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Definitions

• the present invention concerns oligophenylene monomers for the synthesis of polymeric precursors for the preparation of graphene nanoribbons, the polymeric precursors, and methods for preparing them, as well as methods for preparing the graphene nanoribbons from the polymeric precursors and the monomers.
• GNRs Graphene nanoribbons
• Their characteristic feature is high shape-anisotropy due to the in- creased ratio of length over width.
• FETs field-effect transistors
• Their length becomes relevant when GNRs are to be used in devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs) for which a minimum channel width has to be bridged.
• FETs field-effect transistors
• the edge structure of the GNRs will have a strong impact.
• Computational simulations and experimental results on smaller nanographenes suggest that GNRs exhibiting nonbonding 77-electron states at zigzag edges could be used as active component in spintronic devices.
• a polymer is typically prepared in a first step which is subsequently converted into the graphitic structure by Sc/?o//-type oxidative cyclodehydrogenation.
• the design of the parent mono- mer must be carefully adjusted in order to guarantee for a suitable arrangement of the aromatic units upon the chemistry-assisted graphitization into the final GNR structure.
• Suzuki-Miyaura polymerization of the b/s-boronic ester with diiodobenzene furnished polyphenylenes in a strongly sterically hindered reaction.
• Intramolecular Scholl reaction of the polyphenylene with FeC as oxidative reagent provides graphene nanoribbons.
• the polyphenylene ribbons are soluble in organic solvents.
• ribbon-type polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are prepared by cyclodehydrogenation.
• the resulting graphene nanoribbons are ill-defined due to the statistically arranged "kinks" in their backbone. Furthermore the molecular weight is limited due to the sensitivity of the A2B2-type polymerization approach to abberations from stochiometry. No lateral solublizing alkyl chains have been introduced into the graphene nanoribbons.
• the second case suffers also from the stochiometry issue due to the underlying A2B2- stochiometry of the A2B2-type Suzuki protocol and the sterical hindrance of 1 ,4-diiodo- 2,3,5,6-tetraphenylbenzene.
• the third case makes use of a step-wise synthesis which provides very defined cutouts from graphene nanoribbons but is impracticable for the fabrication of high- molecular weight species.
• R 1 is H, halogene, -OH, -Nhb, -CN, -NO2, or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C40 hydrocarbon residue, which can be substituted 1 - to 5-fold with halo- gene (F, CI, Br, I), -OH, -NH2, -CN and/or -NO2, and wherein one or more CH2-groups can be replaced by -0-, -S-, -C(0)0-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-, -NH- or -NR 3 -, wherein R 3 is an optionally substituted C1-C40 hydrocarbon residue, or an optionally substituted aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxyaryl, alkanoyl or aroyl residue;
• R 2a and R 2b are H, or optionally one or more of the pairs of adjacent R 2a /R 2b is joined to form a single bond in a six-membered carbocycle;
• n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
• n 0 or 1 ;
• X is halogene or trifluoromethylsulfonate, and Y is H; or X is H, and Y is halogene or trifluoromethylsulfonate.
• R 2a and R 2b are H.
• each one of the pairs of adjacent R 2a /R 2b is joined to form a single bond in a six-membered carbocycle.
• m is an integer of from 0 to 2. More preferred m is 0 or 1 . In one particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, m is 0. In another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, m is 1 .
• n is 0.
• X is halogene or trifluoromethylsulfonate
• Y is H.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula la.
• Another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula lb.
• Still another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula lc.
• Still another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula Id.
• R 1 is H, halogene, -OH, -NH2, -CN, -NO2, or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C40 hydrocarbon residue, which can be substituted 1 - to 5-fold with halo- gene (F, CI, Br, I), -OH, -IMH2, -CN and/or -NO2, and wherein one or more CH2-groups can be replaced by -0-, -S-, -C(0)0-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-, -NH- or -NR 3 -, wherein R 3 is an optionally substituted C1-C40 hydrocarbon residue, or an optionally substituted aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxyaryl, alkanoyl or aroyl residue; and
• X is halogene or trifluoromethylsulfonate.
• X in formulae I , la, lb, Ic and Id is halogene.
• Particularly preferred X in formulae I , la, lb, Ic and Id is CI or Br.
• X is H
• Y is halogene or trifluoromethyl- sulfonate
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula le.
• Another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula If.
• Still another particularly preferred em- bodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula Ig.
• Still another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is the oligophenylene monomer of general formula Ih.
• R 1 is H, halogene, -OH, -NH2, -CN, -NO2, or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C40 hydrocarbon residue, which can be substituted 1 - to 5-fold with halo- gene (F, CI, Br, I), -OH, -IMH2, -CN and/or -NO2, and wherein one or more CH2-groups can be replaced by -0-, -S-, -C(0)0-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-, -NH- or -NR 3 -, wherein R 3 is an optionally substituted C1-C40 hydrocarbon residue, or an optionally substituted aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxyaryl, alkanoyl or aroyl residue; and
• Y is halogene or trifluoromethylsulfonate.
• Y in formulae I , le, If, Ig and Ih is halogene.
• Y in formulae I , le, If, Ig and Ih is CI or Br.
• R 1 in formulae I , la, lb, lc, Id, le If, Ig and Ih is H, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C1-C30 alkylthio, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C1-C30 haloalkyl, C2-C30 haloal- kenyl or C2-C30 haloalkynyl, e.g. C1-C30 perfluoroalkyl.
• C1-C30 alkyl can be linear or branched, where possible. Examples are methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.
• n-butyl isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, n-hexyl, 1 -methylhexyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3,5,5- hexamethylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1 -methylheptyl, 3- methylheptyl, n-octyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, decyl, un- decyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadec
• C1-C30 alkoxy groups are straight-chain or branched alkoxy groups, e.g. methoxy, eth- oxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, amyloxy, isoamyloxy, tert-amyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, isooctyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, undecyloxy, dode- cyloxy, tetradecyloxy, pentadecyloxy, hexadecyloxy, heptadecyloxy or octadecyloxy.
• alkylthio group means the same groups as the alkoxy groups, except that the oxygen atom of the ether linkage is replaced by a sulfur atom.
• C2-C30 alkenyl groups are straight-chain or branched alkenyl groups, such as e.g. vinyl, allyl, methallyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-penta-2,4-dienyl, 3- methyl-but-2-enyl, n-oct-2-enyl, n-dodec-2-enyl, isododecenyl, n-dodec-2-enyl or n- octadec-4-enyl.
• alkenyl groups such as e.g. vinyl, allyl, methallyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-penta-2,4-dienyl, 3- methyl-but-2-enyl, n-oct-2-enyl, n-dodec-2
• C2-3o alkynyl is straight-chain or branched and may be unsubstituted or substituted, such as, for example, ethynyl, 1 -propyn-3-yl, 1 -butyn-4-yl, 1 -pentyn-5-yl, 2-methyl-3- butyn-2-yl, 1 ,4-pentadiyn-3-yl, 1 ,3-pentadiyn-5-yl, 1 -hexyn-6-yl, cis-3-methyl-2-penten- 4-yn-1 -yl, trans-3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1 -yl, 1 ,3-hexadiyn-5-yl, 1 -octyn-8-yl, 1 -nonyn- 9-yl, 1 -decyn-10-yl, or 1 -tetracosyn-24-yl.
• Ci-C3o-perfluoroalkyl is a branched or unbranched radical such as for example -CF3, -CF2CF3, -CF2CF2CF3, -CF(CF 3 ) 2 , -(CF 2 )3CF 3 or -C(CF 3 )3.
• haloalkyl, haloalkenyl and haloalkynyl mean groups given by partially or wholly substituting the abovementioned alkyl group, alkenyl group and alkynyl group with halogen.
• C2-C30 acyl is straight-chain or branched and may be saturated or unsaturated, such as, for example, ethanoyl, propanoyl, isobutanoyl, n-butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl or dodecanoyl.
• Aryl is usually C6-C30 aryl, which optionally can be substituted, such as, for example, phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, naphthyl, biphenylyl, terphenylyl, pyrenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, tetracyl, pentacyl or hexacyl.
• the polymeric precursors for the preparation of graphene nanoribbons have thereby repeating units of general formulae II or ⁇ ,
• R 1 , R 2a , R 2b , m and n are as defined above.
• Preferable polymeric precursors for the preparation of graphene nanoribbons are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae la, lb, Ic, Id, le, If, Ig or Ih,
• R 1 , X and Y are as defined above.
• the polymeric precursors for the preparation of graphene nanoribbons are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae la, lb, lc or Id.
• the poly- meric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae la or lb.
• the polymeric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula la.
• the polymeric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula lb.
• the polymeric precursors for the preparation of graphene nanoribbons are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae le, If, Ig or Ih.
• the poly- meric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae le or If.
• the polymeric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula le.
• the polymeric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula If.
• the polymeric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae Ig or Ih. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors are obtained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula Ig. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors are ob- tained by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula Ih.
• the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formulae lla, Mb, lie or lid, Me, llf, llg or Ilh. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formulae lla or Mb. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formula lla. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formula Mb.
• the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formulae Me, llf, llg or Ilh. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formulae Me or llf. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formula Me. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formula llf. In a preferred embodi- ment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formulae llg or Ilh. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formula llg. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formula Ilh.
• polymeric precursors having repeating units of general formulae II or ⁇ are prepared from oligophenylene monomers of general formula I by Yamamoto-polycondensation reaction according to Scheme 1 .
• the reaction can be carried out e.g. in dimethylformamide (DMF) or in a mixture of toluene and DMF.
• the catalyst can be prepared from a stoichiometric mixture of
• the reaction is carried out using the dichloro (X or Y in formula I is CI) or the dibromo-compound (X or Y in formula I is Br).
• the polycondensation reaction is carried out at temperatures of from 50 to 1 10 °C.
• the polycondensation reaction is carried out at temperatures of from 70 to 90 °C.
• R 1 , R 2a , R 2b , m and n are as defined above.
• the quenching of the reaction and the decomposition of nickel residues can be achieved by carefully dropping the reaction mixture into dilute methanolic hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate instantly formed which can be collected by filtration. The material can be re-dissolved in DCM, filtered and re-precipitated.
• the number of repeating units p varies in general from 2 to 1000.
• the preferable polymeric precursors having repeating units of general formulae Ma, Mb, lie, lid, Me, llf, llg or llh are prepared from oligophenylene monomers of general formulae la, lb, lc, Id, le, If, Ig or Ih using the same methodology.
• graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formulae II or ⁇ .
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formulae Ma, Mb, lie, lid, Me, llf, llg or llh.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formulae Ma, Mb, lie, lid, Me, llf, llg or llh.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formulae Ma or Mb.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formula Ma.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formula Mb.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formulae Me, llf, llg or llh.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cy- clodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formulae Me or llf.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formula Me.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formula llf.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formulae llg or llh.
• the graphene nanoribbons are obtained by cyclodehydrogenation of polymeric precursors of general formula llg.
• the polymeric precursors have repeating units of general formula llh.
• the graphene nanoribbons are preferably prepared in a solution process. The preparation of graphene nanoribbons from the high-molecular weight polymeric precursors can be performed using ferric chloride as oxidant in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) and nitromethane.
• the preparation of graphene nanoribbons can be carried out using phenyl- iodine(lll) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) and BF3 etherate in anhydrous DCM.
• PIFA phenyl- iodine(lll) bis(trifluoroacetate)
• BF3 etherate BF3 etherate
• PIFA phenyl- iodine(lll) bis(trifluoroacetate)
• BF3 etherate BF3 etherate
• the molecular weight of the graphene nanoribbons obtained by cyclodehy- drogenation in the solution process varies from 10 000 to 1 000 000 g/mol, preferably from 20 000 to 200 000 g/mol.
• Covalently bonded two-dimensional molecular arrays can be efficiently studied by scanning tunneling microscope (STM) techniques.
• STM scanning tunneling microscope
• Examples of surface-confined cova- lent bond formation involve Ullmann coupling, imidization, crosslinking of porphyrins and oligomerization of heterocyclic carbenes and polyamines.
• graphene nanoribbons are prepared by direct growth of the graphene nanoribbons on surfaces by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula I as defined above and cyclodehydrogenation.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oli- gophenylene monomers of general formulae la, lb, lc, Id, le, If, Ig or Ih as defined above, and cyclodehydrogenation.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae la, lb, lc or Id.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae la or lb.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula la.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula lb.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae le, If, Ig or Ih.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae le or If.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula le.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula If.
• the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formulae Ig or Ih. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers of general formula Ig. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the graphene nanoribbons are prepared by polymerization of oligo- phenylene monomers of general formula Ih.
• the molecular weight of the graphene nanoribbons obtained by direct growth of the graphene nanoribbons on surfaces by polymerization of oligophenylene monomers and subsequent cyclodehydrogenation varies from 2 000 to 1 000 000 g/mol, preferably from 4 000 to 100 000 g/mol.
• the oligophenylene monomer 1-1 can be synthesized according to Schemes 2 to 3 below.
• the reaction conditions and solvents used are purely illustrative, of course other conditions and solvents can also be used and will be determined by the person skilled in the art.
• the synthesis of the oligophenylene monomer 1-1 starts from commercially available 1 ,4-diiodobenzene 1 (Scheme 2). In the first step of the reaction sequence 1 -4-diiodobenzene 1 is dissolved in tetrahydrofurane (THF).
• THF tetrahydrofurane
• reaction of 1 ,4-diiodo-2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)-benzene with boronic acid 2 can e.g. be performed at an elevated temperature in a reaction mixture of tetrahydrofurane (THF), ethanol and water in the presence of potassium carbonate and catalytic amounts of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PP i3) 4 ).
• THF tetrahydrofurane
• Pd(PP i3) 4 tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)
• 2 to 5 equivalents of the boronic acid 2 are used.
• substituted 1 ,4- bis(oligophenylenyl)-2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene 3 is further reacted with N- halosuccinimide (NXS) and sodium halogenide (NaX) under reflux in a mixture of THF and methanol to yield the substituted 1 ,4-bis(oligophenylenyl)-2,5-dihalo-benzene 4.
• NXS N- halosuccinimide
• NaX sodium halogenide
• the arylboronic acid pinacol ester 5 can be prepared from the substituted 1 ,4- bis(oligophenylenyl)-2,5-dihalo-benzene 4 using n-butyl lithium (n-BuLi) and (prop-2- yloxy)boronic acid pinacol ester in THF.
• the preferred oligophenylene monomers la and ib can be synthesized in the described manner.
• the oligophenylene monomer of formula I wherein each one of the pairs of adjacent R 2a /R 2b is joined to form a single bond in a six-membered carbocycle, Y is H, and m is 0, is hereinafter referred to as 1-2.
• the oligophenylene monomer 1-2 can be prepared as shown in Schemes 4 to 8 below. Again, the reaction conditions and solvents are purely illustrative. A person skilled in the art can determine other conditions and solvents that are equally suitable as the ones disclosed hereinafter.
• the synthesis of the oligophenylene monomer 1-2 starts from commercially available 5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl methyl ether 6 (Scheme 4).
• the 5-bromo-2-chlorophenyl methyl ether 6 is subjected to iodination using iodine and AgN03 in methanol at 50 °C to yield 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-iodophenyl methyl ether 7.
• Negishi cross coupling can be used for the build-up of the substituted biphenyl 9.
• Zinc-Copper couple (commercially available under this name, for example from Sigma Aldrich) and 1 ,2-dibromoethane are heated under reflux in tetrahydro- furane for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, trimethylsilyl chloride is added and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Next, a solution of 5-bromo-2-chloro-4- iodophenyl methyl ether 7 in dimethylformamide (DMF) is added to the tetrahydro- furane solution of Zinc-Copper couple and heated under reflux.
• DMF dimethylformamide
• the zinc organyl 8 obtained as an intermediate is then transferred directly into the solution of 5-bromo-2- chloro-4-iodophenyl methyl ether 7 and catalytic amounts of Pd(PP i3) 4 in tetrahydro- furane and heated under reflux to yield substituted biphenyl 9.
• Substituted biphenyl 9 is lithiated by slowly adding exactly 2.0 equivalents of n-butyl lithium in hexane into a solution of substituted biphenyl 9 in diethyl ether at -78 °C, and then treated with trimethylsilyl chloride to yield substituted biphenyl 10 (Scheme 5).
• Substituted oligophenyl 1 1 is synthesized by heating a toluene solution of substituted biphenyl 10 and boronic acid 2 at 100 °C in the presence of K3PC and catalytic amounts of a 1 :2.5 ratio of Pd(OAc)2 and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxy- biphenyl (SPhos).
• Scheme 5
• Substituted oligophenyl 1 1 is converted to substituted oligophenyl 12 by adding drop- wise a solution of 4.0 equivalents of iodine monochloride (ICI) in CH2CI2 to a solution of substituted oligophenyl 1 1 in CHCI3 and stirring at room temperature (Scheme 6).
• substituted oligophenyl 12 is subjected to Suzuki coupling by heating to reflux a solu- tion of substituted oligophenyl 12 and boronic acid 13 in a 4:1 :1 mixture of toluene, ethanol, and water under in the presence of K2CO3 and a catalytic amounts of
• Substituted oligophenyl 14 is subjected to Pd-catalyzed intramolecular arylation by heating at 160 °C in ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide (DMA) under the existence of 1 ,8-diazabi- cyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 and Buchwald lig- and such as 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl to yield substituted dibenzonaphthacene 14 (Scheme 7).
• DMA ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide
• DBU 1 ,8-diazabi- cyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
• Pd(OAc)2 and Buchwald lig- and such as 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl to yield substituted dibenzon
• Substituted dibenzonaphthacene 16 is converted to substituted dibenzonaphthacene 17 by adding trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf20) dropwise to a solution of dibenzonaphthacene 16 and EtsN in CH2CI2 at 0 °C and then stirring at room temperature (Scheme 8). Substituted dibenzonaphthacene 17 is next heated to reflux with Na in EtOAc to afford substituted dibenzonaphthacene I-2.
• Tf20 trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride
• Various articles of manufacture including electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices, such as field effect transistors (e.g., thin film transistors), photo- voltaics, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOSs), complementary inverters, D flip-flops, rectifiers, and ring oscillators, that make use of the graphene nanoribbons disclosed herein also are within the scope of the present invention as are methods of making the same.
• field effect transistors e.g., thin film transistors
• OLEDs organic light emitting diodes
• CMOSs complementary metal oxide semiconductors
• CMOSs complementary inverters
• D flip-flops D flip-flops
• rectifiers and ring oscillators
• the present invention therefore, further provides methods of preparing a semiconductor material exhibiting a well-defined electronic band gap that can be tailored to specific applications by the choice of molecular precursor.
• the methods can include preparing a composition that includes one or more of the compounds of the invention disclosed herein dissolved or dispersed in a liquid medium such as a solvent or a mixture of solvents, depositing the composition on a substrate to provide a semiconductor material precursor, and processing (e.g., heating) the semiconductor precursor to provide a semiconductor material (e.g., a thin film semiconductor) that includes one or more of the compounds disclosed herein.
• the liquid medium can be an organic solvent, an inorganic solvent such as water, or combinations thereof.
• the composition can further include one or more additives independently selected from detergents, dispersants, binding agents, compatibilizing agents, curing agents, initiators, humectants, antifoaming agents, wetting agents, pH modifiers, bio- cides, and bacteriostats.
• additives independently selected from detergents, dispersants, binding agents, compatibilizing agents, curing agents, initiators, humectants, antifoaming agents, wetting agents, pH modifiers, bio- cides, and bacteriostats.
• surfactants and/or polymers e.g., polystyrene, polyethylene, poly-alpha-methylstyrene, polyisobutene, polypropylene, polymethyl- methacrylate, and the like
• a dispersant e.g., polystyrene, polyethylene, poly-alpha-methylstyrene, polyisobutene, polypropylene, polymethyl- methacrylate, and the like
• the depositing step can be carried out by printing, including inkjet printing and various contact printing techniques (e.g., screen-printing, gravure printing, offset printing, pad printing, litho- graphic printing, flexographic printing, and microcontact printing).
• the depositing step can be carried out by spin coating, drop-casting, zone casting, dip coating, blade coating, spraying or vacuum filtration.
• the present invention further provides articles of manufacture such as the various de- vices described herein that include a composite having a semiconductor material of the present invention and a substrate component and/or a dielectric component.
• the substrate component can be selected from doped silicon, an indium tin oxide (ITO), ITO- coated glass, ITO-coated polyimide or other plastics, aluminum or other metals alone or coated on a polymer or other substrate, a doped polythiophene, and the like.
• the dielectric component can be prepared from inorganic dielectric materials such as various oxides (e.g., S1O2, AI2O3, Hf02), organic dielectric materials such as various polymeric materials (e.g., polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, polyhaloethylene, poly- acrylate), and self-assembled superlattice/self-assembled nanodielectric (SAS/SAND) materials (e.g., described in Yoon, M-H. et al., PNAS, 102 (13): 4678-4682 (2005)), as well as hybrid organic/inorganic dielectric materials (e.g., described in
• the composite also can include one or more electrical contacts.
• Suitable materials for the source, drain, and gate electrodes include metals (e.g., Au, Al, Ni, Cu), transparent conducting oxides (e.g., ITO, IZO, ZITO, GZO, GIO, GITO), and conducting polymers (e.g., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene- sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy).
• One or more of the composites described herein can be embodied within various organic electronic, optical, and optoelectronic devices such as organic thin film transistors (OTFTs), specifically, organic field effect transistors (OFETs), as well as sensors, capacitors, unipolar circuits, complementary circuits (e.g., inverter circuits), and the like.
• OFTs organic thin film transistors
• OFETs organic field effect transistors
• sensors capacitors
• unipolar circuits e.g., unipolar circuits
• complementary circuits e.g., inverter circuits
• graphene nanoribbons of the present invention are photovoltaics or solar cells.
• Compounds of the present invention can exhibit broad optical absorption and/or a very positively shifted reduction potential, making them desirable for such applications.
• the compounds described herein can be used as a n-type semiconductor in a photovoltaic design, which includes an adjacent p-type semiconductor material that forms a p-n junction.
• the compounds can be in the form of a thin film semiconductor, which can be deposited on a substrate to form a composite. Exploitation of compounds of the present invention in such devices is within the knowledge of a skilled artisan.
• another aspect of the present invention relates to methods of fabricating an organic field effect transistor that incorporates a semiconductor material of the present invention.
• the semiconductor materials of the present invention can be used to fabricate various types of organic field effect transistors including top-gate top-contact capacitor structures, top-gate bottom-contact capacitor structures, bottom-gate top- contact capacitor structures, and bottom-gate bottom-contact capacitor structures.
• OTFT devices can be fabricated with the present graphene nanoribbons on doped silicon substrates, using S1O2 as the dielectric, in top-contact geometries.
• the active semiconductor layer which incorporates at least a compound of the present invention can be deposited at room temperature or at an elevated temperature.
• the active semiconductor layer which incorporates at least a compound of the present invention can be applied by spin-coating or printing as described herein.
• metallic con- tacts can be patterned on top of the films using shadow masks, electron beam lithography and lift-off techniques, or other suitable structuring methods that are within the knowledge of a skilled artisan.
• Figures 1 to 4 show: Figure 1 : Polymerization and cyclodehydrogenation pathway for the surface preparation of graphene nanoribbons
• STM Scanning tunneling microscopy
• Example 5 Surface preparation of graphene nanoribbons
• First the substrate was cleaned by repeated cycles of argon ion bombardment and annealing to 470°C and then cooled to room temperature for deposition.
• the Au(1 1 1 ) substrate was post-annealed at 200°C for 5 min to induce polymerization and at 400 °C for 5 min to form GNRs.

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