WO2014097569A1 - リチウム二次電池用正極材料 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用正極材料 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014097569A1 WO2014097569A1 PCT/JP2013/007223 JP2013007223W WO2014097569A1 WO 2014097569 A1 WO2014097569 A1 WO 2014097569A1 JP 2013007223 W JP2013007223 W JP 2013007223W WO 2014097569 A1 WO2014097569 A1 WO 2014097569A1
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- secondary battery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/66—Nickelates containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrNiO3, SrNiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel positive electrode material for lithium secondary battery (positive electrode material for lithium lithium secondary battery) and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Lithium and transition metal composite oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , and LiMnO 2 are known as positive electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries.
- a lithium secondary battery using a composite oxide having a layered rock salt structure in which cobalt or nickel is dissolved, such as LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , as a positive electrode active material is 180 to 200 mAh / g.
- a relatively high capacity density can be achieved. Also, it exhibits good reversibility in a high voltage range of 2.5 to 4.5V.
- lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxide represented by LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2
- commercialization of lithium secondary batteries with high voltage and high energy density has been promoted by using these as positive electrode materials and using carbon materials or the like capable of inserting and extracting lithium as negative electrode materials.
- the positive electrode material is a substance that plays the most important role in the battery characteristics and safety of the lithium secondary battery.
- composite metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi 1-x Co x O 2 , and LiMnO 2 have been studied.
- Mn-based positive electrode materials such as LiMn 2 O 4 and LiMnO 2 are easy to synthesize and relatively inexpensive, but have a drawback of low discharge capacity.
- Co-based positive electrode materials such as LiCoO 2 have good electrical conductivity, high battery voltage, and excellent electrode characteristics, but there is a problem that Co metal as a main raw material is rare and expensive.
- the Ni-based positive electrode material such as LiNiO 2 uses relatively inexpensive Ni metal as the main raw material among the above-described positive electrode materials, and the theoretical discharge amount is not much different from LiCoO 2 , but when a battery is configured. It is excellent in the capacity that can be actually taken out. However, there is a drawback that synthesis is difficult.
- This electrode active material is a powder having a particle size distribution, and is a technique for changing the composition M according to the particle size.
- the present invention has a high safety, a large capacity, excellent rate characteristics, and does not deteriorate, such as Li—Ni—Co—O, Li—Ni—Mn—O, or Li—Ni—Mn—Co—O.
- a material hereinafter referred to as a positive electrode material used for a positive electrode active material of a novel lithium secondary battery having a composition.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery comprising a composite oxide composition having two or more other element components in addition to a Li—Ni—Co (or Mn) —O material, A manufacturing method thereof and a lithium secondary battery using the novel material are provided.
- a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery wherein the overall composition is a composite oxide represented by Li a Ni b Mc N d Le O x
- M one or two elements selected from Mn and Co
- N one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ti, Cr and Fe
- L one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, C, Na, Si, P, S, K, Ca and Ba
- a / (b + c + d): 0.80 to 1.30 b / (b + c + d): 0.30 to 0.95 c / (b + c + d): 0.05 to 0.60 d / (b + c + d): 0.005 to 0.10 e / (b + c + d): 0.0005 to 0.010 b + c + d 1, x: 1.5 to 2.5 It is.
- the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery according to (1) wherein a mass change after 240 hours is 0.60% by mass or less in an atmosphere of air, 25 ° C., and humidity 60%.
- a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material including the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (5), a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material, the positive electrode, and the negative electrode
- a lithium secondary battery comprising an ion conduction medium that is interposed between the two and conducts lithium ions.
- the composite oxide includes a Li compound, a hydroxide obtained by coprecipitation of one or more elements selected from Mn and Co together with a Ni element, an oxide of an element other than the above, Any one of (1) to (5), which is a composite oxide produced by mixing and baking one or more compounds selected from nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, acetates, and phosphates
- the positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries as described in any one.
- the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is an excellent positive electrode material with high safety, large capacity, excellent rate characteristics, and good balance without deterioration.
- the positive electrode material of the present invention is a composite oxide whose overall composition is represented by Li a Ni b Mc N d Le O x .
- Li lithium, Ni (nickel), Mn (manganese), Co (cobalt), Mg (magnesium), Al (aluminum), Ti (titanium), Cr (chromium), Fe (iron), B ( Boron), C (carbon), Na (sodium), Si (silicon), P (phosphorus), S (sulfur), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), Ba (barium), and O (oxygen).
- the Li component is 0.80 to 1.30 mol. When there is little Li, it will become a crystal structure with many lithium vacancies, and when it uses for the positive electrode for lithium secondary batteries, the capacity
- the Ni component is 0.30 to 0.95 mol.
- the range is preferably from 0.50 to 0.95 mol, more preferably from 0.60 to 0.95 mol.
- M components Mn and Co increase the thermal stability, but if they are too much, the discharge capacity is lowered, so the range is 0.05 to 0.60 mol.
- the amount is preferably 0.05 to 0.40 mol.
- the M component and the N component can generate Ni and a coprecipitation hydrate in advance to be used as a raw material for the positive electrode material.
- One or more components selected from the group consisting of N, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, and Fe are in the range of 0.005 to 0.10 mol.
- the amount is preferably 0.005 to 0.07 mol. Within this range, there is an effect that the crystallinity is appropriately lowered and Li ion diffusion can be improved. Allocation exceeding 0.10 mol causes a reduction in battery capacity.
- the resulting positive electrode material has an air atmosphere and room temperature environment. Below, there is little mass change with time.
- the L component, C, S, and Ba are preferable.
- the L component is contained in the range of 0.0005 to 0.010 mol in order to improve the thermal stability. When the amount is too small, it is difficult for the positive electrode of the manufactured secondary battery to obtain appropriate thermal stability, and mass change with time increases in an air atmosphere and a normal temperature environment. Moreover, when it distributes exceeding 0.010 mol, a capacity
- the range is preferably 0.001 to 0.008 mol.
- the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ti, Cr and Fe as an N component in an oxide composition based on Li, Ni, Mn and / or Co. It is characterized by adding one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of seeds or two or more elements and B, C, Na, Si, P, S, K, Ca and Ba as L components. is there.
- the effect of adding the N component and the L component is not necessarily clear, but the addition of the N component is preferable because a particularly remarkable effect is obtained on the high rate discharge performance. However, depending on the combination of components and their ratio, the balance of battery performance and safety may be impaired. In such a case, the discharge performance may not be improved by addition of the N component.
- the N component element By adding the N component element, it is considered that the crystallinity of the positive electrode material is moderately lowered, affects the Li ion migration path, and improves Li ion conductivity.
- the L component element is considered to have an effect of immobilizing Li existing in excess and a bonding state of each main element in the positive electrode material crystal system, and preventing Li from falling off in the positive electrode material crystal. As a result, it is presumed that the mass change with time is reduced in the air atmosphere and the room temperature environment to prevent the deterioration of the positive electrode material in the air.
- the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention contains a small amount of N component when a part of Ni is substituted with Co and / or Mn, and further contains a combination of a smaller amount of L component than N component. It is characterized by the resulting composite oxide.
- Co, Mn, and Ba contribute to high safety as a lithium secondary battery.
- Al and Mg are added to the system of the present invention, there is an effect of improving cycle characteristics, and Al, Ti, Cr, and Fe are considered to have an effect of improving rate characteristics.
- the mass change after 240 hours is preferably 0.60 mass% or less in an atmosphere of air, 25 ° C., and humidity of 60%. More preferably, it is 0.50 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 0.45 mass% or less.
- the measurement is performed by measuring a change in mass before and after 240 hours in an atmosphere controlled in an air atmosphere, a temperature of 25 ⁇ 3 ° C., and a humidity of 60 ⁇ 5%.
- the positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries containing nickel is easy to absorb water and carbon dioxide. When moisture in the atmosphere is absorbed, lithium hydrate is generated, and after the generated lithium hydrate absorbs carbon dioxide, lithium hydrogen carbonate and lithium carbonate are generated.
- the mass change rate can be suppressed by adding at least one of the L component elements Ba, Ca, K, Na, S, C, Si, P, and B.
- the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention it is preferable that primary particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more aggregate to form secondary particles. Since the thermal stability is lowered due to the presence of particles of less than 0.1 ⁇ m, a positive electrode material in which primary particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more aggregate to form secondary particles is preferable.
- secondary particles in which polyhedral primary particles are aggregated in a substantially spherical shape are observed with an electron microscope at a magnification of 3000 times.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery that increases the density of the entire mixture used for the positive electrode, increases the capacity per volume of the positive electrode, and satisfies the battery characteristics to the maximum. For this purpose, it is effective to increase the filling rate between the particles of the positive electrode material, and it is preferable that there is an appropriate particle size distribution between the particles.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles of the positive electrode material is 0.1 ⁇ m or more to form secondary particles in which the primary particles are aggregated, and the secondary particles have a
- the density of the molded body when a load of 95.5 MPa is applied is preferably 3.20 g / cc or more. A higher upper limit is better, but it is not practical to exceed 4.50 g / cc.
- the press density is within this range, the capacity per volume of the electrode increases. More preferably, the press density is 3.40 g / cc or more.
- the density of the press-molded body is also called a press density, a pressure density, or a pellet density (when tableted), and the lithium secondary battery positive electrode material exhibits characteristics closer to the product than the tap density.
- the positive electrode material of the present invention compared with the tap density, two products having a large tap density and a small tap density may be reversed to a small press density and a large press density. This is presumably because the press density shows the overall characteristics of the surface state and the particle size distribution.
- the addition of Mg, Ba, Ca, K, Na improves the press density, and the mass increase rate can be suppressed by adding Ba, Ca, K, Na, S, C, Si, P, B. Conceivable.
- the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention can adjust the particle size distribution of secondary particles so that the press density becomes high.
- a positive electrode material having a high press density is used, the electrode density of the positive electrode increases and the discharge capacity per volume increases.
- the proportion of secondary particles of less than 3 ⁇ m increases, the coatability of the electrode deteriorates. Therefore, it is desirable that the average particle diameter of the secondary particles is 3 ⁇ m or more because the coatability of the electrode is excellent.
- the distribution of the entire particle size range is obtained by a laser diffraction scattering measurement method.
- D 10 , D 90 means the particle size at an integrated value of 10% and 90% in the number-based particle size distribution, and is determined by a laser diffraction scattering measurement method.
- D 90 -D 10 is more preferably 5.0 ⁇ m or more. Within this range, the press density increases, the capacity per volume of the positive electrode material increases, and the resulting battery capacity increases. More preferably, D 90 -D 10 is 7.0 ⁇ m or more and 20.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the method to adjust the particle size distribution to an appropriate range is to adjust the particle size range before firing appropriately, or crush it if necessary after sintering, and classify it with a filter to adjust the particle size distribution. May be.
- the press density of the positive electrode material When the press density of the positive electrode material is high, the capacity per volume of the positive electrode increases, which can contribute to an increase in battery capacity. However, depending on the particle size and type of the positive electrode material during the rolling process, breakage, peeling off, etc. may occur and the density cannot be increased. If necessary, two or more kinds of powders having different average particle diameters may be produced by changing the production conditions, and may be mixed within an appropriate range.
- a positive electrode material having a high press density can be obtained by adjusting the firing temperature and pulverization conditions in the production conditions.
- the manufacturing method of the positive electrode material of this invention is demonstrated below, it is not limited to the following description.
- a raw material used for producing the composite oxide that is the positive electrode material of the present invention an oxide or a material that becomes an oxide by a firing reaction during synthesis in the production process can be used.
- the raw material used for producing the composite oxide which is the positive electrode material of the present invention comprises one or two elements selected from Li and Ni, Mn and Co, and Mg, Al, Ti, Cr and Fe.
- the positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries can be manufactured.
- the method for synthesizing the composite oxide of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is synthesized by various methods such as a solid-phase reaction method, a method of firing it through precipitation from a solution, a spray combustion method, a molten salt method, and the like. be able to.
- the firing temperature is appropriately selected depending on the type of composite oxide to be formed by mixing a lithium source, a nickel source, etc. at a ratio corresponding to the composition of the target lithium nickel composite oxide. It can be synthesized by firing at a temperature of about 700 to 950 ° C. in an atmosphere of one or more gases selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, argon and helium.
- the calcination is pre-baking for 2 to 6 hours at 300 to 500 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere, a temperature raising step for raising the temperature at 5 to 30 ° C./min after the pre-baking, and 700 to 950 following the temperature raising step.
- Ni source As the Ni source, Co source, and Mn source, oxides, hydroxides, nitrates, and the like can be used. When Ni, Co, and Mn are included, uniform mixing is important. Ni—Co— (OH) 2 , Ni—Mn— (OH) 2 , and Ni—Co—Mn— (OH) 2 are particularly preferred as raw materials. In Ni—Co— (OH) 2 , Ni—Mn— (OH) 2 , and Ni—Co—Mn— (OH) 2 , the ratio of Co and Mn to the total amount of Ni, Co, and Mn is 0. Prepare to 05-0.60.
- Ni-Co- (OH) 2 fine Ni-Co- (OH) 2 , Ni-Mn- (OH) 2 , Ni-Co-Mn- (OH) 2 secondary powdery powder by wet synthesis method. It is desirable to adjust the product so that the average particle size is 5 to 20 ⁇ m and the tap density is 1.8 g / cc or more.
- Li source hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate and the like are preferable.
- a compound of one or more elements selected from Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, and Fe of N component, and B, C, Na, Si, P, S, K, Ca, and Ba of L component Elemental oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates and organic acid salts are used.
- a preferable production method includes a Li compound, a hydroxide obtained by coprecipitation of M element (one or two elements selected from Mn and Co) together with Ni, an oxide of a raw material of other elements, a nitrate,
- a composite oxide can be produced by mixing and firing compounds of one or more components selected from sulfates, carbonates, acetates, and phosphates.
- N element one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ti, Cr and Fe
- L element B, C, Na, Si, P, S, K, Ca
- elements selected from the group consisting of Ba and oxides, nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, acetates, phosphoric acids as raw materials of other elements
- a compound oxide may be produced by mixing compounds of one kind or two or more kinds of components selected from salts and baking them.
- the positive electrode mixture is formed by mixing the positive electrode active material powder of the present invention with a carbon-based conductive material such as acetylene black, graphite, or ketjen black and a binder.
- a carbon-based conductive material such as acetylene black, graphite, or ketjen black
- a binder polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyamide, carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylic resin, or the like is used.
- a slurry in which the above-mentioned positive electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium such as N-methylpyrrolidone is applied to a positive electrode current collector such as an aluminum foil, dried and press-rolled to form a positive electrode active material layer on the positive electrode current collector Form.
- the solute of the electrolyte solution ClO 4 -, CF 3 SO 3 -, BF 4 -, PF 6 -, AsF 6 -, SbF 6 -, It is preferable to use at least one lithium salt having CF 3 CO 2 —, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N— or the like as an anion.
- the carbonate ester can be either cyclic or chain. Examples of cyclic carbonates include propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate (EC).
- chain carbonate examples include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate and the like.
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- ethyl methyl carbonate examples include methyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate and the like.
- a porous polyethylene, a porous polypropylene film, etc. are used for a separator.
- the negative electrode active material of a lithium battery using the positive electrode material of the present invention for the positive electrode is a material that can occlude and release lithium ions.
- the material for forming the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited.
- lithium metal, lithium alloy, carbon material, carbon compound, silicon carbide compound, silicon oxide compound, titanium sulfide, boron carbide compound, periodic table 14, and group 15 metal are used.
- the main oxides are listed.
- the soft package battery or the like is selected according to the application.
- Ni—Co— (OH) 2 obtained by adjusting the molar ratio of Ni and Co as a raw material
- Ni source and Co source was prepared by a wet solution synthesis method.
- Commercially available reagents were used as other starting materials.
- the lithium hydrate, Al source in Li source in Al 2 O 3, Ba source was used Ba (NO 3) 2.
- These starting materials were weighed so as to have the desired composition and then mixed thoroughly to obtain a raw material for firing. Firing is performed in an oxygen atmosphere, and is first held at 400 ° C. for 4 hours. After mainly removing moisture in the raw material, the temperature is increased at a rate of temperature increase of 5 ° C./minute, and a firing temperature of 800 ° C. and a holding time of 4 hours are performed.
- the fired product was taken out from the furnace after cooling.
- the taken out fired product was crushed to obtain a positive electrode material powder.
- the obtained powder and water were mixed, stirred, dehydrated and dried. Under the conditions described later, particle size distribution measurement, chemical composition analysis, and other evaluation measurements were performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1. "-" In the table indicates that the item has not been implemented and has not been measured.
- Examples 2 to 22, Comparative Examples 1 to 9 The same raw materials as in Example 1 were used for the Ni source, Co source, Li source, Al source, and Ba source.
- Mn sources of Examples 11, 12, 13, 22 and Comparative Example 7 Ni—Co—Mn— (OH) 2 obtained by adjusting the molar ratio of Ni, Co and Mn was prepared by a wet solution synthesis method. The raw material produced by was used. Further, Ni— (OH) 2 was used for the Ni source of Comparative Example 5, Ni source of Comparative Example 6, and Ni—Mn— (OH) 2 obtained by adjusting the molar ratio of Ni and Mn was wet for the Mn source. The raw material produced by the solution synthesis method was used. Commercially available reagents were used as other starting materials.
- S source is sulfur powder
- C source is carbon black
- Si source is SiO 2
- K source is KNO 3
- Mn source is Mn 3 O 4
- Mg source is MgO
- Ti source is TiO 2
- Fe 2 O 3 for Fe source P 2 O 5 for P source
- Ca (NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O for Ca source Cr 2 O 3 for Cr source, NaNO 3 for B source, B H 3 BO 3 was used as the source.
- the firing step and the water washing step were performed in the same manner as in Example 1 to produce a positive electrode material powder.
- Example 13, Example 22, and Comparative Example 9 did not perform the water washing process.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was added to 90% by mass of the positive electrode material powder for lithium secondary batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples, 5% by mass of acetylene black and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride, kneaded sufficiently, and then mixed with aluminum.
- An electrode was applied to a thickness of about 150 ⁇ m, pressed at about 200 kg / cm 2 , and punched out into a disk with a diameter of 14 mm, and vacuum dried at 150 ° C. for 15 hours to obtain a positive electrode.
- a lithium metal sheet was used for the negative electrode, and a polypropylene porous membrane (trade name Celgard # 2400) was used for the separator. Further, 1 mol of LiClO 4 was dissolved in 1 L of a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) / dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a volume ratio of 1: 1 to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl
- test cell was assembled in a glove box substituted with argon, the current density was set to a constant value of 0.5 mA / cm 2 , and the voltage was charged / discharged in the range of 2.75 to 4.25 V. The discharge capacity was measured. Further, the initial charge / discharge efficiency was calculated by the following formula.
- Rate characteristic (%) [(Discharge capacity value at 2.0 mA / cm 2 ) / (Discharge capacity value at 0.5 mA / cm 2 )] ⁇ 100
- Powder characteristics 1) Average particle diameter of primary particles: The obtained positive electrode material is observed with an electron microscope, and the particle diameter is measured. 2) Particle size distribution of secondary particles The distribution of the entire particle size range is determined by a laser diffraction / scattering type measuring device. “D 10 , D 90 ” means the particle size at an integrated value of 10% and 90% in the number-based particle size distribution. 3) When a certain amount of sample was put into a mold having a press density diameter of 20 mm and a pressure of 95.5 MPa was applied, the density was calculated from the measured value of the sample height and the sample mass. The tap density indicates a characteristic that a powder in which coarse and fine particles are naturally mixed without being pressurized is filled. The press density indicates the characteristic of how coarse and fine particles are filled under pressure.
- a battery for a nail holder test was manufactured as follows. After mixing 89% by mass of the synthesized positive electrode material powder for lithium secondary battery, 6% by mass of acetylene black and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride, adding N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and kneading sufficiently, A positive electrode was prepared by applying, drying and pressing an aluminum current collector. For the negative electrode, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was added to 92% by mass of carbon black, 3% by mass of acetylene black, and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride, kneaded, and then applied to a 14 ⁇ m thick copper current collector, dried and pressed. Made.
- the electrode thicknesses of the positive electrode and the negative electrode were 75 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, respectively.
- the electrolyte is a solution of 1 mol of LiPF 6 in 1 liter of a 1: 1 mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) / methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC).
- the separator is a polypropylene porous membrane and an aluminum laminate.
- a square battery having dimensions of 60 mm ⁇ 35 mm ⁇ thickness 4 mm was made as a prototype. As a result of charging to 4.2 V at a current value of 160 mA and measuring the discharge capacity to 3.0 V at the same current value, it was 800 mA.
- Example 1 of the present invention in which Al as an N component and Ba as an L component were added to the Li—Ni—Co—O system of Comparative Example 2, the initial discharge capacity and the initial charge / discharge efficiency were slightly reduced, A positive electrode material with improved properties and press density, a low mass increase rate, and an excellent property balance that passed the nail penetration test was obtained. Further, in Example 5 in which Mn was additionally added as the M component and Mg was additionally added as the N component, each characteristic was further improved. Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 8 without the addition of the L component and Comparative Example 9 in which the water washing step is omitted with respect to the example in which the L component effective for reducing the mass increase rate is added.
- Examples 1, 3, 11, 20, and 22 the distribution of secondary particles is sufficiently wide.
- Examples 3, 4, 8, 9, and 18 have a high press density.
- Examples 6, 7, 11, 12, and 13 have a low mass increase rate.
- Examples 5 and 7 to 10 have a high initial discharge capacity.
- Examples 1, 5 to 11, 16, and 22 have high initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- Examples 8, 11, 13, 15 to 17, and 20 have high rate characteristics.
- the positive electrode using the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention has high safety, large capacity, excellent rate characteristics, and small mass increase rate under a specific atmosphere.
- a lithium secondary battery using such a positive electrode is widely used as a small, light and high energy density power source in information-related equipment, communication equipment, vehicles and the like.
- the secondary battery manufactured using the positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a cylindrical battery using a cylindrical (cylindrical or rectangular) outer can, a flat battery (circular in plan view, The present invention can be similarly applied to a flat battery using a rectangular flat-shaped outer can and a soft package battery using a laminate film as an outer casing.
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Abstract
Description
M’は、Mn,Ni,Coであり、Aは、Al、Mg、Ti、Crから選ばれた金属であり、A’ は、F、Cl、S、Zr、Ba、Y、Ca、B、Be、Sn、Sb、Na、Znから選ばれた元素である電極活物質が記載されている(請求項3)。この電極活物質は粒度分布を有する粉体であり、粒度に応じて組成Mを変化させる(請求項5)技術である。
但し、
M:MnおよびCoから選ばれる1種又は2種の元素、
N:Mg、Al、Ti、CrおよびFeからなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の元素、
L:B、C、Na、Si、P、S、K、CaおよびBaからなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の元素であり、
a/(b+c+d) : 0.80~1.30
b/(b+c+d) : 0.30~0.95
c/(b+c+d) : 0.05~0.60
d/(b+c+d) : 0.005~0.10
e/(b+c+d) : 0.0005~0.010
b+c+d=1、
x : 1.5~2.5
である。
(2)大気雰囲気、25℃、湿度60%の環境下において、240時間後の質量変化が0.60質量%以下である、(1)に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
(3)荷重を95.5MPa与えた時の成型体の密度が3.20g/cc以上である、(1)または(2)に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
(4)平均粒径が0.1μm以上の一次粒子が凝集して二次粒子を形成している、(1)~(3)のいずれか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
(5)前記複合酸化物の二次粒子の粒度分布において、個数基準のD90とD10との差が5.0μm以上である(4)に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
(6)上記(1)に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料の製造方法であって、原料元素または原料元素を含む化合物を混合し、700~950℃で焼成する焼成工程の後に水洗工程を含むリチウム二次電池用正極材料の製造方法。
(7)上記(1)~(5)のいずれか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料を含む正極活物質を有する正極と、負極活物質を有する負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在しリチウムイオンを伝導するイオン伝導媒体とを備えたリチウム二次電池。
(8)前記複合酸化物が、Li化合物と、Ni元素と共に、MnおよびCoから選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素を共沈させた水酸化物と、前記以外の元素の酸化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、酢酸塩、およびリン酸塩から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の化合物を混合、焼成して製造される複合酸化物である(1)~(5)のいずれか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
〔リチウム二次電池用正極材料〕
本発明の正極材料は、全体組成がLiaNibMcNdLeOxで表される複合酸化物である。ここで、
M:MnおよびCoから選ばれた1種又は2種の元素
N:Mg、Al、Ti、CrおよびFeからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素
L:B、C、Na、Si、P、S、K、CaおよびBaからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素であり、
a/(b+c+d) : 0.80~1.30
b/(b+c+d) : 0.30~0.95
c/(b+c+d) : 0.05~0.60
d/(b+c+d) : 0.005~0.10
e/(b+c+d) : 0.0005~0.010
b+c+d=1、および x : 1.5~2.5である。
ここで、Li(リチウム)、Ni(ニッケル)、Mn(マンガン)、Co(コバルト)、Mg(マグネシウム)、Al(アルミニウム)、Ti(チタン)、Cr(クロム)、Fe(鉄)、B(ホウ素)、C(炭素)、Na(ナトリウム)、Si(ケイ素)、P(リン)、S(硫黄)、K(カリウム)、Ca(カルシウム)、Ba(バリウム)、O(酸素)である。
Li成分は、0.80~1.30モルとする。Liが少ないとリチウム欠損が多い結晶構造となり、リチウム二次電池用正極に用いたときに電池の容量が低下する。多すぎると水酸化リチウムや炭酸リチウム等の水和物や炭酸化物を生成し、電極製造時にゲル化状態となるため、0.80~1.30モルの範囲とする。好ましくは0.85~1.20モルの範囲とする。
Ni成分は、0.30~0.95モルとする。少なすぎると電池の容量が低下し、多すぎると安定性が劣る。好ましくは0.50~0.95モルの範囲、より好ましくは0.60~0.95モルの範囲とする。
M成分のMnおよびCoは、熱安定性を高めるが、多すぎると放電容量を低下させるため、0.05~0.60モルの範囲とする。好ましくは0.05~0.40モルである。M成分とN成分とは、予めNiと共沈水和物を生成し、正極材料用原料とすることもできる。
N成分のMg、Al、Ti、CrおよびFeからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の成分は、0.005~0.10モルの範囲とする。好ましくは0.005~0.07モルである。この範囲であると結晶性が適度に低下しLiイオン拡散を良好にできる効果がある。0.10モルを超えて配分すると電池の容量低下を招く。
N成分元素を添加することで、正極材料の結晶性が適度に低下して、Liイオンの移動経路へ影響し、Liイオン伝導性が向上するのではないかと考えられる。L成分元素は、余剰に存在するLiを固定化する効果と正極材料結晶系における各主要元素の結合状態に影響を及ぼし、正極材料結晶中のLiの脱落を防ぐ効果があると考えられ、その結果、大気雰囲気、常温環境下において経時の質量変化を少なくして大気中における正極材料の劣化を防止するものと推定している。
一般にニッケルを含むリチウム二次電池用正極材料は、水と二酸化炭素を吸収し易いと言われる。大気中の水分を吸収すると、リチウム水和物が生成し、生成したリチウム水和物が炭酸ガスを吸収した後、炭酸水素リチウムや炭酸リチウムが生成する。
ニッケルを含むリチウム二次電池用正極材料を使用した二次電池において、正極材料が水分を吸収すると一般に用いられる電解質塩であるLiPF6の加水分解が発生し、加水分解によりフッ酸やリン酸などの酸が生成する。生成した酸は、電池の構成材料の一部を分解し種々のガスを放出する。そのため、発生したガスの影響で二次電池に膨れが発生し、安全性の低下を招くことがある。
大気雰囲気、25℃、湿度60%の一定の環境下において、240時間後の質量変化が0.60質量%以下であれば、上記の現象が起因となる正極合剤ペースト(塗料)のゲル化および電池の膨れが低減する。本発明の系では、L成分元素である、Ba、Ca、K、Na、S、C、Si、P、Bの少なくとも1つの添加によって、質量変化率を抑えることができる。
このためには正極材料の粒子間の充填率を増大させることが有効であり、粒子間に適切な粒度分布があることが好ましい。
本発明では、全体組成がLiaNibMcNdLeOxで表される複合酸化物で、
M:MnおよびCoから選ばれた1種又は2種の元素
N:Mg、Al、Ti、CrおよびFeからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素、
L:B、C、Na、Si、P、S、K、CaおよびBaからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素であり、
a/(b+c+d) : 0.80~1.30
b/(b+c+d) : 0.30~0.95
c/(b+c+d) : 0.05~0.60
d/(b+c+d) : 0.005~0.10
e/(b+c+d) : 0.0005~0.010
b+c+d=1、および x : 1.5~2.5
である正極材料の1次粒子の平均粒径を0.1μm以上として、1次粒子が凝集した2次粒子を形成させ、その2次粒子が比較的広い粒度分布を持つと粒子の充填率が高い。粒子の充填率は粉末をプレスしてペレットに製造した後、ペレットの密度を測定したプレス密度として測定することができる。1次粒子の平均粒径の上限は特に限定されないが、5μm以下とするのが実際的である。
加圧成形体の密度は、プレス密度、加圧密度、またはペレット密度(錠剤形としたとき)とも呼ばれるもので、リチウム二次電池正極用材料ではタップ密度より製品に近い特性を示す。本発明の正極材料では、タップ密度と比較するとタップ密度大、小の2つの製品がプレス密度小、大と逆転する場合がある。これは表面状態と粒度分布との総合的な特性をプレス密度が示しているからであると考えられる。本発明の系ではMg、Ba,Ca,K,Naの添加がプレス密度を向上させ、Ba、Ca、K,Na,S,C,Si,P,Bの添加で質量増加率を抑えられると考えられる。
粒度分布の測定は、レーザー回折散乱式測定方法によって全粒度範囲の分布を求める。「D10,D90」は、個数基準の粒度分布における積算値10%および90%での粒径を意味し、レーザー回折散乱式測定方法によって求める。本発明の正極材料では、D90-D10が5.0μm以上であるのがより好ましい。この範囲であるとプレス密度が高くなり、正極材料の体積当たりの容量が増加し、得られる電池容量が高くなる。D90-D10が7.0μm以上20.0μm以下であるのがさらに好ましい。
粒径分布を適切な範囲に調製する方法は、焼成前の粒径範囲を適切に調整したり、焼結後に必要な場合は解砕し、フィルター等で分級して粒径分布の調整を行ってもよい。
本発明の正極材料の製造方法を以下に説明するが、以下の説明に限定されるものではない。
本発明の正極材料である複合酸化物を製造するのに用いる原料としては、酸化物又は製造工程における合成時の焼成反応により酸化物となるものを用いることができる。
本発明の正極材料である複合酸化物を製造するのに用いる原料に、LiおよびNi、MnおよびCoから選ばれた1種又は2種の元素および、Mg、Al、Ti、CrおよびFeからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素および、B、C、Na、Si、P、S、K、CaおよびBaからなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の元素からなる成分を混合し、これを焼成する。これにより、リチウム二次電池用正極材料を製造することができる。
その一例を示せば、リチウム源、ニッケル源等を、目的とするリチウムニッケル複合酸化物の組成に応じた割合でそれぞれ混合し、形成させる複合酸化物の種類により、焼成温度は適宜選択するが、酸素、窒素、アルゴンおよびヘリウムからなる群から選ばれた1種または2種以上の気体の雰囲気下で700~950℃程度の温度で焼成することによって合成することができる。上記焼成は酸素雰囲気において300~500℃で2~6時間の保持を行う予備焼成と、予備焼成後5~30℃/minで昇温する昇温段階と、該昇温段階に引き続き700~950℃で2~30時間の保持を行う最終焼成段階を順次行う焼成工程であって、焼成した複合酸化物と水とを混合し攪拌する水洗工程と脱水工程および乾燥工程を含む製造方法で複合酸化物を製造することも好ましい。
Ni系正極材料は水分を吸収しやすいので、通常水で洗浄しない。しかし、本工程では水洗工程で未反応のLiを除去すると、この正極材料を用いて得られるリチウム二次電池の合剤ペースト(塗料)のゲル化および電池の膨れが低減する。
更に、N元素(Mg、Al、Ti、CrおよびFeからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素)あるいは、L元素(B、C、Na、Si、P、S、K、CaおよびBaからなる群から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素)を共沈させた水酸化物と、その他の元素の原料の酸化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、酢酸塩、リン酸塩から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の各成分の化合物を混合し、焼成して複合酸化物を製造してもよい。
本発明の正極材料を用いて、リチウム二次電池用の正極を得る方法は、常法に従って実施できる。例えば、本発明の正極活物質の粉末に、アセチレンブラック、黒鉛、ケッチェンブラック等のカーボン系導電材と、結合材とを混合することにより正極合剤が形成される。結合材には、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリアミド、カルボキシメチルセルロース、アクリル樹脂等が用いられる。
しては、ClO4-、CF3SO3-、BF4-、PF6-、AsF6-、SbF6-、CF3CO2-、(CF3SO2)2N-等をアニオンとするリチウム塩のいずれか1種以上を使用することが好ましい。炭酸エステルは環状、鎖状いずれも使用できる。環状炭酸エステルとしては、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート(EC)等が例示される。鎖状炭酸エステルとしては、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルイソプロピルカーボネート等が例示される。
セパレータには多孔質ポリエチレン、多孔質ポリプロピレンフィルムなどが使用される。
本発明における正極材料を使用するリチウム二次電池の形状には、特に制約はない。
筒形(円筒形や角筒形)の外装缶を使用した筒形電池や、扁平形(平面視で円形や角形の扁平形)の外装缶を使用した扁平形電池、ラミネートフィルムを外装体としたソフトパッケージ電池等が用途に応じて選択される。
原料のNi源とCo源としてNiおよびCoのモル比を調整して得たNi-Co-(OH)2を湿式溶液合成法によって作製した。その他の出発原料には市販の試薬を使用した。Li源にはリチウム水和物、Al源にはAl2O3、Ba源にはBa(NO3)2を用いた。
これらの出発原料を目的の配合組成になるように秤量後、十分に混合し、焼成用の原料とした。焼成は酸素雰囲気で行い、まず400℃で4時間保持し、主に原料中の水分を除去した後、5℃/分の昇温速度で昇温し、800℃の焼成温度および保持時間4時間で保持し、冷却後炉内から焼成物を取り出した。取り出した焼成物を解砕して正極材料粉末を得た。得られた粉末と水とを混合し攪拌後、脱水、乾燥した。後に記載する条件で、粒度分布測定、化学組成分析、およびその他の評価測定を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。表における「―」は、その項目が未実施であり、測定されていないことを示している。
原料のNi源、Co源、Li源、Al源、Ba源については、実施例1と同様の原料を用いた。なお、実施例11、12、13、22および比較例7のMn源には、Ni、CoおよびMnのモル比を調整して得たNi-Co-Mn-(OH)2を湿式溶液合成法によって作製した原料を用いた。また、比較例5のNi源にはNi-(OH)2、比較例6のNi源、Mn源にはNiおよびMnのモル比を調整して得たNi-Mn-(OH)2を湿式溶液合成法によって作製した原料を用いた。その他の出発原料は市販の試薬を使用した。S源には硫黄粉末、C源にはカーボンブラック、Si源にはSiO2、K源にはKNO3、Mn源にはMn3O4、Mg源にはMgO、Ti源にはTiO2、Fe源にはFe2O3、P源にはP2O5、Ca源にはCa(NO3)2・4H2O、Cr源にはCr2O3、Na源にはNaNO3、B源にはH3BO3を用いた。配合組成の変更以外は、焼成工程、水洗工程は実施例1と同様に行って正極材料粉末を製造した。また、実施例1と同様の条件で評価し、結果を表1に示す。なお、実施例13、実施例22および比較例9は水洗工程を行わなかった。
レート特性の測定では、さらに2.0mA/cm2の定電流密度にて2.75~4.25Vで充放電測定を行い次式により算出した。
/(0.5mA/cm2での放電容量値)]×100
(1)粉体特性
1)一次粒子の平均粒子径:得られた正極用材料を、電子顕微鏡で観察し、粒子径を測定する。
2)二次粒子の粒度分布
レーザー回折散乱式測定装置によって全粒度範囲の分布を求める。「D10,D90」は、個数基準の粒度分布における積算値10%および90%での粒径を意味する。
3)プレス密度
直径20mm の金型に一定量の試料を入れて、95.5MPaの圧力を加えた時、試料の高さの測定値と試料質量から密度を算出した。
タップ密度は、特に加圧することなく自然に粗粒と微粒が混合している粉体が充填する特性を示す。プレス密度は、加圧下で粗粒と微粒がどのように充填するかの特性を示す。
得られた粉末を定量組成分析し、Ni+M成分+N成分=1モルに対する各元素のモル比を求め表1に全体組成を示した。
(3)質量増加
得られた正極材料をサンプル瓶に所定量秤量し、大気雰囲気、25±3℃、湿度60±5%で一定とした環境に保持した恒温恒湿槽に保管し、240時間後の質量の増加率を測定する。複数の試料の測定値の平均値からの計算値を質量増加率とする。
釘さし試験用電池は、以下のように試作を行った。合成したリチウム二次電池用正極材料粉末89質量%とアセチレンブラック6質量%およびポリフッ化ビニリデン5質量%の割合で混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンを添加し十分混練した後、20μm厚みのアルミニウム集電体に塗布・乾燥・加圧して正極を作製した。負極はカーボンブラック92質量%、アセチレンブラック3質量%およびポリフッ化ビニリデン5質量%にN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを添加し十分混練した後、14μm厚みの銅集電体に塗布・乾燥・加圧して作製した。正極および負極のそれぞれの電極厚みは75μmおよび100μmであった。電解液はエチレンカーボネート(EC)/メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)との体積比1:1の混合溶液1リットルにLiPF6を1mol溶解したもので、セパレータはポリプロピレン製多孔質膜、アルミニウムラミネートを用いて60mm×35mm×厚み4mm寸法の角型電池を試作した。160mAの電流値で4.2Vまで充電し、同じ電流値にて3.0Vまで放電容量を測定した結果、800mAであった。
電池を定電圧にて8時間充電した後、電池の中央部に直径2.5mmの釘を貫通させ、この時の電池の状態を観察した。発火がない場合は合格とし、発火が認められたときは不合格とした。
比較例2のLi-Ni-Co-O系に対してN成分としてAl、L成分としてBaを添加した本発明の実施例1は、初回放電容量および初回充放電効率は若干低下したものの、レート特性、プレス密度が向上し、質量増加率が低く、釘刺し試験でも合格した特性バランスの優れた正極材料が得られた。さらにM成分としてMn、N成分としてMgを追加添加した実施例5は、各々の特性がさらに向上している。
質量増加率の低減に効果のあるL成分を添加している実施例に対してL成分の添加のない比較例1、2、8および水洗工程を省略している比較例9は、質量増加率が非常に大きな値を示しており、比較例1、2、8および9を正極材料に使用した場合に、正極電極の製造工程におけるゲル化発生や電池における膨れなどの懸念がある。
個数基準の粒度分布であるD90-D10が5.0μm以上である実施例1、3、4、5、17と5.0μm未満である比較例3、4、9でプレス密度の測定結果を比較するとその差は顕著であり、例え、質量当りの放電容量が高くても容積当りの容量の向上は困難であり、実施例1、3、4、5、17は優れた容量特性であると言える。
比較例1、2、8の複合酸化物は、L成分元素を含まない正極材料であり、熱安定性が低く釘刺し試験が不合格で得られる電池の安全性に問題がある。
Claims (13)
- 全体組成がLiaNibMcNdLeOxで表される複合酸化物であることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極材料:
但し、
M:MnおよびCoから選ばれる1種又は2種の元素、
N:Mg、Al、Ti、CrおよびFeからなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の元素、
L:B、C、Na、Si、P、S、K、CaおよびBaからなる群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の元素であり、
a/(b+c+d) : 0.80~1.30
b/(b+c+d) : 0.30~0.95
c/(b+c+d) : 0.05~0.60
d/(b+c+d) : 0.005~0.10
e/(b+c+d) : 0.0005~0.010
b+c+d=1、
x : 1.5~2.5
である。 - 大気雰囲気、25℃、湿度60%の環境下において、240時間後の質量変化が0.60質量%以下である、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
- 荷重を95.5MPa与えた時の成型体の密度が3.20g/cc以上である、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
- 荷重を95.5MPa与えた時の成型体の密度が3.20g/cc以上である、請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
- 前記複合酸化物の平均粒径が0.1μm以上の一次粒子が凝集して二次粒子を形成している、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
- 前記複合酸化物の二次粒子の粒度分布において、個数基準のD90とD10との差が5.0μm以上である請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
- 請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料の製造方法であって、原料元素または原料元素を含む化合物を混合し、700~950℃で焼成する焼成工程の後に水洗工程を含むリチウム二次電池用正極材料の製造方法。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料を含む正極活物質を有する正極と、負極活物質を有する負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在しリチウムイオンを伝導するイオン伝導媒体とを備えたリチウム二次電池。
- 請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料を含む正極活物質を有する正極と、負極活物質を有する負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在しリチウムイオンを伝導するイオン伝導媒体とを備えたリチウム二次電池。
- 請求項6に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料を含む正極活物質を有する正極と、負極活物質を有する負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在しリチウムイオンを伝導するイオン伝導媒体とを備えたリチウム二次電池。
- 前記複合酸化物が、Li化合物と、Ni元素と共にMnおよびCoから選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素を共沈させた水酸化物と、前記以外の元素の酸化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、酢酸塩、およびリン酸塩から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の化合物を混合、焼成して製造される複合酸化物である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
- 前記複合酸化物が、Li化合物と、Ni元素と共にMnおよびCoから選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素を共沈させた水酸化物と、前記以外の元素の酸化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、酢酸塩、およびリン酸塩から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の化合物を混合、焼成して製造される複合酸化物である請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
- 前記複合酸化物が、Li化合物と、Ni元素と共にMnおよびCoから選ばれた1種又は2種以上の元素を共沈させた水酸化物と、前記以外の元素の酸化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、酢酸塩、およびリン酸塩から選ばれた1種又は2種以上の化合物を混合、焼成して製造される複合酸化物である請求項6に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極材料。
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JP2004200160A (ja) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-07-15 | Kawatetsu Mining Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用正極材料、その製造方法及びリチウム二次電池 |
JP2007517368A (ja) | 2003-12-31 | 2007-06-28 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 粒度依存性の組成を有する電極活物質粉体とその製造方法 |
JP2006054159A (ja) * | 2004-07-15 | 2006-02-23 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | 非水系二次電池用正極活物質およびその製造方法 |
JP2006310181A (ja) * | 2005-04-28 | 2006-11-09 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 非水電解液二次電池 |
JP2011023335A (ja) * | 2009-06-18 | 2011-02-03 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | 非水二次電池用電極および非水二次電池 |
JP2012174569A (ja) * | 2011-02-23 | 2012-09-10 | Hitachi Maxell Energy Ltd | 正極合剤層形成用スラリーの調製方法および非水電解液二次電池の製造方法 |
Cited By (2)
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US11094924B2 (en) | 2015-08-06 | 2021-08-17 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co, Ltd. | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries |
CN112723427A (zh) * | 2021-01-06 | 2021-04-30 | 上海卡耐新能源有限公司 | 一种三元正极前驱体及其制备方法和用途 |
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CN104885266A (zh) | 2015-09-02 |
EP2937917A1 (en) | 2015-10-28 |
CN104885266B (zh) | 2019-06-11 |
US20200083523A1 (en) | 2020-03-12 |
EP2937917A4 (en) | 2015-12-09 |
TW201440304A (zh) | 2014-10-16 |
TWI511360B (zh) | 2015-12-01 |
EP2937917B1 (en) | 2018-09-12 |
JP2014123529A (ja) | 2014-07-03 |
KR101678332B1 (ko) | 2016-11-21 |
CA2893716A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
US20150340683A1 (en) | 2015-11-26 |
CA2893716C (en) | 2019-07-09 |
KR20150092291A (ko) | 2015-08-12 |
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