Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C227/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C227/38—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
  • C07C227/40—Separation; Purification

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for decolorizing a composition comprising a betaine.
• the invention also relates to uses of polar solid decolorants for decolorizing solutions, and to compositions obtainable by the inventive process.
• Betaines are neutral chemical compounds with a positively charged cationic functional group, usually a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium group, and a negatively charged functional group, usually as a carboxylate group.
• a betaine is thus a zwitterion.
• the term "betaine” referred only to the specific compound ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trimethylglycine.
• betaines are vitamins, pharmaceuticals or precursors thereof. They are used as food additives, diet components or pharmaceuticals.
• An important betaine is carnitine (vitamin Bt; 3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate).
• Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine. Carnitine exists in two stereoisomers. The biologically active form is L- carnitine (levocarnitine, LC), whilst its enantiomer, D-carnitine, is biologically inactive. L-carnitine is an endogenous compound, which plays a key metabolic role, transporting long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for energetic oxidation. Supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) has been shown to increase overall regional cerebral metabolism in rodents. Carnitine and its esters also have non- metabolic roles in brain function as neuroprotectants, antioxidants and modulators of neurotransmission.
• ALC
• Betaines such as carnitine
• solutions of betaines in solvents for example in aqueous solution or in ethanol, are obtained.
• the solutions and solid products are subjected to purification steps for obtaining the betaine at high purity, thereby removing salts, solvent, residual starting products, side products and the like.
• Common purification steps comprise crystallization, recrystallization, washing of crystallized products, distillation, filtration and salt removal by ion exchange chromatography. As a result, highly concentrated betaines are obtained in solid form.
• solid betaines such as carnitine
• solutions thereof are likewise colorless and transparent.
• betaines are produced by organic synthesis, and even when purified thereafter, often colorized products are obtained.
• carnitine produced by organic synthesis usually has a brown or yellow coloration. The reason for the coloration is not precisely known.
• Methods in the art for producing carnitine usually comprise a decoloration step, wherein a solution comprising the carnitine product is contacted with activated carbon.
• Activated carbon active carbon, activated charcoal, activated coal
• Activated carbon is a non- polar adsorbent capable of binding large amounts of non-polar substances due to its high internal surface. After sufficient incubation time, a colorless solution is obtained, whilst compounds causing the coloration are absorbed by the carbon. Betaines are not bound to the activated carbon and thus decolorized.
• ion exchange chromatography is applied for desalting aqueous solutions of compositions comprising L-carnitine and converting L-carnitine salts into the inner salt.
• CN101337902 A discloses a method for purifying L-carnitine from aqueous solutions, in which pre-desalting steps are carried out with electroosmosis and an anion exchange material, where after a decoloring treatment is carried out with activated carbon.
• CN101875616 discloses another method for producing L-carnitine, wherein a desalting step is carried out with an ion exchange material.
• activated carbon is relatively costly, especially when used in a large-scale industrial process. Columns, which are packed with activated carbon, cannot be recycled efficiently. The efficiency of decoloration is not always sufficient and relatively large amounts of activated carbon are required for quantitative decoloration. Trace amounts of carbon may remain in the product and may interfere with subsequent reactions or uses, for example when subsequent reactions are carried out with sensitive catalysts.
• WO96/15274 relates to methods for decolorizing aqueous solutions in the sugar industry, which comprise high amounts of sugars and may comprise additional A/,/V,/V-trimethylammonioacetat ("betaine").
• the inventors suggest decoloration of the sugar solutions with polyaluminium chlorides.
• DE 1 136 71 1 relates to methods for extracting A/,/V,/V-trimethylammonioacetat ("betaine”) from natural products, such as sugar rich juices and molasses. The process is carried out with aqueous sugar-rich solutions and requires several consecutive ion exchange treatment steps with cation and anion exchange resins.
• DE 196 34 640 A1 relates to methods for desalting aqueous solutions comprising precursors for the production of L-carnitine.
• the method comprises at least electrodialysis and cation exchange chromatography.
• the method does not relate to decoloration of the solutions. Further, it is relatively complicated and requires long treatment times of about 8 to 12 days.
• the problem underlying the invention is to provide processes, uses and decolorized compositions, which overcome the above-mentioned problems.
• the problem underlying the invention is to provide a method for decolorizing betaines, especially carnitine, without a decoloration step with carbon.
• the inventive process shall allow effective decolorization of compositions and solutions whilst being relatively simple, and being efficient in the presence of organic solvents. Chemicals and devices required for the decolorization shall be easily available at low costs and applicable for industrial large scale purification processes.
• the decolorization shall be applicable within a relatively short time. Specifically, it shall be applicable for solutions of purified betaines obtained in organic synthesis processes, for example for solutions of L-carnitine in alcohols.
• Subject of the invention is a process for decolorizing a composition comprising a betaine comprising the steps of (a) providing a solution of the composition in an organic solvent,
• the inventive process is also a process for producing a decolorized composition comprising a betaine.
• Decolorization of a composition can be monitored by known methods, preferably by determining the transparency of the solution.
• the coloration of a colorized or at least slightly colorized starting solution for example a brown or yellow solution, is reduced or eliminated.
• the product solution obtained thereby is colorless, as solid betaine obtained from such a solution after solvent removal.
• the invention relates to any process, in which the transparency of the solution is increased and colorization is decreased. Pure betaine solutions, such as L-carnitine solutions, should be colourless since the betaines are colourless. However, such solutions tend to have undesired coloration, often yellow or brown.
• the process comprises a subsequent step of (c) maintaining the solution for a time period sufficient for decoloring the solution.
• a time period is considered sufficient, in which a desired degree of decolorization is achieved.
• the time period is of sufficient length to obtain a fully decolorized, transparent solution.
• the transparency of the solution after step (c) is more than 70%, more preferably more than 80%, most preferably more than 90% or more than 95%.
• Transparency is preferably determined at 430 nm in a 50 mm cuvette.
• the betaine solution may be a standard solution of 10% (w/w) betaine in the respective solvent, such as ethanol.
• the time period for decoloration may be between 5 minutes and 20 hours, preferably between 20 minutes and 8 hours or between 30 minutes and 4 hours.
• the transparency of a betaine solution is increased at least by 10%, more preferably at least by 20% or by 50%, preferably when carrying out the inventive process with 5 wt.% solid decolorant for 30 min. Specifically, this increase of transparency may be observed for the solution obtained after step (b), after step (c) or after step (d), when compared to the starting solution provided in step (a).
• step (c) the solution is moved mechanically, for example by stirring, shaking or swaying.
• intimate contact of the ion exchange material with the solution is supported, thereby increasing decolorization speed.
• the running speed is adapted such that the average contact time is sufficient.
• the process comprises a subsequent step (d) separating the polar solid decolorant from the solution.
• the polar solid decolorant is removed by mechanical separation, for example by sedimentation, filtration and/or centrifugation.
• the solid may be removed within a device, such as a sieve, which is withdrawn from the solution after a sufficient time period for decoloration.
• the polar solid decolorant is provided in a column and the solution is passed through the column.
• the column dimensions and running conditions, such as column length and flow, are adapted such that the eluate is decolorized sufficiently. Decoloration may be improved by using two or more columns in series.
• the betaine does not bind, or essentially does not bind to the solid decolorant.
• the overall process may comprise introduction of the polar solid decolorant into the solution, incubation for a sufficient time to reach decoloration and separation of the solid decolorant from the solution. Additional steps used in column purification processes in the art, such as binding of betaines and elution with specific buffers, are not required.
• the solid decolorant is recycled. Recycling can be carried out by treating the material with washing solution.
• washing solutions could have a high salt concentration and/or comprise additives, such as detergents, for eluting impurities and recovery.
• the process comprises after step (d) a subsequent step of
• the solvent can be removed from the solution by methods known in the art, for example by distillation.
• the solvent is recycled, i. e. recovered and reused in the process.
• steps (b) to (e), or steps (b) to (d) are carried out in consecutive order without additional purification steps in between these steps.
• a solid decolorized composition is obtained.
• the composition comprises, or essentially consists of, the betaines. It may be subjected to additional purification steps, for example for removing residual solvent or residual solid decolorant.
• the solid composition may be dried, recrystallized, and the like.
• the product, which is the solid dry composition is processed further. It may be processed into a desired constitution, size and shape. For example, it may be converted into a powder, granulate or tablets, optionally in a mixture with other components, such as processing aids and/or vitamins.
• the inventive process may be a batch process or continuous process. In a continuous process, the solution passes the polar solid decolorant continuously.
• betaine refers to a generic group of chemical compounds.
• a betaine is a neutral chemical compound with a single cationic quaternary functional group, preferably a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium group, and a single anionic functional group, such as a carboxylate group.
• the anionic and cationic charge is permanent.
• the cationic group does not comprise an acidic hydrogen atom attached to the N or P atom.
• the betaine is thus a zwitterion.
• the betaine comprises a single quaternary ammonium group and a single quaternary carboxylate group.
• the generic term "betaine" comprises, but does not specifically refer to the specific compound ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trimethylglycine.
• the betaine used according to the invention is an inner salt. It does not comprise, or essentially does not comprise an additional anion, such as chloride, or an additional cation, such as H + or ammonium. Carboxyl groups are essentially in the ionic form. However, a minor portion, for example below 2%, below 0.5% or below 0.2% (w/w) may be in the acidic form.
• the betaine is preferably not a polymer. In other words, it is not product of a polymerization process from repetitive monomer units. It is preferably a low molecular weight substance. Preferably, the molecular weight is below 500, below 400 or below 300 g/mol.
• the betaine is an ester, the betaine comprising a single hydroxyl group which is esterified, preferably with an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably between 1 and 6 carbon atoms.
• the betaine is a compound of formula (I):
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which are selected independently from each other, and
• X is an alkandiyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which is linear or branched, which is preferably methandiyl, 1 ,2-ethandiyl or 1 ,3-propandiyl, the alkandiyl group being optionally substituted, preferably with a residue selected from -OH, -NH 2 , -SH, -O-NHR 4 and -O-COR 4 , wherein R 4 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may be linear or branched, more preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopentyl or n-dodecyl.
• R 1 , R 2 and/or R 3 is methyl and/or ethyl.
• R 1 R 2 R 3 N + - is a trimethylammonium group.
• the betaine is optically active.
• the betaine is L-carnitine, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ - trimethylglycine or an acylated L-carnitine.
• the acylated L-carnitine is an ester of L-carnitine and a carbonic acid having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is preferably not branched.
• the acylated L-carnitine is acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC), isovaleryl-L-carnitine or lauroyl-L-carnitine.
• the composition provided in step (a) essentially consists of the betaine.
• relatively small amounts of impurities may be present, which confer coloration to the composition and to the solution, in which the composition is dissolved.
• the composition is a direct or intermediate product from organic synthesis of the betaine, possibly with subsequent purification steps.
• it is already substantially free from salts, side products, starting products and the like.
• salts were removed in a preceding desalting step.
• the desalting step may comprise any common method, such as dialysis, osmosis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, distillation, extraction, crystallization, microfiltration and the like.
• the desalting step comprised electrodialysis, as disclosed for example by WO2010/089095, especially as in examples 1 and 2 thereof.
• the composition in step (a) comprises more than 50,%, more than 75%, more than 95%, preferably more than 98%, more than 99.5% or more than 99.8% (w/w) of the betaine, especially L-carnitine, based on the total amount of all solid components. More preferably, the composition in step (a) comprises more than 95% L-carnitine, based on the total amount of all solid components. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition in step (a) comprises less than 1 %, preferably less than 0.2% or less than 0.05% (w/w) of salts, based on the total amount of all solid components. Specifically, such salts may be chlorides, acetates or cyanides.
• the solution was subjected to a preceding desalting step.
• the composition in step (a) is a product of an organic synthesis reaction for producing the betaine, especially L-carnitine. More preferably, the product is a crude reaction product, which has not been pre-purified, or which has only been desalted before. Typically, such a reaction product comprises the betaine, side products and residual unreacted starting materials. Often, such crude reaction products have an undesired color. The side products and residual starting materials are often structurally related to the betaine. Therefore, decolorization of such organic reaction products is relatively difficult.
• the betaine such as the L-carnitine
• the betaine is not a natural product and/or not purified from a natural product. In other words, it is not extracted from natural products, for example from sugar rich biological materials.
• the composition provided in step (a) does not comprise sugars, or less than 0.1 % (w/w) or less than 1 % (w/w) sugars, based on the overall solids.
• the solution provided in step (a) consists of the solid composition and the organic solvent.
• the solvent is an organic solvent, preferably a polar organic solvent, such as an alcohol, ether or ester.
• the solvent is an aliphatic alcohol, more preferably one comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or butanol.
• the solvent is ethanol.
• the solvent may also be a mixture of organic solvents, for example a mixture of ethanol with another organic solvent, for example one comprising up to 90% (w/w) or up to 50% (w/w) ethanol.
• the solution in step (a) comprises 5 to 75%, preferably 10 to 50%, more preferably 15 to 40% (w/w) of the betaine composition, the rest being solvent.
• Organic solvents such as ethanol, may comprise low amounts of water.
• the organic solvent, especially ethanol may comprise low levels of water, for example less than 5% (w/w), less than 1 % (w/w), less than 0.5% (w/w) or less than 0.1 % (w/w).
• the solvent is technical grade ethanol, comprising between 2 and 4% (w/w) water, or absolute ethanol, comprising less than 1 % (w/w) water, or even less than 0.1 % (w/w) water.
• the organic solvent does not comprise water, or does essentially not comprise water.
• the term "essentially” means that only inevitable impurities of water may be present.
• decolorization of the betaine solution is mediated by a polar solid decolorant.
• the term solid refers to room temperature (23°C) and to a solid substance remaining after removal of all solvent.
• the solid decolorant is not dissolved during the process.
• At least the surface of the decolorant is polar. Polar substances have electric dipoles at the surface. Such solids are hydrophilic.
• the polar solid is capable of forming hydrogen bonds in aqueous solution.
• the polar solid comprises charged groups, more preferably cationic groups, and/or oxygen atoms on the surface.
• the polar solid decolorant is an ion exchange material.
• the surface of ion exchange materials comprises ionic groups, Lewis acidic and/or Lewis basic groups.
• the ion exchange material may be an anion exchange material, which is preferred, or a cation exchange material. It may also be an amphoteric exchange material, which is capable of exchanging both cations and anions. In addition, the ion exchange material may have adsorptive or absorptive characteristics. Mineral based ion exchangers comprising silicates, such as bentonite and Fuller's earth; or hydrotalcite, combine ion exchange properties with adsorptive properties. According to the invention, it was found that with various ion exchange materials, colorizing impurities can be removed efficiently from solutions comprising betaines.
• the ion exchange material is an ion exchange resin, a silicate or hydrotalcite.
• the process may also use combinations of such ion exchange materials or combinations with other polar solid decolorant, or apply multiple consecutive decoloring steps with different ion exchange materials.
• the ion exchange material is an ion exchange resin, more preferably an anion exchange resin.
• a resin is based on an organic polymer matrix.
• the resin comprises ionic groups.
• the ionic groups are positively charged.
• the groups are quaternary ammonium groups.
• the ionic groups are covalently linked to the matrix with appropriate spacers.
• anion exchange resins are known in the art and commercially available, for example from Dow Chemical/Rohm and Haas, US, under the trademark "Amberlite".
• the ion exchange material is or comprises a silicate.
• Silicates comprise silicate groups, but may comprise also other inorganic groups, atoms and ions.
• silicate ion exchange materials are minerals or derived from minerals.
• the mineral is or comprises bentonite, montmorillonite and talc, or is derived from such a mineral.
• Bentonite is based on aluminium silicate, which comprises montmorillonite.
• Talc is a hydrated magnesium silicate.
• Montmorillonite is a hydrated sodium calcium aluminium magnesium silicate hydroxide.
• the silicate comprises magnesium.
• the mineral is Fuller ' s earth.
• Silicate-based ion exchange materials useful in the inventive process are commercially available, for example from Sud-Chemie, DE, under the trademarks "Tonsil” or EXM1607.
• the pH of the silicate, especially the bentonite, when dissolved in water is above 5, more preferably about 5 to 9.
• Bentonites are known and available with variations in composition and properties. According to the invention, it was found that decoloration of betaines is efficient in organic solvents with various bentonites. However, especially good results were obtained when using a bentonite comprising about 65 to 75% S1O2, about 8 to 12% AI 2 O 3 , about 3 to 5% MgO and about 2 to 4% Fe 2 O 3 (all percentages are weight %).
• this bentonite has a pH above 5, such as between 5 and 9, when dissolved in water.
• Such a bentonite is available under the trademark EXM1607 from Sud-Chemie, DE.
• the ion exchange material is or comprises hydrotalcite.
• Hydrotalcite is a layered double hydroxide of general formula (Mg6Al 2 (CO3)(OH)i6-4(H 2 O). Hydrotalcite has anion exchange capabilities. It is commercially available, for example under the trademark Sorbacid 91 1 from Sud- Chemie, DE.
• the pH of the hydrotalcite, when suspended in water, is above 7, more preferably about 7 to 1 1 .
• Hydrotalcites are known and available with variations in composition and properties. According to the invention, it was found that decoloration of betaines is efficient in organic solvents with various hydrotalcites.
• this hydrotalcite has a pH above 7, more preferably about 7 to 1 1 , when suspended in water.
• Such a preferred hydrotalcite is available under the trademark Syntal HAS 696 from Sud-Chemie, DE.
• the ion exchange capability can be increased by chemical treatments.
• the mineral is pre-activated by an acid treatment.
• Acid treatments also referred to as “acid activation” affect the outer and inner surfaces and acidity of such minerals, yielding products with a specific pore structure and a specific distribution of cationic and anionic groups on the surface.
• Fuller's earth is obtained by acidic activation of minerals, usually from bentonite. It is used in the art for purifying oils and lipids.
• the polar solid decolorant is or comprises an alkaline earth metal oxide.
• the alkaline earth metal oxide may consist of the alkali metal and oxygen, or may comprise other metal cations and anions. It may also comprise other components, such as crystal water.
• the alkaline earth metal oxide is magnesium oxide or calcium oxide. Surprisingly, a very effective and rapid decoloration was observed in the presence of magnesium oxide. This is advantageous, because magnesium oxide is colorless and inexpensive.
• the polar solid decolorant is an inorganic material, such as a mineral, such as a silicate or hydrotalcite, or an alkali metal oxide.
• a decoloration step with carbon, especially activated carbon is not necessary.
• the overall process does not comprise a use of molecular carbon or activated carbon for decolorization.
• the decolorant is not a polyaluminium chloride.
• the polar solid decolorant may be provided in any appropriate form, such as a powder, granules, pellets, a solid block and the like.
• the solid decolorant has a high internal surface area, and thus a high contact surface.
• Subject of the invention is also the use of a polar solid decolorant, which is preferably an ion exchange material and/or an alkaline earth metal oxide, for decolorizing a composition comprising betaines, preferably L-carnitine.
• a process of the invention for decolorizing a composition comprising betaines, preferably L-carnitine is also used.
• the inventive process is also a process for decolorizing betaines, preferably L-carnitine, or for decolorizing solution comprising betaines, preferably L- carnitine.
• Another subject of the invention is a decolorized solution or composition, obtainable by an inventive process.
• it is possible to obtain a decolorized solution or composition of pure or substantially pure betaine or L- carnitine.
• the inventive solution or composition is distinct from typical decolorized solutions or compositions of pure betaines or carnitine, because no residual traces of activated carbon are comprised. This is advantageous for possible subsequent reactions or uses, which could be impaired by traces of carbon, for example sensitive reactions in the presence of catalysts.
• the inventive process solves the problem underlying the invention.
• the invention provides a simple and effective process for the decolorization of betaines, such as L- carnitine, which is effective also in the presence of organic solvent.
• a solution is decolorized simply by contacting with a polar solid material, especially an ion exchange material and/or an alkaline earth metal oxide.
• Mineral based ion exchange materials such as Fuller ' s earth, are easily available in large amounts and significantly cheaper than activated carbon.
• Activated carbon used in the art for decolorizing betaines does not comprise ionic, acidic or basic groups on the surface. Thus, it could not be assumed that efficient decolorization could be achieved by simply contacting a solution of the betaine with ion exchange material
• L-carnitine solution was decolorized with various ion exchange materials in batch processes.
• the L-carnitine was a crude product obtained by organic synthesis having a brownish to yellowish coloration.
• An ethanolic L-carnitine solution was prepared with 20.39% (w/w) L-carnitine concentration. Transparency was determined to be 20.3%.
• 80 g of the ethanolic L-carnitine solution and 6.25 wt.% of the ion exchange resin were charged.
• the anion exchange resins used comprised a cross-linked polystyrene matrix with quaternary ammonium groups (trademark Amberlite FPA90CI and FPA98CI; Dow Chemical, US). The mixture was stirred for the given time at 60°C before the resin was removed by filtration. Carnitine concentration and transparency of solutions obtained thereby were measured. The conditions and results are summarized in table 1 below.
• L-carnitine solution was decolorized in a continuous process by anion exchange chromatography.
• a double jacket reactor 500 ml was provided with an internal stirrer.
• a double jacket column (diameter: 15 mm; length: 460 mm) was provided underneath the reactor. The solution from the reactor was applied to the column inlet at the head of the column through a connection.
• a collecting vessel was positioned underneath the column outlet for collecting the eluate.
• a thermostat each kept the temperature in the reactor and in column at 60°C.
• the anion exchange resin comprised a cross-linked polystyrene matrix with quaternary ammonium groups (trademark Amberlite FPA 90CI; Dow Chemical, US).
• the resin was pre-treated by washing with 2000 ml deionized water followed by washing with 500 ml anhydrous ethanol. 50 g fresh resin was filled into the double jacket column and washed with the given washing solutions, where after the column was warmed up to 60°C.
• the L- carnitine used was a crude product obtained by organic synthesis having a brownish to yellowish coloration.
• a feed solution of L-carnitine in ethanol was filled into a reactor, heated to 60°C and applied with an average flow rate of 6-7 g/min to the column. A colorless eluate was collected.
• Examples 8 to 28 Further examples were carried out with various materials to assess their capability of decoloring L-carnitine solutions. Solutions of L-carnitine were combined with various solid materials and the colors of the solutions were monitored. Comparative examples 8 and 9 were controls without decoloring materials. Examples 10 and 1 1 were comparative examples with activated carbon. Examples 12 to 19 were carried out with various polar anion exchange materials. Comparative examples 20 to 22 were carried out with non-polar ion exchange or adsorbent materials. Example 23 was carried out with a cation exchange material. Examples 24 and 25 were carried out with alkaline metal oxides. Comparative examples 26 to 28 were carried out with other inorganic compounds.
• Table 2 Compositions and properties of decolorants used in examples 12 to 17

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