JP5853852B2 - 共役系高分子化合物およびこれを用いた有機光電変換素子 - Google Patents
共役系高分子化合物およびこれを用いた有機光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5853852B2 JP5853852B2 JP2012107049A JP2012107049A JP5853852B2 JP 5853852 B2 JP5853852 B2 JP 5853852B2 JP 2012107049 A JP2012107049 A JP 2012107049A JP 2012107049 A JP2012107049 A JP 2012107049A JP 5853852 B2 JP5853852 B2 JP 5853852B2
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Classifications
-
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Description
本発明の一形態は、下記一般式1で表される部分構造を有する共役系高分子化合物を光電変換層に含む有機光電変換素子に関する。すなわち、本形態に係る有機光電変換素子は、第一の電極と、第二の電極と、前記第一の電極および前記第二の電極の間に存在する、n型有機半導体およびp型有機半導体を含む光電変換層とを有し、前記p型有機半導体は、下記一般式1で表される部分構造を有する共役系高分子化合物を含む。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、第一の電極および第二の電極を必須に含む。第一の電極および第二の電極は、各々、陽極または陰極として機能する。本明細書において、「第一の」および「第二の」とは、陽極または陰極としての機能を区別するための用語である。したがって、第一の電極が陽極として機能し、第二の電極が陰極として機能する場合もあるし、逆に、第一の電極が陰極として機能し、第二の電極が陽極として機能する場合もある。上述したように、光電変換層14で生成されるキャリア(正孔・電子)は、電極間を移動し、正孔は陽極11へ、電子は陰極12へと到達する。なお、本発明においては主に正孔が流れる電極を陽極と呼び、主に電子が流れる電極を陰極と呼ぶ。また、タンデム構成をとる場合には電荷再結合層(中間電極)を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。さらに、電極が透光性を有するものであるか否かという機能面から、透光性を有する電極を透明電極と呼び、透光性のない電極を対電極と呼び分ける場合もある。順層構成の場合、通常、陽極は透光性のある透明電極であり、陰極は透光性のない対電極である。
1) 第1電極(陰極)ITO, 第2電極(陽極)銀
2) 第1電極(陰極)PEDOT:PSS, 第2電極(陽極)銀
3) 第1電極(陰極)ITO, 第2電極(陽極)銅
4) 第1電極(陰極)PEDOT:PSS, 第2電極(陽極)金
5) 第1電極(陰極)ITO, 第2電極(陽極)PEDOT:PSS
等を挙げることができる。
光電変換層は、光起電力効果を利用して光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換する機能を有する。本形態の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層に、n型有機半導体および上述の本発明に係る共役系高分子化合物をp型有機半導体として必須に含む点に特徴を有する。これらの光電変換材料に光が吸収されると、励起子が発生し、これがpn接合界面において、正孔と電子とに電荷分離される。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、必要に応じて基板を含みうる。基板は、電極を塗布方式で形成する場合における、塗布液の被塗布部材としての役割を有する。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、必要に応じて正孔輸送層を含みうる。正孔輸送層は、正孔を輸送する機能を有し、かつ電子を輸送する能力が著しく小さい(例えば、正孔の移動度の10分の1以下)という性質を有する。正孔輸送層は、光電変換層と陽極との間に設けられ、正孔を陽極へと輸送しつつ、電子の移動を阻止することで、電子と正孔とが再結合するのを防ぐことができる。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、必要に応じて電子輸送層を含みうる。電子輸送層は、電子を輸送する機能を有し、かつ正孔を輸送する能力が著しく小さいという性質を有する。電子輸送層は、光電変換層と陰極との間に設けられ、電子を陰極へと輸送しつつ、正孔の移動を阻止することで、電子と正孔とが再結合するのを防ぐことができる。
図3で示すような、2以上の光電変換層を有するタンデム型(多接合型)の有機光電変換素子において、光電変換層間には、電荷再結合層(中間電極)が配置される。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、上記の各部材(各層)の他に、光電変換効率の向上や、素子の寿命の向上のために、他の部材(他の層)をさらに設けてもよい。その他の部材としては、例えば、正孔注入層、電子注入層、励起子ブロック層、UV吸収層、光反射層、波長変換層などが挙げられる。また、上層に偏在した金属酸化物微粒子をより安定にするため等にシランカップリング剤等の層を設けてもよい。さらに本発明の光電変換層に隣接して金属酸化物の層を積層してもよい。
上述の本形態の有機光電変換素子の製造方法は特に制限はなく、従来公知の手法を適宜参照することにより製造することができる。以下、図2に示すような逆層型の有機光電変換素子の製造方法を例に挙げて、本形態の有機光電変換素子の好ましい製造方法を説明する。ただし、当該製造方法における各工程は、逆層型の有機光電変換素子のみならず、図1に示すような順層型の有機光電変換素子や、図3に示すようなタンデム型の製造に適用可能である。
本発明の他の形態によれば、上述の有機光電変換素子を有する太陽電池が提供される。本形態の有機光電変換素子は、優れた耐久性を有し、十分な光電変換効率を達成することができるため、これを発電素子とする太陽電池に好適に使用されうる。
[例示化合物15の合成]
次いで、上記例示化合物15の合成において、化合物15−5 250mgの代わりに化合物32−5 252mgを使用した以外は同様にして、130mgの例示化合物32(Mn=15,000)を得た。
国際公開2008−134492号パンフットの記載を参考に、以下のようにして逆層型の有機光電変換素子を作製した。
ガラス基板上に、第一の電極(陰極)としてインジウムスズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜150nm堆積したもの(シート抵抗12Ω/square cm2)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と湿式エッチングとを用いて10mm幅にパターニングし、第一の電極を形成した。パターン形成した第一の電極を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。これ以降は基板をグローブボックス(N2)(酸素濃度10ppm、露点温度−80℃)中に持ち込み、窒素雰囲気下で作業した。
比較例1において、光電変換層の形成において、p型有機半導体として比較化合物2(非特許文献5:Chem. Mater. 2011,23,765に基づいて合成)を用いたことを除いては、上記比較例1と同様の方法で、逆層型の有機光電変換素子2を作製した。
比較例1において、光電変換層の形成において、p型有機半導体として下記表1に記載の例示化合物をそれぞれ用いたことを除いては、上記比較例1と同様の方法で、逆層型の有機光電変換素子3〜10を作製した。
[化合物P(電子輸送材料)の合成]
下記反応により、化合物Pを合成した。
ガラス基板上に、第一の電極(陽極)としてインジウムスズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜150nm堆積したもの(シート抵抗12Ω/square)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と湿式エッチングとを用いて10mm幅にパターニングし、第一の電極を形成した。パターン形成した第一の電極を、界面活性剤と超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による超音波洗浄の順で洗浄後、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。次いで、正孔輸送層として、導電性高分子及びポリアニオンからなるPEDOT−PSS(CLEVIOS(登録商標) P VP AI 4083、ヘレオス株式会社製、導電率:1×10−3S/cm)を2.0質量%で含むイソプロパノール溶液を調製し、乾燥膜厚が約30nmになるように、基板を65℃に調温したブレードコーターを用いて塗布乾燥した。その後、120℃の温風で20秒間加熱処理して、正孔輸送層を上記第一の電極上に製膜した。これ以降は基板をグローブボックス(N2)(酸素濃度10ppm、露点温度−80℃)中に持ち込み、窒素雰囲気下で作業した。まず、窒素雰囲気下で上記基板を120℃で3分間加熱処理した。これ以降は基板をグローブボックス中に持ち込み、窒素雰囲気下で作業した。
(開放電圧、曲線因子、および光電変換効率の評価)
上記実施例1〜9および比較例1〜2で得た有機光電変換素子1〜11を、それぞれエポキシ樹脂とガラスキャップとで封止した。これにソーラーシミュレーター(AM1.5Gフィルタ)を用いて100mW/cm2の強度の光を照射し、有効面積を1cm2にしたマスクを受光部に重ね、IV特性を評価することで、短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)、開放電圧Voc(V)、および曲線因子FF測定した。得られたJsc、Voc、およびFFの値から、下記式1に従って光電変換効率η[%]を算出した。結果を表1に示す。
ガラス基板上に、上記実施例1〜9および比較例1〜2で得た有機光電変換素子の電極のみが形成されていないTEM観察用素子を2枚作製し、1枚はそのまま透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)(10万倍)にて観察を行い、もう1枚は120℃のホットプレート上で30分間アニールを行った後に、同様の条件下でTEM観察を行った。
上記実施例1〜9および比較例1〜2で得た各有機光電変換素子を、温度80℃、湿度80%に保持した容器内に保存し、定期的に取りだしてIV特性を測定し、初期の光電変換効率を100として、初期の効率の80%まで低下した時間をLT80[時間]として評価した。LT80の値が大きいほど、耐久性が良好であることを意味する。結果を表1に示す。
11…陽極、
12…陰極、
14…光電変換層、
14a…第1の光電変換層、
14b…第2の光電変換層、
25…基板、
26…正孔輸送層、
27…電子輸送層、
38…電荷再結合層。
Claims (13)
- 第一の電極と、
第二の電極と、
前記第一の電極および前記第二の電極の間に存在する、n型有機半導体およびp型有機半導体を含む光電変換層と、
を有し、
前記p型有機半導体は、下記一般式2で表される部分構造を有する共役系高分子化合物を含む、有機光電変換素子;
Y1〜Y4は、それぞれ独立して、−C(R9)=、または−N=を表し;
Z1〜Z2は、それぞれ独立して、−O−、−S−、−N(R10)−、−C(R11)=C(R12)−、または−C(R13)=N−を表し;
R1〜R13は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子(H)、ハロゲン原子、置換されたもしくは非置換の、炭素原子数1〜24のアルキル基、炭素原子数1〜24のフッ化アルキル基、炭素原子数3〜20のシクロアルキル基、炭素原子数3〜20のフッ化シクロアルキル基、炭素原子数1〜24のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数1〜24のフッ化アルコキシ基、炭素原子数1〜24のアルキルチオ基、炭素原子数1〜24のフッ化アルキルチオ基、炭素原子数6〜30のアリール基、炭素原子数6〜30のフッ化アリール基、炭素原子数1〜20のヘテロアリール基、炭素原子数1〜20のフッ化ヘテロアリール基、またはシアノ基を表し;
D1およびD2は、それぞれ独立して、複素芳香族環からなるドナー性ユニットを表し;
Aは、アクセプター性ユニットを表し;
pおよびqは、それぞれ独立して、1〜4の整数を表し、rは1〜4の整数を表す。 - 前記一般式2において、Z1〜Z2は、それぞれ独立して、−O−、−S−、または−N(R10)−である、請求項1に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式2において、Z1〜Z2は、−S−である、請求項1または2に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式2において、Y1及びY2が、それぞれ独立して、−C(R9)=である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式2において、Y3及びY4が、それぞれ独立して、−C(R9)=である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式2において、X1およびX2のうち少なくとも一方、ならびにX3およびX4のうちの少なくとも一方が、それぞれ独立して、−C(R1)(R2)−である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式2において、X1およびX2のうち少なくとも一方、ならびにX3およびX4のうちの少なくとも一方が、それぞれ独立して、−O−である、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式2において、D 1 およびD 2 で表わされるドナー性ユニットが、下記D1〜D24からなる群より選択される、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式2において、Aで表わされるアクセプター性ユニットが、下記A−1〜A−51からなる群より選択される、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記共役系高分子化合物の数平均分子量は、10,000〜100,000である、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記第一の電極は透明電極であり、
前記第二の電極は対電極であり、
前記光電変換層と前記第二の電極との間に、さらに正孔輸送層を有する、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。 - 請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子を有する、太陽電池。
- 前記一般式2で表される部分構造を有する共役系高分子化合物。
Y1〜Y4は、それぞれ独立して、−C(R9)=、または−N=を表し;
Z1〜Z2は、それぞれ独立して、−O−、−S−、−N(R10)−、−C(R11)=C(R12)−、または−C(R13)=N−を表し;
R1〜R13は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子(H)、ハロゲン原子、置換されたもしくは非置換の、炭素原子数1〜24のアルキル基、炭素原子数1〜24のフッ化アルキル基、炭素原子数3〜20のシクロアルキル基、炭素原子数3〜20のフッ化シクロアルキル基、炭素原子数1〜24のアルコキシ基、炭素原子数1〜24のフッ化アルコキシ基、炭素原子数1〜24のアルキルチオ基、炭素原子数1〜24のフッ化アルキルチオ基、炭素原子数6〜30のアリール基、炭素原子数6〜30のフッ化アリール基、炭素原子数1〜20のヘテロアリール基、炭素原子数1〜20のフッ化ヘテロアリール基、またはシアノ基を表し;
D1およびD2は、それぞれ独立して、複素芳香族環からなるドナー性ユニットを表し;
Aは、アクセプター性ユニットを表し;
pおよびqは、それぞれ独立して、1〜4の整数を表し、rは1〜4の整数を表す。
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