WO2013094456A1 - 有機光電変換素子 - Google Patents
有機光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013094456A1 WO2013094456A1 PCT/JP2012/081924 JP2012081924W WO2013094456A1 WO 2013094456 A1 WO2013094456 A1 WO 2013094456A1 JP 2012081924 W JP2012081924 W JP 2012081924W WO 2013094456 A1 WO2013094456 A1 WO 2013094456A1
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- photoelectric conversion
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/151—Copolymers
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic photoelectric conversion element. More specifically, the present invention relates to a technique for improving the durability of an organic photoelectric conversion element.
- a photoelectric conversion element In solar power generation, light energy is directly converted into electric power using a photoelectric conversion element utilizing the photovoltaic effect.
- a photoelectric conversion element has a structure in which a photoelectric conversion layer (light absorption layer) is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, and light energy is converted into electric energy in the photoelectric conversion layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element is a silicon-based photoelectric conversion element using single-crystal / polycrystalline / amorphous Si, GaAs, CIGS (copper (Cu), indium (In), depending on the material used for the photoelectric conversion layer and the form of the element.
- Compound-based photoelectric conversion elements using a compound semiconductor such as gallium (Ga) and selenium (Se)), dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion elements (Gretzel cells), and the like have been proposed and put to practical use.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a photoelectric conversion efficiency exceeding 5% was reported (Non-Patent Document 1), and further, it is theoretically expected that a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10% can be achieved (Non-Patent Document 2). ).
- Electrodes anode and cathode
- the metal oxide layer constituting the hole transport layer and the like can be formed by a method other than the coating process (for example, vacuum deposition method). Etc.).
- other layers can be formed using a coating process.
- the production of the bulk heterojunction photoelectric conversion element can be performed at high speed and at low cost, and it is considered that there is a possibility that the above-described problem of power generation cost can be solved. Further, unlike the production of conventional silicon-based photoelectric conversion elements, compound-based photoelectric conversion elements, dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion elements, etc., it does not necessarily involve a manufacturing process at a temperature higher than 160 ° C. It is expected that it can be formed on a lightweight plastic substrate.
- organic photoelectric conversion elements are not sufficiently durable against heat and light compared to other types of photoelectric conversion elements. Accordingly, various improvements have been made in order to improve durability.
- the so-called reverse layer type organic photoelectric device in which each layer is stacked in the reverse order of a normal organic photoelectric conversion element, and electrons are extracted from the transparent electrode side and holes are extracted from a stable metal electrode side having a deep work function.
- a conversion element Patent Document 1
- a hole transport layer composed of a conductive polymer inferior in light transmittance exists between the counter electrode (anode) and the photoelectric conversion layer, and is reflected by the counter electrode.
- Non-Patent Document 3 Since light cannot be efficiently reused in the photoelectric conversion layer, this is a disadvantageous configuration from the viewpoint of light utilization efficiency (Non-Patent Document 3). On the other hand, since a metal such as gold or silver that is hardly corroded by oxygen or water can be used as an electrode, an element having higher durability than a normal layer type can be obtained.
- BHJ bulk heterojunction
- two types of materials a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor, are each randomly filled with a specific size domain, and charge separation occurs at the interface between them. . Therefore, even when exposed to light and heat for a long time, maintaining good morphology of the p-type organic semiconductor and the n-type organic semiconductor is considered to be important for improving durability. Yes.
- Non-Patent Document 4 reports that the durability can be improved by converting the side chain of the copolymer of donor unit-acceptor unit that can absorb up to 700 nm into carboxylic acid by reacting with heat. It has been made.
- the p-type organic semiconductor material described in Patent Document 2 has a short absorption wavelength, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device is less than 2.5%.
- an element using the photoelectric conversion material described in Non-Patent Document 4 is also low in photoelectric conversion efficiency of 1.5% and is far from practical use.
- the durability of the element has not been sufficient yet, and further improvements have been desired. As described above, it is very difficult to achieve both durability improvement and sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency, and further improvement has been demanded.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an organic photoelectric conversion element having excellent durability.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an organic photoelectric conversion element that can achieve sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- An organic photoelectric conversion element having high durability can be obtained by introducing a strong polar group such as a sulfonamide group or a carbamate group into the side chain alkyl group of the conjugated polymer compound used in the organic photoelectric conversion element.
- the present invention has been completed.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is characterized in that it contains a conjugated polymer compound having a partial structure represented by the following chemical formula 1.
- FIG. 1 It is the cross-sectional schematic which represented typically the normal layer type organic photoelectric conversion element based on one Embodiment of this invention.
- 10 is an organic photoelectric conversion element
- 11 is an anode
- 12 is a cathode
- 14 is a photoelectric conversion layer
- 25 is a substrate
- 26 is a hole transport layer
- 27 is an electron transport layer. Represent each.
- FIG. 1 It is the cross-sectional schematic which represented typically the reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element based on other one Embodiment of this invention.
- 20 is an organic photoelectric conversion element; 11 is an anode; 12 is a cathode; 14a is a first photoelectric conversion layer; 14b is a second photoelectric conversion layer; 25 is a substrate; The hole transport layer; and 27 represent the electron transport layer, respectively.
- 30 is an organic photoelectric conversion element; 11 is an anode; 12 is a cathode; 14 is a photoelectric conversion layer; 25 is a substrate; 26 is a hole transport layer; 27 is an electron transport layer;
- Reference numeral 38 denotes a charge recombination layer.
- the organic photoelectric conversion device is characterized in that it contains a conjugated polymer compound in which a specific polar group is introduced into a side chain alkyl group. That is, the conjugated polymer compound according to this embodiment has a partial structure represented by the following chemical formula 1. By taking the said structure, the organic photoelectric conversion element of this invention can exhibit the outstanding durability.
- the conjugated polymer compound of the present invention includes one or more partial structures represented by Chemical Formula 1, but when there are two or more partial structures, X, W, L, Y 1 and Y 2 , Z, R 1 to R 5 , and a, b and c may be the same as or different from each other.
- W represents CH or a nitrogen atom (N) each independently. That is, the ring containing X and W in Chemical Formula 1 is each independently a furan ring (X is O, W is CH), a thiophene ring (X is S, W is CH), a pyrrole ring (X is NR 2).
- W is CH
- all the rings containing X and W are aromatic rings, and constitute the main chain of the conjugated polymer compound according to this embodiment. Therefore, hereinafter, the ring containing X and W is also referred to as “main chain aromatic ring”.
- aromatic rings in the main chain those in which X is a sulfur atom (S) or W is CH are preferable from the viewpoint of achieving high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- a thiophene ring in which X is a sulfur atom (S) and W is CH a conjugated polymer compound having high electrical conductivity and high mobility can be obtained.
- each L independently represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Specifically, a methylene group (—CH 2 —), an ethylene group (—CH 2 CH 2 —), a trimethylene group (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), a propylene group (—CH (CH 3 ) CH 2 — ), 2-ethylhexamethylene group (—CH 2 CH (CH 2 CH 3 ) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —) and the like.
- the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of L is preferably 2 or more. From the viewpoint of ease of synthesis, it is preferably an ethylene group.
- Chemical Formula 1 a group represented by the following Chemical Formula 5 is bonded to an aromatic ring of the main chain through a linking group L, and represents a polar group.
- Y 1 and Y 2 each independently represent an oxygen atom (O) or NR 5 .
- Z represents each independently a carbon atom (C), a sulfur atom (S), or a phosphorus atom (P).
- a, b and c each independently represent an integer satisfying the relational expression of 3 ⁇ a + b + c ⁇ 4 and 0 ⁇ a, b, c ⁇ 2. That is, specific examples of the polar group represented by Chemical Formula 5 include a sulfonamide group (—SO 2 NR 1 R 5 ), a carbamate group (—OCONR 1 R 5 or —NR 5 C (O) OR 1 ).
- Y 1 and Y 2 in Chemical Formula 1 is preferably NR 5 , and in particular, Y 2 is NR 5. Is preferred.
- Z in Chemical formula 1 is a sulfur atom (S) from a viewpoint that a thiophene ring can provide high electrical conductivity.
- S sulfur atom
- a sulfonamide group, a carbamate group, a carbonate group, and a phosphate group are preferable in consideration of the stability of the polar group itself or the ease of synthesis; the sulfonamide group , A carbamate group and a carbonate group are more preferable; a sulfonamide group and a carbamate group are more preferable; a sulfonamide group is most preferable.
- the conjugated polymer compound of this embodiment is characterized in that the side chain alkyl group in the partial structure represented by Chemical Formula 1 includes the polar group represented by Chemical Formula 5.
- the mechanism by which the durability of the organic photoelectric conversion element is improved when the conjugated polymer compound is used is not clear, but the present inventors presume as follows. That is, the polar group represented by the chemical formula 5 is strong because Z (carbon atom, sulfur atom, or phosphorus atom) in the formula is bonded to three or more hetero atoms (oxygen atom or NR 5 ). It is considered to have polarity. Thus, by introducing a strong polar group into the alkyl chain, it is considered that the molecule is more polarized and a strong intermolecular interaction is expressed.
- the conjugated polymer compound when used in a BHJ type photoelectric conversion layer, a good morphology is formed and maintained with the n-type organic semiconductor, and it is stable against heat and light. Therefore, it is considered that the durability of the element is improved as a result.
- a carbamate group When actually measured using infrared spectroscopy, for example, a carbamate group was expected to have a higher absorption wave number than an ester group, and to be more polarized and have a stronger intermolecular interaction.
- the above mechanism is based on estimation. Therefore, even if the above-described effect is obtained by a mechanism other than the above-described mechanism, the technical scope of the present invention is not affected at all.
- R 1 to R 5 that may be present in the partial structure represented by Chemical Formula 1 are each independently a hydrogen atom (H), a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, A cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is represented.
- R 1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
- R 2 to R 4 are preferably hydrogen atoms.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 20 And is more preferably a linear alkyl group having a relatively large number of carbon atoms (having 4 to 16, particularly 6 to 14 carbon atoms), specifically, an n-octyl group, n -Nonyl group, n-decyl group and the like are preferable.
- the cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a norbornyl group, and an adamantyl group. Of these, a cycloalkyl group having 4 to 8 carbon atoms is preferable from the viewpoint of improving solubility.
- the alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include ethynyl group, propynyl group, butynyl group, octynyl group, nonynyl group, decynyl group and the like. Of these, from the viewpoint of improving solubility, an alkenyl group having 6 or more carbon atoms, particularly 6 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include non-condensed hydrocarbon groups such as a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group; a pentarenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, Heptalenyl group, biphenylenyl group, fluorenyl group, acenaphthylenyl group, preadenyl group, acenaphthenyl group, phenalenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, acephenanthrenyl group, aceanthrylenyl group, triphenylenyl group, pyrenyl group , Condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon groups such as a chrycenyl group and a naphthacenyl group.
- the heteroaryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include pyridyl group, pyrimidyl group, pyrazinyl group, triazinyl group, furanyl group, pyrrolyl group, thiophenyl group (thienyl group), quinolyl group, Furyl group, piperidyl group, coumarinyl group, silafluorenyl group, benzofuranyl group, benzimidazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group, benzthiazolyl group, dibenzofuranyl group, benzothiophenyl group, dibenzothiophenyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, pyrazolyl Group, imidazolyl group, oxazolyl group, isoxazolyl group, thiazolyl group, indazolyl group, benzothiazolyl group, pyridazinyl group, cinnolyl group,
- the partial structure represented by Chemical Formula 1 as described above has a strong polar group in the side chain alkyl group, it can exhibit a strong intermolecular interaction in the conjugated polymer compound containing the partial structure. Therefore, by forming an organic photoelectric conversion element using the conjugated polymer compound, an element that is stable against heat and light and excellent in durability can be obtained.
- the conjugated polymer compound of this embodiment is (1) a conjugated polymer compound consisting of only the partial structure represented by the chemical formula 1 as long as it contains at least one partial structure represented by the chemical formula 1.
- (2) a copolymer containing one or more acceptor units, or (3) a copolymer containing one or more acceptor units and one or more donor units (hereinafter referred to as “DA polymer”). May also be referred to).
- the DA polymer (3) is preferable in order to efficiently absorb radiant energy over a wide range of the sunlight spectrum. This is because the absorption region can be expanded to a long wavelength region by alternately arranging the acceptor unit and the donor unit group. Therefore, such a conjugated polymer compound can absorb light in a long wavelength region (for example, 700 to 1000 nm) in addition to the absorption region (for example, 400 to 700 nm) of a conventional p-type organic semiconductor. Become.
- the copolymer containing at least one acceptor unit (2) is preferably a conjugated polymer compound having a partial structure represented by the following chemical formula 2.
- each A independently represents an acceptor unit.
- the acceptor unit generally refers to a partial structure (unit) in which the LUMO level or the HOMO level is deeper than a hydrocarbon aromatic ring (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc.) having the same number of ⁇ electrons.
- a hydrocarbon aromatic ring benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc.
- X, W, L, Y 1 , Y 2 , Z, R 1 , a, b, and c are the same as defined in Chemical Formula 1.
- the bonding position between adjacent units is not particularly limited.
- each R independently represents a hydrogen atom (H), a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, or a carbon atom.
- a heteroaryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a fluorinated heteroaryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is represented.
- R is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, a fluorinated alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or an alkylthio group in that both solubility and crystallinity are easily achieved.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, the cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, the aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and the heteroaryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms are low in the above chemical formula 1. It is the same as the word.
- the fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a group in which at least one hydrogen atom contained in the alkyl group exemplified above is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms is preferable. This is because the number of carbon atoms is sufficiently shorter than other soluble groups (substituents for imparting solubility generally use C6 or more) and have little influence on the upper layer coatability. . Among these, a trifluoromethyl group having 1 carbon atom is more preferable.
- the fluorinated cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a group in which at least one hydrogen atom contained in the cycloalkyl group exemplified above is substituted with a fluorine atom. .
- a fluorine atom contained in the cycloalkyl group exemplified above is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- all the hydrogen atoms contained in the cycloalkyl group exemplified above are groups substituted with fluorine atoms.
- the number and position of fluorine atoms are preferably adjusted appropriately.
- it is preferably a fluorinated cycloalkyl group having 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the alkoxy group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, an n-octyloxy group, an n-decyloxy group, and an n-dodecyl group. Examples thereof include an oxy group, n-hexadecyloxy group, 2-ethylhexyloxy group, 2-hexyldecyloxy group, and 2-decyltetradecyloxy group. Of these, an alkoxy group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms is preferable, and an alkoxy group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferable from the viewpoint of compatibility between solubility and crystallinity.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a group in which an oxygen atom is bonded to the root of the fluorinated alkyl group exemplified above. It is done. Among these, from the viewpoint of achieving a higher Voc (deep HOMO level), it is preferable that all the hydrogen atoms contained in the alkyl chain exemplified above are groups substituted with fluorine atoms. It is also preferable that the number and position are adjusted appropriately from the balance.
- the alkylthio group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, a propylthio group, an n-butylthio group, a sec-butylthio group, a tert-butylthio group, and an iso-propylthio group. and n-dodecylthio group.
- an alkylthio group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms is preferable, an alkylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferable, and an alkylthio group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is further preferable. preferable.
- the fluorinated alkylthio group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a group in which a sulfur atom is bonded to the base of the fluorinated alkyl group exemplified above.
- a sulfur atom is bonded to the base of the fluorinated alkyl group exemplified above.
- all the hydrogen atoms contained in the alkyl chain exemplified above are groups substituted with fluorine atoms. It is also preferable to adjust the number and position to an appropriate number in consideration of the above.
- a group in which a sulfur atom is bonded to the root of a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is preferable, and the number of carbon atoms is particularly preferably 1.
- the fluorinated aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a group in which at least one hydrogen atom contained in the aryl group exemplified above is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- a fluorine atom it is preferable that all the hydrogen atoms contained in the aryl group exemplified above are groups substituted with fluorine atoms. In consideration of the balance, the number and position of fluorine atoms are preferably adjusted appropriately.
- the fluorinated heteroaryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include groups in which at least one hydrogen atom contained in the heteroaryl group exemplified above is substituted with a fluorine atom. .
- groups in which at least one hydrogen atom contained in the heteroaryl group exemplified above is substituted with a fluorine atom. from the viewpoint of achieving a higher Voc (deep HOMO level), it is preferable that all the hydrogen atoms contained in the heteroaryl group exemplified above are groups substituted with fluorine atoms. In view of the above, the number and position of fluorine atoms are preferably adjusted appropriately.
- R is not particularly limited.
- the acceptor unit included in the conjugated polymer compound of this embodiment may include other partial structures (structures having electron withdrawing properties) in addition to the partial structures exemplified above.
- the proportion of the partial structure is larger in the acceptor unit included in the conjugated polymer compound.
- the number of the partial structures is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and 90% with respect to the total number of acceptor units contained in the conjugated polymer compound. More preferably, it is more preferably 95% or more, and most preferably 100%.
- the acceptor unit represented by A is a divalent group derived from a heteroaromatic condensed polycycle in which two or more rings are condensed (heteroaromatic condensed polycycle). This is because such a compound is expected to improve mobility due to an increase in the ⁇ plane area of the p-type organic semiconductor material. More preferably, it is a structure such as A′-2 to A′-23, which is expected to improve the short-circuit current by increasing the wavelength, that is, a structure represented by the chemical formula A or the chemical formula B.
- Y a and Y b are —O—, —NR c —, —S—, —C (R d ) ⁇ C (R e ) —, —N ⁇ C (R f ) —. Or —CR g R h —.
- each Y b may be the same or different, but is preferably the same in terms of enhancing crystallinity and easily obtaining a material with high mobility.
- Y a and Y b are —S—. These compounds are expected to have both a deep HOMO level and a high mobility.
- R a to R h are each independently a hydrogen atom (H), a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I), a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms
- each R a and each R b may be the same or different, but are preferably the same in terms of enhancing crystallinity and easily obtaining a material with high mobility.
- Each R a in Chemical Formula A or R d and R e or R g and R h in Chemical Formula B may be bonded to each other to form a ring that may have a substituent, or is condensed. May be.
- R a or R b is preferably a hydrogen atom (H), a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I), a carbon atom number of 1 from the viewpoint of planarity (improving mobility) of the conjugated polymer main chain.
- H hydrogen atom
- F, Cl, Br, or I halogen atom
- carbon atom number of 1 from the viewpoint of planarity (improving mobility) of the conjugated polymer main chain.
- alkyl groups fluorinated alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and alkylthio groups, and more preferably, from the viewpoint of obtaining a deeper HOMO conjugated polymer (increasing open-circuit voltage), a hydrogen atom (H), a halogen atom (F , Cl, Br, or I).
- R c to R h are preferably a hydrogen atom (H), a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I) from the viewpoint of the solubility of the conjugated polymer, and are easy to achieve both solubility and crystallinity.
- R a ⁇ R h and, similar to the optional substituents on R a ⁇ R h has been described by R in the acceptor unit of the A'-1 ⁇ A'-49 It is.
- the copolymer containing one or more acceptor units (2) has a partial structure represented by the following chemical formula 3.
- A independently represents an acceptor unit.
- the acceptor unit is the same as defined in Chemical Formula 2 above.
- X, W, L, Y 1 , Y 2 , Z, R 1 , a, b, and c are the same as defined in Chemical Formula 1.
- P and q each independently represent an integer of 1 to 5.
- the bonding position between adjacent units is not particularly limited.
- each unit in each partial structure is the same. It may be different or different.
- the left and right partial structures may be the same or different.
- the above (3) copolymer (DA polymer) containing one or more acceptor units and one or more donor units is represented by the following chemical formula 4 from the viewpoint of orbital level and longer absorption wavelength.
- a conjugated polymer compound having a partial structure represented is preferable.
- A independently represents an acceptor unit.
- the acceptor unit is the same as defined in Chemical Formula 2 above.
- X, W, L, Y 1 , Y 2 , Z, R 1 , a, b, and c are the same as defined in Chemical Formula 1.
- the donor unit generally refers to a partial structure (unit) in which the LUMO level or the HOMO level is shallower than a hydrocarbon aromatic ring (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc.) having the same number of ⁇ electrons.
- the structure of the donor unit is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a thiophene ring, a furan ring, a pyrrole ring, a hetero 5-membered ring such as cyclopentadiene and silacyclopentadiene, and a unit containing these condensed rings.
- thiophene examples include thiophene, thienothiophene, bithiophene, fluorene, silafluorene, carbazole, dithienocyclopentadiene, dithienosylcyclopentadiene, dithienopyrrole, and benzodithiophene.
- thiophene thienothiophene
- bithiophene fluorene
- silafluorene carbazole
- dithienocyclopentadiene dithienosylcyclopentadiene
- dithienopyrrole dithienopyrrole
- benzodithiophene examples include thiophene, thienothiophene, bithiophene, fluorene, silafluorene, carbazole, dithienocyclopentadiene, dithienosylcyclopentadiene, dithienopyrrole, and benzodithiophene.
- P, q, and r each independently represent an integer of 1-5.
- p and q are preferably 1 from the viewpoint of mobility and solubility (that is, each acceptor unit has one partial structure represented by Chemical Formula 1 at both ends).
- r is preferably 1 from the viewpoint of ease of synthesis and suppression of deterioration of crystallinity.
- the bonding position between adjacent units is not particularly limited.
- each unit in each partial structure when there are a plurality of units represented by the chemical formula 1 in the partial structure on the right side or the left side of A (when p or q is 2 or more), each unit in each partial structure is the same. It may be different or different. Furthermore, with respect to the acceptor unit, the left and right partial structures may be the same or different.
- D-32 and D-33 represent partial structures composed of three donor units.
- a specific alkyl group is described as the side chain of each donor unit.
- the side chain is not limited to these, and has 1 to 24 carbon atoms (preferably carbon atoms).
- a linear or branched alkyl group represented by Formula 1 to 20) or an alkyl group having a specific polar group represented by Chemical Formula 1 may be substituted as a side chain.
- P, q, and r each independently represent an integer of 1-5.
- the bonding position between adjacent units is not particularly limited.
- the combination of the partial structure represented by Chemical Formula 1, the acceptor unit, and the donor unit is not particularly limited, and a conjugated polymer compound can be synthesized and used in any combination. is there.
- conjugated polymer compounds having the combinations shown below are synthesized and their performance is evaluated.
- the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples. The preferable specific example of a polymer is shown.
- the molecular weight of the conjugated polymer compound of this embodiment is not particularly limited, but preferably has an appropriate molecular weight in order to give a good morphology to the conjugated polymer compound.
- the number average molecular weight of the conjugated polymer compound is more preferably 13000 to 50000, still more preferably 15000 to 35000, and particularly preferably 15000 to 30000.
- a low-molecular compound for example, a fullerene derivative
- the molecular weight of the conjugated polymer compound used as the p-type organic semiconductor is within the above range, a microphase separation structure is formed well, and thus carriers that carry holes and electrons generated at the pn junction interface. A path is easily formed.
- the number average molecular weight in this specification can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC; standard material polystyrene).
- an organic photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an n-type organic semiconductor existing between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the above-mentioned a photoelectric conversion layer including a p-type organic semiconductor, and the p-type organic semiconductor includes the conjugated polymer compound described above.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element uses the conjugated polymer compound described above as a p-type organic semiconductor, it can form and maintain a good morphology with an n-type organic semiconductor in the photoelectric conversion layer, and has excellent durability. It is possible to exhibit sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing a normal layer type organic photoelectric conversion device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element 10 of FIG. 1 includes an anode (transparent electrode) 11, a hole transport layer 26, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 27, and a cathode (counter electrode) 12 on a substrate 25.
- the substrate 25 is a member that is arbitrarily provided mainly for facilitating the formation of the anode (transparent electrode) 11 thereon by a coating method.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element 10 shown in FIG. 1 When the organic photoelectric conversion element 10 shown in FIG. 1 is operated, light is irradiated from the substrate 25 side.
- the anode (transparent electrode) 11 is made of a transparent electrode material (for example, ITO) so that the irradiated light reaches the photoelectric conversion layer 14.
- the light irradiated from the substrate 25 side reaches the photoelectric conversion layer 14 through the transparent anode (transparent electrode) 11 and the hole transport layer 26.
- the hole transport layer 26 is made of a material having a high hole mobility, and functions to efficiently transport holes generated at the pn junction interface of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 to the anode (transparent electrode) 11. Is responsible.
- the electron transport layer 27 is formed of a material having high electron mobility, and has a function of efficiently transporting electrons generated at the pn junction interface of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 to the cathode (counter electrode) 12. Yes.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing a reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element 20 in FIG. 2 has the anode 11 and the cathode 12 disposed at opposite positions as compared with the organic photoelectric conversion element 10 in FIG. 1, and the hole transport layer 26, the electron transport layer 27, and the like. Are different in that they are arranged at the opposite positions. That is, in the reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element, the first electrode is the cathode (transparent electrode) 12, the second electrode is the anode (counter electrode) 11, and the second electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer 14 It is characterized in that the hole transport layer 26 is included therebetween.
- a cathode (transparent electrode) 12 an electron transport layer 27, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, a hole transport layer 26, and an anode (counter electrode) 11 are stacked in this order on a substrate 25. It has the composition which becomes.
- electrons generated at the pn junction interface of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 are transported to the cathode (transparent electrode) 12 through the electron transport layer 27, and holes are transported through the hole transport layer 26. It is transported to the anode (counter electrode) 11.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing an organic photoelectric conversion element including a tandem (multi-junction type) photoelectric conversion layer according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element 30 in FIG. 3 replaces the photoelectric conversion layer 14 with a first photoelectric conversion layer 14 a, a second photoelectric conversion layer 14 b, and these The difference is that a stacked body with a charge recombination layer 38 interposed between two photoelectric conversion layers is disposed.
- photoelectric conversion materials p-type organic semiconductor and n-type organic semiconductor having different absorption wavelengths are used for the first photoelectric conversion layer 14a and the second photoelectric conversion layer 14b, respectively. By using this, light in a wider wavelength range can be efficiently converted into electricity.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment essentially includes a first electrode and a second electrode.
- the first electrode and the second electrode each function as an anode or a cathode.
- “first” and “second” are terms for distinguishing functions as an anode or a cathode. Therefore, the first electrode may function as an anode and the second electrode may function as a cathode. Conversely, the first electrode may function as a cathode and the second electrode may function as an anode. is there.
- the carriers (holes / electrons) generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 14 move between the electrodes, and the holes reach the anode 12 and the electrons reach the cathode 16.
- an electrode through which holes mainly flow is called an anode
- an electrode through which electrons mainly flow is called a cathode.
- a tandem structure can be achieved by using a charge recombination layer (intermediate electrode).
- the translucent electrode is sometimes referred to as a transparent electrode
- the non-translucent electrode is sometimes referred to as a counter electrode.
- the anode is usually a transparent electrode having a light transmitting property
- the cathode is a counter electrode having no light transmitting property.
- the material used for the electrode of this embodiment is not particularly limited as long as it is driven as a photoelectric conversion element, and an electrode material that can be used in this technical field can be appropriately employed.
- the anode is preferably composed of a material having a relatively large work function compared to the cathode, and conversely, the cathode is composed of a material having a relatively small work function compared to the anode. Is preferred.
- the anode 11 in the normal layer type organic photoelectric conversion element 10 shown in FIG. 1 is preferably made of a transparent electrode material having a relatively large work function and capable of transmitting light of 380 to 800 nm.
- the cathode 12 has a relatively small work function (for example, 4 eV or less), and can usually be composed of an electrode material having low translucency.
- an electrode material used for the anode for example, a metal such as gold, silver, or platinum; indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2.
- Transparent conductive metal oxides such as ZnO; carbon materials such as metal nanowires and carbon nanotubes. It is also possible to use a conductive polymer as the anode electrode material.
- Examples of the conductive polymer that can be used for the anode include PEDOT: PSS, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polythienylene vinylene, polyazulene, polyisothianaphthene, polycarbazole, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacene, and polyphenyl. Examples include acetylene, polydiacetylene, polynaphthalene, and derivatives thereof. These electrode materials may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more materials. It is also possible to form an electrode by laminating two or more layers made of each material.
- the thickness of the anode (transparent electrode) is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 nm to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 100 nm to 1000 nm.
- an electrode material used for the cathode As an electrode material used for the cathode (counter electrode), a metal, an alloy, an electron conductive compound, and a mixture thereof can be used. Specifically, sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixture, indium, Examples include lithium / aluminum mixtures, rare earth metals, gold, silver, platinum and other metals.
- a mixture of a first metal having a low work function and a second metal which is a metal having a larger work function and more stable than the first metal, from the viewpoint of electron extraction performance and durability against oxidation, etc.
- a magnesium / silver mixture a magnesium / aluminum mixture, a magnesium / indium mixture, an aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixture, a lithium / aluminum mixture, aluminum which is a stable metal, or the like.
- Al 2 O 3 aluminum oxide
- lithium / aluminum mixture aluminum which is a stable metal, or the like.
- it is also preferable to use a metal among these materials so that light that is incident from the first electrode side and transmitted without being absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer is reflected by the second electrode and is regenerated for photoelectric conversion.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved.
- These electrode materials may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more materials. It is also possible to form an electrode by laminating two or more layers made of each material.
- the thickness of the cathode (counter electrode) is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- the cathode 12 is located on the substrate 25 side on which light is incident, and the anode 11 is located on the opposite side. Therefore, the anode 11 in the reverse layer type shown in FIG. 2 is preferably composed of an electrode material having a relatively large work function and usually low translucency. On the other hand, the cathode 12 has a relatively small work function and is made of a transparent electrode material.
- examples of the electrode material used for the cathode include metals such as gold, silver, copper, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, aluminum, magnesium, and indium, metal compounds, And carbon materials such as carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanowires, and carbon nanostructures.
- a transparent conductive metal oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO).
- ITO indium tin oxide
- These electrode materials may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more materials. It is also possible to form an electrode by laminating two or more layers made of each material.
- it is preferable to use carbon nanowires because a transparent and highly conductive cathode can be formed by a coating method.
- an auxiliary electrode having a thickness of about 1 to 20 nm is formed on the side facing the anode (counter electrode) using, for example, aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, silver compound, or the like.
- a cathode (transparent electrode) can be obtained by providing a conductive polymer film exemplified as the anode (transparent electrode) material of the above-mentioned normal layer type organic photoelectric conversion element.
- the thickness of the cathode (transparent electrode) is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 nm to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the electrode material used for the anode is preferably an electrode material having a work function relatively larger than that of the cathode (transparent electrode).
- the anode (counter electrode) may be formed using a metal material such as silver, nickel, molybdenum, gold, platinum, tungsten, and copper.
- the thickness of the anode (counter electrode) is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 100 to 1000 nm.
- the reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element of FIG. 2 in which a material that is hardly deteriorated by oxygen, moisture, or the like can be used for both the anode and the cathode is preferable.
- a reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element by setting it as a reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element, degradation of the element resulting from oxidation of a counter electrode can be suppressed significantly, and still higher stability can be provided than a normal layer type element.
- the first electrode is a transparent electrode
- the second electrode is a counter electrode
- it is a reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element which has a positive hole transport layer.
- Examples of preferable anode / cathode combinations in the reverse layer configuration include, for example, 1) First electrode (cathode) ITO, second electrode (anode) silver 2) First electrode (cathode) PEDOT: PSS, second electrode (anode) silver 3) First electrode (cathode) ITO, second electrode ( Anode) Copper 4) 1st electrode (cathode) PEDOT: PSS, 2nd electrode (anode) gold 5) 1st electrode (cathode) ITO, 2nd electrode (anode) PEDOT: PSS Etc.
- the photoelectric conversion layer has a function of converting light energy into electric energy using the photovoltaic effect.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment is characterized in that the photoelectric conversion layer essentially includes an n-type organic semiconductor and the above-described conjugated polymer compound as a p-type organic semiconductor. When light is absorbed by these photoelectric conversion materials, excitons are generated, which are separated into holes and electrons at the pn junction interface.
- the photoelectric conversion layer of this embodiment essentially includes the above-described conjugated polymer compound, and may include other p-type organic semiconductor materials as necessary.
- An example of another p-type organic semiconductor material is shown below.
- condensed polycyclic aromatic low molecular weight compound examples include anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, hexacene, heptacene, chrysene, picene, fluorene, pyrene, peropyrene, perylene, terylene, quaterylene, coronene, ovalene, thacumanthracene, bisanthene, zeslene.
- TTF tetrathiafulvalene
- TCNQ tetracyanoquinodimethane
- BEDTTTTF bisethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene
- Examples of the derivative having the above condensed polycycle include WO 03/16599 pamphlet, WO 03/28125 pamphlet, US Pat. No. 6,690,029, JP 2004-107216 A.
- conjugated polymer examples include polythiophene such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and oligomers thereof, or a polymerizable group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225. Polythiophene, Nature Material, (2006) vol. 5, p328, a polythiophene-thienothiophene copolymer described in WO2008000664, a polythiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole copolymer described in WO2008000664, a polythiophene-thiazolothiazole copolymer described in Adv Mater, 2007p4160, Nature Mat. vol.
- P3HT poly-3-hexylthiophene
- polypyrrole and its oligomer polyaniline, polyphenylene and its oligomer, polyphenylene vinylene and its oligomer, polythienylene vinylene and its oligomer, polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, Examples thereof include polymer materials such as ⁇ -conjugated polymers such as polysilane and polygermane.
- oligomeric materials not polymer materials, include thiophene hexamer ⁇ -seccithiophene ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -sexualthiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -kinkethiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -bis (3 Oligomers such as -butoxypropyl) - ⁇ -sexithiophene can be preferably used.
- compounds that are highly soluble in an organic solvent to the extent that a solution process can be performed, can form a crystalline thin film after drying, and can achieve high mobility are preferable. More preferably, it is a compound (a compound capable of forming an appropriate phase separation structure) having appropriate compatibility with the fullerene derivative, which is an n-type organic semiconductor material that can be preferably used in the present invention.
- an electron transport layer or a hole blocking layer is further formed on a bulk heterojunction layer by a solution process, it can be easily laminated if it can be further applied on a layer once applied.
- a layer is further laminated by a solution process on a layer that is usually made of a material having good solubility, there is a problem in that it cannot be laminated because the underlying layer is dissolved. Therefore, a material that can be insolubilized after application by a solution process is preferable.
- Such materials include materials that can be insolubilized by polymerizing the coating film after coating, such as polythiophene having a polymerizable group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225. Or a material in which soluble substituents react and become insoluble (pigmented) by applying energy such as heat, as described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/136964, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-16834 And so on.
- the content of the other p-type organic semiconductor material is not particularly limited.
- the ratio of the conjugated polymer compound to the total amount of the p-type organic semiconductor is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, and 90% by mass or more. Is more preferably 95% by mass or more, and most preferably 100% by mass.
- the n-type organic semiconductor used in the photoelectric conversion layer of this embodiment is not particularly limited as long as it is an acceptor (electron-accepting) organic compound with respect to the p-type organic semiconductor, and is used in this technical field.
- the material which can be used is employable suitably.
- Such compounds include, for example, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, octaazaporphyrins, etc., perfluoro compounds in which hydrogen atoms of the p-type organic semiconductor are substituted with fluorine atoms (for example, perfluoropentacene and perfluorophthalocyanine), naphthalene, etc.
- aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as tetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, and perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and polymer compounds containing the imidized product thereof as a skeleton.
- fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, or derivatives thereof are preferably used from the viewpoint that charge separation can be efficiently performed with a p-type organic semiconductor at high speed (up to 50 fs). More specifically, fullerene C60, fullerene C70, fullerene C76, fullerene C78, fullerene C84, fullerene C240, fullerene C540, mixed fullerene, fullerene nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, single-walled carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn (conical type), etc.
- halogen atoms fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, iodine atoms
- substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, And a fullerene derivative substituted with a cycloalkyl group, a silyl group, an ether group, a thioether group, an amino group, or the like.
- [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (abbreviation PCBM, PC61BM), [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-n-butyl ester (PCBnB), [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-isobutyl ester (PCBiB), [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-n-hexyl ester (PCBH), [6,6] -phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (abbreviation PC71BM) Adv. Mater. , Vol.
- n-type organic semiconductor may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- junction form of the p-type organic semiconductor and the n-type organic semiconductor in the photoelectric conversion layer of this embodiment may be a planar heterojunction or a bulk heterojunction (bulk heterojunction).
- a planar heterojunction is a junction in which a p-type organic semiconductor layer containing a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor layer containing an n-type organic semiconductor are stacked, and the surface where these two layers contact is the pn junction interface. It is a form.
- a bulk heterojunction is formed by applying a mixture of a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor.
- the junction between the p-type organic semiconductor and the n-type organic semiconductor in the photoelectric conversion layer of this embodiment is preferably a bulk heterojunction.
- the bulk heterojunction layer is formed of a single layer (i layer) in which a normal p-type organic semiconductor material and an n-type organic semiconductor layer are mixed, and the i layer is made of a p-type organic semiconductor. In some cases, it has a three-layer structure (pin structure) sandwiched between a p layer and an n layer made of an n-type organic semiconductor. Such a pin structure has higher rectification of holes and electrons, reduces loss due to charge-separated hole-electron recombination, and can achieve higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. .
- the mixing ratio of the p-type organic semiconductor and the n-type organic semiconductor contained in the photoelectric conversion layer is preferably in the range of 20:80 to 80:20, more preferably 30:70 to 50:50.
- the most preferred ratio is 33:67 to 40:60.
- the film thickness of one photoelectric conversion layer is preferably 50 to 400 nm, more preferably 80 to 300 nm, particularly preferably 100 to 250 nm, and most preferably 150 to 200 nm. In general, from the viewpoint of absorbing more light, it is preferable that the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer is larger. However, as the film thickness increases, the extraction efficiency of carriers (holes / electrons) decreases, so the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases. Tend to.
- the film thickness is 100 nm or more as compared with a photoelectric conversion layer using a conventional p-type organic semiconductor material. Even in this case, since the extraction efficiency of carriers (holes / electrons) is difficult to decrease, high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be maintained.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention may include a substrate as necessary.
- the substrate has a role as a member to be coated with a coating solution when the electrode is formed by a coating method.
- the substrate is preferably a member that can transmit the light that is photoelectrically converted, that is, a member that is transparent to the wavelength of the light to be photoelectrically converted.
- a transparent resin film is preferably mentioned, but it is desirable to use a transparent resin film from the viewpoint of light weight and flexibility.
- the transparent resin film that can be preferably used as the transparent substrate in the present invention is not particularly limited, and the material, shape, structure, thickness and the like can be appropriately selected from known ones.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyester resin film such as modified polyester, polyethylene (PE) resin film, polypropylene (PP) resin film, polystyrene resin film, cyclic olefin resin, etc.
- Resin films vinyl resin films such as polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylidene chloride, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) resin films, polysulfone (PSF) resin films, polyether sulfone (PES) resin films, polycarbonate (PC) resin films , Polyamide resin film, polyimide resin film, acrylic resin film, triacetyl cellulose (TAC) resin film, and the like. If the resin film transmittance of 80% or more at 0 ⁇ 800 nm), can be preferably applied to a transparent resin film according to the present invention.
- biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film preferably a biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film, a biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film, a polyethersulfone film, or a polycarbonate film. More preferred are a stretched polyethylene terephthalate film and a biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film.
- the transparent substrate used in the present invention can be subjected to a surface treatment or an easy adhesion layer in order to ensure the wettability and adhesion of the coating solution.
- a surface treatment or an easy adhesion layer in order to ensure the wettability and adhesion of the coating solution.
- a conventionally well-known technique can be used about a surface treatment or an easily bonding layer.
- the surface treatment includes surface activation treatment such as corona discharge treatment, flame treatment, ultraviolet treatment, high frequency treatment, glow discharge treatment, active plasma treatment, and laser treatment.
- Examples of the easy adhesion layer include polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, vinyl copolymer, butadiene copolymer, acrylic copolymer, vinylidene copolymer, and epoxy copolymer.
- a barrier coat layer may be formed in advance on the transparent substrate, or a hard coat layer may be formed in advance on the opposite side to which the transparent conductive layer is transferred. Good.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of this form can contain a positive hole transport layer as needed.
- the hole transport layer has a function of transporting holes and a property of extremely small ability to transport electrons (for example, 1/10 or less of the mobility of holes).
- the hole transport layer is provided between the photoelectric conversion layer and the anode and prevents recombination of electrons and holes by blocking the movement of electrons while transporting holes to the anode. Can do.
- the hole transport material used for the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, and materials that can be used in this technical field can be appropriately employed.
- PEDOT PSS manufactured by Starck Vitec Co., Ltd., trade name BaytronP and the like
- polythienothiophenes described in European Patent No. 1647566 examples thereof include polyaniline and a doping material thereof, and cyanide compounds described in International Publication No. 2006/019270 pamphlet.
- triazole derivatives oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, and pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives , Stilbene derivatives, silazane derivatives, aniline copolymers, and conductive polymer oligomers, particularly thiophene oligomers, may also be used.
- the hole transport layer may be formed using an inorganic compound such as a metal oxide such as molybdenum, vanadium, or tungsten, or a mixture thereof.
- a polymer material in which a structural unit contained in the above compound is introduced into a polymer chain, or a polymer material having the above compound as a polymer main chain can be used as a hole transport material.
- a p-type hole transport material as described in 139 can also be used.
- a hole transport material with high p property doped with impurities can be used.
- these hole transport materials may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together. It is also possible to form a hole transport layer by laminating two or more layers made of each material.
- the thickness of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 to 2000 nm. From the viewpoint of further improving the leak prevention effect, the thickness is preferably 5 nm or more. Further, from the viewpoint of maintaining high transmittance and low resistance, the thickness is preferably 1000 nm or less, and more preferably 200 nm or less.
- the conductivity of the hole transport layer is preferably as high as possible. However, if the conductivity is too high, the ability to prevent electrons from moving may be reduced, and rectification may be reduced. Accordingly, the conductivity of the hole transport layer is preferably 10 ⁇ 5 to 1 S / cm, and more preferably 10 ⁇ 4 to 10 ⁇ 2 S / cm.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of this form can contain an electron carrying layer as needed.
- the electron transport layer has a property of transporting electrons and having a remarkably small ability to transport holes.
- the electron transport layer is provided between the photoelectric conversion layer and the cathode, and prevents the recombination of electrons and holes by blocking the movement of holes while transporting electrons to the cathode. it can.
- the electron transport material used for the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, and materials that can be used in this technical field can be appropriately employed.
- octaazaporphyrin, a perfluoro body of a p-type organic semiconductor perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.
- it is more than the HOMO level of a p-type organic semiconductor used in a photoelectric conversion layer.
- the electron transport layer having a deep HOMO level is provided with a hole blocking function having a rectifying effect so that holes generated in the photoelectric conversion layer do not flow to the cathode side.
- a material deeper than the HOMO level of the n-type organic semiconductor is used as the electron transport material.
- electron transport materials include phenanthrene compounds such as bathocuproine, n-type organic semiconductors such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and oxidation.
- N-type inorganic oxides such as titanium, zinc oxide, and gallium oxide, and alkali metal compounds such as lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and cesium fluoride can be used.
- unit used for the photoelectric converting layer can also be used.
- these electron transport materials may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together. It is also possible to form an electron transport layer by stacking two or more layers made of each material.
- the photoelectric conversion layer is formed after the electron transport layer is formed on the first electrode.
- a compound that is insoluble in the coating liquid to be contained is preferred as the electron transport material.
- the electron transport material is preferably an inorganic substance such as titanium oxide or zinc oxide, or a crosslinkable organic substance such as polyethyleneimine or aminosilane coupling agent described in International Publication No. 2008-134492.
- aminosilane coupling agents (3- (2-aminoethyl) -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, for example) are preferably used.
- Examples of materials insoluble in the solvent used when applying the photoelectric conversion layer include ⁇ -conjugated polymers soluble in alcohols, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 (2009), p043301, Adv. . Funct. Mat. 2010, p. 1977, Adv. Mater. , 2011, 23, 3086, J.A. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2011, p. 8416, Advanced Materials, 2011 (Vol 23, no. 40), p4636-4463, and the like, and the following polyfluorenes may be used. These polymers are preferable because they can be formed on a normal layer structure, that is, a photoelectric conversion layer, unlike the silane coupling agent and the like described above. In addition to metal oxides such as ITO, it can function as an electron transport layer / hole blocking layer for metal electrodes such as gold, silver, copper, etc. A metal can be used for the cathode, which is preferable.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 to 2000 nm. From the viewpoint of further improving the leak prevention effect, the thickness is preferably 3 nm or more. Further, from the viewpoint of maintaining high transmittance and low resistance, the thickness is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or less, and most preferably 5 to 10 nm.
- the material used for the charge recombination layer is not particularly limited as long as it is a material having both conductivity and translucency, and examples thereof include ITO, AZO, FTO, and titanium oxide exemplified above.
- Transparent metal oxides, metals such as Ag, Al, and Au, carbon materials such as carbon nanoparticles and carbon nanowires, and conductive polymer compounds such as PEDOT: PSS and polyaniline can be used. These materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. It is also possible to form a charge recombination layer by laminating two or more layers made of each material.
- the electric conductivity of the charge recombination layer is preferably high from the viewpoint of obtaining high conversion efficiency, specifically, preferably 5 to 50000 S / cm, more preferably 100 to 10,000 S / cm. preferable.
- the thickness of the charge recombination layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 1000 nm, and preferably 5 to 50 nm. By setting the thickness to 1 nm or more, the film surface can be smoothed. On the other hand, by setting the thickness to 1000 nm or less, it is possible to reduce the decrease in the short-circuit current density J sc (mA / cm 2 ).
- the organic photoelectric conversion device of this embodiment may further include other members (other layers) in addition to the above-described members (each layer) in order to improve photoelectric conversion efficiency and improve the lifetime of the device.
- other members include a hole injection layer, an electron injection layer, an exciton block layer, a UV absorption layer, a light reflection layer, and a wavelength conversion layer.
- a layer such as a silane coupling agent may be provided in order to make the metal oxide fine particles unevenly distributed in the upper layer more stable.
- a metal oxide layer may be laminated adjacent to the photoelectric conversion layer of the present invention.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention may have various optical function layers for the purpose of more efficient light reception of sunlight.
- the optical functional layer include a light condensing layer such as an antireflection film and a microlens array, and a light diffusion layer that can scatter light reflected by the cathode and enter the power generation layer again.
- the antireflection layer can be provided as the antireflection layer.
- the refractive index of the easy adhesion layer adjacent to the film is 1.57. It is more preferable to set it to ⁇ 1.63 because the transmittance can be improved by reducing the interface reflection between the film substrate and the easy adhesion layer.
- the method for adjusting the refractive index can be carried out by appropriately adjusting the ratio of the oxide sol having a relatively high refractive index such as tin oxide sol or cerium oxide sol and the binder resin.
- the easy adhesion layer may be a single layer, but may be composed of two or more layers in order to improve adhesion.
- the condensing layer for example, it is processed so as to provide a structure on the microlens array on the sunlight receiving side of the support substrate, or the amount of light received from a specific direction is increased by combining with a so-called condensing sheet. Conversely, the incident angle dependency of sunlight can be reduced.
- quadrangular pyramids having a side of 30 ⁇ m and an apex angle of 90 degrees are arranged two-dimensionally on the light extraction side of the substrate.
- One side is preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m. If it becomes smaller than this, the effect of diffraction will generate
- the light scattering layer examples include various antiglare layers, layers in which nanoparticles or nanowires such as metals or various inorganic oxides are dispersed in a colorless and transparent polymer, and the like.
- the manufacturing method of the organic photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment includes a step of forming a cathode, a step of forming a photoelectric conversion layer including a p-type organic semiconductor material and an n-type organic semiconductor material on the cathode, and the photoelectric conversion. Forming an anode on the layer.
- a cathode is formed.
- the method of forming the cathode is not particularly limited, but is easy to operate and can be produced on a roll-to-roll basis using a device such as a die coater.
- the method is a method of applying and drying.
- a commercially available thin film electrode material may be used as it is.
- an electron transport layer may be formed on the cathode as necessary.
- the means for forming the electron transport layer may be either vapor deposition or solution coating, but is preferably solution coating.
- a solution obtained by dissolving and dispersing the above-described electron transport material in a suitable solvent is coated on the cathode using a suitable coating method and dried. That's fine.
- the coating methods used for the solution coating method include cast method, spin coating method, blade coating method, wire bar coating method, gravure coating method, spray coating method, dipping (dipping) coating method, bead coating method, air knife coating method.
- Ordinary methods such as a curtain coating method, an ink jet method, a screen printing method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, an offset printing method, a flexographic printing method, and a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method can be used.
- LB Langmuir-Blodgett
- the solid content concentration of the solution used in the coating method may vary depending on the coating method and the film thickness, but is preferably 1 to 15% by mass, more preferably 1.5 to 10% by mass.
- the solution concentration of the solution used in the coating method may vary depending on the coating method and film thickness, but is preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.03 to 0.3% by mass.
- the temperature of the coating liquid and / or the coating surface during coating is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30 to 120 ° C. from the viewpoint of preventing precipitation and unevenness due to temperature fluctuations during coating and drying. More preferably, the temperature is 50 to 110 ° C.
- limiting in particular also about the specific form of drying A conventionally well-known knowledge can be referred suitably.
- An example of drying conditions is exemplified by conditions such as a temperature of about 90 to 140 ° C.
- drying and a period of several minutes to several tens of minutes, more preferably a condition of drying at a temperature of 120 ° C. for 1 minute.
- the apparatus used for drying include a hot plate, hot air drying, an infrared heater, a microwave, and a vacuum dryer. Of course, other drying apparatuses can be used.
- a photoelectric conversion layer including a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor is formed on the cathode or the electron transport layer formed as described above.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment essentially includes the above-described conjugated polymer compound of the present invention as a p-type organic semiconductor.
- a specific method for forming the photoelectric conversion layer is not particularly limited, but preferably, a solution in which a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor are dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent, respectively or collectively. Then, it may be applied on the cathode or the electron transport layer by using a suitable application method (the specific form is as described above) and dried.
- a solution in which a p-type organic semiconductor and an n-type organic semiconductor are collectively dissolved and dispersed in a solvent is applied by a coating method. Thereafter, heating is preferably performed to remove residual solvent, moisture, and gas, and to improve mobility and increase absorption longwave by crystallization of the semiconductor material.
- heating is preferably performed to remove residual solvent, moisture, and gas, and to improve mobility and increase absorption longwave by crystallization of the semiconductor material.
- annealing is performed at a predetermined temperature during the manufacturing process, a part of the particles is microscopically aggregated or crystallized and the photoelectric conversion layer can have an appropriate phase separation structure. As a result, the mobility of holes and electrons (carriers) in the photoelectric conversion layer is improved, and high efficiency can be obtained. In this way, the p-type organic semiconductor and the n-type organic semiconductor are uniformly mixed, and a bulk heterojunction organic photoelectric conversion element can be obtained.
- the layer is applied after applying one layer. It can be formed by insolubilizing (pigmenting) and then applying another layer.
- the concentration of oxygen and moisture in the glove box is preferably 1000 ppm or less, and more preferably 100 ppm or less. Most preferably, it is 10 ppm or less.
- an anode is formed on the photoelectric conversion layer formed above.
- the means for forming the anode is not particularly limited and may be either a vapor deposition method or a solution coating method, but a vapor deposition method (for example, a vacuum vapor deposition method) is preferably used.
- a positive hole transport layer is formed using a vapor deposition method or a solution coating method, Preferably a solution coating method.
- a solution coating method it is preferable to perform the process of forming the said positive hole transport layer within the glove box of nitrogen atmosphere similarly to the process of forming the said photoelectric converting layer.
- the conjugated polymer compound according to the present invention has a polar group, it has a high solvent affinity. Therefore, when forming the hole transport layer using the solution coating method, it is possible to effectively prevent the coating solution containing the hole transport material from being repelled on the surface of the photoelectric conversion layer. The film property can be improved.
- a step for forming these layers can be appropriately added by using a solution coating method, a vapor deposition method, or the like.
- the electrodes (cathode / anode), photoelectric conversion layer, hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and the like can be patterned as necessary.
- the patterning method is not particularly limited, and a known method can be appropriately applied. For example, when patterning soluble materials used in bulk heterojunction type photoelectric conversion layers, hole transport layers, electron transport layers, etc., even if only unnecessary portions are wiped off after the entire surface of die coating, dip coating, etc.
- direct patterning may be performed at the time of application using a method such as an inkjet method or screen printing.
- an insoluble material used for an electrode or the like it can be patterned by a known method such as mask vapor deposition at the time of deposition by vacuum vapor deposition or etching or lift-off.
- the pattern may be formed by transferring a pattern formed on another substrate.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment can be sealed as necessary in order to prevent deterioration due to oxygen and moisture in the environment.
- the solar cell which has the above-mentioned organic photoelectric conversion element is provided. Since the organic photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment has excellent durability and can achieve sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency, it can be suitably used for a solar cell using this as a power generation element.
- an optical sensor array in which the above-described organic photoelectric conversion elements are arranged in an array. That is, the organic photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment can also be used as an optical sensor array that converts an image projected on the optical sensor array into an electrical signal using the photoelectric conversion function.
- Compound 24 was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 9, except that the raw materials were changed to Compound 23 and Compound b, and Compound 24 was obtained.
- Compound 31 was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 9, except that the raw materials were changed to Compound 8 and Compound c, and Compound 31 was obtained.
- Example 1 An indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive film 150 nm deposited on a PET substrate (cathode) as a first electrode (cathode) (sheet resistance 12 ⁇ / square cm 2 ) is obtained using ordinary photolithography technology and wet etching.
- the first electrode was formed by patterning to a width of 10 mm.
- the patterned first electrode was cleaned in the order of ultrasonic cleaning with a surfactant and ultrapure water, followed by ultrasonic cleaning with ultrapure water, dried with nitrogen blow, and finally subjected to ultraviolet ozone cleaning. After this, the substrate was brought into the glove box and operated under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- a 0.05 mass% methoxyethanol solution of 3- (2-aminoethyl) -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane manufactured by Aldrich was used with a blade coater so that the dry film thickness was about 5 nm. And dried. Thereafter, a heat treatment was performed at 120 ° C. for 1 minute on a hot plate to form an electron transport layer.
- the photoelectric conversion layer is taken out again to the atmosphere (Air), and then, as a hole transport layer, PEDOT-PSS (CLEVIOS (registered trademark) PVP AI 4083 made of a conductive polymer and a polyanion, manufactured by Helios Co., Ltd.) , Conductivity 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S / cm) diluted with an equal amount of isopropanol was prepared, applied and dried using a blade coater so that the dry film thickness was about 30 nm. Then, it heat-processed for 20 second with 90 degreeC warm air, and formed the positive hole transport layer (organic material layer) which consists of organic substance. The temperature and humidity of the atmosphere at the time of application were 23 ° C. and 65%.
- the element was set so that the shadow mask with a width of 10 mm was orthogonal to the transparent electrode, the inside of the vacuum deposition apparatus was depressurized to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less, and then Ag metal was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.5 nm / second.
- a second electrode (anode) was formed by laminating 200 nm.
- the obtained laminate was moved to a nitrogen chamber and sandwiched between UBF-9L (water vapor transmission rate 5.0 ⁇ E-4 g / m 2 / d) manufactured by Sumitomo 3M, and UV curable resin (Nagase ChemteX Corporation). Manufactured, manufactured by UV RESIN XNR5570-B1) and then taken out into the atmosphere to obtain an organic photoelectric conversion element having a light receiving portion of about 10 ⁇ 10 mm size.
- the hole transport layer was formed in the glove box as it was without taking it out from the glove box (GB) under nitrogen atmosphere (oxygen concentration 10 ppm, dew point temperature ⁇ 80 ° C.). Except for this, a reverse layer type organic photoelectric conversion element was produced in the same manner.
- Examples 2 to 12, Comparative Examples 1 to 4 An organic photoelectric conversion device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Exemplified Compound 2 to 12 and Comparative Compound 1 to 4 were used in place of Exemplified Compound 1 as the p-type organic semiconductor material. did.
- Examples 1 to 12 using the conjugated polymer compound having a specific partial structure according to the present invention are superior in durability to Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and have sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency. It was shown to exert.
- the durability evaluation of the device was remarkably improved as compared with the comparative example in any of the examples in which the hole transport layer was formed in the atmosphere and in the glove box.
- Examples 1 to 4, 9, and 10 to 12 using conjugated polymer compounds into which a sulfonamide group was introduced as a polar group exhibited particularly higher durability than the other examples.
- the example in which the hole transport layer is formed in a glove box with less oxygen and moisture shows that the durability of the device is further improved compared to the example in which the hole transport layer is formed in the atmosphere. It was.
- Comparative Example 4 in which the polar group was not introduced when the hole transport layer was applied in the glove box, the hydrophilic solvent was repelled and film formation was extremely difficult, but a strong polar group was introduced. Examples 1 to 12 show that the coating property of the hole transport layer is good and high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の一形態に係る有機光電変換素子は、側鎖アルキル基に、特定の極性基が導入されてなる共役系高分子化合物を含有する点に特徴を有する。すなわち、本形態に係る共役系高分子化合物は、下記化学式1で表される部分構造を有する。上記構成をとることにより、本発明の有機光電変換素子は、優れた耐久性を発揮できる。なお、本発明の共役系高分子化合物は化学式1で表される部分構造を1または2以上含むが、当該部分構造が2以上存在する場合には、各部分構造における、X、W、L、Y1及びY2、Z、R1~R5、ならびにa、b及びc、互いに同一であってもよいし、異なってもよい。
以下、D-Aポリマーの好ましい具体例を示す。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、第一の電極および第二の電極を必須に含む。第一の電極および第二の電極は、各々、陽極または陰極として機能する。本明細書において、「第一の」および「第二の」とは、陽極または陰極としての機能を区別するための用語である。したがって、第一の電極が陽極として機能し、第二の電極が陰極として機能する場合もあるし、逆に、第一の電極が陰極として機能し、第二の電極が陽極として機能する場合もある。上述したように、光電変換層14で生成されるキャリア(正孔・電子)は、電極間を移動し、正孔は陽極12へ、電子は陰極16へと到達する。なお、本発明においては主に正孔が流れる電極を陽極と呼び、主に電子が流れる電極を陰極と呼ぶ。また、タンデム構成をとる場合には電荷再結合層(中間電極)を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。さらに、電極が透光性を有するものであるか否かという機能面から、透光性を有する電極を透明電極と呼び、透光性のない電極を対電極と呼び分ける場合もある。順層構成の場合、通常、陽極は透光性のある透明電極であり、陰極は透光性のない対電極である。
1) 第1電極(陰極)ITO, 第2電極(陽極)銀
2) 第1電極(陰極)PEDOT:PSS, 第2電極(陽極)銀
3) 第1電極(陰極)ITO, 第2電極(陽極)銅
4) 第1電極(陰極)PEDOT:PSS, 第2電極(陽極)金
5) 第1電極(陰極)ITO, 第2電極(陽極)PEDOT:PSS
等を挙げることができる。
光電変換層は、光起電力効果を利用して光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換する機能を有する。本形態の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層に、n型有機半導体および上述の共役系高分子化合物をp型有機半導体として必須に含む点に特徴を有する。これらの光電変換材料に光が吸収されると、励起子が発生し、これがpn接合界面において、正孔と電子とに電荷分離される。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、必要に応じて基板を含みうる。基板は、電極を塗布方式で形成する場合における、塗布液の被塗布部材としての役割を有する。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、必要に応じて正孔輸送層を含みうる。正孔輸送層は、正孔を輸送する機能を有し、かつ電子を輸送する能力が著しく小さい(例えば、正孔の移動度の10分の1以下)という性質を有する。正孔輸送層は、光電変換層と陽極との間に設けられ、正孔を陽極へと輸送しつつ、電子の移動を阻止することで、電子と正孔とが再結合するのを防ぐことができる。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、必要に応じて電子輸送層を含みうる。電子輸送層は、電子を輸送する機能を有し、かつ正孔を輸送する能力が著しく小さいという性質を有する。電子輸送層は、光電変換層と陰極との間に設けられ、電子を陰極へと輸送しつつ、正孔の移動を阻止することで、電子と正孔とが再結合するのを防ぐことができる。
図3で示すような、2以上の光電変換層を有するタンデム型(多接合型)の有機光電変換素子において、光電変換層間には、電荷再結合層(中間電極)が配置される。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、上記の各部材(各層)の他に、光電変換効率の向上や、素子の寿命の向上のために、他の部材(他の層)をさらに設けてもよい。その他の部材としては、例えば、正孔注入層、電子注入層、励起子ブロック層、UV吸収層、光反射層、波長変換層などが挙げられる。また、上層に偏在した金属酸化物微粒子をより安定にするため等にシランカップリング剤等の層を設けてもよい。さらに本発明の光電変換層に隣接して金属酸化物の層を積層してもよい。
上述の本形態の有機光電変換素子の製造方法は特に制限はなく、従来公知の手法を適宜参照することにより製造することができる。以下、図2に示すような逆層型の有機光電変換素子の製造方法を例に挙げて、本形態の有機光電変換素子の好ましい製造方法を説明する。ただし、当該製造方法における各工程は、逆層型の有機光電変換素子のみならず、図1に示すような順層型の有機光電変換素子や、図3に示すようなタンデム型の製造に適用可能である。
本発明の他の形態によれば、上述の有機光電変換素子を有する太陽電池が提供される。本形態の有機光電変換素子は、優れた耐久性を有し、十分な光電変換効率を達成することができるため、これを発電素子とする太陽電池に好適に使用されうる。
化合物1は、米国特許出願公開第2010/137611号明細書を参考に合成した。
化合物2は、J.Org.Chem.,1997,62,1376-1387を参考に合成した。
化合物3は、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1987,109,1858-1859を参考に合成した。
化合物4は、Tetrahedron Letters,2009,50,7028-7031を参考に合した。
化合物5は、Org.Lett.2004,6,4285-4288を参考に合成した。
化合物5を2.0g(2.5mmol)と、N-ブロモスクシンイミド(NBS)1.3g(7.5mmol)とをTHF150mlに溶解し、窒素下70℃で6時間還流を行った。反応終了後、食塩水と酢酸エチルを加えて分液操作を行い、有機層を抽出して硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後に溶媒を留去した。得られたオイル成分をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製を行い、化合物6を2.0g(収率84%)得た。
ビス-(5,5’-トリメチルスタンニル)-3,3’-ジ-(2-エチルヘキシル)-シリレン-2,2’-ジチオフェンを、特表2010-507233号公報及びAdv.Mater.,2010,p-E63を参考として合成した。
例示化合物1の合成において、原料を化合物6およびビス-(5,5’-トリメチルスタンニル)-3,3’-ジ-(2-エチルヘキシル)-シリレン-2,2’-ジチオフェンを、1,5-ビス(トリメチルスズ)-4,8-ビス(2-エチルヘキシルオキシ)-ベンゾ[1,2-b:4,5-b’]ジチオフェン(J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2009,22,7792を参考として合成、0.5mmol、387mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。
化合物7は、国際公開第2011/069554号を参考に合成した。
化合物7を6.0g(35mmol)を脱水THF100mlに溶解し、-78℃に冷却した後に、リチウムジイソプロピルアミド(LDA)2.0Mヘプタン溶液19.3ml(38.5mmol)を滴下し、1時間撹拌した後に塩化トリメチルスズの1.0Mヘキサン溶液を38.5ml(38.5mmol)滴下し、さらに1時間撹拌後、温度を室温に上げて3時間撹拌した。反応終了後、食塩水と酢酸エチルを加えて分液操作を行い、有機層を抽出して硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後に溶媒を留去した。得られたオイル成分をヘキサン:トリエチルアミン=9:1に溶解し、事前にトリエチルアミンに浸漬処理したシリカゲルを通して精製を行い、化合物8を11.1g(収率95%)得た。
化合物aは、Angewandte Chemie International EditionVolume 50,Issue 13,2995-2998を参考に合成した。
化合物9を3.89g(7.7mmol)、THF50mlに溶解し、2M塩酸3mlを加えて5時間撹拌した。反応終了後、食塩水と酢酸エチルを加えて分液操作を行い、有機層を抽出して硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後に溶媒を留去して、化合物10を2.6g(収率80%)得た。
化合物3,4,5,6の一連の合成において原料を化合物10に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物11を得た。
例示化合物1の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物11(0.5mmol、495mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から220mgの例示化合物3(Mn=21000)を得て、本発明の実施例3に使用した。
化合物12は、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1945,67,400-403を参考に合成した。
化合物7の合成において原料を化合物12に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物13を得た。
化合物8の合成において原料を化合物13に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物14を得た。
化合物9の合成において原料を化合物14に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物15を得た。
化合物10の合成において原料を化合物15に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物16を得た。
化合物3,4,5,6の一連の合成において原料を化合物16に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物17を得た。
例示化合物1の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物17(0.5mmol、495mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から190mgの例示化合物4(Mn=19000)を得て、本発明の実施例4に使用した。
化合物18は、J.Med.Chem.,1984,27,1559-1565を参考に合成した。
化合物6の合成において原料を化合物18に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物19を得た。
例示化合物1の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物19(0.5mmol、445mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から200mgの例示化合物5(Mn=16500)を得て、本発明の実施例5に使用した。
化合物18の合成において原料を化合物10に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物20を得た。
化合物6の合成において原料を化合物20に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物21を得た。
例示化合物2の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物21(0.5mmol、460mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から240mgの例示化合物6(Mn=15000)を得て、本発明の実施例6に使用した。
化合物22は、Org.Lett.2005,5,p945-947を参考に合成した。
化合物8の合成において原料を化合物22に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物23を得た。
化合物bは、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1997,119,5065-5066を参考に合成した。
化合物6の合成において原料を化合物24に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物25を得た。
例示化合物1の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物25(0.5mmol、508mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から160mgの例示化合物7(Mn=23000)を得て、本発明の実施例7に使用した。
化合物26は、Macromolecules.,2005,38,3679-3687を参考に合成した。
化合物27は、Macromolecules,2003,36,7114-7118を参考に合成した。
化合物8の合成において原料を化合物27に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物28を得た。
化合物9の合成において原料を化合物28と化合物bに変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物29を得た。
化合物6の合成において原料を化合物29に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物30を得た。
例示化合物2の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物30(0.5mmol、514mg)変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から230mgの例示化合物8(Mn=21600)を得て、本発明の実施例8に使用した。
化合物cは、Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn.,1991,64,68-73を参考に合成した。
化合物10、17の一連の合成において原料を化合物31に変更した以外は同様にして行い、化合物32を得た。
例示化合物1の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物32(0.5mmol、530mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から240mgの例示化合物9(Mn=20000)を得て、本発明の実施例9に使用した。
例示化合物2の合成において原料を化合物6から化合物32(0.5mmol、530mg)に変更した以外は同様にして行った。オルトジクロロベンゼンのソックスレー抽出成分から210mgの例示化合物10(Mn=19800)を得て、本発明の実施例10に使用した。
例示化合物P-2の合成において、ビス-(5,5’-トリメチルスタンニル)-3,3’-ジ-(2-エチルヘキシル)-シリレン-2,2’-ジチオフェンに代えて国際公開第2011/85004号に記載に従って合成した化合物33(0.5mmol、512mg)に変更した以外は同様にして、濃青色の例示化合物21を350mg(Mn=31000)を得て、本発明の実施例11に使用した。
例示化合物P-9の合成において、ビス-(5,5’-トリメチルスタンニル)-3,3’-ジ-(2-エチルヘキシル)-シリレン-2,2’-ジチオフェンに代えて国際公開第2011/85004号に記載に従って合成した化合物33(0.5mmol、512mg)に変更した以外は同様にして、濃青色の例示化合物21を490mg(Mn=340000)を得て、本発明の実施例12に使用した。
比較化合物1、2(特許文献2に基づいて合成)、比較化合物3(非特許文献4に基づいて合成)、比較化合物4(J.Phys.C.,2010,114,p17989-17994に基づいて合成)をそれぞれ合成した。各比較化合物の構造を下記化学式7に示す。
国際公開2008-134492号パンフットの記載を参考に、以下のようにして逆層型の有機光電変換素子を作製した。
PET基板上に、第一の電極(陰極)としてインジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜150nm堆積したもの(シート抵抗12Ω/square cm2)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と湿式エッチングとを用いて10mm幅にパターニングし、第一の電極を形成した。パターン形成した第一の電極を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。これ以降は基板をグローブボックス中に持ち込み、窒素雰囲気下で作業した。
p型有機半導体材料として、例示化合物1に代えて、例示化合物2~12、比較化合物1~4それぞれを用いたことを除いて、上記実施例1と同様の方法で、有機光電変換素子を作製した。
(開放電圧、曲線因子、および光電変換効率の評価)
上記有機光電変換素子を、それぞれエポキシ樹脂とガラスキャップとで封止した。これにソーラーシミュレーター(AM1.5Gフィルタ)を用いて100mW/cm2の強度の光を照射し、有効面積を1cm2にしたマスクを受光部に重ね、IV特性を評価することで、短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)、開放電圧Voc(V)、および曲線因子FF測定した。得られたJsc、Voc、およびFFの値から、下記式1に従って光電変換効率η[%]を算出した。結果を表1に示す。
上記実施例1~10および比較例1~4について、逆層型の有機光電変換素子の作製をそれぞれ5回ずつ試みた。そして、光電変換層上に大気(Air)下または窒素雰囲気下のグローブボックス(GB)内で正孔輸送層を塗布する際に、光電変換層上で有機溶剤系PEDOT:PSSの分散液に含まれる親水系溶媒が光電変換層上で弾かれることなく、良好に正孔輸送層が形成された回数により製膜性を評価した。結果を表1に示す。
上記実施例1~12および比較例1~4で得た有機光電変換素子を、温度80℃、湿度80%に保持した容器内に保存し、定期的に取りだしてIV特性を測定し、初期の光電変換効率を100として、初期の効率の80%の効率まで低下した時間をLT80[時間]として評価した。LT80の値が大きいほど、耐久性が良好であることを意味する。結果を表2に示す。
Claims (13)
- 下記化学式1で表される部分構造を有する共役系高分子化合物を含有する有機光電変換素子;
Wは、それぞれ独立して、CHまたは窒素原子(N)を表し、
Lは、それぞれ独立して、炭素原子数1~10の直鎖状または分枝状アルキレン基を表し、
Y1およびY2は、それぞれ独立して、酸素原子(O)またはNR5を表し、
Zは、それぞれ独立して、炭素原子(C)、硫黄原子(S)、またはリン原子(P)を表し、
前記R1~R5は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子(H)、炭素原子数1~24の直鎖状もしくは分枝状アルキル基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、炭素原子数2~20のアルケニル基、炭素原子数6~30のアリール基、または炭素原子数1~20のヘテロアリール基を表し、
a、b、cは、それぞれ独立して、3≦a+b+c≦4かつ0≦a、b、c≦2の関係式を満たす整数を表す。 - 第一の電極と、
第二の電極と、
前記第一の電極および前記第二の電極の間に存在する、n型有機半導体およびp型有機半導体を含む光電変換層を含み、
前記p型有機半導体は、前記化学式1で表される部分構造を有する共役系高分子化合物を含有する、請求項1に記載の有機光電変換素子。 - 前記Wは、CHを表す、請求項1または2に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記Y1およびY2の少なくとも一方は、NR5を表す、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記Y2は、NR5を表す、請求項4に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記Zは、硫黄原子(S)を表す、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記Xは、硫黄原子(S)を表す、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記Aは下記化学式Aまたは化学式Bで表される、請求項8~10のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
Ra~Rhは、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換または非置換の、炭素原子数1~24のアルキル基、炭素原子数1~24のフッ化アルキル基、炭素原子数3~20のシクロアルキル基、炭素原子数3~20のフッ化シクロアルキル基、炭素原子数1~24のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数1~24のフッ化アルコキシ基、炭素原子数1~24のアルキルチオ基、炭素原子数1~24のフッ化アルキルチオ基、炭素原子数6~30のアリール基、炭素原子数6~30のフッ化アリール基、炭素原子数1~20のヘテロアリール基、または炭素原子数1~20のフッ化ヘテロアリール基を表し、この際、各RaまたはRdおよびReまたはRgおよびRhはそれぞれ、互いに結合して置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよく、または、縮環していてもよい。 - 前記第一の電極は透明電極であり、前記第二の電極は対電極であり、前記第二の電極および前記光電変換層の間に正孔輸送層を含む、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子を有する、太陽電池。
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JP2017509779A (ja) * | 2014-02-20 | 2017-04-06 | イノベーションラブ、ゲゼルシャフト、ミット、ベシュレンクテル、ハフツングInnovationlab Gmbh | 共役ポリマー |
KR102291273B1 (ko) * | 2014-02-20 | 2021-08-19 | 이노베이션랩 게엠베하 | 공액 폴리머 |
WO2017047808A1 (ja) * | 2015-09-18 | 2017-03-23 | 三菱化学株式会社 | コポリマー、光電変換素子、太陽電池及び太陽電池モジュール |
WO2017097246A1 (en) * | 2015-12-09 | 2017-06-15 | The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology | Fluorinated benzoxadiazole-based donor-acceptor polymers for electronic and photonic applications |
CN109071782A (zh) * | 2015-12-09 | 2018-12-21 | 香港科技大学 | 基于氟代苯并恶二唑的供体-受体聚合物在电子学和光子学中的应用 |
JP2019140325A (ja) * | 2018-02-14 | 2019-08-22 | 国立大学法人山形大学 | 有機el素子 |
JP7112708B2 (ja) | 2018-02-14 | 2022-08-04 | 国立大学法人山形大学 | 有機el素子 |
KR102082222B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-23 | 2020-02-27 | 한국화학연구원 | 극성관능기가 부분적으로 도입된 중합체, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 함유하는 유기 전자 소자 |
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US20140338750A1 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
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