successive deposition of each of these layers, they can not be assembled to produce a solid multi-layered cell, in the form of a single-piece component.
• the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing fully solid batteries, said batteries comprising at least one layer containing anode materials ("anode layer”), at least one layer containing solid electrolyte materials (“ electrolyte layer "), and at least one layer containing cathode materials (“ cathode layer "), each of these three layers being deposited by electrophoresis, a process in which two layers obtained by electrophoresis are stacked face-to-face to obtain a solid multi-layered battery consisting of an assembly of several elementary cells connected together in parallel, said method being characterized in that prior to face-to-face stacking of said layers obtained by electrophoresis a layer of bonding material Ms is deposited on the face of at least one of said two layers obtained by electrophoresis which will be stacked face-to-face; said layers on which said bonding material Ms is deposited are dense layers.
• the layer of bonding material Ms must be a good lithium ion conductor.
• the melting point of the bonding material layer Ms as deposited should be less than that of the layers with which it is in contact.
• the bonding material Ms may be the same as the material of at least one layer with which it is in contact, or it may be different. If it is the same, and advantageously in all cases, the layer of bonding material Ms preferably comprises particles of nanometric size.
• This process more particularly comprises the following successive steps:
• anode layer and a cathode layer each on its conductive substrate preferably a metal sheet or strip or metallized sheet or strip or insulating film, said conductive substrates, or their conductive elements, which can serve as anode and cathode current collector respectively;
• step b) depositing a solid electrolyte layer on at least one of the two layers obtained in step a);
• step a) depositing a layer of bonding material Ms on at least one of the layers obtained in step a) and / or b);
• the layer obtained in step c) is stacked face-to-face with a layer obtained in step a), b) or c) in order to obtain a stack, and a heat treatment and / or a mechanical compression promoting contact between said two stacked face-to-face layers to obtain a fully solid, monobloc, multi-layered assembly of elementary cells that can function as a battery.
• the deposition of the anode and cathode layer is performed on both sides of their respective conductive substrate.
• the deposition of the bonding material layer Ms can be carried out among one of the following techniques:
• vacuum deposition technique i. vacuum deposition technique, and more particularly by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition;
• iii technique for depositing nanoparticles in suspension, more particularly techniques for inking, quenching, spin-coating, Langmuir-Blodgett;
• the electrophoretically deposited layers obtained in step a), b) and c) can be densified before step d) by heat treatment and / or mechanical compression when said layers are not susceptible. to be directly dense and compact after their deposit.
• the thickness of the layer of bonding material Ms obtained in step c) is less than at 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm, and even more preferably less than 30 nm.
• the mechanical compression of the stack of step d) is carried out at a pressure of between 10 and 100 MPa, preferably between 20 and 50 MPa.
• step d) is advantageously carried out at a temperature T R which, preferably, does not exceed 0.7 times the melting or decomposition temperature (expressed in ° C), and more preferably does not exceed not more than 0.5 times (and even more preferably not more than 0.3 times) the melting or decomposition temperature (expressed in ° C) of the at least one most fuse-bonding material Ms subjected to said thermal densification step .
• the bonding material Ms is chosen from one or more of the following materials:
• oxide-based materials selected from Li 3 , 6 Geo, 6Vo, 404; Li 2 O -Nb 2 O 5 ; LiSiO 4 ;
• Li 2 O; Li 14 Zn (Ge0 4) 4; Lio.ssLao.ssTiOs; Lio.sLao.sTiOs; Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12; Li 5+ xLa 3 (Zr x , A2- x) O12 with A Sc, Ti, V, Y, Nb, Hf, Ta, Al, Si, Ga, Ge, Sn and 1.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 2;
• LiPON lithium and phosphorus oxynitrides
• LiSiPON lithium and phosphorus oxynitrides
• LiPONB silicon
• sulfur lithium PONS
• LiPAON aluminum
• LiBON lithium boron oxynitrides
• LiBAON aluminum
• phosphate or borate materials selected from Li 3 PO 4 ; LiTi (PO 4 ) 3 ;
• the mixed materials chosen from among the mixtures between Li 2 S and one of Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 -xN 2 x / 3, Li 4 SiO 4 x x 2 x / 3, Li 4 Ge0 4- xN 2 x / 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4 or ⁇ 3 ⁇ 03- ⁇ 2 ⁇ / 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3; mixtures between either Li 2 S and / or B 2 S 3 , SiS 2 , P 2 S 5 , GeS 2 , Ga 2 S 3 and a compound of the type Li a MO b which can be either lithium silicate Li 4 SiO 2 4 , lithium borate Li 3 B0 3 or lithium phosphate Li 3 PO 4 .
• the sizes D 50 of the particles of bonding material Ms are preferably less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm, and even more preferably less than 30 nm.
• the bonding material Ms comprises at least one (or consists of at least one) polymer impregnated with a lithium salt, the polymer preferably being chosen from the group formed by polyethylene oxide, polyimides and polyfluoride.
• vinylidene, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polysiloxanes, and the lithium salt are preferably selected from LiCl, LiBr, LiL, Li (ClO 4 ), Li (BF 4 ), Li (PF 6 ), Li ( AsF 6 ), Li (CH 3 CO 2 ), Li (CF 3 SO 3 ), Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , Li (CF 3 CO 2 ), Li (B (C 6 H 5 ) 4 ), Li (SCN), Li (NO 3 ).
• Another object of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing fully solid batteries, said batteries comprising at least one layer containing anode materials ("anode layer”), at least one layer containing solid electrolyte materials (“Electrolyte layer”), and at least one layer containing cathode materials (“cathode layer”), each of these three layers being deposited by electrophoresis, said method comprising the following successive steps: a) depositing, in an arbitrary order, an anode layer and a cathode layer each on its conductive substrate, preferably a metal foil or foil or metallized foil or foil, said conductive substrates, or conductive elements thereof, which may serve as a collector anode and cathode current respectively;
• step b) depositing a solid electrolyte layer, from a suspension of particles of electrolyte material, on said anode layer and / or said cathode layer obtained in step a);
• step b i. on the face of the anode or cathode layer obtained in step a); or ii. on the face of the anode and / or cathode layer coated with an electrolyte layer obtained in step b); or iii. on the face of the anode layer coated with an electrolyte layer obtained in step b) and on the face of the cathode layer obtained in step a); or on the face of the anode layer obtained in step a) and on the face of the cathode layer coated with an electrolyte layer obtained in step b);
• the layer obtained in step c) is stacked face-to-face with a layer obtained in step a), b) or c) in order to obtain a stack, and a heat treatment and / or a mechanical compression promoting contacting said two stacked face-to-face layers to provide a multilayer stacked structure assembly operable as a battery.
• Another object of the invention relates to a fully solid battery capable of being manufactured by the method according to the invention. More particularly, the battery consists of an assembly of several elementary cells connected together in parallel.
• the cathode current anode current conducting substrates are metal foils, optionally coated with a noble metal, or polymer sheets, optionally coated with a noble metal, or graphite foils, optionally coated with a noble metal. More particularly, metal foil cathode current anode current conducting substrates are made of aluminum or copper. More particularly, cathode stream anode current conducting substrates made of polymer sheets are selected from the following polymers: ethylene polynaphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), Teflon® (PTFE), polyimide (PI), and more particularly Kapton®.
• PEN ethylene polynaphthalate
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PP polypropylene
• PTFE Teflon®
• PI polyimide
• the noble metal is selected from the following metals: gold, platinum, palladium, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, palladium, zirconium, tungsten or any alloy comprising at least one of these metals.
• said battery comprises at least one encapsulation layer, preferably a ceramic or glass-ceramic layer.
• said battery comprises a second encapsulation layer deposited on said first encapsulation layer, said second layer preferably being made of silicone polymer.
• the battery comprises terminations at the level where the cathodic current collectors, respectively anodic, are apparent.
• the anode connections and the cathode connections are on the opposite sides of the stack.
• the terminations are further coated with a nickel layer in contact with the electrochemical cells, said nickel layer being coated with a layer of tin.
• said at least one encapsulation layer covers four of the six faces of said battery, the other two faces of the battery being coated by the terminations.
• FIGS. 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (c), 1 (d), 1 (e) and 1 (f) show the products that can be obtained according to several embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 2 represents a stack of anode and a cathode coated with an electrolyte layer and a layer of bonding material Ms.
• FIG. 3 represents an assembly of a battery according to one of the embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 4 shows a typical embodiment of the electrophoresis deposition process.
• Figures 5a and 5b show schematically devices for implementing the method according to the invention.
• FIGS. 6 and 7 schematically show the steps for manufacturing a battery according to two different embodiments of the invention.
• Figure 8 schematically shows a cathode film (left of the figure) and an anode film coated with an electrolyte layer (on the right of the figure), the two films comprising patterns punched out.
• the black arrow represents the alternating stacking operation of the cathode and electrolyte coated anode sheets with their superimposed cut patterns in head-to-tail configuration.
• FIG. 9 schematically represents a detail of the superposition of the cathode and anode sheets coated with an electrolyte layer resulting from the stack illustrated in FIG. 8.
• FIG. 10 represents a multilayer battery that can be obtained by the method according to the invention, according to a particular embodiment. More particularly, the multilayer battery comprises: Several layers of substrate 20 made of metal foil, or metal foil coated with a noble metal, or polymer foil metallized with a noble metal, or graphite foil coated with a noble metal;
• At least one thin encapsulation layer 37 which may consist of either a polymer or a ceramic or glass-ceramic, which may be, for example, in the form of oxide, nitride, phosphates, oxynitride, or siloxane .
• this encapsulation layer comprises a ceramic or glass-ceramic layer coated with an epoxy resin or silicone;
• 35,36 terminations that allow to resume the electrical connections alternately positive and negative on each end. These terminations make it possible to make the electrical connections in parallel between the different battery elements. For this, only the connections (+) go out on one end, and the (-) are available on the other ends. Preferably the (+) and (-) connections are shifted laterally and the encapsulation serves as a dielectric to avoid the presence of a short circuit on these ends. Terminals 35,36 are shown here as a double layer but can be made as a single layer.
• the term "electrophoretic deposition” or “electrophoretic deposition” means a layer deposited by a process for deposition of particles previously suspended in a liquid medium, on a preferably conductive substrate, the displacement of the particles towards the surface of the substrate being generated by the application of an electric field between two electrodes placed in the suspension, one of the electrodes constituting the conductive substrate on which the deposit is made, the other electrode (“counter-electrode”) being placed in the liquid phase.
• a so-called “dense” deposit of particles is formed on the substrate, if the zeta potential of the suspension of the particles has an appropriate value as will be explained below, and / or following a specific densification treatment of thermal nature and / or or mechanical, as will be explained below.
• This deposit has a particular structure and recognizable by the skilled person that distinguishes it from the deposits obtained by any other technique.
• the size of a particle is its largest dimension.
• a “nanoparticle” is a particle of which at least one of the dimensions is less than 100 nm.
• the "particle size” or “average particle size” of a powder or set of particles is given in D 50 .
• the "zeta potential" of a suspension is defined as the potential difference between the breast of the solution and the shear plane of the particle. It is representative of the stability of a suspension.
• the shear plane (or hydrodynamic radius) corresponds to an imaginary sphere around the particle in which the solvent moves with the particle as the particles move in the solution.
• the theoretical basis and the determination of the zeta potential are known to the electrochemist who develops deposits by electrophoresis; it can be deduced from the electrophoretic mobility.
• This equipment measures, using optical devices, the particle displacement velocities as a function of the electric field applied to them. Also, it is necessary that the solution is very diluted to allow the passage of the light.
• acoustophoresis techniques for example using a device called "acoustosizer” from Colloidal Dynamics. The velocity of the particles is then measured by acoustic techniques.
• dispenser means a compound capable of stabilizing the colloidal suspension and in particular to prevent the particles from agglomerating.
• battery any solid multilayer in the sense of the invention, a monobloc battery formed by stacking and assembly of several “elementary cells”.
• elementary cell in the sense of the present invention, an electrochemical cell consisting of an anode and a cathode insertion of lithium ions, separated by a solid electrolyte conductive lithium ions.
• Battery means “any solid” (also called here battery “fully solid”), a battery does not include liquid phase material.
• the term “Ms bonding material” means any lithium ion conductive material for assembling the anode layer and the cathode layer, of which at least one of said anode and cathode layers is coated with a layer. electrolyte, thermally treated and / or mechanically compressed, to form by stacking a battery any solid multilayer after low temperature heat treatment and / or low mechanical compression of said stack. According to the invention, this bonding material Ms is deposited on at least one of the two faces (layers) deposited by electrophoresis which will be stacked face-to-face.
• the deposition is preferably made from colloidal suspensions SP +, SP-, SPn very stable.
• the stability of the suspensions depends on the size of the particles P +, P-, Pn, as well as the nature of the solvent used and the stabilizer used to stabilize the colloidal suspension.
• SP + is meant a colloidal suspension of "P +” particles containing materials making it possible to obtain a cathode layer
• SP- a colloidal suspension containing particles P- of materials making it possible to obtain an anode layer
• SPn a colloidal suspension of particles "Pn” of materials to obtain an electrolyte layer.
• colloidal suspensions containing particles of nanometric sizes are preferred. These particles preferably have an average particle size D 50 of less than 100 nm, and more preferably (especially in the case where the suspension comprises particles of high melting point materials) less than 30 nm. In fact, with particles of small dimensions, the densification of the deposit is greatly facilitated since the deposit is compact.
• the production of electrophoretic deposits from stable colloidal suspensions makes it possible to avoid the formation of pores, cavities and clusters detrimental to the densification of the deposit.
• the densification of the deposit can begin with drying, without necessarily resorting to heat treatments; a step of drying the deposit may be sufficient in some cases.
• the stability of the suspensions can be expressed by their zeta potential. In the context of the present invention, the suspension is considered stable when its zeta potential is greater than 40 mV, and very stable when it is greater than 60 mV. On the other hand, when the zeta potential is less than 20 mV, agglomerates of particles may appear.
• the deposits are in certain embodiments made from colloidal suspensions having a zeta potential greater than 40 mV (in absolute value).
• the suspensions have low particulate solids and the Zeta potential is less than 40 mV as described in more detail below.
• the colloidal suspensions for use in electrophoresis comprise an electrical insulating solvent, which may be an organic solvent, or deionized water, or a mixture of solvents, and particles to be deposited.
• an electrical insulating solvent which may be an organic solvent, or deionized water, or a mixture of solvents, and particles to be deposited.
• the particles do not agglomerate together to create clusters capable of inducing cavities, agglomerates and / or significant defects in the deposit.
• the particles remain isolated in the suspension.
• the stability of the slurry required to obtain a compact deposit is achieved through the addition of stabilizers.
• the stabilizer prevents flocculation of the powders and the formation of agglomerates. It can act by an electrostatic effect, a steric effect or a combination of both effects.
• Electrostatic stabilization is based on the establishment of electrostatic repulsions between the nanoparticles in suspension.
• Electrostatic stabilization is controlled by the surface charge of the particles; it can therefore depend on the pH. Steric stabilization uses polymers, nonionic surfactants or even proteins, which, added to the suspension, are absorbed on the surface of the particles to cause repulsion by congestion of the inter-particle space. A combination of both stabilization mechanisms is also possible. In the context of the present invention, electrostatic stabilization is preferred over steric stabilization. Electrostatic stabilization is easy to implement, reversible, inexpensive, and facilitates subsequent consolidation processes.
• Particles and / or agglomerates preferably have a size less than 100 nm, and more preferably less than 50 nm.
• suspensions were obtained for low solids, typically between 2 g / l and 20 g / l, preferably between 3 and 10 g / l, and more particularly for dry extracts of the order of 4 g / l, in a liquid phase of alcohol, preferably ethanol, and / or ketone, preferably acetone.
• alcohol preferably ethanol, and / or ketone, preferably acetone.
• the Zeta potential of such suspensions is generally less than 40 mV, and more particularly between 25 and 40 mV. This could mean that such suspensions tend to be unstable, however the inventors have found that the use of these suspensions for electrophoretic deposition led to deposited layers of very good quality.
• Organic stabilizers which are not very volatile, could electrically isolate the nanoparticles, thus preventing any electrochemical response.
• deposition voltages of less than 5 V are preferred. Indeed, beyond 5 V water is likely to undergo electrolysis giving rise to the production of gas on the electrodes which makes the porous deposits and reduces their adhesion to the substrate. In addition, galvanic reactions in an aqueous medium give rise to the formation of metal cations that can pollute the deposits.
• the deposits are in the solvent phase. It is thus possible to work at higher voltage values, thus increasing the rates of deposition.
• the nanoparticles used for producing a cathode layer are preferably, but not exhaustively, selected from one or more of the following materials:
• the nanoparticles used for producing an anode layer are preferably, but not exhaustively, chosen from one or more of the following materials:
• the nanoparticles of Li 4 Ti 5 0i 2 for the production of an anode layer are more particularly preferred.
• the anode or the cathode it is possible to add nanoparticles of electronically conductive materials, and in particular graphite, and / or nanoparticles of lithium ion conductive materials, of the type used in the above-mentioned materials. make the electrolyte layers. Indeed, some electrode materials are poor ionic and electrical conductors, therefore when they are deposited with thicknesses greater than 3 ⁇ , the electrode can then be too resistive. However thicknesses of 1 to 10 ⁇ are generally desirable for the electrodes, in order to have batteries with good energy densities. In this case it is necessary to co-deposit particles of electrode materials and conductive particles (ionic and / or electrical).
• the electrolyte must be a good ionic conductor but also an electrical insulator.
• the nanoparticles used for the production of an electrolyte layer are preferably chosen from one or more of the following materials: a) the oxide-based materials chosen from Li 3 6 Geo, 6Vo , 4 0 4 ; Li 2 O -Nb 2 O 5 ; LiSiO 4 ;
• Li 2 O; Li 14 Zn (Ge0 4) 4; Li 0, 35Lao, 55 i0 3; Li 0, 5Lao, 5 i0 3; Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 0i 2; Li 5 + x La 3 (Zr x , A 2- x ) Oi 2 with A Sc, Ti, V, Y, Nb, Hf, Ta, Al, Si, Ga, Ge, Sn and 1, 4 ⁇ x ⁇ 2;
• LiPON lithium and phosphorus oxynitrides
• LiPON materials based on lithium and phosphorus oxynitrides
• LiBON materials based on lithium boron oxynitrides
• phosphate or borate materials selected from Li 3 PO 4 ; LiTi (PO 4 ) 3 ;
• the mixed materials chosen from mixtures between Li 2 S and one of Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 - x N 2x / 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 - x N 2x / 3 , Li 4 GeO 4 - x N 2x / 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4 or Li 3 B0 3- x N 2x / 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3; mixtures between either Li 2 S and / or B 2 S 3 , SiS 2 , P 2 S 5 , GeS 2 , Ga 2 S 3 and a compound of the type Li a MO b which can be either lithium silicate Li 4 SiO 2 4 , lithium borate Li 3 B0 3 or lithium phosphate Li 3 PO 4 .
• the nanoparticles are suspended in a suitable liquid phase.
• a stabilizer is added to obtain a suspension whose zeta potential is preferably greater than 40 mV.
• suspensions containing no or only a few stabilizers ⁇ 10 ppm
• suspensions having low solids generally less than 20 g / l and preferably less than 10 g / l.
• the Zeta potential of the suspension is generally between 25 and 40 mV.
• the solvents used may be based on ketone, alcohol or a mixture of both.
• steric stabilizers there may be mentioned polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyacrylic acid (PAA), citric acid, nitrocellulose, acetylacetone provided that they are soluble in the solvent organic chosen.
• Electrostatic stabilizations can be achieved by adding iodide, adding acids or bases.
• the electrical conductivity of the suspension can be controlled to obtain a large potential gradient between the two electrodes.
• the conductivity of the colloidal suspension is between 1 and 20 ⁇ 8 / ⁇ - ⁇ .
• Acids and bases, weak or strong, can be added in small amounts to control the conductivity of the suspension and charge the surfaces of the particles.
• the anode, cathode and solid electrolyte layers are all deposited electrophoretically.
• the electrophoretic deposition of particles is done by the application of an electric field between the substrate on which the deposit is made and a counter electrode, to put the charged particles of the colloidal suspension in motion, and to deposit them on the substrate.
• the absence of binders and other solvents deposited on the surface with the particles makes it possible to obtain very compact deposits.
• the compactness obtained by the electrophoretic deposition limits or even avoided the risk of cracks or appearance of other defects in the deposit during the drying steps.
• the implementation successive steps of deposition / drying can be considered.
• the absence of organic compounds reduces the risk of burning the battery in the event of an accidental short circuit.
• the method according to the present invention does not require burning steps, or evaporation of corrosive or harmful compounds before sintering. .
• the increase in economic and environmental constraints makes it necessary to reduce discharges into the atmosphere, so the present invention responds well to these constraints.
• the deposition rate can be very high depending on the applied electric field and the electrophoretic mobility of the particles of the suspension.
• deposition rates of the order of a few ⁇ - ⁇ / ⁇ - ⁇ can be obtained.
• the inventors have found that this technique makes it possible to produce deposits on very large surfaces with excellent homogeneity (provided that the concentrations of particles and electric fields are homogeneous on the surface of the substrate). It is equally suitable for a continuous strip process, that is to say the substrate is advantageously a strip; during the electrophoretic deposition, the band is advantageously stationary relative to the liquid phase.
• the substrate may be a sheet or a strip having a conductive surface or conductive elements, for example conductive areas.
• the nature of the substrate in contact with the electrodes must be inert and must not interfere and give rise to spurious reactions in the operating potential range of the Li-ion battery.
• a copper or aluminum strip of a thickness which may for example be 6 ⁇ , may be used, or a polymer strip having an electrically conductive surface deposit (also called here metallized polymer film).
• the substrate must be of fine thickness so that fine cutouts of the electrodes can be made, as best illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 10.
• Metallic and / or metallized polymer films are preferred.
• the advantage of the method according to the invention is that it allows for structures "all solid” (or “solid”) multilayer low temperature.
• substrates based on metallized polymer films can be advantageously used.
• Such films can be manufactured industrially with thicknesses of the order of ⁇ ⁇ , which makes it possible to increase the density of energy density of thin-film batteries.
• the coated current collector surfaces are coated with noble metals or transition metals by metallization.
• the metals that can be deposited on the surface of Current collectors are selected from the following metals: gold, platinum, palladium, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, palladium, zirconium, tungsten or any alloy comprising at least one of these metals.
• conductive oxide films such as indium tin oxide (ITO) can be used as a coating on the substrate to improve the contact qualities between the substrate and the electrodes.
• these coatings must remain thin and their thickness must not be greater than 500 nm, and preferably the thicknesses of the surface metallization layers will be of the order of 100 nm.
• These metallization layers can be made on films, thin metal strips, for example aluminum or copper.
• the thickness of these strips is less than 20 ⁇ , more preferably less than 10 ⁇ , and even more preferably less than or equal to 5 ⁇ .
• the metallized polymeric films must also be of fine thickness, preferably less than 5 ⁇ , and more preferably of the order of 1 ⁇ .
• the nature of the metallization layers is described above, and the films can be either of ethylene polynaphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), or Teflon®
• PTFE polyimide
• Kapton® Kapton®
• the roughness of the substrates does not exceed 10% of the thickness of the deposited electrode in order to ensure optimum contact between the battery cells and to ensure homogeneity of the electrode properties.
• the substrate may be prepared, for example, as follows: an aluminum strip having a thickness of between 5 and 20 ⁇ , and preferably of the order of 15 ⁇ , is supplied. The strip is then positioned to be held "flat". The surface of the aluminum strip is preferably cleaned, for example by immersion in a cleaning bath. This cleaning can be carried out, for example, by immersions in a washing bath of NGL technology under ultrasound, followed by rinsing with distilled water.
• the strip is treated by electro-polishing in order to reduce its thickness, and / or to remove surface roughness and microroughness. This electropolishing treatment can be carried out in a solution having the following chemical composition: 80% absolute ethanol, 13.8% distilled water, 6.2% 70% perchloric acid. The applied voltage is of the order of 15V. If necessary, the treatment bath can be cooled to avoid overheating related to high current densities.
• bath formulations can be used, for example baths based on EPS 1250 or EPS 1300 solutions from EP-Systems.
• the surface is rinsed with distilled water.
• the thickness of the strip at the end of this treatment is generally between 1 and 10 ⁇ .
• This strip is advantageously used as anode substrate and as a cathode substrate in the process according to the invention.
• a nickel-plating treatment can be carried out directly on the surface of the aluminum strip just after its electro-polishing treatment.
• This treatment can be carried out in different ways, either by electrochemical deposition, or by immersion in a solution containing nickel salts, or both successively.
• the electrolytic deposition may be carried out in a bath of the following composition: nickel sulphamate at 300 g / l, H 3 B0 3 at 30 g / l, NiCl 2 at 30 g / l.
• the nickel plating is carried out on the aluminum strip, the surface of which was previously activated by electro-polishing under a current density of the order of 2 A / dm 2 , using a nickel counter electrode.
• This nickel-plating treatment makes it possible to prevent the formation of an oxide layer on the surface of the aluminum, and to improve the quality of the electrical contacts and the adhesion of the deposits.
• the treatment mentioned above may be carried out from other metals that may be deposited on the surface of the aluminum strip, as described above, ie gold, platinum, palladium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, palladium, zirconium, tungsten, nickel or any alloy comprising at least one of these metals.
• Deposition can be carried out by techniques well known to those skilled in the art, and more particularly by chemical vapor deposition, or physically, in particular by evaporation and / or by physical vapor deposition.
• each of the cathode and anode layers is preferably between 0.5 ⁇ and 10 ⁇ .
• the thickness of the electrolyte layer is preferably less than 2 ⁇ , and even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ .
• the layer deposited by electrophoresis is already dense and compact.
• the inventors have found that when stable suspensions of particles are obtained without or with little ( ⁇ 10 ppm) of stabilizers, the layer obtained after electrophoresis deposition is dense and compact without any thermal and / or mechanical densification. 'has been realized, and this is particularly so when the electrophoretically deposited particle size is less than 50 nm.
• the electrophoresis deposition can be implemented in a batch process (static) or in a continuous process.
• FIGS. 5a and 5b illustrate various embodiments of electrophoretic deposits, for producing strips or coatings on conductive substrate.
• a stabilized power supply makes it possible to apply a voltage between the conductive substrate and two electrodes located on either side of this substrate.
• This voltage can be continuous or alternative.
• Accurate tracking of the currents obtained makes it possible to accurately monitor and control the thicknesses deposited.
• the deposited layers are insulating, depending on their thickness, they can affect the value of the electric field, so in this case, a controlled current deposition mode is preferred.
• the value of the electric field is changed.
• Figure 5a shows schematically an installation for implementing the method according to the invention.
• the power supply located between the counterelectrodes 43 and the conductive substrate 44 is not shown.
• An electric field is applied between the two counter electrodes 43 and the substrate 44 to deposit particles of the colloidal suspension 42 on both sides of the substrate 44.
• the electrically conductive strip (strap) 44 serving as a substrate is unwound from a unwinder 41. After deposition the deposited layer is dried in a drying oven 45 and consolidated by mechanical compaction using a means compaction 46 appropriate. The compaction can be performed under a controlled atmosphere and for temperatures between room temperature and the melting temperature of the deposited materials.
• Figure 5a The representation of Figure 5a is interesting for the manufacture of active material deposits on current collectors for producing battery electrodes. However, it can be limited to coating only one side of the substrate. Also, Figure 5b shows a device for making a coating on a single conductive surface, without mechanical densification.
• FIG. 4 shows a typical embodiment of the method according to the invention:
• 2nd step Immersion of a metal substrate in the colloidal suspension.
• the colloidal suspension can cover the entire surface of the substrate.
• a mask may be applied to the surface of the substrate so as to limit the surface in contact with the suspension and consequently reduce the deposition surface.
• Step 3 Application of an electric field between the substrate and a counter electrode located in the colloidal suspension.
• This electric field can be constant and / or variable (alternative).
• the mean direction of the electric field, that is to say the potential applied to the electrodes is adapted to the load of the particle to be deposited (cataphoresis or anaphoresis).
• ⁇ 5th step densification of the deposit (optional step according to certain particular embodiments of the invention).
• the drying stage (4th stage) and the step of consolidation heat treatment (5 th step) because begin to densify upon drying.
• the densification of the deposit during drying can be explained by several parameters including the physicochemical characteristics of the particles, in particular their chemical nature, their size, their melting point, their Young's modulus, but can also be related to the presence of stabilizers, as well as the type of solvent used, as well as the nature of the electric field. Densification of deposition of the anode, cathode and / or electrolyte layer
• the deposited layers ie the anode layer, cathode layer and / or electrolyte layer are densified by heat treatment and / or mechanical compression, in order to minimize the cavities, pores and cracks. and other compactness defects.
• This step of densification of the deposit can be carried out: i. by mechanical means, in particular by uni-axial compression.
• the pressure applied is preferably between 10 and 100 MPa; a value of the order of 50 MPa gives very good results; In other embodiments, the pressure applied is greater than 250 MPa, or even greater than 400 MPa; ii. by a heat treatment.
• the temperature depends strongly on the chemical composition of the deposited powders. Depending on the nature of the deposited materials, it may also be useful to maintain a controlled atmosphere to avoid deterioration of the properties of the coating;
• the deposited anode and cathode layers do not undergo heat treatment and / or mechanical compression after their deposition when they are likely to be directly dense and compact after they have been deposited.
• the anode and cathode layers are deposited by electrophoresis from colloidal suspensions of very small particle size, typically particle sizes of less than 50 nm, and when said suspensions contain no or few stabilizers ( of the order of a few ppm), the deposited nanoparticles can begin to consolidate and directly form a dense deposit under the influence of the electrostatic pressure exerted by the electric field and applied during the deposition step.
• the substrate on which the battery layers are deposited is composed of a generally metallic electrical conductive material.
• the substrate is metallic, it is preferred to avoid heating it to high temperatures during the manufacture of the battery, in order to avoid any risk of oxidation and deterioration of the surface properties.
• the reduction of the surface oxidation is particularly beneficial for reducing electrical contact resistances, essential point to the operation of storage devices and / or energy production.
• electrophoretic layers of very good quality as described above, and in particular of compact layers makes it possible to reduce the duration and the temperature of the heat treatments and to limit the shrinkage of these treatments, and to obtain a structure homogeneous nanocrystalline. This contributes to obtaining dense layers without defects.
• the inventors have found that the smaller the size of the deposited particles, the lower the temperature of the heat treatment can be reduced, or even be optional when the particle size is less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm. It is thus possible to produce deposits in thin layers, or relatively thick, with porosity levels of less than 5% or even 2% without resorting to temperatures and / or significant heat treatment times. In addition, this low-temperature deposit compaction technology significantly reduces the risk of shrinkage. Also, it is no longer necessary to resort to very complex and expensive heat treatment cycles to consolidate the ceramic deposits of the electrode and electrolyte layers of the batteries.
• Nanoparticles being very sensitive to surface pollution, it is however preferable to carry out consolidation treatments under vacuum, or in an inert atmosphere.
• the layers obtained can be dense, especially when the particle sizes "P +", "P-" and "Pn" are extremely low, ie for particle sizes less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm.
• the inventors have found that the assembly of the layers together can be difficult and it is then necessary to provide (thermally and / or mechanically) a large amount of energy to bind them.
• the use of high temperatures to assemble the layers is very disadvantageous because the layers can oxidize, inter-diffusion problems in the layers can be created and the collectors can be strongly deteriorated.
• a layer of bonding material Ms is deposited, ie: o directly on the face of the anode or cathode layer obtained by electrophoresis; or
• the layer of bonding material Ms should be, like the electrolyte, a good lithium ion conductor.
• the melting point of the layer of bonding material as deposited should be less than that of the layers with which it is in contact. This may result from the choice of the material Ms, but also from the form in which it occurs in the layer. In particular, it is known that the melting point of a material present in the form of nanoparticles is lower than the melting point of the dense material, which is related to the high surface energy of the nanoparticles.
• the bonding material Ms is deposited in the form of a layer composed of nanoparticles, for example by electrophoresis, and / or in the form of a very thin layer (for example of a lower thickness at 50 nm or 20 nm) to reduce the heat treatment temperature achieved in step d). It is then possible to stack face-to-face two dense layers by making a deposit of a layer of bonding material Ms on at least one of said two dense layers, the temperature of the heat treatment T R of the step d ) to link the said two dense layers, if performed, being less than the melting temperature of the constituent material (s) of the dense layers.
• a thin layer of nanometric particles of electrolyte material is deposited as a connecting material Ms on a densified layer.
• electrolyte then a second densified layer of electrolyte is stacked (typically mechanically) on this thin layer of bonding material, and the assembly is subjected to a heat treatment and / or mechanical densification, during which the bonding material will provide the bond between the two layers of electrolyte.
• This bond is probably created by a mechanism of diffusion or migration of bonding material, more fusible, towards the layers, less fusible but chemically identical, with which it is in contact.
• the bonding material Ms is chosen from one or more of the following materials: a) the materials based on oxides chosen from Li 3 , 6 Geo, 6 Ve, 404; Li 2 O -Nb 2 O 5 ; LiSiO 4 ;
• Li 2 O; Li 14 Zn (Ge0 4) 4; Lio.ssLao.ssTiOs; Lio.sLao.sTiOs; Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12; Li 5+ xLa 3 (Zr x , A2- x) O12 with A Sc, Ti, V, Y, Nb, Hf, Ta, Al, Si, Ga, Ge, Sn and 1.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 2;
• LiPON lithium and phosphorus oxynitrides
• LiSiPON lithium and phosphorus oxynitrides
• LiPONB silicon
• SONS sulfur
• LiPAON aluminum
• LiBON lithium boron oxynitrides
• LiBAON aluminum
• the mixed materials chosen from mixtures between Li 2 S and one of Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 -x N 2x / 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 -x N 2x / 3 , Li 4 Ge0 4 x N 2x / 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4 or Li 3 B0 3- x N 2x / 3 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3; mixtures between either Li 2 S and / or B 2 S 3 , SiS 2 , P 2 S 5 , GeS 2 , Ga 2 S 3 and a compound of the type Li a MO b which can be either lithium silicate Li 4 SiO 2 4 , lithium borate Li 3 B0 3 or lithium phosphate Li 3 PO 4 .
• the binding material Ms comprises / consists of at least one polymer impregnated with a lithium salt, the polymer preferably being chosen from the group formed by polyethylene oxide, polyimides, polyfluoride and vinylidene, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polysiloxanes, and the lithium salt being preferably selected from LiCl, LiBr, LiL, Li (ClO 4 ), Li (BF 4 ), Li (PF 6 ), Li (AsF 6 ), Li (CH 3 CO 2 ), Li (CF 3 SO 3 ), Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , Li (CF 3 CO 2 ), Li (B 3 C 6 H 5 ) 4 ), Li (SCN), Li (NO 3 ).
• a lithium salt being preferably selected from LiCl, LiBr, LiL, Li (ClO 4 ), Li (BF 4 ), Li (PF 6 ), Li (AsF 6 ), Li (CH 3 CO 2 ), Li (
• the deposition of the bonding material layer Ms may be carried out indifferently among one of the following techniques: i. vacuum deposition technique, and more particularly by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition; or
• quench deposition technique of nanoparticles more particularly techniques of inking, quenching, spin-coating, Langmuir-Blodgett;
• these deposits must be thin, preferably less than 200 nm, and even more preferably less than 100 nm so as not to induce excessive resistive effects in the cell of the battery.
• Sol-gel deposition techniques make it possible to produce a compact deposition of "Ms" bonding material. This technique is well suited to producing layers whose thickness is less than 200 nm.
• a layer of bonding material Ms by using a suspension comprising previously nanoparticles of bonding material Ms in a suitable liquid which will subsequently be evaporated. It is more particularly the techniques of inking, quenching, spin-coating or Langmuir-Blodgett.
• Electrospray deposition techniques can also be used to make deposits of Ms binding material in the form of nanoparticles. This deposit is made by spraying chemical compounds reacting under the influence of an electric field to form a surface layer of Ms bonding material after drying. Such a deposition technique is described in the article "The production of thin film of LiMn 2 0 4 by electrospraying", J. of Aerosol Science, Vol.25, No. 6, p.1229-1235.
• the deposition of nanoparticles of bonding material Ms can be carried out by the "aerosol” type deposition technique.
• the nanoparticles of material Ms contained in a tank are set in motion by the injection of a gas under pressure into the container.
• a deagglomeration device can be installed on the particle jet to break up the agglomerates and ensure a flow of particles of controlled size.
• the layers are stacked face-to-face and then mechanically compressed and / or heat-treated to obtain a fully solid stack of stacked multilayer structure.
• the heat treatment of the layers to be assembled is carried out at a temperature T R which preferably does not exceed 0.7 times the melting or decomposition temperature (expressed in ° C.), and more preferably does not exceed 0 ° C. 5 times (and even more preferably does not exceed 0.3 times) the melting temperature or decomposition (expressed in ° C) of the bonding material Ms.
• the mechanical compression of the layers to be assembled is carried out at a pressure of between 10 and 100 MPa, preferably between 10 and 50 MPa.
• the total thickness of the bonding material layer Ms also depends on the nature of the layers to be assembled. For example, when it is desired to assemble a cathode layer and an anode layer each coated with a solid electrolyte layer, the thickness of the layer of bonding material Ms must be very small, ie less than 100 nm , preferably less than 50 nm and even more preferably less than 30 nm, so that the electrolyte obtained remains a good ionic conductor.
• the thickness of the the layer of bonding material Ms is less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm and even more preferably less than 30 nm.
• the size of the material particles Ms is less than the thickness of the layer on which the material Ms. is deposited.
• FIGS. 6 and 7 show schematically the steps for manufacturing a battery according to different embodiments of the method according to the invention. These embodiments are in no way limiting but are given by way of illustration.
• FIGS. 1a to 1d The product obtained at each stage is shown schematically in FIGS. 1a to 1d according to a first embodiment of the invention (FIG. 6).
• steps 1.A and 1B a cathode layer 24 and anode layer 21, respectively, are deposited by electrophoresis on the conductive substrate 20. As shown in FIG. 1a for the anode 21, this deposit can be made on both sides of the conductive substrate.
• steps 2.A and 2.B the electrophoresed layer is dried.
• the deposition is densified in steps 3.A and 3.B by mechanical and / or thermal means.
• This mechanical densification makes it possible to obtain a density greater than 90% of the theoretical density of the solid body, or even greater than 95%. Drying can be done before or after mechanical densification.
• steps 3.A and 3.B are not necessary.
• an electrolyte layer 22 is deposited on the anode 21 and on the cathode 24 (FIG. 6). Its thickness is preferably less than 3 ⁇ . This deposit also covers the edges (ie the slices) of the electrodes, as shown schematically in FIG. 1b. This isolation of the edges of the electrodes avoids both the risk of short circuit and the risk of leakage currents. It also simplifies encapsulation. Certain ceramics and / or vitroceramics conducting lithium ions can also protect the cell from the external environment. Only one encapsulation layer in the form of polymer or silicone can then be used to protect the battery cell. In steps 5.A and 5.B this electrolyte deposit is dried.
• the deposition of steps 6.A and 6.B is densified by mechanical and / or thermal means. This step is not necessary when the electrolyte layer obtained is already dense and compact after the drying step.
• the electrolyte layer 22 is deposited solely on the cathode 24. Its thickness is preferably less than 1 ⁇ . This deposit also covers the edges (i.e. wafers) of the electrodes, as shown schematically in FIG. This isolation of the edges of the electrodes avoids both the risk of short circuit and the risk of leakage currents.
• this electrolyte deposit is dried.
• steps 7.A and 7.B a layer of bonding material Ms is deposited on the face of at least one of the two layers obtained by electrophoretic deposition and which will be stacked face-to-face.
• Steps 8.A and 8.B an edge of the electrodes is cut as shown in Figure 1d or 1f.
• the edge bound to the strip is cut in order to leave three edges coated with electrolyte on the wafer. Since this electrolyte is a dielectric, during the next stacking step, it will only reveal the anode contacts on one side of the cell, respectively cathodic on the other, in order to make parallel connections of the battery cells. to form a battery cell with higher capacity.
• FIG. 1d or 1f schematically shows such a cell section after cutting: the substrate 20 has been coated (here on both sides) with a cathode layer 21 and cut on a wafer 23.
• step 9 performs the stack so that on two opposite sides of the stack is found alternately a succession of edges 23 of anode 21 cut and cathode edges 24, optionally coated with electrolyte 22, and optionally coated with the layer of connection material Ms 25.
• FIG. 2 shows a stack of two substrates 20, one of them bearing on both sides an anode layer 21 coated with an electrolyte layer 22, and a a layer of Ms 25 bonding material on one side of the electrolyte layer 22, the other a cathode layer 24 coated with an electrolyte layer 22 and a layer of bonding material Ms 25 on both faces of the electrolyte layer 22, the two faces of the electrolyte layer 22 d placed respectively on the anode 21 and the cathode 24 and each coated with a layer of bonding material 25 Ms being laid one upon another to form a common interface 26.
• a heat treatment and / or a mechanical compression favoring the contact between the two stacked face-to-face layers is performed to obtain a multilayer stacked stack of cells.
• These encapsulation layers must be chemically stable, withstand high temperatures and be impermeable to the atmosphere (barrier layer).
• These layers may advantageously be deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which allows to have an overlap of all accessible surfaces of the stack.
• a second encapsulation layer may be deposited on the first encapsulation layer to increase the protection of the battery cells of their external environment.
• the deposition of this second layer can be achieved by a silicone impregnation. The choice of such a material comes from the fact that it withstands high temperatures and the battery can thus be easily assembled by soldering on electronic cards without appearance of glass transitions.
• encapsulation of the battery is performed on four of the six faces of the stack.
• the encapsulation layers surround the periphery of the stack, the rest of the protection to the atmosphere being provided by the layers obtained by the terminations.
• terminations (electrical contacts) 35,36 are added at the level where the cathodic current collectors, respectively anodic, are apparent (not coated with insulating electrolyte). These contact areas may be on opposite sides of the stack to collect current as shown in Figure 3, but also on the same sides or on adjacent sides.
• the stack is cut according to section planes making it possible to obtain unitary battery components, with the exposure on each of the section planes of the (+) and ( -) drums.
• the connections can then be metallized using plasma deposition techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• the terminations 35, 36 are preferably made of a layer of tin on the outside to facilitate the weldability of the battery, and a layer of nickel beneath the tin layer to thermally protect the battery cell.
• the method according to the invention allows the realization of fully solid, three-dimensional batteries, consisting of several elementary cells, the latter being connected all together in parallel.
• the method makes it possible to produce fully solid batteries, without the risk of cracks due to the shrinkage of the electrodes and the electrolyte layers during the assembly step;
• the method according to the invention makes it possible to manufacture compact batteries, entirely solid by assembly of elementary cells. Indeed, the method according to the invention makes it possible to produce three-dimensional assemblies of fully solid battery cells. This one-step assembly of all the cells makes it possible to produce a solid one-piece battery consisting of a plurality of elementary cells connected together in parallel. The elementary cells are not independent of each other.
• the method according to the invention also makes it possible to dispense with the use of rigid substrates, the rigidity being conferred by the stacking and the all-solid assembly of the structure.
• this manufacturing technology makes it possible to work directly on metallized films of very small thicknesses, which makes it possible to obtain battery cells with very high energy and power densities.
• the batteries obtained according to the process have high energy and power densities and can operate under extreme temperature conditions without their physical and chemical properties being altered. 3. Examples
• Example 1 describes a method for obtaining a battery comprising a multilayer cell whose substrates, which act as anode or cathode current collectors, are made of aluminum.
• Example 2 describes a method for obtaining a battery comprising a multilayer cell whose substrates, which act as anode or cathode current collectors, are made of copper; which method further comprises a step of encapsulating the multilayer cell.
• a colloidal suspension in ethanol of nanoparticles of the following chemical composition was produced: 2 g / l of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , 0.02 g / l of carbon black powder, 0.3 g / l Li 1 3 Alo, 3 ii, 7 (PO 4 ) 3 and some ppm citric acid.
• the particle sizes in this colloidal suspension are between 20 and 70 nm.
• the nanoparticles contained in said suspension are deposited by electrophoresis on the aluminum substrate.
• the deposition of the anode layer is carried out under a voltage of 80V. After drying in an oven, this deposit was consolidated by heat treatment at 400 ° C. under 40 MPa of uniaxial pressure.
• an electrolyte layer is deposited on its surface by electrophoresis from a suspension of Li 1 3 Alo, 3 ii, 7 (PO 4 ) 3. It is a suspension of particles of Li 1 3 Alo, 3 ii, 7 (PO 4 ) 3 at 10 g / l in ethanol. The particle sizes are 30 nm and the deposition conditions are 10 V for 30 seconds, which makes it possible to obtain a film of approximately 0.5 ⁇ m in thickness. The electrolyte layer is then dried and pressed under 50 MPa. vs)
• a positive electrode is produced by electrophoretically depositing a suspension of nanoparticles
• the suspension of LiMn 15 N 10 , 4 Cro , 10 4 in acetone was carried out with a concentration equal to 5 g / l of nanoparticles of with a few ppm of an acetylacetone stabilizer.
• the deposition conditions used are 100 V for 30 seconds to obtain a cathode layer. After drying, the layer was consolidated by hot uniaxial compression treatment at 300 ° C and 50 MPa.
• an electrolyte layer is deposited on its surface by electrophoresis of a suspension of This is a suspension of particles of at 10g / l in ethanol. The particle sizes are 30 nm and the deposition conditions are 10 V for 30 seconds, which makes it possible to obtain a film of approximately 0.5 ⁇ m in thickness. This electrolyte film is then dried and pressed under 50 MPa. d) Deposition of a layer of bonding material Ms
• nanoparticles of Li 3 PO 4 are first deposited on each of said surfaces. This deposition is carried out by immersing the electrolyte-coated electrodes in a suspension of nanoparticles of Li 3 PO 4 in ethanol. The particle sizes are about 15 nm. The electrodes coated with the solid electrolyte films are soaked in the colloidal suspension of Li 3 PO 4 and removed at a speed of 100 mm / min. The deposited thickness is then 50 nm. e) Assembly of the half-electrodes
• the substrate is then placed in a unwinder and positioned on a holding frame, so as to create a rigid structure for holding the strip without creasing it.
• This holding frame has an insulating outer surface; on the other hand, its internal conductive surfaces are in electrical contact with the chromium-coated copper strip and make it possible to impose a potential on it.
• a colloidal suspension in ethanol of nanoparticles of the following chemical composition was produced: 10 g / l of nanopowders of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 with a few ppm ( ⁇ 10 ppm) of citric acid.
• the particle sizes of this suspension are between 20 and 70 nm. From this colloidal suspension, the nanoparticles contained in said suspension were electrophoretically deposited on the substrate. Deposition of the anode layer was performed at a voltage of 90 V / cm. The deposit was dried and consolidated at 450 ° C for 10 minutes.
• a solid electrolyte layer was deposited on its surface by electrophoresis from a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles of Li 3 , 6 Si 0 , 6Po, 404. This suspension was carried out in FIG. ethanol, with a solids content of 10 g / l and the particle sizes are of the order of 30 nm. This film was deposited at 30 V for 10 seconds. The electrolyte film was dried and consolidated by heat treatment at 300 ° C for 10 minutes. vs) On a second strip, a positive electrode was made by electrophoretic deposition of a slurry of LiMn nanoparticles of 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 .
• the colloidal suspension was carried out in a 5: 1 solvent mixture (butanone: ethanol) with a few ppm acetyl acetone ( ⁇ 10 ppm) as stabilizer and a solids content of 10 g / l.
• the deposition conditions used were 150 V / cm for a few seconds to obtain a cathode layer, which was then dried and consolidated by heat treatment at 450 ° C for 10 minutes.
• Li 3.6 Sio, 6Po, 404 nanoparticles have been previously deposited on the cathode .
• This deposition was carried out by immersing the cathode in a suspension of nanoparticles of Li 3.6 SiO, 6PO, 404 in ethanol. The particle sizes are of the order of 20 nm.
• the cathode was soaked in the colloidal suspension of Li 3.6 SiO, 6Po, 404 and removed at a rate of 100 mm / min. The deposited thickness is of the order of 50 nm.
• the anodes coated with the solid electrolyte film and the cathodes were "punched” in order to make cuts to the dimensions of the battery to be produced.
• These patterns include the three cuts that are adjacent and which define the size of the battery.
• a second slot was made on the uncut side to be able to ensure the passage of products necessary for the encapsulation of the component.
• the deposition of bonding material Ms may be performed after or before this step of punching the electrodes.
• the anode and cathode electrodes were then stacked alternately to form a stack of several elementary cells.
• the cutting patterns of the anodes and cathodes were placed in "head-to-tail" configuration as illustrated in FIG. 9. This stack was then pressed at 50 MPa and heated at 350 ° C. for 10 minutes in order to obtain a stacked multilayer structure. monobloc and rigid.
• This set of stacked sheets was then placed in a vacuum deposition chamber in order to form a conformal deposition of encapsulating protective material which will cover all the surfaces of this stack, including inside the cut areas. .
• the orifices A (see FIGS. 8 and 9) promote the penetration of the material deposited on the inner faces of the stacked layers.
• This protective material may be a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition coating (HMDSO) coating of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). This first layer of coating protects the cell battery of the external environment and more particularly of the humidity. A second layer of 15 ⁇ of silicone is then applied by injection in order to coat the battery cells with a layer that will protect the batteries from mechanical damage.
• HMDSO plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition coating
• This first layer of coating protects the cell battery of the external environment and more particularly of the humidity.
• a second layer of 15 ⁇ of silicone is then applied by injection in order to coat the battery cells with a layer that will
• This set of battery cells, stacked and coated, is then cut according to the section planes making it possible to obtain unitary battery components, with the exposure on each of the section planes of the (+) and (-) connections of the batteries, on opposite sides. These connections are then metallized using plasma deposition techniques to obtain the battery component shown in Figure 10.
• the terminations consist of a nickel layer thermally protecting the battery cell and a tin layer facilitating the weldability of the battery. the battery obtained.

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• 2012
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• 2013
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