JP5686141B2 - 有機光電変換素子および太陽電池 - Google Patents
有機光電変換素子および太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5686141B2 JP5686141B2 JP2012553676A JP2012553676A JP5686141B2 JP 5686141 B2 JP5686141 B2 JP 5686141B2 JP 2012553676 A JP2012553676 A JP 2012553676A JP 2012553676 A JP2012553676 A JP 2012553676A JP 5686141 B2 JP5686141 B2 JP 5686141B2
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- photoelectric conversion
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- organic photoelectric
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/151—Copolymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/12—Copolymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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Description
なお外部量子効率×理論Jscの積分が短絡電流密度であるため、外部量子効率(EQE)および曲線因子(FF)が太陽電池の効率に非常に重要な要素であることが分かる。
7.前記一般式(2)において、Y1およびY2が窒素原子を表すことを特徴とする前記6に記載の有機光電変換素子。
12.前記光電変換層が、溶液塗布法によって作製された光電変換層であることを特徴とする前記1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
図1は、本発明の有機光電変換素子の構成の例を示す概略断面図である。
光電変換層は、p型有機半導体材料として上記一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物を含有する。
一般式(1)において、式中、Xは酸素原子もしくは硫黄原子もしくはセレン原子を表し、Yは−CH−または−N−を表す。
本発明において、一般式(1)で表される部分構造が、一般式(2)で表される部分構造である場合がより好ましい態様である。
R15〜R20におけるアルキルシリル基としては、炭素数1〜20、好ましくは炭素数1〜10のアルキル基を有するシリル基である。例えば、トリメチルシリル、トリエチルシリル、tert−ブチルジメチルシリル、トリイソプロピルシリル等が挙げられる。
フロオロメチル、ジフロオロメチル、トリフルオロメチル、2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル、3,3,3−トリフルオロプロピル、2,2,3,3,4,4,4−ヘプタフルオロブチル、3,3,4,4,5,5,5−ヘプタフルオロペンチルなどが挙げられる。
一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物は、以下の例のようにして合成することができる。
化合物(A)は以下のルートに従い、化合物(C)より合成できる。
J. Org.Chem.Vol.74,No.23,2009、9181を参考に合成できる。
窒素置換した100ml、3口フラスコに化合物(C)を1.84g取り、50mlのジクロロメタンに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液に3.54gのNブロモスクシミドを加え、室温で24時間攪拌した。ジクロロエタンを減圧留去し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製することで化合物(A)を2.53g得た。
化合物(B)はChemical Communications, 2009, 5570−5572を参考に合成できる。
十分に窒素置換された100mlの3口フラスコに化合物(A)を0.34g、化合物(B)を0.86g取り、20mlの予め窒素ガスをバブリングして脱気したトルエンに溶解した。得られた溶液にテトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウムを0.12g加え、20時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、反応液を室温付近まで冷却した。その反応液をメタノール200mlに加えて再沈殿を行い、沈殿物を回収した。
化合物(D)は以下のルートに従い、化合物(E)より合成できる。
J.Org.Chem.Vol.74,No.23,2009、9181を参考に合成できる。
窒素置換した100ml、3口フラスコに化合物(E)を2.5g取り、50mlのジクロロメタンに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液に3.54gのNブロモスクシミドを加え、室温で24時間攪拌した。ジクロロエタンを減圧留去し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製する事で化合物(D)を2.0g得た。
先に記載のように合成できる。
十分に窒素置換された100mlの3口フラスコに化合物(D)を0.41g、化合物(B)を0.86g取り、20mlの予め窒素ガスをバブリングして脱気したトルエンに溶解した。得られた溶液にテトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウムを0.12g加え、20時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、反応液を室温付近まで冷却した。その反応液をメタノール200mlに加えて再沈殿を行い、沈殿物を回収した。
J. Org.Chem.Vol.73,No.21,2008、8531を参考にし合成できる.
化合物(F)の合成
窒素置換した100ml 3口フラスコに化合物(G)を3.97gとn−オクチルボロン酸を1.74g取り、50mlのトルエンに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液にトリフェニルホスフィンテトラキスパラジウムを1.16g加え、12時間加熱還流した。トルエンを減圧留去し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製する事で化合物(F)を3.0g得た。
先に記載のように合成できる。
十分に窒素置換された100mlの3口フラスコに化合物(F)を0.43g、化合物(B)を0.86g取り、20mlの予め窒素ガスをバブリングして脱気したトルエンに溶解した。得られた溶液にテトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウムを0.12g加え、20時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、反応液を室温付近まで冷却した。その反応液をメタノール200mlに加えて再沈殿を行い、沈殿物を回収した。
J.Org.Chem.Vol.73,No.21,2008、8531を参考にし合成できる。
J.Org.Chem.Vol.73,No.21,2008、8531を参考に以下のように合成できる。
窒素置換した100ml 3口フラスコに化合物(I)を2.26g取り、50mlのジクロロメタンに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液に2.76gのNブロモスクシミドを加え、室温で24時間攪拌した。ジクロロエタンを減圧留去し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製する事で化合物(H)を2.2g得た。
先に記載のように合成できる。
十分に窒素置換された100mlの3口フラスコに化合物(H)を0.45g、化合物(B)を0.86g取り、20mlの予め窒素ガスをバブリングして脱気したトルエンに溶解した。得られた溶液にテトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウムを0.12g加え、20時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、反応液を室温付近まで冷却した。その反応液をメタノール200mlに加えて再沈殿を行い、沈殿物を回収した。
J.Org.Chem.Vol.73,No.21,20088531を参考に合成できる。
窒素置換した100ml、3口フラスコに化合物(N)を1.86g取り、50mlのエタノールに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液に5.00gの濃塩酸を加え、室温で24時間攪拌した。反応終了後、酢酸エチルで抽出し、飽和食塩水で洗浄した。硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥し、溶媒を減圧留去した後に、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製する事で化合物(M)を2.10g得た。
窒素置換した100ml 3口フラスコに化合物(M)を2.1g取り、50mlのトルエンに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液に2.21gの塩化チオニルを加え、5時間加熱還流した。トルエンとともに塩化チオニルを減圧留去し、黄色の固体を得た。この固体を50mlのジクロロメタンに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液に2.87gのトリエチルアミンを加えた後、1.34gのエチルヘキシルアミンを徐々に加え5時間攪拌した。有機層を水で洗浄し、さらに飽和食塩水で洗浄した。硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥し、溶媒を減圧留去した後に、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製する事で化合物(L)を1.90g得た。
窒素置換した100ml 3口フラスコに化合物(L)を1.90g取り、50mlのジクロロメタンに溶解し、氷冷した。得られた溶液に2.14gのNブロモスクシミドを加え、室温で24時間攪拌した。ジクロロエタンを減圧留去し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製する事で化合物(K)を1.84g得た。
先に記載のように合成できる。
十分に窒素置換された100mlの3口フラスコに化合物(K)を0.48g、化合物(B)を0.86g取り、20mlの予め窒素ガスをバブリングして脱気したトルエンに溶解した。得られた溶液にテトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウムを0.12g加え、20時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、反応液を室温付近まで冷却した。その反応液をメタノール200mlに加えて再沈殿を行い、沈殿物を回収した。
先に記載のように合成できる。
化合物(P)は特許文献US2010078074を参考に合成できる。
十分に窒素置換された100mlの3口フラスコに化合物(K)を0.48g、化合物(P)を0.77g取り、20mlの予め窒素ガスをバブリングして脱気したトルエンに溶解した。得られた溶液にテトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウムを0.12g加え、20時間加熱還流した。反応終了後、反応液を室温付近まで冷却した。その反応液をメタノール200mlに加えて再沈殿を行い、沈殿物を回収した。
本発明では、上述のように、p型有機半導体材料として一般式(1)で表される部分構造を有する化合物を含有し、好ましくは、ドナーユニットと結合させた構造を有する化合物を含有する。
本発明に係る光電変換層に用いられるn型有機半導体材料としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、フラーレン、オクタアザポルフィリン等、p型有機半導体の水素原子をフッ素原子に置換したパーフルオロ体(パーフルオロペンタセンやパーフルオロフタロシアニン等)、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等の芳香族カルボン酸無水物やそのイミド化物を骨格として含む高分子化合物等を挙げることができる。
p型有機半導体材料とn型有機半導体材料とを含有する光電変換層の形成方法としては、蒸着法、塗布法(キャスト法、スピンコート法を含む)等を例示することができる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層とカソードとの中間に電子輸送層を形成することで、光電変換層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となるため、これらの層を有していることが好ましい。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、光電変換層とアノードとの中間には正孔輸送層を、光電変換層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となるため、これらの層を有していることが好ましい。
本発明の有機光電変換素子の構成としては、エネルギー変換効率の向上や、素子寿命の向上を目的に、各種中間層を素子内に有する構成としてもよい。
本発明の有機光電変換素子においては、第一の電極と第二の電極を有するが、タンデム構成をとる場合には、中間電極を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。
本発明の第一の電極に用いられる、材料としては、例えば、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、AZO、FTO、SnO2、ZnO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au、Pt等の非常に薄い金属層または金属ナノワイヤ、カーボンナノチューブ等のナノワイヤやナノ粒子を含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等を用いることができる。
第二の電極は導電材単独層であってもよいが、導電性を有する材料に加えて、これらを保持する樹脂を併用してもよい。
また、前記図3のようなタンデム構成の場合に必要となる中間電極の材料としては、透明性と導電性を併せ持つ化合物を用いた層であることが好ましく、前記アノードで用いたような材料(ITO、AZO、FTO、SnO2、ZnO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au、Pt等の非常に薄い金属層または金属ナノワイヤ、カーボンナノチューブ等のナノワイヤやナノ粒子を含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等)を用いることができる。
本発明において、基板は透明な基板であるが、透明な、とは前述の電極の記載と同様の意味を有する。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、太陽光のより効率的な受光を目的として、各種の光学機能層を有していてよい。光学機能層としては、例えば、反射防止膜、マイクロレンズアレイ等の集光層、カソードで反射した光を散乱させて再度発電層に入射させることができるような光拡散層などを設けてもよい。
本発明に係る各々の電極、光電変換層や、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層等をパターニングする方法やプロセスには特に制限はなく、公知の手法を適宜適用することができる。
本発明の太陽電池は、上記の有機光電変換素子を有する。すなわち、本発明は、上記有機光電変換素子を具備する太陽電池を提供する。
《有機光電変換素子1の作製》
特開2009−146981号公報の記載を参考として、以下のようにして有機光電変換素子(所謂逆層型の)を作製した。
ガラス基板上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を110nm堆積したもの(表面抵抗率13Ω/□)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と塩酸エッチングとを用いて2mm幅にパターニングして、透明電極を形成した。
先ず、100ml三口フラスコに2−メトキシエタノール12.5mlと、6.25mmolのチタニウムテトライソプロポキシドとを入れ、氷浴中で10分間冷却した。次に、12.5mmolのアセチルアセトンをゆっくり加えて、氷浴中で10分間撹拌した。
次いで、p型半導体材料として、AFPO−Green5を1.0質量%、n型半導体材料としてPC71BM(フロンティアカーボン製、Nanon Spectra E110H)を0.8質量%になるようにジクロロベンゼンに溶解した光電変換層用の液を作製した。当該光電変換層用の液を、0.45μmのフィルタでろ過をかけながら乾燥後膜厚150nmとなるようにスピンコートを行い、室温で30分乾燥し、TiOx層の上に光電変換層を得た。
得られた光電変換層(有機半導体層ともいう)の上に有機溶剤系PEDOT:PSSの分散液(化研産業製、エノコートHC200)をスピンコート(2000rpm、60s)して導電性ポリマー層を成膜し、風乾して正孔輸送層を作製した。
得られた有機光電変換素子1の評価は、以下のように太陽電池として評価した。
有機光電変換素子1の作製において、AFPO−Green5を表1に示す化合物に変更した以外は同様にして、有機光電変換素子2〜13を各々作製した。
化合物203の分子量は30000、PDI=2.1
化合物504の分子量は25000、PDI=2.0
(化合物701の合成)
化合物701は化合物901を合成した際に用いたエチルヘキシルアミンをペンチルアミンに変更することで合成できる。
化合物801は化合物901を合成した際に用いたエチルヘキシルアミンをヘキシルアミンに変更することで合成できる。
得られた有機光電変換素子2〜13の評価は、以下のように太陽電池として評価した。
11 基板、
12 第一の電極、
13 第二の電極、
14 光電変換層、
14′ 第一の光電変換層、
15 電荷再結合層、
16 第二の光電変換層、
17 正孔輸送層、
18 電子輸送層。
Claims (14)
- 透明な基板上に、透明な第一の電極、p型有機半導体材料とn型有機半導体材料とを含有する光電変換層、および第二の電極をこの順に有する有機光電変換素子であって、該光電変換層が、該p型有機半導体材料として下記一般式(1)で表わされる部分構造を有する化合物を含有することを特徴とする有機光電変換素子。
Z1とZ2は、互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、およびR6は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、−OH、−NHR7(R7は水素原子またはアルキル基を表す)、または1価の有機基を表す。
Y1およびY2は、CHまたはNを表し、Xは硫黄、酸素またはセレン原子を表す。) - 前記一般式(1)で表わされる構造を有する化合物の数平均分子量が、15000〜50000であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(1)におけるR1、R2、R3、R4、R5、およびR6が、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、−OH、−NHR7(R7は水素原子またはアルキル基を表す)、またはアルキル基であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(1)における、Xが硫黄原子であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(1)における、Z1およびZ2の少なくともどちらかひとつが、−C(=O)−OR2(R2はアルキル基を表す。)であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(2)において、Y1およびY2が窒素原子を表すことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(2)において、−A−が−N(R10)−(R10は置換基を表す)を表すことを特徴とする請求項6または7に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(2)において、R10が炭素数6以上、10以下であるアルキル基であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(2)において、R10が分岐アルキル基であることを特徴とする請求項8または9に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記光電変換層が、溶液塗布法によって作製された光電変換層であることを特徴とする請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記第一の電極がカソードであることを特徴とする請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子を具備することを特徴とする太陽電池。
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