WO2012098911A1 - 光信号増幅装置 - Google Patents
光信号増幅装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012098911A1 WO2012098911A1 PCT/JP2012/000360 JP2012000360W WO2012098911A1 WO 2012098911 A1 WO2012098911 A1 WO 2012098911A1 JP 2012000360 W JP2012000360 W JP 2012000360W WO 2012098911 A1 WO2012098911 A1 WO 2012098911A1
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical amplifying device, and more specifically to an optical amplifying device used in an optical communication system and an optical measurement system, and an optical transmitting device and an optical receiving device provided with the optical amplifying device.
- an identification regenerative optical repeater that converts an optical signal into an electrical signal and regenerates the optical signal after identifying the digital signal is used to reproduce the signal attenuated by propagating through the optical fiber. It was done.
- this identification / reproduction optical repeater has problems such as limited response speed of electronic components that convert optical signals into electrical signals, and increased power consumption as the speed of transmitted signals increases. .
- a fiber laser amplifier and a semiconductor laser amplifier for amplifying signal light by making excitation light incident on an optical fiber doped with rare earth elements such as erbium and praseodymium. Since the fiber laser amplifier and the semiconductor laser amplifier can amplify the signal light as it is, there is no limitation on the electrical processing speed that has been a problem in the identification reproduction optical repeater. In addition, there is an advantage that the device configuration is relatively simple. However, these laser amplifiers do not have a function of shaping a deteriorated signal light pulse waveform.
- phase-sensitive optical amplifier As a means for overcoming the limitations of such conventional laser amplifiers, a phase sensitive optical amplifier (PSA) has been studied.
- This phase-sensitive optical amplifier has a function for shaping a signal light pulse waveform that has deteriorated due to the influence of dispersion of the transmission fiber.
- spontaneous emission light having a quadrature phase irrelevant to the signal can be suppressed, it is possible in principle to keep the S / N ratio of the signal light unchanged before and after amplification.
- Fig. 1 shows the basic configuration of a conventional phase sensitive optical amplifier.
- This optical amplifier includes a phase sensitive light amplification unit 101, a pumping light source 102, a pumping light phase control unit 103, and two optical branching units 104-1 and 104-2.
- the input signal light 110 is amplified when the phase of the signal light and the pumping light in the phase sensitive light amplification unit 101 satisfies a specific relationship described later, and the phase of both is shifted by 90 degrees from the specific relationship described later.
- the input signal light 110 has a characteristic of attenuating. Using this characteristic, the phase between the pumping light and the signal light is controlled and synchronized so that the amplification gain is maximized, so that spontaneous emission light having a quadrature phase with the signal light is not generated, that is, the S / N ratio.
- the signal light can be amplified without degrading.
- the phase of the pumping light 111 is controlled so as to be synchronized with the phase of the input signal light 110 branched by the optical branching unit 104-1.
- the pumping light phase control unit 103 detects a part of the output signal light 112 branched by the optical branching unit 104-2 with a narrow-band detector and controls the phase of the pumping light 111 so that the output signal becomes maximum. To do.
- the phase sensitive light amplifying unit 101 is controlled so that the phase of the signal light and the phase of the pumping light are synchronized, so that optical amplification without deterioration of the S / N ratio can be realized.
- the pumping light phase control unit 103 may be configured to directly control the phase of the pumping light source 102 in addition to the configuration of controlling the phase of the pumping light on the output side of the pumping light source 102 as shown in FIG.
- the light source that generates the signal light is arranged near the phase sensitive light amplification unit, a part of the light source for signal light can be branched and used as excitation light.
- phase-sensitive light amplification unit A medium having a second-order or third-order nonlinear optical effect is used for the phase-sensitive light amplification unit.
- phase sensitive optical amplifiers have been mainly used in basic research fields such as squeezing for controlling the quantum state of light.
- studies using second-order nonlinear optical crystals have been reported.
- Non-Patent Document 1 When using the second-order nonlinear optical effect, as shown in Non-Patent Document 1, an optical crystal or the like is used as a nonlinear medium, a wavelength corresponding to the second harmonic of signal light is used as excitation light, and excitation light is used. And signal light are incident on a nonlinear medium, and phase-sensitive amplification is achieved by performing degenerate parametric amplification (OPA) using three-wave mixing.
- OPA degenerate parametric amplification
- a laser beam having a relatively high intensity from a laser light source 201 is branched, one is incident on a SHG (Second Harmonic Generation) crystal 202, and the other is used as a signal light 210.
- the excitation light 211 and the signal light 210 converted to the second harmonic are incident on the nonlinear optical crystal 203 capable of degenerate optical parametric amplification, and phase sensitive amplification is performed.
- phase sensitive optical amplifier In the phase sensitive optical amplifier, an amplification action occurs only when the phase of the signal light satisfies a specific relationship with the phase of the excitation light. Specifically, the phase of the signal light and the excitation light needs to match or be shifted by ⁇ radians. That is the case of using second-order nonlinear optical effect, that the phase phi 2Omegaesu of the excitation light is a wavelength corresponding to the second harmonic, and the phases phi .omega.s of the signal light satisfy the following equation (1) Necessary.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the phase difference ⁇ between the input signal light and the pump light and the gain (dB) in the conventional phase sensitive optical amplifier using the second-order nonlinear optical effect. It can be seen that the gain is maximum when ⁇ is ⁇ , 0, or ⁇ .
- a part of the output signal light is branched and detected by a narrow-band detector, and the phase of the excitation light is controlled so that the output signal becomes maximum.
- phase synchronization between the signal light and the pumping light can be achieved.
- the degenerate parametric amplification described above is a special case in which the wavelengths of the signal light and the idler light coincide with each other in the non-degenerate parametric amplification.
- the phase ⁇ SH of the pumping light, the wavelength corresponding to the second harmonic, the phase ⁇ S of the signal light, and the phase ⁇ i of the idler light are expressed by the following (formula 2):
- phase sensitive optical amplifiers to optical communication
- the application of phase sensitive optical amplifiers to optical communication is attracting attention.
- the field of optical communication there is a report of a configuration using the third-order nonlinear optical effect of an optical fiber having high compatibility with optical components for communication.
- an optical fiber or the like is used as the nonlinear medium, and as shown in Non-Patent Document 2, one excitation light having the same wavelength as the signal light is used, and the excitation light and the signal light are combined.
- Phase-sensitive amplification can be achieved by entering a nonlinear medium and performing degenerate parametric amplification using four-wave mixing.
- Non-Patent Document 3 when the optical frequency of the signal light is ⁇ s , optical frequencies ⁇ p1 and ⁇ p2 satisfying (Equation 4) are set. You may use the two excitation light which each has.
- phase of the signal light and the pumping light can be achieved by controlling the phase of the light.
- Non-Patent Document 2 there is a method using one pumping light having the same wavelength as the signal light or two pumping lights having different wavelengths from the signal light.
- the signal light and the pump light are separated using a loop type fiber interferometer.
- phase characteristics due to GAWBS guided acoustic waves wave Brillouin scattering
- a method using two excitation lights as shown in Non-Patent Document 3 has been well studied in recent years.
- FIG. 4 shows a configuration in which an optical fiber is used and two excitation lights are used.
- two excitation lights (411-1, 411-2) synchronized with the average phase of the incident signal 410 are obtained using means such as four-wave mixing in an optical fiber.
- the two pumping lights (411-1, 411-2) and the signal light 410 are amplified by an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 402 and are incident on a highly nonlinear optical fiber 403.
- EDFA erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier
- the signal light 410 and the two excitation lights (411-1, 411-2) are combined and amplified by the EDFA, but only the two excitation lights are amplified by the EDFA, It is considered that the same effect can be obtained even if the light enters the optical fiber after being multiplexed.
- the phase so that the relationship shown in the above (Formula 5) is established between the signal light and the two excitation lights, phase-sensitive amplification by four-wave mixing can be achieved.
- the conventional techniques described above have the following problems.
- FIG. 4 shows a configuration in which necessary power is obtained by an optical fiber amplifier such as an EDFA so that the nonlinear optical effect in the optical fiber can be used.
- ASE light is superimposed on the excitation light as noise.
- the wavelength of the excitation light and the wavelength of the signal light are close to each other, it is difficult to remove the ASE light, and the ASE light generated from the EDFA is also superimposed on the signal light wavelength. As a result, the S / N ratio of the signal light deteriorates, and optical amplification with low noise cannot be performed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a phase sensitive optical amplifying apparatus that can be applied to optical communication and can be amplified with low noise in view of the above-described problems of the prior art.
- optical OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Frequency Division Multiplexing
- a data transmission / reception method called a super channel that performs modulation is being studied.
- an optical comb composed of carriers of optical frequencies arranged at equal intervals is generated using a mode-locked laser or an optical modulator. .
- the generated optical comb is distributed by a demultiplexer, data modulation is performed on each carrier wave using an optical modulator, and the signals are combined again and guided to a transmission line.
- Non-Patent Document 6 a method of generating an optical comb by using a light source having a single wavelength by a modulator has also been proposed. In addition, the optical power is reduced by the conversion efficiency into a plurality of carrier waves.
- phase-sensitive optical amplifier uses degenerate parametric amplification, the signal wavelength that can be amplified is one, and multiple carriers can be simultaneously transmitted. It cannot be amplified.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a conventional method for amplifying multiple wavelengths using four-wave mixing in an optical fiber.
- a plurality of modulated light and excitation light are incident on the first optical fiber 501 in the copier portion, and idler light whose phase is inverted from that of the input modulated light is generated by wavelength conversion using four-wave mixing.
- idler light groups corresponding to the plurality of modulated light groups are incident on the second optical fiber 502, and non-degenerate parametric amplification is performed.
- this configuration it is possible to amplify the phase of signal light having a plurality of wavelengths.
- optical fiber amplifier 503 is used for generating and amplifying pumping light. Since amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) generated from the optical fiber amplifier is mixed in the amplified signal light, the output S / N ratio is increased. Had a problem that it deteriorated more than the input.
- ASE amplified spontaneous emission
- the present invention relates to a phase-sensitive optical amplifying device that amplifies signal light by optical mixing using a nonlinear optical effect, an optical fiber laser amplifier that amplifies fundamental light, and a second-order nonlinear optical material that is periodically poled.
- a second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light from the fundamental light, a filter for separating only the sum frequency light from the fundamental light and the sum frequency light, signal light, and excitation
- a multiplexer for multiplexing the sum frequency light, which is light, and an optical waveguide for performing parametric amplification of the signal light using the excitation light, composed of a periodically nonlinearly-polarized second-order nonlinear optical material
- a second-order nonlinear optical element, a filter that separates amplified signal light and excitation light, and means for synchronizing the phase of the signal light and the phase of the excitation light are provided.
- the sum frequency light is a second harmonic.
- the parametric amplification is a degenerate parametric amplification.
- the parametric amplification is non-degenerate parametric amplification.
- the signal light is a pair of one or more signal lights that are symmetrical about the optical frequency that is half the sum frequency light that is the excitation light and that have the same or inverted phase information. It is characterized by comprising.
- the means for synchronizing the phase of the signal light and the phase of the excitation light includes a phase modulator and an optical length expander, and a part of the amplified signal light or a part of the excitation light. Based on the intensity change of the light detected by the detecting means, and means for detecting the intensity change of the light branched by the means for branching corresponding to the phase change modulated by the phase modulator And a phase-locked loop circuit that performs feedback so as to maximize the intensity of the amplified signal light in the optical length expander.
- the means for synchronizing the phase of the signal light and the phase of the excitation light is a semiconductor laser that generates fundamental light or a semiconductor laser that generates light that is phase-synchronized with the fundamental light or excitation light.
- a phase-locked loop that provides feedback to the drive current of a semiconductor laser that generates fundamental light or a semiconductor laser that generates light that is phase-synchronized with the fundamental or pump light so as to maximize the intensity of the amplified signal light And a circuit.
- the signal light further comprises a pilot tone of continuous wave light
- the phase sensitive optical amplifying device further comprises means for branching a part of the signal light and a semiconductor laser light source, and a semiconductor laser
- the light source is characterized in that light injection-locked by a pilot tone of continuous-wave light and phase-locked to the injected light and output from the semiconductor laser light source is used as fundamental light.
- the semiconductor laser light source further includes means for branching a part of the signal light and a semiconductor laser light source, and the semiconductor laser light source is injected with the sum frequency light output from the filter that separates only the sum frequency light.
- the continuous light output from the semiconductor laser light source that is synchronized and phase-synchronized with the injection light is used as excitation light.
- a means for branching a part of signal light a semiconductor laser light source, a light source for generating first fundamental wave light, and a second-order nonlinear optical material that is periodically poled
- a second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for generating a difference frequency light with respect to one fundamental wave light, and the semiconductor laser is injection-locked by the generated difference frequency light and is phase-shifted to the injection light.
- Second-order nonlinear optical element provided To generate sum frequency light.
- a means for branching a part of signal light, a semiconductor laser light source, a light source for generating first fundamental wave light, and a second-order nonlinear optical material that is periodically poled A second-order nonlinear optical element comprising an optical waveguide for generating a second harmonic of signal light and for generating a difference frequency light between the generated second harmonic and the first fundamental light
- the generated difference frequency light is injection-locked to the semiconductor laser, and the continuous light output from the semiconductor laser light source, phase-locked to the injection light, is used as the second fundamental wave light, and the first fundamental wave light and the first Using the second fundamental wave light, the sum frequency light is generated by a second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for generating the sum frequency light from the fundamental wave light.
- the fundamental wave light and the filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the sum frequency light is a dichroic mirror using a dielectric film or an optical demultiplexing element using multimode interference.
- the multiplexer that combines the signal light and the sum frequency light that is the excitation light is a dichroic mirror that uses a dielectric film or an optical multiplexing element that uses multimode interference. It is characterized by.
- the filter that separates the amplified signal light and the excitation light is a dichroic mirror using a dielectric film or an optical demultiplexing device using multimode interference.
- the sum frequency light is transmitted through a single-mode polarization maintaining fiber at the wavelength of the sum frequency light.
- a band pass filter is further provided between the optical fiber laser amplifier and a second-order nonlinear optical element including an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light and the second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for performing parametric amplification are individually temperature-controlled. It is adjustable.
- an optical receiver comprising a phase sensitive optical amplifying device and a photodiode, wherein the phase sensitive optical amplifying device is a light that is subordinately connected to the phase sensitive optical amplifying device. It further comprises a fiber laser amplifier and a bandpass filter that transmits wavelengths in the vicinity of the amplified signal light.
- an optical transmission device including a phase-sensitive optical amplification device, a light source that generates signal light, an optical modulator, and a unit that branches a part of the output from the light source.
- a part of the output from the branched light source is used as the fundamental wave light.
- a phase modulator is further provided on the output side of the optical fiber laser amplifier, and the phase modulator is composed of an optical waveguide manufactured by a direct bonding method.
- a phase modulator is further provided, the phase modulator is integrated in a second-order nonlinear optical element including an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light, and the phase modulator is sum frequency light. It is formed adjacent to the same waveguide as the optical waveguide for generating light, and is connected to the front stage or the rear stage of the optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light.
- a phase modulator is further provided, a phase modulator, a fundamental wave light, a filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the sum frequency light, and a signal light and excitation light that are combined.
- a waver is integrated in a second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light, and a filter and a multiplexer are formed on the same waveguide as the optical waveguide,
- the phase modulator is connected to the front stage of the multiplexer, the filter is connected to the front stage of the multiplexer, and the optical waveguide for generating the sum frequency light is connected to the front stage of the filter and the multiplexer. It is characterized by.
- a phase modulator is further provided, a phase modulator, a fundamental wave light, a filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the sum frequency light, and a signal light and excitation light that are combined.
- a waver is integrated in a second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for performing parametric amplification, and a phase modulator and a multiplexer are formed adjacent to the same waveguide as the optical waveguide,
- the filter is connected to the front stage of the multiplexer, the optical waveguide is connected to the rear stage of the multiplexer, and the phase modulator is connected to the front stage of the multiplexer.
- a phase modulator is further provided, a phase modulator, a filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the fundamental wave light and the sum frequency light, and a multiplexing that combines the signal light and the excitation light.
- a phase modulator is further provided, a phase modulator, a filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the fundamental wave light and the sum frequency light, and a multiplexing that combines the signal light and the excitation light.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element is integrated as one optical element, an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light, a filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the fundamental wave light and the sum frequency light, signal light and excitation light And the optical waveguide for performing parametric amplification are formed adjacent to each other on the same waveguide, and the phase modulator combines the signal light and the excitation light.
- the filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the light is connected to the preceding stage of the multiplexer, and the optical waveguide for generating the sum frequency light is a filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the fundamental wave light and the sum frequency light.
- the optical waveguide connected to the preceding stage of the multiplexer and used for parametric amplification is connected to the subsequent stage of the multiplexer.
- fundamental light is incident on a second-order nonlinear optical element that includes a phase modulator, means for reflecting sum frequency light, and an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light from the fundamental light.
- an optical circulator that transmits the amplified signal light, a first light used for the input of the signal light, and the output of the fundamental light separated by the filter that separates only the sum frequency light from the fundamental light and the sum frequency light.
- a waveguide, and a second optical waveguide connecting the reflection means and the multiplexer, and the filter, the multiplexer, the first optical waveguide, and the second optical waveguide generate sum frequency light.
- Optical waveguide of a second-order nonlinear optical element that is integrated in a second-order nonlinear optical element having a plurality of optical waveguides and generates a sum frequency light from the fundamental light, and a parametric signal light using pump light Amplify
- the optical waveguide of the second-order nonlinear optical element having the optical waveguide for use is shared, the filter and the multiplexer are shared, and the shared optical waveguide and the shared optical waveguide are combined with the second optical waveguide. Is formed adjacent to the same waveguide, and the shared optical waveguide, the first optical waveguide, and the second optical waveguide are connected to a multiplexer.
- the cross section of the first optical waveguide opposite to the contact surface connected to the multiplexer forms an angle greater than 0 ° and less than 90 ° with the axis of the first optical waveguide.
- at least one input / output end portion of the shared optical waveguide is end-treated so as to form an angle greater than 0 ° and less than 90 ° with the shared optical waveguide axis. .
- the phase modulator is integrated in a second-order nonlinear optical element having an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light from the fundamental wave, and the phase modulator is on the same waveguide as the multiplexer. It is formed adjacent to.
- the periodically nonlinearly inverted second-order nonlinear optical material is LiNbO 3 , KNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , LiNb x Ta 1-x O 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), KTiOPO 4 , Alternatively, they contain at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, Zn, Fe, Sc, and In as an additive.
- an optical waveguide for generating sum frequency light and an optical waveguide for performing parametric amplification have a refractive index that is higher than that of the first substrate having a nonlinear optical effect and the first substrate. It is a directly bonded optical waveguide manufactured by directly bonding a small second substrate.
- parametric light amplification is used from weak optical power used in optical communication.
- the optical fiber amplifier can be used to obtain a sufficient power for the optical signal, and the phase sensitive optical amplifier can be configured without superimposing the ASE light generated along with the optical amplification on the signal light. High-quality optical signal amplification is possible while preventing deterioration of the ratio.
- the present invention it is possible to amplify a plurality of wavelengths at once, and selectively amplifying signal light having a phase correlation with the excitation light, thereby causing noise caused by uncorrelated light such as ASE light. Can be suppressed.
- the S / N ratio of the signal in the optical fiber can be improved by the phase sensitive optical amplifier that can be applied to optical communication and can be amplified with low noise. It is possible to transmit up to a distance.
- the phase sensitive optical amplifier that can be applied to optical communication and can be amplified with low noise. It is possible to transmit up to a distance.
- the influence of signal degradation due to wavelength dispersion of the optical fiber is reduced, and the transmission distance of the amplified signal light can be extended. It becomes possible.
- the S / N ratio of the optical signal once deteriorated can be improved.
- by selectively amplifying the phase-correlated signal light it is possible to improve the S / N ratio of the signal light degraded by the beat noise between the ASE light and the signal light.
- phase sensitive optical amplifier which concerns on the 5th Embodiment of this invention including the carrier wave phase extraction method of signal light. It is a figure explaining the concept of the phase sensitive optical amplifier which concerns on the 5th Embodiment of this invention including the carrier wave phase extraction method of signal light. It is a figure explaining the concept of the phase sensitive optical amplifier which concerns on the 5th Embodiment of this invention including the carrier wave phase extraction method of signal light. It is a figure explaining the concept of the phase sensitive optical amplifier which concerns on the 5th Embodiment of this invention including the carrier wave phase extraction method of signal light. It is an optical spectrum figure for demonstrating operation
- FIG. 6 shows the configuration of this embodiment.
- the fundamental light 621 is amplified by using a fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 601 in order to obtain sufficient power from the weak laser light used for optical communication to obtain a nonlinear optical effect.
- the amplified fundamental wave light 621 is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element 602-1 to generate the second harmonic 622.
- Phase sensitive amplification is performed by making the signal light 620 and the second harmonic 622 incident on the second second-order nonlinear optical element 602-2 and performing degenerate parametric amplification.
- the configuration of such a phase sensitive optical amplifying device is a basic feature of the present invention.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams schematically showing the spectrum of the signal light / excitation light used in the phase-sensitive optical amplification
- FIG. 7A shows the conventional fiber laser amplifier shown in FIG. 4 and an optical fiber as a nonlinear medium
- FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating a case where the configuration according to the present embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6 is used.
- a conventional phase sensitive optical amplifier using an optical fiber uses four-wave mixing. For this reason, in order for the wavelengths of the pumping light and the signal light for performing parametric light amplification to satisfy the phase matching condition, these wavelengths must be close to each other.
- the entire configuration is simplified. It is desirable to amplify two pump lights with one optical fiber amplifier. However, at that time, ASE light 703 generated by the optical fiber amplifier is generated in the vicinity of the pumping light wavelength. In order to prevent ASE light from being generated in the signal wavelength band, it is possible to make a configuration in which the signal light does not pass through the optical fiber amplifier. However, since both wavelengths are close when the excitation light is combined with the signal light, it is difficult to realize an optical filter with good wavelength selectivity, and the ASE light cannot be completely cut. . As a result, the ASE light generated in the signal wavelength band is superimposed on the signal wavelength, and the S / N ratio of the signal light is deteriorated due to mixing of the ASE light.
- the wavelength of the signal light 701 and the wavelength of the fundamental light 704 are the same.
- the fundamental light 704 is amplified by an optical fiber amplifier in order to obtain sufficient power for using the parametric light amplification from the weak light power used in optical communication.
- the ASE light 703 is superimposed in the vicinity of the wavelength of the fundamental wave light 704.
- the fundamental wave light 704 superimposed with the ASE light 703 is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element to generate the second harmonic 705.
- the wavelength band of the second harmonic 705 used as the excitation light a wide-band ASE light that becomes noise is not generated except for the slight generation of the second harmonic of the ASE light 703.
- the wavelength of the second harmonic 705 is half the wavelength of the fundamental light 704, and the two wavelengths are sufficiently separated. Therefore, it is relatively easy to realize a filter having a high extinction ratio that separates only the second harmonic from the fundamental wave light and the second harmonic with a dichroic mirror or the like.
- the configuration of this embodiment will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 6 again.
- a part of the signal light 620 is branched by the light branching unit 603-1 and used as the fundamental light 621.
- the fundamental light 621 is amplified using an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 601.
- EDFA erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier
- the amplified fundamental wave light 621 is input to the first second-order nonlinear optical element 602-1.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element 602 includes an optical waveguide 605 made of lithium niobate (PPLN) that is periodically poled.
- PPLN waveguide 605 can use the highest nonlinear optical constant d33 of lithium niobate by quasi-phase matching, and a high optical power density can be obtained by the optical waveguide structure. High wavelength conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes that such a problem does not occur.
- a waveguide made by the direct bonding shown is used.
- the fluctuation of the phase matching wavelength is suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent light damage resistance. Moreover, high wavelength conversion efficiency was realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- the second harmonic 622 and the fundamental light 623 emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 605-1 were separated using a dichroic mirror 606-1.
- the 0.77 ⁇ m second harmonic wave 622 reflected by the dichroic mirror 606-1 passes through the polarization maintaining fiber 607 having a single mode propagation characteristic at the wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m, and the second second-order nonlinear optical element 602. -2.
- the wavelength is about 1.54 ⁇ m emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 605-1 and passing through the dichroic mirror 606-1 and the polarization maintaining fiber 607.
- the residual component of the fundamental wave light 621 and the ASE light can be effectively removed.
- the signal light 620 and the second harmonic 622 are combined and enter the second PPLN waveguide 605-2.
- the second PPLN waveguide 605-2 has the same performance and phase matching wavelength as the first PPLN waveguide 605-1, and the signal light can be phase-sensitively amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the two PPLN waveguides 605-1 and 605-2 are each controlled to have a constant temperature by individual temperature controllers. It is conceivable that the phase matching wavelengths do not match at the same temperature due to manufacturing errors of the two PPLN waveguides, but even in such a case, the phase matching wavelengths of both must be matched by individually controlling the temperatures. Can do.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 605-2 is separated by the dichroic mirror 606-3 into the second harmonic that is the excitation light and the amplified signal light. Also at this time, since the second harmonic and the amplified signal light have completely different wavelengths, it is possible to effectively remove unnecessary second harmonic components in the output.
- phase sensitive amplification it is necessary to synchronize the phases of the excitation light and the signal light.
- a part of the output amplified signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 603-2 and is detected by the photodetector 608.
- phase synchronization was performed by a phase locked loop circuit (PLL) 609.
- PLL phase locked loop circuit
- the optical detector 608 and the PLL circuit 609 detect the phase shift of the phase modulation, and feed back to the drive voltage of the optical fiber stretcher 611 and the bias voltage of the phase modulator 610 by PZT arranged in front of the EDFA 601. As a result, optical phase fluctuations due to vibration of optical fiber parts and temperature fluctuations are absorbed, and phase-sensitive amplification can be performed stably.
- an LN Mach-Zehnder modulator is used as the intensity modulator 624, and the amplification characteristic when a 10 Gb / s NRZ signal is input is evaluated.
- FIG. 8A, 8B, and 8C are diagrams for explaining a time waveform of a signal amplified by the phase-sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 8A shows the output waveform of the incident signal light when the excitation light is not incident
- FIG. 8B shows the output waveform when the phase of the excitation light and the signal light is set to satisfy the relationship of (Equation 1) by the PLL
- 8C shows output waveforms when the phase of the excitation light and the signal light is set to be shifted by 90 degrees from the relationship of (Equation 1) by the PLL.
- the power of the second harmonic 622 incident on the second PPLN waveguide 605-2 is obtained by synchronizing the phase of the pumping light and the phase of the signal light so as to satisfy the relationship of (Equation 1).
- a gain of about 11 dB could be obtained under the condition of 300 mW.
- the optical fiber amplifier by using the optical fiber amplifier, it is possible to realize the operation by the pumping light of CW light, which is an indispensable condition for application to optical communication. Further, by adopting the configuration according to the present embodiment, it is possible to prevent the ASE light generated from the optical fiber amplifier from being mixed while using the optical fiber amplifier, and therefore, it is possible to perform the phase sensitive amplification while preventing the deterioration of the S / N ratio. Became possible.
- an optical waveguide manufactured by a direct bonding method is applied to a second-order nonlinear optical element that performs sum frequency generation and parametric amplification.
- this technique is not limited to this embodiment, and in other embodiments
- the signal light phase and the excitation light phase are set to be orthogonal, only the phase chirp component is phase-sensitive amplified. This means that in the state where the phase is matched to the ON state of the signal light, even if the input signal contains phase chirp, the chirp component can be removed and shaped and amplified as a signal without chirp. Show.
- Non-Patent Document 5 In a conventional configuration in which phase-sensitive amplification is performed using two pump lights using four-wave mixing in an optical fiber, as shown in Non-Patent Document 5, between two pump lights centered on the signal light wavelength.
- the four-wave mixing does not occur, and the condition for phase matching is satisfied between various wavelengths. Therefore, for example, a process in which the signal light is converted into another wavelength with one pumping light as the center also occurs, and the amplified signal light is successively copied to generate a plurality of signals. For this reason, the power of the amplified signal light is dissipated, and the power that can amplify the desired signal light is limited.
- FIG. 9 shows the configuration of this embodiment.
- ECL external resonator type semiconductor LD
- EA electroabsorption type
- Electroabsorption (EA) modulators can be manufactured using semiconductors and can be produced in large quantities at low cost. However, since electric field absorption is used, a frequency chirp component is superimposed on the modulation signal, thereby degrading the signal quality. That is, the phase of the output of the modulator fluctuates when transitioning between ON and OFF, and a quadrature component occurs when the ON state is used as a reference. When such a signal is used, it is known that long-distance transmission is difficult because the waveform deteriorates due to dispersion in the fiber.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining a time waveform of a signal amplified by the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 10A shows a modulated signal before amplification
- FIG. 10B shows a phase locked loop circuit (PLL) when the pumping light phase and the signal light phase are set so as to satisfy the relationship of (Equation 1).
- FIG. 10C shows the output waveforms when the excitation light phase and the signal light phase are set so as to be shifted by 90 degrees from the relationship of (Equation 1), respectively.
- PLL phase locked loop circuit
- the dispersion resistance was compared by transmitting the signal before passing through the phase sensitive optical amplifier and the signal after passing through the phase sensitive optical amplifier through a single mode fiber (SMF).
- SMF single mode fiber
- FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B are diagrams for explaining a time waveform of a signal after being transmitted through a single mode fiber (SMF).
- FIG. 11A shows an output waveform after transmitting a modulated signal before amplification through a single mode fiber (SMF) having a length of 1.2 km, 2.4 km, 3.6 km, and 4.8 km, respectively.
- SMF single mode fiber
- FIG. 11B After passing through the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present invention in FIG. 11B, it is transmitted through a single mode fiber (SMF) having a length of 1.2 km, 2.4 km, 3.6 km, and 4.8 km, respectively.
- the output waveform is shown.
- the bit error rate was measured under the respective conditions shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B.
- the bit error rate becomes very large.
- the signal before passing through the phase sensitive optical amplifier is transmitted through a single mode fiber (SMF) longer than 2.4 km.
- the signal before passing through the phase sensitive optical amplifier is transmitted by 2.4 km.
- a bit error rate comparable to that of the signal was obtained. That is, by using the transmitter configuration according to the present embodiment, it was possible to double the dispersion tolerance for transmission.
- an amplifier that can be shaped and amplified as a chirp-free signal can be realized.
- an electroabsorption (EA) modulator is used as the modulator, but other modulators may be used.
- FIG. 12 shows the configuration of this embodiment.
- the signal light 1240 subjected to data modulation propagates through a transmission medium such as an optical fiber, and a signal is transmitted.
- FIG. 12 shows a configuration example in which the present phase sensitive optical amplifier is used as a relay amplifier that performs an optical amplifier in order to compensate for the loss of light intensity in the transmission medium.
- phase sensitive optical amplifier When a light source that generates signal light is arranged near the phase sensitive light amplification unit, a part of the light source for signal light can be branched and used as fundamental light.
- phase sensitive optical amplifier when a phase sensitive optical amplifier is used as a relay amplifier in optical transmission, it is necessary to synchronize the phases of the fundamental wave light and the signal light in the phase sensitive optical amplifying device using, for example, a phase synchronization means described below.
- an optical signal subjected to data modulation is superimposed on one polarization of the signal light, and unmodulated CW light is multiplexed on the other polarization.
- Signal light is used as the input signal light.
- FIG. 13 shows the configuration used to generate the input signal light used in this embodiment.
- CW light is generated using an external resonator type semiconductor laser 1300 and branched into two optical paths using an optical splitter 1301.
- an LN Mach-Zehnder modulator 1302 was used as an intensity modulator and a 10 Gb / s NRZ signal was superimposed.
- a polarizer 1304 was inserted into the other branch path, and the polarization was rotated by 90 °, and the polarization was adjusted so as to be orthogonal to the light on which the intensity signal was superimposed.
- the two signals were combined using a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) 1305 to generate modulated signal light 1310 in which a pilot tone of CW light was mixed with orthogonal polarization.
- PBS polarizing beam splitter
- the phase sensitive optical amplifying device is configured as shown in FIG. 12, but since this is the same configuration as the second embodiment, the description is omitted (see FIG. 9).
- Modulated signal light 1240 obtained by mixing a pilot tone of CW light into orthogonal polarization is transmitted through a transmission medium.
- An optical fiber was used as the transmission medium.
- the polarization controller 1230 After the polarization rotation in the optical fiber was corrected by the polarization controller 1230, only the pilot tone of the CW light was separated using the polarization beam splitter (PBS) 1231.
- PBS polarization beam splitter
- the light intensity of the branched CW light pilot tone was adjusted by an attenuator (ATT) 1212, and then light injection synchronization was performed through the circulator 1213 to the CW light source 1214 in the phase sensitive light amplifying apparatus.
- a DFB type semiconductor laser was used as the CW light source.
- the oscillation wavelength of the DFB laser was shifted by 0.04 nm from the wavelength of the pilot tone of the CW light, the light intensity input to the CW light source was changed using an attenuator (ATT) 1212, and the state was observed with an optical spectrum analyzer.
- FIG. 14 shows an optical spectrum diagram in which the state of operation is measured when the light intensity is set to several hundred ⁇ W.
- the solid line represents the optical spectrum before injecting the pilot tone of the CW light
- the broken line represents the optical spectrum after injecting the pilot tone of the CW light, so that the wavelength of the semiconductor laser is the pilot tone wavelength.
- the CW light source in the phase sensitive optical amplifying device is phase-synchronized with the pilot tone, so that it is possible to generate fundamental light having a good S / N ratio from the pilot tone of the signal light having a deteriorated S / N ratio.
- phase sensitive amplification can be achieved by using the above-described phase synchronization means even in relay amplification where the light source that generates the signal light is not arranged near the phase sensitive optical amplification unit. could be done.
- FIG. 15 shows a configuration according to this embodiment.
- the apparatus according to the present embodiment can amplify a binary phase modulation (BPSK) or binary differential phase modulation (DPSK) signal or a signal such as normal intensity modulation without adding noise.
- BPSK binary phase modulation
- DPSK binary differential phase modulation
- the signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 1503-1, and the branched signal light is amplified by the EDFA 1501.
- the amplified signal light is incident on the first PPLN waveguide 1505-1 in the first second-order nonlinear optical element 1502-1 to generate the second harmonic of the signal light.
- a dichroic mirror 1506-1 is used to separate only the second harmonic 1522 from the light emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 1505-1.
- Injection locking is performed by making the separated second harmonic 1522 incident on a semiconductor laser 1512 that oscillates at a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m.
- the output of the semiconductor laser 1512 is amplified by a semiconductor optical amplifier 1513 having a gain in the same wavelength band as that of the semiconductor laser 1512 and is combined with signal light 1520 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using a dichroic mirror 1506-2.
- the signal light 1520 and the second harmonic wave 1522 having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m used as excitation light are combined and then incident on the second PPLN waveguide 1505-2, and the signal light is phase-shifted by degenerate parametric amplification. Sensitive amplification is possible.
- ⁇ s is the phase of the signal light. Therefore, the phase of the second harmonic with respect to the signal whose phase is modulated into binary values of 0 and ⁇ is binary of 0 and 2 ⁇ , and is output as light in which the phase fluctuation due to phase modulation is canceled.
- the second harmonic from which the phase modulation component is removed is synchronized with the average phase of the signal light using injection locking as in this embodiment, It is desirable to use excitation light having a half wavelength of signal light.
- excitation light without intensity modulation synchronized with the average phase is generated from the signal light subjected to phase modulation using injection locking.
- phase modulation using injection locking.
- a part of the output amplified signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 1503-2 and received by the photodetector 1508, and then oscillated from the phase locked loop circuit (PLL) 1509 at 0.77 ⁇ m.
- PLL phase locked loop circuit
- the EDFA 1501 is used to obtain power that enables the second harmonic generation in the first PPLN 1505-1.
- the second PPLN in which the ASE light generated from the EDFA 1501 performs phase-sensitive amplification. Since the light does not enter the waveguide 1505-2, the S / N ratio deterioration of the signal light due to the ASE light of the optical amplifier can be prevented.
- ASE light is generated from the semiconductor optical amplifier 1513 operating at a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m, but since this light is completely different in wavelength from the signal light, the dichroic mirrors (1506-2, 1506-3) are almost completely used. It can be removed. Therefore, in a repeater in optical communication, it is possible to perform phase sensitive amplification within a single polarization without degrading the S / N ratio of signal light and without using orthogonal polarization components.
- the wavelength of the second harmonic light which is the light used as the excitation light, becomes half the wavelength of the signal light.
- an optical component having a wavelength different from the communication wavelength band for an optical device for performing carrier phase extraction or the like.
- optical amplifiers In a region where the wavelength is shorter than the communication wavelength such as the second harmonic, an optical fiber laser amplifier or the like cannot be used. There are some that have been put into practical use by amplifiers that use semiconductors, but due to problems such as amplification factor and saturation intensity, sufficient light intensity cannot be obtained as excitation light used for phase sensitive amplification, or There is a problem that the S / N ratio of the pumping light used in the phase sensitive optical amplifier is deteriorated due to the noise figure (NF) of the semiconductor amplifier.
- NF noise figure
- optical devices for light having a shorter wavelength than the communication wavelength such as second harmonics
- the phase sensitive optical amplifier including the carrier phase extraction means is configured using only the optical components in the communication wavelength band.
- Non-Patent Document 3 a carrier phase extraction method using four-wave mixing in an optical fiber having a third-order nonlinear effect is shown.
- the conventional method uses four-wave mixing, the wavelength of the signal light and the wavelength of the excitation light are close to each other, and amplification is performed when performing optical amplification with an EDFA or the like.
- ASE light spontaneous emission light
- the wavelength of the pumping light and the wavelength of the signal light are close to each other, it is difficult to remove the ASE light, and the ASE light generated from the EDFA is also superimposed on the signal light wavelength.
- the light S / N ratio deteriorates, and there is a problem that light amplification cannot be performed with low noise.
- This embodiment provides a phase-sensitive optical amplifying device that can be applied to optical communication and can be amplified with low noise in view of the above-described problems of the prior art.
- a phase sensitive optical amplifying apparatus that can be applied as a relay amplifier in optical transmission, including means for extracting a signal carrier wave phase, is provided using only optical components in the communication wavelength band.
- FIG. 16 shows the configuration of this embodiment.
- a part of the signal light 1640 is converted using a fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 1601-1.
- EDFA fiber laser amplifier
- Amplify The amplified signal light and the first fundamental wave light 1641-1 generated by the external cavity laser 1631 having an oscillation wavelength of 1534 nm are combined and amplified, and then incident on the third second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-3.
- the second harmonic of the signal light is generated inside the third second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-3, and the carrier wave phase is generated by the difference frequency generation between the generated second harmonic and the first fundamental light 1641-1. Perform extraction.
- the difference frequency light is injection-locked to the second fundamental wave light 1641-2 oscillated at the same wavelength and then multiplexed with the first fundamental wave light 1641-1.
- a fundamental laser light 1642 composed of the fundamental light 1641-1 and the fundamental light 1641-2 is amplified using a fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 1601-2.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-1 to generate sum frequency light as excitation light.
- the signal light 1640 and the sum frequency light are incident on the second second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-2 to perform degenerate parametric amplification, thereby performing phase sensitive amplification.
- the details of the configuration shown in FIG. 16 will be described later. When such a configuration is adopted, effects that cannot be obtained by the prior art as described below can be obtained.
- FIG. 17A and 17B are diagrams schematically showing the spectrums of signal light, pumping light, and fundamental wave light used in phase-sensitive optical amplification.
- FIG. 17A shows the conventional fiber laser amplifier and nonlinear medium shown in FIG.
- FIG. 17B is a diagram showing a case where the configuration according to the present embodiment shown in FIG. 16 is used.
- a conventional phase sensitive optical amplifier using an optical fiber uses four-wave mixing. For this reason, in order for the wavelengths of the pumping light and the signal light for performing parametric light amplification to satisfy the phase matching condition, these wavelengths must be close to each other. As exemplified in FIG. 17A (a-1), when the signal light 1701 and the pumping light 1702 have the same wavelength band of 1.55 ⁇ m band and two pumping lights 1702-1 and 1702-2 are used, the overall configuration In order to simplify the above, it is desirable to amplify the two pump lights with one optical fiber amplifier.
- ASE light 1703 generated by the optical fiber amplifier is generated in the vicinity of the excitation light wavelength.
- the excitation light is combined with the signal light and the excitation light, the wavelength of the excitation light and the wavelength of the signal light are close, so it is difficult to realize an optical filter with good wavelength selectivity. Yes, the ASE light cannot be cut completely.
- the ASE light generated in the signal wavelength band is superimposed on the signal wavelength, and the S / N ratio of the signal light deteriorates due to the mixing of the ASE light (FIG. 17A (a-3)). ).
- the wavelength of the signal light 1701 and the wavelength of the fundamental wave light (1702-1, 1702-2) are close to each other (see FIG. 17B (b-1)).
- the fundamental light (1702-1, 1702-2) is amplified by an optical fiber amplifier.
- the ASE light 1703 is superimposed in the vicinity of the wavelength of the fundamental light (see FIG. 17B (b-2)).
- sum frequency light 1704 as excitation light is generated from fundamental wave light 1702-1 and 1702-2 on which ASE light 1703 is superimposed.
- the sum frequency light 1704 is used as excitation light in degenerate parametric amplification.
- no broadband ASE light that causes noise other than the slight sum frequency light of the ASE light is generated (see FIG. 17B (b-3)).
- the wavelength of the sum frequency light 1704 is approximately half of the wavelength of the fundamental wave lights 1702-1 and 1702-2, and the two wavelengths are sufficiently separated. Accordingly, a filter having a high extinction ratio that separates only the sum frequency light (1704) from the fundamental light (1702-1, 1702-2) and the sum frequency light (1704) is realized by a dichroic mirror or the like. It is relatively easy. By connecting such a filter to the output of the first second-order nonlinear optical element, the fundamental wave light (1702-1) existing in the wavelength band of the sum frequency light (1704) used as the excitation light in the degenerate parametric amplification. , 1702-2) and the ASE light (1703) can be completely removed (see FIG. 17B (b-3)).
- phase sensitive optical amplification including a carrier phase extraction means for amplifying 1.54 ⁇ m signal light subjected to binary phase modulation (BPSK) or binary differential phase modulation (DPSK).
- BPSK binary phase modulation
- DPSK binary differential phase modulation
- a part of the signal light 1640 is adjusted in polarization through the polarization controller 1630, branched by the optical branching unit 1603-1, and combined with the first fundamental wave light 1641-1, and then added with erbium Amplified by a fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 1601-1.
- EDFA fiber laser amplifier
- the amplified signal light and the first fundamental light are input to the third second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-3.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-3 of the present embodiment includes an optical waveguide 1605-3 made of lithium niobate (PPLN) that is periodically poled.
- PPLN lithium niobate
- the quasi phase matching condition that enables the second harmonic generation of the signal light and the difference frequency generation between the generated second harmonic and the first fundamental light 1641-1 is set.
- a periodic polarization reversal to satisfy is formed.
- a second harmonic 1805 having a half wavelength with respect to the wavelength of the signal light is generated.
- difference frequency light between the second harmonic wave generated inside and the first fundamental wave light is generated.
- a relationship satisfying the following (Equation 7) is established among the phase ⁇ s of the signal light, the phase ⁇ p1 of the first fundamental wave light, and the phase ⁇ p2 of the difference frequency light.
- phase ⁇ p2 of the difference frequency light is expressed by using the phase ⁇ s of the signal light and the phase ⁇ p1 of the first fundamental wave light as shown in (Equation 8) below.
- the phase ⁇ s of the signal light can be doubled. Since the normal data signals rests modulation, it is difficult to extract the phase of the carrier, by the phase phi s of the signal light is doubled, it is possible to eliminate the phase modulation of the binary. Furthermore, by using the difference frequency generation, the difference frequency light including the phase information of the carrier wave can be extracted in the 1.55 ⁇ m band which is the same wavelength band as the signal light. At this time, the phase matching condition is uniquely determined by using a PPLN waveguide which is a second-order nonlinear optical element instead of four-wave mixing of fibers, and only desired light is extracted without generating secondary converted light. be able to.
- the difference frequency light has no modulation effect.
- the phase noise is superimposed on the optical signal propagating through the transmission line such as a fiber, a complete binary phase modulation state is not achieved. Therefore, the difference frequency light actually obtained remains affected by the non-uniformity of modulation.
- the weak signal light was originally further demultiplexed and input to the third second-order nonlinear optical element, the light intensity of the obtained difference frequency light was weak. In order to solve these problems, light injection locking was performed using difference frequency light.
- the signal light, the first fundamental wave light, and the difference frequency light output from the third second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-3 pass through the optical circulator 1613 and then the respective lights. Is demultiplexed.
- an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) type wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer 1612 was used.
- the signal light output from the demultiplexer 1612 is emitted to the space system.
- the first fundamental wave light output from the demultiplexer 1612 was quenched using the isolator 1634.
- a semiconductor laser 1632 that oscillates at substantially the same wavelength as the difference frequency light is connected to the output port of the duplexer 1612 having a wavelength that matches the difference frequency light. After adjusting the light intensity of the difference frequency light to be 10 ⁇ W to 100 ⁇ W, it is input to the semiconductor laser 1632 to perform light injection synchronization.
- the second fundamental wave light 1641-2 having the same phase as the difference frequency light can be generated by the light injection locking.
- the second fundamental wave light 1641-2 has the same phase as the difference frequency light phase phi p2. Since the light intensity is determined by the output of the semiconductor laser, the second fundamental wave light of several tens of mW or more can be obtained using the weak difference frequency light of about several tens of ⁇ W.
- the first fundamental wave light was incident from the multiplexing side of the AWG multiplexer / demultiplexer 1612, combined with the second fundamental wave light, and then extracted using the circulator 1613.
- the first fundamental wave light and the second fundamental wave light in which the signal light carrier phase is extracted by the nonlinear element and the light injection synchronization, are used as the fundamental wave light.
- the fundamental light is amplified using an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 1601-2.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is input to the first second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-1.
- the EDFA 1601-1 and the first second-order nonlinear optical element 1602- A band-pass filter 1604 was inserted between 1 and 1 to cut unnecessary ASE light.
- the second-order nonlinear optical elements 1602-1 and 1602-2 include optical waveguides 1605-1 and 1605-2 made of lithium niobate (PPLN) whose polarization is periodically inverted.
- PPLN waveguide can use the highest nonlinear optical constant d33 of lithium niobate by quasi-phase matching, and a high optical power density can be obtained by the optical waveguide structure. High wavelength conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the phase matching wavelength may change due to optical damage due to the photorefractive effect.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes that such a problem does not occur.
- a waveguide made by the direct bonding shown is used.
- the fluctuation of the phase matching wavelength is suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent light damage resistance. Moreover, high wavelength conversion efficiency was realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- the sum frequency light and the fundamental light emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 1605-1 were separated using a dichroic mirror 1606-2.
- the 0.77 ⁇ m sum frequency light reflected by the dichroic mirror 1606-2 passes to the second second-order nonlinear optical element 1602-2 via a polarization maintaining fiber having a single mode propagation characteristic at this wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m. It is led with.
- the fundamental wave light and ASE light in the vicinity of a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m that could not be completely removed by the dichroic mirror 1606-2 are also incident on the polarization maintaining fiber, but this fiber that is single mode at 0.77 ⁇ m. Since light confinement is weak with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m, it is possible to effectively attenuate such unnecessary light by propagating a length of about 1 m.
- the sum frequency light guided by the polarization maintaining fiber is combined with the signal light 1640 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using the dichroic mirror 1606-3.
- the dichroic mirror 1606-3 emits light from the first PPLN waveguide 1605-1 to reflect only the sum frequency light, and passes through the dichroic mirror 1606-2 and the polarization maintaining fiber. Residual components of the fundamental wave light and the ASE light can be effectively removed.
- the signal light and the sum frequency light are combined and incident on the second PPLN waveguide 1605-2.
- the second PPLN waveguide 1605-2 has the same performance and phase matching wavelength as the first PPLN waveguide 1605-1, and the signal light can be phase-sensitively amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the two PPLN waveguides 1605-1 and 1605-2 are each controlled to have a constant temperature by individual temperature controllers. It is conceivable that the phase matching wavelengths do not match at the same temperature due to manufacturing errors of the two PPLN waveguides, but even in such a case, the phase matching wavelengths of both must be matched by individually controlling the temperatures. Can do.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 1605-2 is separated into sum frequency light as excitation light and amplified signal light by the dichroic mirror 1606-4. Also at this time, since the wavelength of the sum frequency light and the amplified signal light are completely different, the unnecessary second harmonic component in the output can be effectively removed.
- phase sensitive amplification it is necessary to synchronize the phases of the excitation light and the signal light.
- a part of the output amplified signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 1603-4 and is detected by the photodetector 1608.
- phase synchronization was performed by a phase locked loop circuit (PLL) 1609.
- PLL phase locked loop circuit
- phase shift of the phase modulation is detected by the photodetector 1608 and the PLL circuit 1609, and the drive voltage of the stretcher of the optical fiber 1611 by the PZT disposed in front of the AWG type multiplexer 1612 and the bias of the phase modulator 1610
- PZT disposed in front of the AWG type multiplexer 1612 and the bias of the phase modulator 1610
- the sum frequency light 1804 is generated using the first fundamental wave light 1802 and the second fundamental wave light 1803.
- the following relationship (Equation 9) is established among the first fundamental wave light phase ⁇ p1 , the second fundamental wave light phase ⁇ p2, and the sum frequency light phase ⁇ SF .
- phase sensitive amplification is performed by parametric amplification of signal light and sum frequency light.
- the gain becomes maximum when ⁇ is ⁇ , 0, or ⁇ .
- an amplification characteristic when a 40 Gb / s binary phase modulation (BPSK) signal is input using an LN Mach-Zehnder modulator as a phase modulator was evaluated.
- the wavelength of the signal light was set to about 1536 nm.
- the signal light is converted into a third second-order nonlinear optical element (see FIG. 16, reference numeral 1602-3 is The second harmonic generated inside was observed.
- FIG. 19A shows a spectrum of signal light measured by an optical spectrum analyzer. Since binary phase modulation is performed, no peak is observed at the center wavelength of the carrier when viewed on the wavelength axis.
- FIG. 19B shows a spectrum with respect to the second harmonic of the signal light subjected to binary phase modulation. A strong peak is observed at the wavelength corresponding to the second harmonic. This indicates that the phase modulation is canceled by the second harmonic generation of the signal light.
- FIG. 20 shows the result of measuring the light output from the third second-order nonlinear optical element with an optical spectrum analyzer. Due to the difference frequency generation between the second harmonic wave of the signal light generated in the third second-order nonlinear optical element and the first fundamental wave light, the difference frequency light is generated in the vicinity of the wavelength of about 1538 nm. It can be seen from the shape of the spectrum that no phase modulation is superimposed on the difference frequency light.
- the difference frequency light was separated by a wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer and then input to a semiconductor laser that oscillates at substantially the same wavelength as the difference frequency light. After the output of the semiconductor laser and the first fundamental wave light were multiplexed by the wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer, the first fundamental wave light and the second fundamental wave light used as the fundamental wave light were taken out using the optical circulator.
- FIG. 21A and 21B show spectra obtained when the output after the circulator is measured with a spectrum analyzer.
- FIG. 21A is a diagram illustrating a spectrum of fundamental light when no difference frequency light is incident on a semiconductor laser.
- FIG. 21B is a diagram showing a spectrum of the fundamental wave light when the difference frequency light is incident on the semiconductor laser and the difference frequency light is synchronized with light injection.
- FIG. 21A and FIG. 21B show a spectrum around about 1538 nm corresponding to the second fundamental wave wavelength, and it can be seen that the original semiconductor laser is changed by the light injection synchronization.
- the semiconductor laser oscillates at the same frequency as the difference frequency light including phase information by the light injection locking. At this time, the difference frequency light incident on the semiconductor laser is gradually increased.
- the injection amount reaches about several tens of ⁇ W, the wavelength of the semiconductor laser shifts to the difference frequency light wavelength, so that the light injection synchronization is also achieved. I was able to observe what was going on.
- the first fundamental wave light used as the fundamental wave light and the light intensity of the second fundamental wave light are amplified by an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the second-order nonlinear optical element to generate sum frequency light.
- phase sensitive amplification was performed by injecting the signal light and the generated sum frequency light into the secondary nonlinear optical element and performing degenerate parametric amplification.
- the gain of the amplified signal was examined.
- a gain of about 11 dB can be obtained under the condition that the power of the sum frequency light incident on the PPLN waveguide is 300 mW by matching the phase of the excitation light with the phase of the signal light by the PLL.
- the optical fiber amplifier by using the optical fiber amplifier, it is possible to realize the operation by the pumping light of the CW light, which is an essential condition in the application to optical communication. Further, by adopting the configuration according to the present embodiment, it is possible to prevent the ASE light generated from the optical fiber amplifier from being mixed while using the optical fiber amplifier, and therefore, it is possible to perform the phase sensitive amplification while preventing the deterioration of the S / N ratio. Became possible.
- CW light is used as excitation light in order to apply to optical communication.
- the use of CW light as excitation light is not limited to this embodiment, and functions effectively in other embodiments. To do.
- FIG. 22 shows a second configuration of the present embodiment.
- the device was configured to amplify a 1.54 ⁇ m signal.
- 16 is the same as the configuration shown in FIG. 16 in that, after extracting the carrier phase of signal light using three PPLN waveguides, degenerate parametric amplification is performed by generating sum frequency light.
- the difference is the method of separating the sum frequency light from the fundamental wave light and the method of combining the sum frequency light and the signal light. Further, in this configuration, the means for extracting the carrier phase of the signal light is configured more simply.
- phase sensitive amplification can be performed while suppressing the deterioration of the S / N ratio of the signal light caused by the ASE light generated from the optical fiber amplifier.
- the effect can be used effectively. I made it.
- a dichroic mirror is used for separating the sum frequency light from the fundamental light and for combining the sum frequency light and the signal light.
- a dichroic mirror that reflects light of one wavelength and transmits light of the other wavelength is often used to separate or multiplex two lights having different wavelengths.
- the apparatus is configured based on such a concept.
- a part of the signal light 2240 is adjusted in polarization by using the polarization controller 2230, branched by the optical branching unit 2203-1, and combined with the first fundamental light, and then an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA). Amplified at 2201-1.
- EDFA erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier
- the first fundamental wave light from the external cavity laser 2231 is multiplexed after passing through the LN phase modulator 2210 for phase synchronization.
- the amplified signal light and the first fundamental wave light are input to the third second-order nonlinear optical element 2202-3.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element of this configuration includes an optical waveguide made of lithium niobate (PPLN) periodically poled.
- the second harmonic wave of the signal light is generated, and the difference frequency light is generated by the difference frequency generation between the generated second harmonic wave and the first fundamental wave light.
- the signal light, the first fundamental wave light, and the difference frequency light output from the third second-order nonlinear optical element 2202-3 were passed through the optical circulator and then demultiplexed.
- an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) type wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer 2212 was used for demultiplexing.
- the signal light output from the demultiplexer 2212 is emitted to the space system.
- a semiconductor laser 2232 that oscillates at substantially the same wavelength as the difference frequency light is connected to the duplexer output port having a wavelength that matches the difference frequency light. After adjusting the light intensity of the difference frequency light to be 10 ⁇ W to 100 ⁇ W, it is input to the semiconductor laser 2232 to perform light injection synchronization.
- the second fundamental wave light having the same phase as the difference frequency light can be generated by the light injection locking.
- the first fundamental wave light output from the demultiplexer 2212 was reflected by a fiber-type mirror 2214, and was returned to the wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer 2212 and input.
- the first fundamental wave light was incident from the multiplexing side of the AWG type multiplexer / demultiplexer 2212, combined with the second fundamental wave light, and extracted using the circulator 2213.
- the first fundamental wave light and the second fundamental wave light in which the carrier phase of the signal light is extracted by the nonlinear element and light injection locking, are used as the fundamental wave light.
- the fundamental light amplified by the EDFA 2201-2 is incident on the first PPLN waveguide 2205-1 in the first second-order nonlinear optical element 2202-1 to generate sum frequency light.
- a dichroic mirror 2206-1 that reflects the 1.55 ⁇ m band and transmits the 0.77 ⁇ m band is provided after the first PPLN waveguide 2205-1.
- the sum frequency light having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m is guided to the second second-order nonlinear optical element 2202-2 via a polarization-maintaining fiber having a single mode propagation characteristic at this wavelength. Similar to (first configuration), this fiber, which is single mode at 0.77 ⁇ m, is weak in confinement of light with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m. Unnecessary fundamental wave light and ASE light in the vicinity of 1.54 ⁇ m can be effectively attenuated.
- the sum frequency light guided by the polarization maintaining fiber is combined with the signal light 2240 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using the dichroic mirror 2206-2.
- the 1.54 ⁇ m band is reflected and the 0.77 ⁇ m band is reflected so that the residual components of the fundamental wave light and the ASE light near the wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m that pass through the polarization maintaining fiber can be effectively removed.
- the signal light and the sum frequency light are combined, they are incident on the second PPLN waveguide 2205-2, and the signal light can be phase-sensitive amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 2205-2 is separated into sum frequency light and amplified signal light by the dichroic mirror 2206-3.
- a dichroic mirror that reflects the 0.77 ⁇ m band and transmits the 1.54 ⁇ m band is used as the dichroic mirror 2206-3 to effectively remove the sum frequency light unnecessary for the output.
- a part of the output amplified signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 2203-3 and received by the photodetector 2208, and then phase-locked by a phase-locked loop circuit (PLL) (not shown).
- PLL phase-locked loop circuit
- FIG. 23 shows a third configuration of the present embodiment.
- the device was configured to amplify a 1.54 ⁇ m signal.
- the point that the sum frequency light is generated and the degenerate parametric amplification is performed is the same as the configuration shown in (first configuration) and (second configuration).
- the difference of (third configuration) from these configurations is the configuration of the carrier wave extracting means.
- An optical amplifier in optical communication is required to be able to amplify even if the optical power of signal light is weak.
- the signal light is extremely weak because it is branched and used for carrier wave extraction.
- the second high harmonic generation and the difference frequency light generation process are performed at the same time, so that the ASE generated when the branched extremely weak signal light is amplified by the fiber amplifier becomes excessive. In that case, ASE noise is superimposed on the obtained difference frequency light, and the S / N ratio of the difference frequency light is deteriorated. If the S / N ratio is sufficient, the S / N ratio can be improved by light injection locking, but the S / N ratio deterioration of the difference frequency light increases as the original signal light becomes weaker. It becomes difficult to maintain a sufficient S / N ratio as the first fundamental wave light.
- Securing the S / N ratio of the pumping light is important because the S / N ratio of the pumping light needs to be good in order to operate the low-noise phase sensitive amplification.
- This configuration is configured for the purpose of preventing the S / N ratio deterioration of the difference frequency light.
- a part of the signal light 2340 is adjusted in polarization by using the polarization controller 2330, branched by the optical branching unit 2301-1, and then amplified by an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 2301-1.
- EDFA erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier
- the amplified signal light is input to the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-3.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-3 includes an optical waveguide 2305-3 made of lithium niobate (PPLN) periodically poled.
- PPLN lithium niobate
- the second harmonic extracted from the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-3 and the first fundamental wave light are incident on the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-4.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-4 includes dichroic mirrors 2306-6 and 2306-7 for input and output.
- the second harmonic wave and the first fundamental wave light are multiplexed by the dichroic mirror 2306-6 and input to the PPLN waveguide 2305-4 in the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-4.
- the difference frequency light is obtained by the difference frequency generation between the second harmonic wave and the first fundamental wave light.
- the signal light, the first fundamental wave light, and the difference frequency light output from the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-4 were demultiplexed into each light after passing through the optical circulator 2313.
- an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) type wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer 2312 was used for demultiplexing.
- the signal light output from the demultiplexer 2312 is emitted to the space system.
- the first fundamental wave light output from the demultiplexer 2312 was quenched using the isolator 2315.
- a semiconductor laser 2332 that oscillates at substantially the same wavelength as the difference frequency light is connected to the output port of the wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer 2312 having a wavelength that matches the difference frequency light.
- the second fundamental wave light having the same phase as the difference frequency light can be generated by the light injection locking. Since the difference frequency light having a high S / N ratio was used, the second fundamental wave light could be generated while maintaining the high S / N ratio.
- the first fundamental wave light was incident from the multiplexing side of the AWG type multiplexer / demultiplexer 2312, combined with the second fundamental wave light, and then extracted using the circulator 2313.
- the first fundamental wave light and the second fundamental wave light in which the signal light carrier phase is extracted by the nonlinear element and the light injection synchronization, are used as the fundamental wave light.
- the light intensity of the first fundamental wave light and the second fundamental wave light used as the fundamental wave light is adjusted to be approximately the same, and then amplified by the erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier 2301-2.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the second-order nonlinear optical element 2302-1 to generate sum frequency light.
- the PPLN waveguide has a parametric gain of 11 dB when a second harmonic of 300 mW is incident at present, a weak signal incident on the optical receiver is received by a PD (photodiode) with a high S / N ratio. There is not enough gain to do that. Therefore, the amplifier according to the above-described embodiment cannot be used as the amplifier of the optical receiver.
- the gain of an EDFA often used in an optical receiver is about 30 dB to 40 dB, and an output of about 0 dB to +5 dBm can be obtained even if the light level incident on the optical receiver is ⁇ 35 dBm.
- these problems are solved.
- FIG. 24 shows the configuration of this embodiment.
- a weak input signal 2420 is amplified by using a phase sensitive optical amplifier using a PPLN waveguide described in the portion indicated as “phase sensitive amplifier” in FIG.
- the amplified signal light is further amplified by the optical fiber laser amplifier 2401-1, and unnecessary background light is removed by the band pass filter 2404-1.
- the signal light enters a photodiode (PD) 2408-2 that operates as a photodetector, and is converted into an electrical signal.
- the electric signal is finally connected to the discriminator 2413 and reproduced as a digital signal. Details of this embodiment will be described later.
- a feature of this embodiment is that a weak input signal is amplified by a phase sensitive optical amplifier, further amplified by an optical fiber laser amplifier, and then incident on a PD to perform photoelectric conversion.
- the dispersion ⁇ PSA of the number of photons of the amplified signal is given by the following (formula 11). However, it is assumed that the excitation light and the signal light are completely synchronized with no phase difference.
- ⁇ n in > is the average number of input light photons
- G is the gain of the phase-sensitive optical amplifier
- ⁇ f is the band of parametric fluorescence incident on the light receiver.
- ⁇ f is the band of the filter when a filter is arranged behind the phase sensitive optical amplifier, and the band of the parametric amplification medium when no filter is provided.
- the first term on the right side of (Expression 11) is shot noise of amplified light
- the second term is shot noise of parametric fluorescence generated by the parametric amplification effect
- the third term is beat noise of amplified light and parametric fluorescence
- the fourth term is parametric. Corresponds to beat noise between fluorescence.
- Equation 11 The noise power when the amplified light is detected by the PD using the dispersion ⁇ PSA of the number of photons shown in (Equation 11) is assumed that the receiving system band is B and the load resistance for performing the current-voltage conversion is RL. It is given by the following (Equation 12). However, here, for simplicity, it is assumed that the quantum efficiency of the PD is 100%.
- the signal power is given by (Equation 13) considering the case of detecting the NRZ code of mark ratio 1/2 and time slot T.
- the amplified signal light as the first output component and the parametric fluorescence as the second output component are output in descending order of output. It is considered that the light consists of light amplified by the laser amplifier and ASE light generated by the laser amplifier that is the third output component.
- the dispersion of the number of photons from the amplifier at this time is considered to be given by the sum of the following eight components.
- First dispersion shot noise of the first output component (amplified signal light)
- Second dispersion Shot noise of the second output component (light obtained by amplifying parametric fluorescence by a laser amplifier)
- Third dispersion Shot noise of the third output component (ASE light generated by the laser amplifier)
- Fourth dispersion beat noise between the first output component and the second output component
- Fifth variance beat noise between the first output component and the third output component
- Sixth variance beat noise between the second output component and the third output component
- Seventh variance beat noise between the second output components
- Eighth dispersion beat noise between third output components
- the PPLN waveguide used in this embodiment has a very wide parametric gain band of about 60 nm. Therefore, even if the spectral density of the second output component (the light in which the parametric fluorescence is amplified by the laser amplifier) is smaller than the component 1, if the light in which the parametric fluorescence in the entire band is amplified by the laser amplifier is integrated, Of the sixth to seventh variances, the contribution of beat noise between the second output components, which is the seventh variance, cannot be ignored.
- the contribution of the second output component (light obtained by amplifying the parametric fluorescence by the laser amplifier) other than the band of the signal component and the third output component (ASE generated by the laser amplifier).
- a band-pass filter is arranged after the laser amplifier so that the contribution of light) is reduced, and light in only the signal band is extracted.
- G 1 is the gain of the phase sensitive optical amplifier
- G 2 is the gain of the laser amplifier
- FPSA is the noise figure of the phase sensitive optical amplifier described above
- FPIA is the noise figure of the laser amplifier.
- a band is used to remove background light other than the signal band. It is desirable to provide a pass filter.
- the band pass filter can be placed between the phase sensitive optical amplifier and the laser amplifier, or after the laser amplifier. In particular, when the band pass filter is arranged only after the laser amplifier, the band pass filter is inserted. Degradation of the S / N ratio due to loss can be suppressed with a small number of parts, which is effective.
- the signal light 2420 and the fundamental light 2421 are generated from a light source having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m. Further, in order to verify the sensitivity of the optical receiver, the power of the signal light was attenuated and entered the optical receiver.
- the fundamental light 2421 is amplified using a fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 2401-2 in order to obtain sufficient power from the weak fundamental light to obtain the nonlinear optical effect.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element 2402-1 to generate the second harmonic 2422.
- the signal light 2420 and the second harmonic 2422 are incident on the second second-order nonlinear optical element 2402-2 to perform degenerate parametric amplification, thereby performing phase sensitive amplification.
- phase sensitive amplification it is necessary to synchronize the phases of the excitation light and the signal light.
- a part of the output amplified signal light 2423 is branched by the optical branching unit 2403 and is detected by the photodetector 2408-1.
- phase synchronization was performed by a phase locked loop circuit (PLL) 2409.
- the fundamental light 2421 was subjected to weak phase modulation by a sine wave using a phase modulator 2410 disposed in front of the EDFA 2401-2.
- the photodetector 2408-1 and the PLL circuit 2409 detect the phase shift of the phase modulation, and the driving voltage of the extender of the optical fiber 2411 by the PZT disposed before the EDFA 2401-2 and the bias of the phase modulator 2410 Feedback with voltage. As a result, the fluctuation of the optical phase due to the vibration of the optical fiber component and the temperature fluctuation is absorbed, and the phase sensitive amplification can be stably performed.
- the fundamental light 2421 is amplified using the EDFA 2401-2.
- the amplified fundamental wave light 2421 is input to the first second-order nonlinear optical element 2402-1.
- the EDFA 2401-2 and the first second-order nonlinear optical element 2402- A band pass filter 2404-2 was inserted between the ASE 1 and unnecessary ASE light.
- the second-order nonlinear optical elements (2402-1, 2402-2) are optical waveguides (2405-1, 240-1) made of lithium niobate (PPLN) periodically poled. 2405-2).
- the PPLN waveguide (2405-1, 2405-2) can use the highest nonlinear optical constant d33 of lithium niobate by quasi-phase matching, and a high optical power density can be obtained by the optical waveguide structure. Therefore, high wavelength conversion efficiency can be obtained by using the configuration as shown in the figure.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes that such a problem does not occur.
- a waveguide made by the direct bonding shown is used.
- the fluctuation of the phase matching wavelength is suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent light damage resistance. Moreover, high wavelength conversion efficiency was realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- the fundamental light and the second harmonic are emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 2405-1.
- Second harmonic wave 2422 and fundamental wave light 2421 were separated using dichroic mirror 2406-1.
- the second harmonic 2422 of 0.77 ⁇ m transmitted through the dichroic mirror 2406-1 is passed through the polarization maintaining fiber 2407 having a single mode propagation characteristic at this wavelength, that is, a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m. It is led to the optical element 2402-2.
- the second harmonic 2422 guided to the second second-order nonlinear optical element 2402-2 via the polarization maintaining fiber 2407 is combined with the signal light 2420 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m by the dichroic mirror 2406-2. Since the dichroic mirror 2406-2 transmits only the second harmonic 2422, the wavelength is about 1.54 ⁇ m emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 2405-1 and passing through the dichroic mirror 2406-1 and the polarization maintaining fiber 2407. The residual component of the fundamental wave light 2421 and the ASE light can be effectively removed.
- the signal light 2420 and the second harmonic 2422 are combined and enter the second PPLN waveguide 2405-2.
- the second PPLN waveguide 2405-2 has the same performance and phase matching wavelength as the first PPLN waveguide 2405-1, and the signal light can be phase-sensitively amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 2405-2 is separated by the dichroic mirror 2406-3 into the second harmonic that is the excitation light and the amplified signal light 2423. Also at this time, since the second harmonic and the amplified signal light have completely different wavelengths, it is possible to effectively remove unnecessary second harmonic components in the output.
- a dichroic mirror that reflects light of one wavelength and transmits light of the other wavelength is used in order to separate or multiplex two lights having different wavelengths.
- This embodiment is configured based on such a concept. By adopting such a configuration, it is possible to completely suppress the mixing of ASE light from the EDFA that accompanyingly degrades the S / N ratio of the phase sensitive optical amplifier, and it becomes possible to amplify with low noise.
- the parametric gain obtained by the second PPLN waveguide 2405-2 is 11 dB, and the insertion loss between the fibers when the second PPLN waveguide is modularized is 5 dB.
- the gain of the amplifier was 6 dB.
- the signal light 2423 thus phase-sensitized and amplified is incident on the EDFA 2401-1 for further amplification.
- the output from the EDFA is passed through a bandpass filter 2404-1 having a bandwidth of 1 nm, and the component outside the signal band of the light obtained by amplifying the parametric fluorescence generated from the phase sensitive optical amplifier by the EDFA and the ASE light generated from the EDFA. Removed.
- FIG. 25 shows an example of an optical spectrum when optical amplification is performed using this embodiment.
- the solid line represents the optical spectrum of the signal amplified by the present embodiment
- the dotted line represents the optical spectrum of the signal amplified by the conventional optical amplifier.
- the optical spectrum when amplified only with EDFA and bandpass filter was also measured.
- the input signal was compared with a signal modulated with a sine wave having a frequency of 15 GHz after being attenuated to -20 dBm and the total gain was 18 dB.
- the level of background light (light obtained by amplifying ASE light or parametric fluorescence) observed around the amplified signal light is amplified by the phase sensitive optical amplifier and then amplified by the EDFA. It turns out that it is suppressed by this.
- a phase-sensitive optical amplifier is disposed in the preceding stage, so that a gain equivalent to that of a conventional laser amplifier is obtained, but more than the conventional one.
- the noise level can be kept low, and a higher S / N ratio than before can be obtained.
- FIG. 26 shows the result of evaluating the noise floor by photoelectrically converting the amplified signal modulated with a sine wave having a frequency of 15 GHz with a commercially available electric spectrum analyzer with a built-in OE converter.
- the solid line indicates the electrical spectrum obtained by photoelectrically converting the signal amplified by the present embodiment
- the dotted line indicates the electrical spectrum obtained by photoelectrically converting the signal amplified by the conventional optical amplifier.
- the noise level is suppressed to about 1.5 dB in all bands from 1 GHz to 14 GHz even after photoelectric conversion compared with the case of amplification with a conventional EDFA. It could be confirmed.
- noise is not lower than that of EDFA only in a part of the band due to noise caused by GAWBS.
- low noise over a wide frequency band is achieved. Amplification could be realized while obtaining a sufficient gain.
- Such low-noise amplification characteristics indicate that this embodiment is useful not only as an optical receiver but also as an optical amplifier that operates as an optical repeater.
- the signal light was modulated with a 40 Gb / s NRZ signal, and the receiving characteristics when it was input were evaluated.
- the gain of the subsequent EDFA was set so that the power incident on the PD via the bandpass filter would be 0 dBm. Since the gain of the phase sensitive optical amplifier in this embodiment is 6 dB, the gain of the EDFA is set to 24 dB when the power of the input light is, for example, ⁇ 30 dBm.
- the evaluation was also made on the case where only the conventional EDFA and band-pass filter were used as the preamplifier. Also in this case, since the power incident on the PD through the bandpass filter is set to 0 dBm, when the input light power is, for example, ⁇ 30 dBm, the gain of the EDFA is set to 30 dB.
- FIG. 27 shows the result of evaluating the reception sensitivity of the present embodiment from error rate measurement by attenuating the input signal with an optical attenuator.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating error rate characteristics for evaluating reception sensitivity.
- the incident power for obtaining an error rate of 10 ⁇ 9 is ⁇ 28.8 dBm when a conventional EDFA is used, whereas in this embodiment, the same error rate is about ⁇ 30.3 dBm, which is about 1.5 dBm lower. was gotten.
- the reception sensitivity can be improved by the optical reception using the low-noise optical amplification according to the present embodiment. Such an effect can be realized only by the configuration of the present invention in which low noise is obtained over a wide frequency band.
- the fundamental light generation method for phase synchronization uses light directly branched from the signal light and does not use the phase synchronization means from the modulated optical signal.
- the generation method the method described in the third to fifth embodiments may be used.
- an optical receiver is taken as an example, and a configuration that can achieve both low noise and high gain has been described, but even when used as a linear repeater, the relay interval must be extended, etc.
- a configuration in which the phase sensitive amplifier and the EDFA as described in this embodiment are connected in multiple stages is extremely useful.
- FIG. 28B are explanatory diagrams of a phase-sensitive optical amplifier according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.
- a fundamental laser beam is used by using a fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 2801.
- EDFA fiber laser amplifier
- Amplify 2821 The amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element 2802-1 to generate the second harmonic wave 2822.
- the signal light 2820 and the second harmonic wave 2822 are incident on the second second-order nonlinear optical element 2802-2 to perform degenerate parametric amplification, thereby performing phase sensitive amplification.
- CW light having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m is used as the fundamental wave light.
- the signal light group and the fundamental wave light are phase-synchronized with each other, and such signal light and fundamental wave light can be generated, for example, by branching the same light source and generating one sideband wave with an optical modulator. it can.
- the fundamental light 2821 passes through a phase expander 2811 using a phase modulator 2810 and PZT, and is amplified by an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA) 2801.
- EDFA erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier
- the fundamental wave light is incident on the PPLN waveguide 2805-1 in the first second-order nonlinear optical element 2802-1 after removing excessive spontaneous emission light generated from the EDFA 2801 using the bandpass filter 2804. Then, it is converted into light 2822 having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m, which is the second harmonic of the fundamental wave light 2821.
- the signal light group 2820 and the second harmonic wave 2822 of the fundamental light are multiplexed by the dichroic mirror 2806-2, and then incident on the PPLN waveguide 2805-2 in the second second-order nonlinear optical element 2802-2. Is done.
- the signal light group is amplified by parametric amplification in the PPLN waveguide 2805-2.
- a non-linear amplification is performed by entering three light beams of excitation light (second harmonic wave 2822 of the fundamental wave light in this embodiment), signal light, and idler light into the second-order nonlinear optical element, and performing non-linear interaction of the three.
- parametric amplification of both signal light and idler light is performed when the three phases satisfy the following (formula 21).
- ⁇ SH ⁇ S + ⁇ i + 2n ⁇ (n is an integer) (wherein 21)
- phi SH, phi S, respectively phi i, the second harmonic of the fundamental wave light, a signal light, idler light phase. Assuming that the signal and idler have the same phase as the pair of signal s + 1 and signal s-1 in this embodiment, ⁇ i ⁇ S
- ⁇ p is the phase of the fundamental wave light.
- ⁇ SH is expressed by 2 ⁇ p .
- FIGS. 29 and 30 are diagrams schematically showing spectrums of signal light / excitation light having a plurality of wavelengths used in phase-sensitive optical amplification.
- FIG. 29 shows the conventional fiber laser amplifier and nonlinear medium shown in FIG.
- FIG. 30 is a diagram showing a case where the configuration according to the present embodiment shown in FIG. 28B is used.
- a conventional phase sensitive optical amplifier using an optical fiber uses four-wave mixing. For this reason, in order for the wavelengths of the pumping light for performing parametric light amplification and the signal light having a plurality of wavelengths to satisfy the phase matching condition, these wavelengths must be close to each other. As illustrated in FIG. 29, the signal light 2901 and the pump light 2902 having a plurality of wavelengths have the same 1.55 ⁇ m wavelength band, and when the pump light 2902 is amplified by the optical fiber amplifier, the light is in the vicinity of the pump light wavelength. The ASE light 2903 is generated by the fiber amplifier.
- the fundamental light 3002 is amplified by an optical fiber amplifier in order to obtain sufficient power from the weak optical power used in optical communication to use parametric optical amplification.
- the ASE light 3003 is superimposed in the vicinity of the wavelength of the fundamental wave light 3002 (FIG. 30B).
- the fundamental wave light 3002 on which the ASE light 3003 is superimposed is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element to generate the second harmonic 3004.
- no broadband ASE light that causes noise is generated except for the slight second harmonic of the ASE light.
- the wavelength of the second harmonic 3004 is half of the wavelength of the fundamental light 3002, and the two wavelengths are sufficiently separated. Therefore, it is relatively easy to implement a filter having a high extinction ratio that separates only the second harmonic 3004 from the fundamental light 3002 and the second harmonic 3004 of the fundamental light with a dichroic mirror or the like (FIG. 30 (c)). By connecting such a filter to the output of the first second-order nonlinear optical element, the fundamental wave light and the ASE light in the excitation light wavelength band can be completely removed.
- the signal light 3001 having a plurality of wavelengths and only the second harmonic 3004 are combined and incident on the second second-order nonlinear optical element, thereby realizing phase-sensitive amplification by non-degenerate parametric amplification (FIG. 30). (D)).
- Non-Patent Document 7 In a configuration in which phase-sensitive amplification of signal light having a plurality of wavelengths is performed using four-wave mixing in a conventional optical fiber, as shown in Non-Patent Document 7, the signal light having a plurality of wavelengths centered on the excitation light wavelength is used. Not only four-wave mixing occurs in between, but the condition for phase matching is satisfied between various wavelengths. Therefore, for example, a secondary process in which the signal light is converted into another wavelength centering on the excitation light also occurs, and the amplified signal light is successively copied to generate a plurality of signals. (2904 in FIG. 29C).
- the power of the amplified signal light is dissipated, and the power that can amplify the desired signal light is limited. Furthermore, since the signals generated in a secondary manner are generated between the wavelengths of the signal light having a plurality of wavelengths, it is extremely difficult to remove the redundant signals generated in a secondary manner. . Although a method of using an ultra-narrow band optical filter or the like for separation is conceivable, the signal loss due to the filter increases as the band of the optical filter becomes narrower. As the number of multiplexed wavelengths of signal light having a plurality of wavelengths increases, the quantity of signals that are generated secondarily increases. As a result, the secondary signal may be superimposed within the band of the original signal light. In such a case, separation by an optical filter is impossible, and the S / N ratio of the optical signal deteriorates.
- the fundamental light 2821 is amplified using an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 2801.
- EDFA erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier
- the amplified fundamental wave light is input to the first second-order nonlinear optical element 2802-1.
- a band-pass filter 2804 was inserted into the filter to cut unnecessary ASE light.
- the second-order nonlinear optical element (2802-1, 2802-2) of this embodiment includes an optical waveguide (2805-1, 2805-2) made of lithium niobate (PPLN) periodically poled.
- PPLN lithium niobate
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes that such a problem does not occur.
- a waveguide made by the direct bonding shown is used.
- the fluctuation of the phase matching wavelength is suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent light damage resistance. Moreover, high wavelength conversion efficiency was realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- the second harmonic wave 2822 and the fundamental wave light 2821 emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 2805-1 were separated using a dichroic mirror 2806-1.
- the second harmonic 2822 having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m reflected by the dichroic mirror 2806-1 passes through the polarization maintaining fiber 2807 having a single mode propagation characteristic at the wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m, and the second second-order nonlinear optical element. 2802-2.
- fundamental light and ASE light in the vicinity of a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m that could not be completely removed by the dichroic mirror 2806-1 are also incident on the polarization maintaining fiber 2807, but this is a single mode at 0.77 ⁇ m. Since the fiber is weakly confined with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m, it is possible to effectively attenuate these unnecessary lights by propagating a length of about 1 m.
- the second harmonic guided by the polarization maintaining fiber 2807 is combined with the signal light 2820 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using the dichroic mirror 2806-2.
- the dichroic mirror 2806-2 is emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 2805-1 and reflects the wavelength of about 1.54 ⁇ m coming through the dichroic mirror 2806-1 and the polarization maintaining fiber 2807 in order to reflect only the second harmonic.
- the residual components of the fundamental wave light and the ASE light can be effectively removed.
- the signal light 2820 and the second harmonic wave 2822 are combined by the dichroic mirror 2806-2 and then incident on the second PPLN waveguide 2805-2.
- the second PPLN waveguide 2805-2 has the same performance and phase matching wavelength as the first PPLN waveguide 2805-1, and can perform phase-sensitive amplification of signal light by non-degenerate parametric amplification. .
- the two PPLN waveguides (2805-1, 2805-2) are controlled to have a constant temperature by individual temperature controllers. It is conceivable that the phase matching wavelengths do not match at the same temperature due to manufacturing errors of the two PPLN waveguides, but even in such a case, the phase matching wavelengths of both must be matched by individually controlling the temperatures. Can do.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 2805-2 is separated by the dichroic mirror 2806-3 into the second harmonic that is the excitation light and the amplified signal light. Also at this time, since the second harmonic and the amplified signal light have completely different wavelengths, it is possible to effectively remove unnecessary second harmonic components in the output.
- phase sensitive amplification it is necessary to synchronize the phases of the excitation light and the signal light.
- a part of the output amplified signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 2803 and received by the photodetector 2808. Later, phase synchronization was performed by a phase-locked loop circuit (PLL) 2809.
- PLL phase-locked loop circuit
- the photodetector 2808 and the PLL circuit 2809 detect the phase shift of the phase modulation, and feed back to the drive voltage of the optical fiber stretcher 2811 and the bias voltage of the phase modulator 2810 by PZT arranged before the EDFA 2801. As a result, optical phase fluctuations due to vibration of optical fiber parts and temperature fluctuations are absorbed, and phase-sensitive amplification can be performed stably.
- the S / N ratio deteriorates due to a large loss due to modulation.
- the optical power is reduced by the loss of the modulator and the conversion efficiency into a plurality of carriers, and the S / N ratio is deteriorated.
- an optical comb whose optical power is attenuated is amplified by a laser optical amplifier such as EDFA, spontaneous emission light (ASE light) is mixed, and the S / N ratio is further deteriorated along with the amplification.
- FIGS. 31A and 31B are diagrams for explaining the effect when the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment is used.
- FIG. 31A is a signal light in which ASE light generated from the EDFA is intentionally mixed.
- FIG. 31B shows the optical spectrum of the group, when the signal light group intentionally mixed with the ASE light generated from the EDFA is amplified by the phase sensitive optical amplifier using the configuration according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention. The optical spectrum of the output of is shown.
- the difference between the amplified signal light and the ASE light that is, the optical S / N ratio (OSNR) is surprising by amplification with the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to this embodiment. It can be seen that 3 dB is improved compared to the input.
- OSNR optical S / N ratio
- the signal light of the input light was measured with a resolution of 0.01 nm and had an OSNR of 23 dB as shown in FIG. 31A.
- the amplified output signal has an OSNR of 26 dB, and the optical S / N ratio is improved by about 3 dB compared to the input light. Since the amplifier according to the present embodiment has polarization dependency, a polarizer should be inserted when evaluating the input spectrum in order to evaluate the S / N ratio in a fair manner. Comparison of only the polarization components.
- a signal light pair having a phase relationship with the excitation light is input.
- a signal light pair having the same phase is incident at a wavelength corresponding to the signal light wavelength and the idler light wavelength as in the present embodiment, all components of the signal light can be obtained as long as the phase with the excitation light can be synchronized as described above. Is amplified.
- antiphase information ⁇ i ⁇ s + ⁇ ( ⁇ is the optical length of the fiber or the like) conjugate with the signal light by some wavelength conversion process using an optical fiber or PPLN.
- ⁇ is the optical length of the fiber or the like
- parametric amplification is performed when the phase relationship among the SH light, signal light, and idler light satisfies the following (Equation 23).
- the ASE when considering the relative phase from the second harmonic phase ⁇ SH , the ASE generates light having a random phase. It is considered that the component and the component of quadrature phase are included equally.
- the phase of the ASE generated at the signal wavelength is ⁇ S-ASE
- the phase of the ASE generated at the idler wavelength is ⁇ S-ASE
- Is ⁇ i -ASE only the components satisfying the following (Equation 24) are parametrically amplified.
- ⁇ SH ⁇ S-ASE + ⁇ i-ASE + 2n ⁇ (where n is an integer) (Formula 24)
- phase ⁇ S-ASE and ⁇ i-ASE of the ASE generated at the signal wavelength and the idler wavelength are random and have no correlation with each other.
- ⁇ S-ASE and ⁇ i-ASE have no correlation with the second harmonic phase ⁇ SH . Therefore, when ⁇ S-ASE is fixed, a component having a phase conjugate to ⁇ S-ASE with respect to the phase ⁇ S of the second harmonic of ⁇ i-ASE that can take a random value. Only will undergo parametric amplification.
- the gain for the ASE is half that of the correlated signal light. Therefore, the S / N ratio when compared in the optical spectrum can be improved by the optical amplifier according to the present embodiment.
- the pumping light, the signal light, and the idler light are all in the 1.55 ⁇ m band, and the pumping light is usually generated using EDFA or the like. Since the ASE light generated from the EDFA is mixed in the wavelength band of the signal light and idler light close to the optical wavelength, and the power of the excitation light is often relatively larger than the signal light and idler light. This is because the influence of noise due to ASE light mixed from the outside is large. Therefore, unlike the present embodiment, it is not possible to obtain a remarkable effect that can improve the S / N ratio with respect to input / output.
- the fundamental light is amplified by the EDFA and then converted to the second harmonic, and the ASE light in the 1.55 ⁇ m band is also removed, and then incident on the parametric medium and non-degenerate parametric amplification. Therefore, mixing of the ASE light generated from the EDFA used for generating the excitation light can be prevented. Therefore, in this embodiment, it is possible to obtain an S / N ratio improvement effect using phase sensitivity to signal light and idler light.
- signal light having the same wavelength as twice the wavelength of the excitation light is also incident. Even at this wavelength, as long as the optical spectrum of FIGS. 31A and 31B is viewed, S / The N ratio is improving. However, as described below, when degenerate parametric amplification is performed in which the wavelength of the excitation light is twice the wavelength of the signal light, the S / N ratio is improved by comparing the input and output after photoelectric conversion. None do. In degenerate parametric amplification amplification when the following equation (25) holds between the signal light phase phi S and the pump light phase phi p is performed.
- the component in phase with the signal light in the input ASE light is amplified and the quadrature component is attenuated.
- This quadrature component is not amplified will appear as a difference in gain when viewed in terms of optical power, but components that originally have quadrature phase with signal light will generate intensity noise even if it interferes with signal light. There is no.
- the in-phase component of the ASE light that interferes with the signal light and causes intensity noise is amplified by receiving the same gain as the signal. Therefore, in the phase sensitive parametric amplification at the degeneracy point, the component of the ASE light that interferes with the signal light is not reduced, so that the S / N ratio after photoelectric conversion of the optical signal does not change.
- the gain received by ASE light is half that of signal light. Focusing on the phase of the amplified ASE light at this time, only the component satisfying the following (Equation 26) is amplified among the ASE light components respectively input to the wavelengths of the signal light and the idler light as described above.
- ⁇ SH ⁇ S-ASE + ⁇ i-ASE + 2n ⁇ (where n is an integer) (Formula 26)
- the amplified ASE light includes a component having the same phase as that of the signal light in the same manner as the quadrature phase component of the signal light.
- the phase of the ASE light is random for both input and output, and the gain received by the ASE light is half of the gain received by the signal, the S / N ratio determined by beat noise with the ASE light after photoelectric conversion is 3 dB after amplification. Will improve.
- the intensity of the in-phase ASE light contributing to the intensity noise in the non-degenerate operation is half of the intensity of the in-phase ASE light in the degenerate operation, and the power of the amplified ASE light as a whole is a degenerate operation.
- the SN ratio is improved by 3 dB compared to the degenerate operation in the non-degenerate operation. become.
- one desired carrier wave is cut out by a band pass filter in the optical comb signal and the amplified optical comb signal input to the amplifier of the present invention, and the average power is made the same by the optical attenuator.
- the beat noise levels of signal light and ASE light at the input and output were compared using an electric spectrum analyzer with a built-in / E converter.
- FIG. 32A and 32B show the results of measuring the level of beat noise of signal light and ASE light at the input and output with an electric spectrum analyzer.
- the peak of the degeneracy point is observed as shown in FIG. 32A, no difference is seen in the noise level at the input / output of the amplifier, whereas the peak of the non-degeneration point is shown as shown in FIG. 32B.
- the noise level was lowered by 3 dB due to amplification, that is, the S / N ratio was improved by 3 dB.
- the present embodiment by amplifying a signal having a deteriorated S / N ratio by a laser amplifier or the like, it is possible to obtain a very remarkable effect that the S / N ratio can be improved over the input.
- a signal subjected to data modulation was made incident on the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to this embodiment, and the effect of improving the S / N ratio according to this embodiment was examined.
- FIG. 33 shows an experimental configuration for examining the effect of improving the S / N ratio using a signal obtained by performing data modulation on an optical comb.
- the optical comb generated by modulating the single wavelength light source 3301 by the optical modulator 3303 is subjected to BPSK modulation by the LN modulator 3305 and is incident on the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment shown in FIG. 28B.
- a signal is amplified later using a laser amplifier such as an EDFA in order to compensate for loss during optical comb generation and data modulation. At this time, signal noise due to ASE light is added.
- a laser amplifier such as an EDFA
- ASE noise is intentionally added to the optical comb signal subjected to data modulation via the EDFA 3306 in order to investigate the improvement effect of the S / N ratio.
- the fundamental wave light of the phase sensitive optical amplifier was branched from the single wavelength light source 3301 used to generate the optical comb.
- the peak at the non-degenerate point was separated from the signal before and after amplification by a duplexer, the received power was adjusted by an optical attenuator, and received by a receiver.
- Fig. 34 shows the error rate data for the measured received power.
- a laser optical amplifier such as EDFA
- spontaneous emission light ASE light
- S / N ratio is increased with the amplification.
- the data error rate of the output signal obtained by intentionally injecting the signal to which the ASE noise is added to the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment is significantly larger than that of the input signal to which the original ASE noise is added. There was an improvement in the received power.
- an error rate of 10 ⁇ 9 when the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present invention was used, a remarkable effect of improving the power penalty due to ASE noise by 3 dB was observed.
- FIG. 35 shows the configuration of a phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- an optical comb generator composed of a single wavelength light source 3501 and an optical modulator 3503 is adopted.
- a method using a mode-locked laser as a light source a method using a nonlinear medium for optical comb generation, etc.
- Other methods may be used to generate the optical comb.
- a duplexer 3504 designed to output two pairs of wavelengths symmetrically separated from one of a plurality of wavelengths of the generated optical comb signal by the same optical frequency difference to the same optical path. Each wavelength was separated.
- a waveguide type multiplexer / demultiplexer represented by an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG: Arrayed Waveguide ⁇ Grating) or a WSS (Wavelength Selective Switch) using MEMS may be used.
- a multiplexer / demultiplexer using a spatial optical system may be used.
- An optical modulator 3505 is connected to each output of the demultiplexer 3504, and performs data modulation on each pair of signal lights.
- the signal is amplified by a laser amplifier 3507 such as an EDFA.
- the data modulation signals are combined and then amplified together.
- a device in which a semiconductor modulator is used for data modulation and a semiconductor amplifier such as SOA is integrated in the modulator is used.
- the signal pairs may be amplified by laser amplifiers as shown in FIG. 36 and then combined.
- the same data modulation is performed on each signal pair by using a duplexer in which two pairs of wavelengths separated symmetrically by the optical frequency difference are output to the same optical path.
- a demultiplexer 3704 for separating each wavelength of the optical comb and an optical modulator 3705 respectively connected to each output of the demultiplexer A configuration may be used in which signal pairs that are symmetrically separated by the same optical frequency difference are modulated with the same data.
- the optical power is reduced by the loss of the modulator and the conversion efficiency to multiple carriers.
- the optical comb is demultiplexed by a demultiplexer, data modulated by a modulator, and multiplexed by a multiplexer, the optical power is significantly attenuated compared to the original optical comb due to the insertion loss of each component. Resulting in.
- the signal S / N ratio is significantly deteriorated because the input power to the optical amplifier is small.
- phase-sensitive optical amplifier uses degenerate parametric amplification, the signal wavelength that can be amplified is one, and multiple carriers can be simultaneously transmitted. It cannot be amplified.
- phase sensitive optical amplifier According to the present embodiment, it becomes possible to amplify an optical comb having a plurality of wavelengths with low noise. Furthermore, regarding the S / N ratio caused by the beat noise between the signal light and the ASE light, the S / N ratio can be improved more than the input by using the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment. .
- the fundamental light of the phase sensitive optical amplifier was branched from the single wavelength light source used to generate the optical comb.
- the optical comb signal is incident on the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment.
- OSNR optical S / N ratio
- the S / N ratio of the output signal is 3 dB compared to the S / N ratio of the input signal.
- An improvement was seen.
- the S / N ratio due to the beat noise between the signal light and the ASE light, which is intensity noise, is improved.
- a synergistic effect of the suppression effect of the phase chirp component by attenuating the orthogonal phase can be obtained by using the configuration according to the present embodiment.
- the signal light after amplification was observed and the time waveform was examined.
- 38A, 38B, and 38C are diagrams for explaining the time waveform of the signal amplified by the phase-sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment.
- 38A shows the output waveform of the incident signal light when no excitation light is incident
- FIG. 38B shows the output waveform when the phase of the excitation light and the phase of the signal light are matched by the PLL
- FIG. 38C shows the output waveform by the PLL.
- the output waveforms when the optical phase and the phase of the signal light are set so as to be shifted by 90 degrees are respectively shown.
- phase sensitive amplification is achieved from the state in which the ON level of the signal is attenuated as shown in FIG. 38C. Further, a waveform in which only a transitional portion between the ON and OFF levels of the signal was amplified was observed. This indicates that phase noise is superimposed on the signal light.
- chirp is generated by the data modulator. That is, the phase of the output of the modulator fluctuates when transitioning between ON and OFF, and a quadrature phase component is generated based on the ON state. For this reason, if the signal light phase and the excitation light phase are set to be orthogonal, only the phase chirp component is phase-sensitive amplified. This means that in the state where the phase is matched to the ON state of the signal light, even if the input signal contains phase chirp, the chirp component can be removed and shaped and amplified as a signal without chirp. Show.
- the signal generated using the configuration in the second embodiment is transmitted through the optical fiber, and as a result, the beat noise is removed from the intensity light of the signal light and the ASE light.
- the transmission distance can be tripled by the effect of suppressing the phase chirp component.
- FIG. 39 shows another configuration of the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- a single wavelength light source 3901 and a modulator 3903 a pair of signal lights (s + 1 and s ⁇ 1, s + 1 and s ⁇ 1, symmetrically separated by the same optical frequency difference around the optical frequency corresponding to twice the wavelength of the excitation light. s + 2 and s-2, s + 3 and s-3, s + 4 and s-4, and so on).
- the optical comb signal is amplified using a normal laser amplifier 3904 such as an EDFA in order to compensate for the loss of the modulator and the loss due to the conversion to a plurality of carriers in the optical comb generation process.
- a normal laser amplifier 3904 such as an EDFA
- As the fundamental wave light of the phase sensitive optical amplifier a signal branched from the single wavelength light source 3901 used to generate the optical comb was used, and the optical comb signal was incident on the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present invention and amplified.
- the optical comb signal was incident on the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present invention.
- OSNR optical S / N ratio
- the S / N ratio in the input signal is obtained.
- an S / N ratio improvement of 3 dB was observed in the output signal of the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 39 after an optical comb signal was amplified using a normal laser amplifier 3904, an optical comb signal having a high S / N ratio could be generated by using the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present invention.
- Each of the combs is individually subjected to data modulation using a demultiplexer 3906 that separates the respective wavelengths of the optical comb and an optical modulator 3907 connected to each output of the demultiplexer 3906, and then an optical multiplexer An optical comb signal was incident on one optical fiber using 3908, and the signal was transmitted.
- the transmission distance could be increased.
- FIG. 40 shows the configuration of a phase-sensitive optical amplifier according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention that uses a center wavelength signal as phase synchronization means.
- a data signal using a center wavelength signal of signal light having a plurality of wavelengths as a pilot tone of CW light is used as an input signal.
- Signal light pairs (s + 1 and s-1, s + 2 and s-2, s + 3 and s-3, s + 4 and s-4, symmetrically separated by the same optical frequency difference from the optical frequency)
- binary phase modulation is applied, and a signal having a plurality of wavelengths that can be used as a pilot tone of CW light without modulation of a center wavelength signal is used as the signal light 4030.
- Modulated signal light 4030 having a pilot tone of CW light at the center wavelength is transmitted through the transmission medium.
- An optical fiber was used as the transmission medium. After the polarization rotation in the optical fiber was corrected by the polarization controller 4020, only the pilot tone of the CW light was separated using a notch type filter 4021 that cuts out only the center wavelength.
- the light intensity of the signal is very small due to the loss of light intensity due to the transmission optical fiber, and the S / N ratio is deteriorated.
- light injection synchronization was performed with a fundamental wave light source 4013 in the phase sensitive optical amplifying device through a circulator 4012.
- a DFB type semiconductor laser was used as the fundamental wave light source 4013.
- the wavelength of the semiconductor laser is drawn into the pilot tone wavelength when the light intensity is set to several tens of ⁇ W. It was observed that the fundamental light source in the phase sensitive optical amplifying device was phase-synchronized with the pilot tone. As a result, it was possible to generate excitation light having a good S / N ratio from the pilot tone of the signal light having a deteriorated S / N ratio.
- a signal having a plurality of wavelengths transmitted through an optical fiber has a phase shift between a pair of signal lights that are symmetrically separated due to a dispersion effect in the optical fiber.
- a dispersion compensation (adjustment) medium 4022 is configured in the phase sensitive optical amplifier.
- the dispersion compensation (adjustment) medium a phase adjuster using liquid crystal such as LCOS was used. The phase may be adjusted using another means such as using a fiber having inverse dispersion.
- a phase adjuster (not shown) matched the phase between the signal light pair.
- phase synchronization means is also used in the relay amplification and the preamplifier at the receiving end in which the light source that generates the signal light is not arranged near the phase sensitive light amplification unit. Sensitive amplification could be performed.
- the signal of the degenerate wavelength is phase-synchronized with the pilot tone, but other methods may be used. Any of the phase synchronization method and the carrier phase extraction method of the methods shown in the third to fifth embodiments described for amplification of the degenerate signal may be used.
- FIG. 41 shows the configuration of this embodiment.
- the apparatus is configured to amplify a 1.54 ⁇ m signal as in the first embodiment.
- the point that the second harmonic 4122 is generated and the degenerate parametric amplification is performed using the two PPLN waveguides 4105-1 and 4105-2 is the same as that of the first embodiment.
- the difference lies in the method of separating the second harmonic 4122 from the fundamental wave light 4121 and the method of multiplexing the second harmonic 4122 and the signal light 4120.
- phase sensitive amplification can be performed while suppressing the deterioration of the S / N ratio of the signal light caused by the ASE light generated from the optical fiber amplifier.
- the effect can be used effectively. I did it.
- dichroic mirrors 4106-1 and 4106-2 are used for separating the second harmonic 4122 and for combining the second harmonic 4122 and the signal light 4120.
- a dichroic mirror that reflects light of one wavelength and transmits light of the other wavelength is often used to separate or multiplex two lights having different wavelengths.
- the apparatus is configured based on such a concept.
- the fundamental light 4121 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m is branched from the signal light 4120 and amplified by the EDFA 4101 via the LN phase modulator 4110 for phase synchronization and the optical fiber expander 4111 by PZT.
- the amplified fundamental light is incident on the first PPLN waveguide 4105-1 in the first second-order nonlinear optical element 4102-1 to generate the second harmonic 4122.
- only the second harmonic 4122 is effectively extracted from the fundamental light emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 4105-1 and its second harmonic, and the ASE light generated from the EDFA 4101 is effectively extracted.
- the dichroic mirror 4106-1 that reflects the 1.55 ⁇ m band and transmits the 0.77 ⁇ m band after the first PPLN waveguide 4105-1.
- the second harmonic 4122 having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m is guided to the second second-order nonlinear optical element 4105-2 through the polarization-maintaining fiber 4107 having single-mode propagation characteristics at this wavelength.
- this fiber which is a single mode at 0.77 ⁇ m, has a weak light confinement with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m. Therefore, it is unnecessary to propagate a length of about 1 m. It is possible to effectively attenuate fundamental wave light and ASE light in the vicinity of a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m.
- the second harmonic 4122 guided by the polarization maintaining fiber 4107 is combined with signal light having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using the dichroic mirror 4106-2.
- the 1.54 ⁇ m band is reflected and 0.77 ⁇ m so that the residual components of the fundamental wave light and the ASE light in the vicinity of the wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m passing through the polarization maintaining fiber can be effectively removed.
- a dichroic mirror that transmits the band was used.
- the signal light 4120 and the second harmonic 4122 are combined, they are incident on the second PPLN waveguide 4105-2, and the signal light can be phase-sensitive amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 4105-2 is separated into the second harmonic and the amplified signal light by the dichroic mirror 4106-3.
- a dichroic mirror that reflects the 0.77 ⁇ m band and transmits the 1.54 ⁇ m band is used for the dichroic mirror 4106-3 in order to effectively remove the second harmonic that is not necessary for the output.
- a part of the output amplified signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 4103-2 and received by the photodetector 4108, and then phase-shifted by the phase-locked loop circuit (PLL) 4109.
- PLL phase-locked loop circuit
- dichroic mirrors having different characteristics are used for separating the second harmonic from the fundamental light and for combining the second harmonic and the signal light, particularly the signal S / N ratio is adversely affected.
- a phase sensitive optical amplifier capable of obtaining high signal quality without mixing ASE light from the EDFA providing the signal light into the signal light.
- the amplification method is a degenerate parametric method, and the second harmonic wave from the fundamental wave light is used as excitation light, and the fundamental wave light for phase synchronization is used.
- the light directly branched from the signal light is used and the phase synchronization means from the modulated optical signal is not used.
- this embodiment is described in the first to ninth embodiments. It does not interfere with any of the amplification methods, types of pumping light, generation method of fundamental light for phase synchronization, and a simple combination thereof.
- the non-degenerate parametric method described in the seventh to ninth embodiments may be adopted as the amplification method.
- a method for obtaining excitation light a method of generating a sum frequency of two different wavelengths as in the fifth embodiment may be employed.
- FIG. 42 shows a basic configuration of the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to this embodiment.
- This optical amplifier includes a phase sensitive light amplifying unit 4201, a pumping light source 4202, a pumping light phase control unit 4203, and two light branching units 4204-1 and 4204-2.
- the input signal light 4210 is amplified when the phase of the signal light and the pumping light in the phase sensitive light amplifying unit 4201 satisfies the relationship of (Expression 1) described above, and the phase of both is determined by the relationship of (Expression 1).
- the orthogonal phase relationship is shifted by 90 degrees, the input signal light 4210 has a characteristic of attenuation.
- phase between the pumping light and the signal light is synchronized so that the amplification gain is maximized using this characteristic, the S / N ratio is deteriorated without generating the spontaneous emission light having the quadrature phase with the signal light.
- Signal light can be amplified.
- This embodiment is different from the first embodiment in a method for mainly achieving phase synchronization, as will be described later.
- the phase of the pump light 4211 is satisfied so as to satisfy the relationship of (Equation 1) with the phase of the input signal light 4210 branched by the optical branching unit 4204-1.
- the second harmonic wave 4213 as the excitation light is detected by a narrow-band detector so that the output signal of the second harmonic wave 4213 is minimized.
- the pumping light phase controller 4203 controls the phase of the pumping light 4211.
- the phase sensitive light amplification unit 4201 is controlled so that the phase of the signal light and the phase of the excitation light are synchronized so as to satisfy the relationship of (Equation 1), and optical amplification without degradation of the S / N ratio is performed.
- the pumping light phase control unit 4203 may be configured to directly control the phase of the pumping light source 4202 in addition to the configuration of controlling the phase of the pumping light on the output side of the pumping light source 4202 as shown in FIG.
- the light source that generates the signal light is arranged near the phase sensitive light amplification unit, a part of the light source for signal light can be branched and used as excitation light.
- FIG. 43 is a graph showing the relationship between the phase difference ⁇ between the input signal light and the pumping light and the gain (dB) of the second harmonic in the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to this embodiment. It can be seen that when ⁇ is ⁇ , 0, or ⁇ , the gain of the signal light by the parametric amplification is maximized, so that the gain of the second harmonic used for amplification is minimized.
- FIG. 44 shows the configuration of this embodiment.
- an LN Mach-Zehnder modulator is used as the data signal intensity modulator 4424, and the amplification characteristic when a 10 Gb / s NRZ signal is input is evaluated.
- the fundamental light 4421 is amplified using a fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 4401 in order to obtain sufficient power from the weak laser light used for optical communication to obtain a nonlinear optical effect.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element 4402-1 to generate the second harmonic 4422.
- the signal light 4420 and the second harmonic 4422 are incident on the second second-order nonlinear optical element 4402-2 to perform degenerate parametric amplification, thereby performing phase sensitive amplification.
- part of the signal light is branched by the light branching unit 4403 and used as the fundamental wave light 4421.
- the fundamental light 4421 is amplified using an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 4401.
- EDFA erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier
- the amplified fundamental wave light is input to the first second-order nonlinear optical element 4402-1.
- a band-pass filter 4404 was inserted into the filter to cut unnecessary ASE light.
- the second-order nonlinear optical elements (4402-1, 4402-2) of the present embodiment include optical waveguides (4405-1, 4405-2) made of periodically polarized lithium niobate (PPLN).
- the PPLN waveguide can use the highest nonlinear optical constant d33 of lithium niobate by quasi-phase matching, and a high optical power density can be obtained by the optical waveguide structure. High wavelength conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes that such a problem does not occur.
- a waveguide made by the direct bonding shown is used.
- the fluctuation of the phase matching wavelength is suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent light damage resistance. Moreover, high wavelength conversion efficiency was realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- Second harmonic 4422 and fundamental light 4421 emitted from first PPLN waveguide 4405-1 are separated using dichroic mirror 44406-1.
- the second harmonic wave having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m reflected by the dichroic mirror 4406-1 passes through the polarization maintaining fiber 4407 having a single mode propagation characteristic at the wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m, and the second second-order nonlinear optical element 4402. -2.
- the second harmonic 4422 guided by the polarization maintaining fiber 4407 is combined with the signal light 4420 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using the dichroic mirror 4406-2.
- the dichroic mirror 4406-2 is emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 4405-1 and reflects through the dichroic mirror 4406-1 and the polarization maintaining fiber 4407 in order to reflect only the second harmonic, and has a wavelength of about 1.54 ⁇ m.
- the residual components of the fundamental wave light and the ASE light can be effectively removed.
- the signal light 4420 and the second harmonic 4422 are combined and enter the second PPLN waveguide 4405-2.
- the second PPLN waveguide 4405-2 has the same performance and phase matching wavelength as the first PPLN waveguide 4405-1, and the signal light can be phase-sensitively amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the two PPLN waveguides (4405-1, 4405-2) are controlled to have a constant temperature by individual temperature controllers. It is conceivable that the phase matching wavelengths do not match at the same temperature due to manufacturing errors of the two PPLN waveguides, but even in such a case, the phase matching wavelengths of both must be matched by individually controlling the temperatures. Can do.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 4405-2 is separated by the dichroic mirror 4406-3 into the second harmonic 4422 as excitation light and the amplified signal light. Also at this time, since the second harmonic 4422 and the amplified signal light have completely different wavelengths, the amplified signal light and the second harmonic are effectively separated at the output.
- phase sensitive amplification it is necessary to synchronize the phases of the excitation light and the signal light.
- the second harmonic 4422 as excitation light separated by the dichroic mirror 4406-3 is used.
- phase synchronization was performed by a phase locked loop circuit (PLL) 4409.
- PLL phase locked loop circuit
- the light in the 1.54 ⁇ m band reflected by the dichroic mirror 4406-3 is included in the 0.77 ⁇ m band light used for phase synchronization, and may be a noise component in performing phase synchronization. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 44, a high-pass filter 4425 may be inserted to cut light in the 1.54 ⁇ m band.
- phase modulator 4410 disposed in front of the EDFA 4401, a weak phase modulation is applied to the fundamental light by a sine wave.
- the phase shift of the phase modulation is detected by the photodetector 4408 and the PLL circuit 4409, and feedback is made to the drive voltage of the optical fiber stretcher 4411 and the bias voltage of the phase modulator 4410 by PZT arranged before the EDFA 4401.
- PZT arranged before the EDFA 4401.
- all of the amplified signal light is synchronized by synchronizing the phase of the excitation light and the phase of the signal light so as to satisfy the relationship of (Equation 1) using the second harmonic that is the excitation light. Since it can be utilized, the gain of the amplified signal light is increased by about 15% compared to the first embodiment.
- the chirp component is removed to obtain a signal without the chirp. It can be shaped and amplified.
- the dichroic mirror is used as a filter that separates the second harmonic wave that is the excitation light and the amplified signal light.
- An optical multiplexer / demultiplexer 4526 using multi-mode interference (MMI) arranged at the subsequent stage of the optical element 4502-2 can also be used.
- MMI multi-mode interference
- phase sensitive optical amplifier By integrating the MMI type multiplexer / demultiplexer 4526 designed to separate the second harmonic 4522 and the amplified signal light 4523 on the same substrate, a more compact phase sensitive optical amplifier can be obtained. is there. A similar small phase sensitive optical amplifier can be obtained by using an optical multiplexer / demultiplexer using directional coupling instead of the MMI type multiplexer / demultiplexer.
- FIG. 46 shows this configuration.
- the apparatus is configured to amplify a signal of 1.54 ⁇ m as in the configuration shown in FIG. 44 is the same as the configuration shown in FIG. 44 in that the second harmonic is generated and degenerate parametric amplification is performed using two PPLN waveguides (4605-1, 4605-2).
- phase sensitive amplification can be performed while suppressing deterioration of the S / N ratio of signal light caused by ASE light generated from an optical fiber amplifier. In this configuration, the effect can be effectively used. I did it.
- dichroic mirrors (4606-1, 4606-2) are used for separating the second harmonic 4622 from the fundamental light 4621 and for combining the second harmonic 4622 and the signal light 4620.
- a dichroic mirror that reflects light of one wavelength and transmits light of the other wavelength is often used to separate or multiplex two lights having different wavelengths.
- the apparatus is configured based on such a concept.
- the fundamental wave light 4621 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m is branched from the signal light, and amplified by the EDFA 4601 through the LN phase modulator 4610 for phase synchronization and the optical fiber stretcher 4611 by PZT.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the first PPLN waveguide 4605-1 in the first second-order nonlinear optical element 4602-1 to generate the second harmonic 4622.
- the second harmonic is effectively extracted from the fundamental wave light emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 4605-1 and its second harmonic, and the ASE light generated from the EDFA 4601 is effectively removed.
- a dichroic mirror 4606-1 that reflects the 1.55 ⁇ m band and transmits the 0.77 ⁇ m band is provided after the first PPLN waveguide 4605-1.
- the second harmonic 4622 having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m is guided to the second second-order nonlinear optical element 4602-2 via a polarization-maintaining fiber 4607 having single-mode propagation characteristics at this wavelength. Similar to the configuration described above, this fiber 4607, which is a single mode at 0.77 ⁇ m, has a weak light confinement with respect to light having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m. The fundamental wave light and the ASE light in the vicinity of the wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m can be effectively attenuated.
- the second harmonic guided by the polarization maintaining fiber 4607 is combined with the signal light 4620 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m by the dichroic mirror 4606-2.
- the 1.54 ⁇ m band is reflected and 0.77 ⁇ m so that the residual components of the fundamental wave light and the ASE light in the vicinity of the wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m passing through the polarization maintaining fiber 4607 can be effectively removed.
- a dichroic mirror 4606-2 that transmits the band was used. After the signal light and the second harmonic are combined, they are incident on the second PPLN waveguide 4605-2, and the signal light can be phase-sensitive amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 4605-2 is separated into the second harmonic 4622 and the amplified signal light 4623 by the dichroic mirror 4606-3.
- a dichroic mirror that reflects the 0.77 ⁇ m band and transmits the 1.54 ⁇ m band is used as the dichroic mirror 4606-3.
- phase-sensitive amplification can be stably performed by performing phase synchronization by the phase-locked loop circuit (PLL) 4609 after receiving the separated second harmonic 4622 as excitation light by the photodetector 4608.
- PLL phase-locked loop circuit
- the dichroic mirrors (4606-1 and 4606-2) having different characteristics are used for separating the fundamental wave light and the second harmonic wave and for combining the second harmonic wave and the signal light.
- a phase sensitive optical amplifier capable of obtaining high signal quality without mixing ASE light from the EDFA that adversely affects the S / N ratio of the signal into the signal light.
- the light branched from the signal light is used as the fundamental light. That is, the fundamental light is obtained by amplifying the same light source as the signal light. For example, when used for a transmitter in optical communication, it is considered that the same light source as described above is used for signal light and fundamental light, and that the necessary light is added to the signal light after branching the fundamental light. It is done.
- the apparatus is configured as shown in FIG. 47 so that the signal light modulated in advance can be amplified.
- the apparatus according to this configuration can amplify a binary phase modulation (BPSK) or binary differential phase modulation (DPSK) signal or a signal such as normal intensity modulation without adding noise.
- BPSK binary phase modulation
- DPSK binary differential phase modulation
- the signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 4703, and the branched signal light is amplified by the EDFA 4701.
- the amplified signal light is incident on the first PPLN waveguide 4705-1 in the first second-order nonlinear optical element 4702-1 to generate the second harmonic 4722 of the signal light.
- a dichroic mirror 4706-1 is used to separate only the second harmonic from the light emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 4705-1.
- Injection locking is performed by making the separated second harmonic incident on a semiconductor laser 4712 that oscillates at a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m.
- the output of the semiconductor laser 4712 is amplified by a semiconductor optical amplifier 4713 having a gain in the same wavelength band as that of the semiconductor laser, and is combined with signal light 4720 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using a dichroic mirror 4706-2.
- the signal light 4720 and the second harmonic 4722 which is excitation light having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m, are combined and then incident on the second PPLN waveguide 4705-2, and the signal light is phase-sensitive amplified by degenerate parametric amplification. can do.
- the second harmonic wave from which the phase modulation component has been removed is injected into the average phase of the signal light using injection locking as in this configuration. Similar to the fourth embodiment, it is desirable to synchronize and use the half-wavelength excitation light of the signal light.
- excitation light without intensity modulation synchronized with the average phase is generated from the signal light subjected to phase modulation using injection locking.
- phase noise is added to the signal light
- the phase component orthogonal to the original signal can be attenuated by phase sensitive amplification, so that the signal phase and quadrature phase noise components are removed.
- Such signal reproduction can be performed.
- phase control is performed through the drive current so that the output of the output second harmonic 4722 as excitation light is minimized. Since all the amplified signal light can be used even in this configuration, the gain of the amplified signal light is increased by about 15% compared to the fourth embodiment.
- the EDFA 4701 is used to obtain power that enables the second harmonic generation in the first PPLN 4705-1.
- the ASE light generated from the EDFA 4701 performs phase sensitive amplification. Since the light does not enter the waveguide 4705-2, the S / N ratio deterioration of the signal light due to the ASE light of the optical amplifier can be prevented also in this configuration.
- ASE light is generated from the semiconductor optical amplifier 4713 operating at a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m. However, since this light has a wavelength completely different from that of the signal light, it is almost completely removed by the dichroic mirrors 4706-2 and 4706-3. It is possible to perform phase sensitive amplification without degrading the S / N ratio of the signal light.
- the amplification method is a degenerate parametric method and the second harmonic from the fundamental wave light is used as the excitation light.
- the eleventh embodiment It does not interfere with any of the amplification methods, the types of excitation light, the generation method of the fundamental wave light for phase synchronization, and the simple combination of the methods described in the first to tenth embodiments. .
- the non-degenerate parametric method described in the seventh to ninth embodiments may be adopted as the amplification method.
- a method for obtaining excitation light a method of generating a sum frequency of two different wavelengths as in the fifth embodiment may be employed.
- the excitation light that is detected and fed back to obtain phase synchronization is not the second harmonic but the sum frequency.
- the generation method of the fundamental wave light for phase synchronization was also modulated by a method of sending a pilot tone signal separately from the signal light described in the third embodiment, or as described in the fourth and fifth embodiments.
- a method of extracting and restoring a carrier wave signal from signal light may be used.
- phase sensitive amplification can be realized with a simple configuration according to the first embodiment.
- the first embodiment has the following problems. This will be described with reference to FIG.
- the phase modulator 610 used for phase synchronization is arranged in front of the EDFA 601, and the incident power to the EDFA is reduced by the insertion loss of the phase modulator.
- a laser amplifier such as an EDFA
- the S / N ratio deteriorates by that amount (see Non-Patent Document 8). If the S / N ratio of the pumping light deteriorates due to the insertion loss of the phase modulator in this way, the noise component is converted to the noise of the amplified light by the parametric amplification process, and low-noise amplification is performed. I can't. However, in the twelfth embodiment of the present invention described below, this noise problem is solved.
- the same configuration as that of the first embodiment, that is, the amplification method is a degenerate parametric method
- the excitation light is the second harmonic from the fundamental wave light
- the fundamental wave light for phase synchronization.
- the light directly branched from the signal light is used, and the phase synchronization means from the modulated optical signal is not used.
- any of the amplification methods, the types of pumping light, the generation method of the fundamental light for phase synchronization, the phase synchronization method, and the methods described in the first to eleventh embodiments are described. It does not disturb the configuration which is a simple combination.
- the non-degenerate parametric method described in the seventh to ninth embodiments may be adopted.
- two different wavelengths are used as the excitation light.
- a method of generating the sum frequency of As a method of generating the fundamental light for phase synchronization, a method of sending a pilot tone signal separately from the signal light as described in the third embodiment may be used.
- a method of extracting and restoring a carrier wave signal from modulated signal light as described in the embodiment may be used.
- a phase synchronization method a phase synchronization method that performs feedback with excitation light as described in the eleventh embodiment may be used.
- this embodiment is as shown in FIG. The configuration.
- Non-Patent Document 8 when there is a loss at the front stage of the laser amplifier, the S / N ratio deteriorates by the loss, whereas there is a loss at the rear stage of the laser amplifier. Although the output is reduced by the loss, the S / N ratio is not deteriorated.
- the phase modulator 4810 is arranged on the output side from the optical fiber laser amplifier 4801 as shown in FIG.
- the configuration as shown in FIG. 48 cannot be adopted.
- many of the existing phase modulators are made of an optical waveguide in which Ti is diffused in a LiNbO 3 (LN) crystal. Since optical damage is significant in Ti diffusion waveguides, when a large optical power is incident, a refractive index change occurs due to the photorefractive effect, which causes a drift phenomenon in which the voltage for obtaining the same phase condition changes in order to cause a phase change. End up. For this reason, the optical power that can be input to the phase modulator is limited to about +20 dBm.
- phase modulator with a large insertion loss is placed after the laser amplifier, the power of the pumping light is attenuated, and sufficient pumping light power cannot be obtained to produce the optical parametric effect. It is impossible to achieve phase sensitive amplification.
- connection loss between elements is reduced by integrating the optical waveguide 4805-1 for generating the second harmonic 4822, which is excitation light, and the waveguide used for phase modulation on the same substrate.
- the phase modulator 4810 can be arranged on the output side of the EDFA 4801.
- a method of forming a waveguide that is more resistant to optical damage than Ti diffusion is generally used, and it is possible to use a larger excitation power by configuring the phase modulator using an optical waveguide similar to that of the second harmonic generator.
- a part of the signal light 4820 is branched by the branching unit 4803-1 and used as the fundamental light 4821.
- the fundamental light 4821 is amplified using an erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 4801 and input to an optical waveguide in which a phase modulator 4810 and a first second-order nonlinear optical element 4805-1 are integrated.
- the second-order nonlinear optical elements include optical waveguides (4805-1, 4805-2) made of lithium niobate (PPLN) whose polarization is periodically inverted.
- the PPLN waveguide can use the highest nonlinear optical constant d33 of lithium niobate by quasi-phase matching and can obtain a high optical power density by the optical waveguide structure, high wavelength conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the phase matching wavelength may change due to optical damage caused by the photorefractive effect. In the present embodiment, however, such a problem is not directly caused.
- a waveguide manufactured by bonding was used (see Non-Patent Document 4).
- the fluctuation of the phase matching wavelength is suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent optical damage resistance.
- high wavelength conversion efficiency was realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- a phase modulator 4810 having no periodic polarization inversion structure was integrated on the same substrate on which the PPLN waveguide 4805-1 was formed by the same waveguide formation method.
- An electrode for applying an electric field is formed on the waveguide in the phase modulation section, and phase modulation by the electro-optic (EO) effect is made possible.
- this waveguide formation method is excellent in optical damage resistance, even when the power of the fundamental wave light 4821 amplified by the EDFA 4801 increases, an optical phase-locked loop circuit ( Phase modulation of the pilot tone for the PLL) can be applied to the fundamental wave light 4821.
- Phase modulation of the pilot tone for the PLL Phase modulation of the pilot tone for the PLL
- the refractive index change due to the electro-optic effect is used as the phase modulator.
- the present technique is not limited to the present embodiment, and the electro-optic effect is basically used in other embodiments. It is possible to apply a phase modulator.
- the fundamental wave light 4821 and the second harmonic wave 4822 emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 4805-1 are separated using a dichroic mirror 4806-1.
- the second harmonic 4822 having a wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m transmitted through the dichroic mirror is guided to the second second-order nonlinear optical element 4802-2 via the polarization-maintaining fiber 4807 having single-mode propagation characteristics at this wavelength. It is.
- the second harmonic 4822 guided by the polarization maintaining fiber 4807 is combined with the signal light 4820 having a wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m using the dichroic mirror 4806-2.
- the dichroic mirror 4806-2 is emitted from the first PPLN waveguide 4805-1 and passes through the dichroic mirror 4806-1 and the polarization maintaining fiber 4807 so as to transmit only the second harmonic 4822. Residual components of the fundamental wave light 4821 in the vicinity of 54 ⁇ m and the ASE light can be effectively removed.
- the signal light 4820 and the second harmonic 4822 combined by the dichroic mirror 4806-2 are incident on the second PPLN waveguide 4805-2.
- the second PPLN waveguide 4805-2 has the same performance and phase matching wavelength as the first PPLN waveguide 4805-1, and the signal light can be phase-sensitively amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the light emitted from the second PPLN waveguide 4805-2 is separated into the second harmonic 4822 of the fundamental light 4822 and the amplified signal light 4823 by the dichroic mirror 4806-3. Also at this time, since the wavelength of the amplified signal light is completely different from that of the second harmonic wave, the second harmonic wave 4822 unnecessary for the output can be effectively removed.
- phase sensitive amplification it is necessary to synchronize the phases of the pumping light and the signal light.
- a part of the output amplified signal light 4823 is branched by the optical branching unit 4803-2 to detect the photodetector 4808. Then, phase synchronization was performed by a phase-locked loop circuit (PLL) 4809.
- PLL phase-locked loop circuit
- weak phase modulation with a sine wave is made fundamental light using an LN phase modulator 4810 integrated on the same substrate as the second harmonic generation PPLN 4805-1 and disposed on the output side of the EDFA.
- the optical detector 4808 and the PLL circuit 4809 detect the phase shift of the phase modulation, and the drive voltage of the optical fiber stretcher 4811 and the bias voltage of the LN phase modulator 4810 by PZT arranged before the EDFA 4801 are detected.
- the optical phase fluctuation due to vibration of the optical fiber component and temperature fluctuation is absorbed, and the phase sensitive amplification can be stably performed.
- an LN Mach-Zehnder modulator was used as the data signal modulator 4810, and the amplification characteristic when a 10 Gb / s NRZ signal was input as the input signal was evaluated.
- a gain of about 11 dB can be obtained under the condition that the power of the second harmonic 4822 incident on the second PPLN waveguide 4805-2 is 300 mW.
- the output power of the EDFA 4801 was about 1 W, and the input power to the direct junction waveguide was 630 mW.
- Phase-locking operation can be realized.
- the S / N ratio of the fundamental wave light 4821 is improved by about 5 dB because the phase modulator 4810 is not in the input stage of the EDFA 4801 in this embodiment. I was able to. Further, by integrating the PPLN 4805-1 and the phase modulator 4810, the output of the EDFA 4801 can be efficiently converted to the second harmonic 4822 without excessive loss. As a result, it is possible to perform a low noise amplification operation by phase sensitive amplification while suppressing the S / N ratio degradation of the fundamental wave light 4821 in the EDFA 4801 compared to the conventional case.
- the apparatus is configured to amplify the 1.54 ⁇ m signal 4920 as in the configuration shown in FIG.
- Two PPLN waveguides 4905-1, 4905-2) are used, one PPLN waveguide (4905-1) is integrated with a phase modulation waveguide, and second harmonic 4922 is generated.
- the point that degenerate parametric amplification is performed is the same as the configuration shown in FIG.
- the main difference is that a PPLN waveguide 4905-1 for generating the second harmonic 4922 is arranged on the signal input side from the synchronization phase modulator 4910.
- the LN phase modulator 4910 is arranged on the output side from the second harmonic generation PPLN waveguide 4905-1, so that the drive voltage required for phase modulation is reduced compared to the configuration shown in FIG. Succeeded in halving.
- the half-wave drive voltage that is, the voltage necessary for phase modulation
- the drive power supply can be reduced in size and power consumption can be reduced.
- the driving voltage required for synchronization is about 0.1 V.
- the optical PLL phase modulator 4910 is arranged on the output side from the PPLN waveguide 4905-1, so that The drive voltage required for synchronization could be greatly reduced to 50 mV.
- the operating voltage drift of the phase modulation unit is achieved by using a direct junction waveguide using Zn niobate doped with excellent light damage resistance as a core. It was possible to suppress.
- the waveguide of the phase modulation unit 4910 is designed to be a single mode at a fundamental wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m, like the PPLN waveguide unit.
- the second harmonic 4922 generated in the PPLN unit 4905-1 propagates only in the base mode due to restrictions due to the phase matching condition, the waveguide design of the PPLN unit 4905-1 and the phase modulation unit 4910 is the same. Thus, it is possible to obtain a stable phase synchronization operation even in a simple waveguide.
- the apparatus was configured to amplify a 1.54 ⁇ m signal 5020, similar to the configuration shown in FIGS.
- the use of two PPLN waveguides 5005-1 and 5005-2 and the generation of the second harmonic 5022 to perform degenerate parametric amplification are the same as the configurations shown in FIGS.
- a multi-mode interferometer (MMI) 5012 is used as a multiplexer of the signal light 5020 and the second harmonic 5022.
- MMI 5012 the pilot tone phase modulator 5010 for the optical PLL, and the second PPLN waveguide 5005-2 for performing degenerate parametric amplification are integrated on the same substrate fabricated by the direct bonding method. .
- a ridge shape was formed by dry etching on a waveguide layer produced by directly joining an LN substrate whose polarization was inverted only in the region where degenerate parametric amplification was performed. Furthermore, a metal electrode for electric field application was integrated on the ridge of the MMI signal light input port.
- the MMI 5012 which is a multiplexer integrated on the substrate, is optimally designed in terms of width, length, and input / output port position. Both the signal light and the pump light have an insertion loss of 1 dB or less, and the second PPLN waveguide. It has the characteristic of being multiplexed to 5005-2.
- the MMI shape is optimized so that signal light components remaining in the excitation light port are not combined. As a result, it is possible to minimize the influence of the connection loss between the phase modulator and the multiplexer and between the multiplexer and the second PPLN waveguide, which cannot be avoided in the configuration shown in FIG. It became possible.
- the phase modulator 5010 since the phase modulator 5010 is integrated in the signal light port, the connection loss between the PPLN waveguide 5005-2 and the phase modulator 5010 can be minimized. As a result, the insertion loss of the phase sensitive optical amplifier as a whole can be minimized.
- the insertion loss at the input end of the phase sensitive optical amplifier leads directly to an increase in noise figure as an amplifier.
- a phase modulator independent of PPLN is used, and the connection loss causes an increase in noise figure.
- This configuration is the same as the configuration shown in FIG. 50 in that an integrated MMI 5112, a phase modulator 5110, and a second PPLN waveguide 5105-2 that performs degenerate parametric amplification are used.
- the excitation light 5122 generated from the second-order nonlinear optical element 5102-1 for generating the second harmonic is input to the port side of the phase modulator 5110, and the signal The point is that the light 5120 is input to the other port.
- the phase modulation can be performed on the excitation light whose wavelength is converted to 1 ⁇ 2 of the signal, as in the configuration shown in FIG.
- the drive voltage required for phase modulation could be halved while maintaining the same S / N ratio and amplification factor characteristics.
- the phase modulator 5110 can be disposed behind the EDFA 5101 for generating the fundamental light, and the amplification operation can be performed while minimizing the S / N ratio deterioration in the EDFA 5101.
- a dichroic mirror is used as a filter to separate only signal light from an element in which an MMI, a phase modulator, and a PPLN waveguide are integrated. It is also possible to obtain a smaller phase sensitive optical amplifier by integrating MMIs designed to separate only signal light on the same substrate.
- the apparatus is configured to amplify the 1.54 ⁇ m signal 5220 in the same manner as the configuration shown in FIG.
- the use of the two PPLN waveguides 5205-1 and 5205-2 and the generation of the second harmonic 5222 to perform degenerate parametric amplification are the same as the configuration shown in FIG.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 52 is different from the configuration shown in FIG. 51 in that a PPLN waveguide 5205-1 for generating pump light, a pilot tone phase modulator 5210 for optical PLL, and pump light and signal
- An MMI 5212 for multiplexing light is fabricated and integrated by a direct bonding method on the same LN crystal substrate on which the first PPLN waveguide 5205-1 for generating the second harmonic is formed.
- the MMI 5212 which is a multiplexer integrated on the substrate, is designed to have an optimum width, length, and input / output port position, and has a characteristic of combining signal light and excitation light with an insertion loss of 1 dB or less.
- FIG. 53 shows a configuration of an optical receiver including the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment.
- the apparatus is configured to amplify a 1.54 ⁇ m signal as in the sixth embodiment.
- the sixth embodiment is that two PPLN waveguides are used, second harmonics are generated and degenerate parametric amplification is performed, and phase synchronization is performed by an optical phase-locked loop circuit (PLL) using a phase modulator. (See FIG. 24).
- PLL optical phase-locked loop circuit
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 53 is different from the embodiment shown in FIG. 24 in that a phase modulation waveguide is integrated in one PPLN, so that a differential phase modulation (DPSK) signal can be received. That is, the entire receiving apparatus is configured.
- DPSK differential phase modulation
- phase modulator for phase synchronization is used.
- the loss of the phase modulator is large, the input to the first EDFA used to generate the fundamental light becomes small, and the S / N ratio will deteriorate. If there is a loss in the subsequent stage of the laser amplifier in order to suppress this effect, the output will be reduced by the amount of the loss, but the S / N ratio will not deteriorate.
- the phase modulator 5310 is arranged on the output side from the optical fiber laser amplifier 5301-2.
- the optical waveguide 5305-1 for generating the second harmonic wave that is the excitation light and the waveguide used for the phase modulator 5310 are integrated on the same substrate to reduce the connection loss between the elements. Further, a phase modulator 5310 is arranged on the output side from the optical fiber laser amplifier 5301-2.
- the fluctuation of the phase matching wavelength is suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent optical damage resistance.
- high wavelength conversion efficiency was realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- a phase modulator without a periodically poled structure was integrated on the same substrate on which the PPLN waveguide was formed by the same waveguide formation method.
- an electric field application electrode was formed on the waveguide, enabling phase modulation by the EO effect.
- phase sensitive amplification is the same as in the sixth embodiment.
- the fundamental light 5321 is amplified using a first fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 5301-2.
- the amplified fundamental wave light is incident on the first second-order nonlinear optical element 5302-1 to generate the second harmonic 5322.
- the signal light 5320 and the second harmonic 5322 are incident on the second second-order nonlinear optical element 5302-2 and degenerate parametric amplification is performed, thereby performing phase sensitive amplification.
- a band pass filter 5304-2 was inserted between the EDFA 5301-2 and the first second-order nonlinear optical element 5302-1 to cut unnecessary ASE light.
- a part of the output amplified signal light is branched by the optical branching unit 5303 and received by the photodetector 5308, and then phase locked by the phase locked loop circuit (PLL) 5309.
- PLL phase locked loop circuit
- phase modulator 5310 integrated in the first PPLN waveguide 5305-1 Using the phase modulator 5310 integrated in the first PPLN waveguide 5305-1, a weak phase modulation is applied to the fundamental wave light 5321 using a sine wave.
- the optical detector 5308 and the PLL circuit 5309 detect the phase shift of the phase modulation, and the driving voltage of the expander of the optical fiber stretcher 5311 by the PZT disposed before the EDFA 5301-2 and the bias voltage of the phase modulator 5310 By providing feedback, the optical phase fluctuation due to vibration of optical fiber parts and temperature fluctuation is absorbed, and phase-sensitive amplification can be stably performed.
- the apparatus is configured to receive an NRZ signal.
- a delay interferometer 5314, a balanced PD 5315, and a limiting amplifier 5312 are arranged after the preamplifier, so that the differential The signal of phase modulation can be received.
- FIG. 54 shows the result of evaluating the reception sensitivity of the optical receiver according to this embodiment from error rate measurement.
- the incident power for obtaining an error rate of 10 ⁇ 9 is ⁇ 32.9 dBm when the conventional EDFA is used, whereas it is about 1.6 dB lower when this embodiment is used.
- the same error rate was obtained at ⁇ 34.5 dBm, and it was confirmed that the reception sensitivity was improved by optical reception using low-noise optical amplification according to this embodiment.
- the apparatus is configured to receive DPSK.
- the signal format to be received is not limited to this, and for example, a pre-optical amplifier for other signal formats such as optical duo binary.
- a pre-optical amplifier for other signal formats such as optical duo binary.
- the improvement in reception sensitivity is about 1.6 dB, but there is room for further improvement. This is because if there is a coupling loss between the second PPLN waveguide that performs parametric amplification of the phase-sensitive optical amplifier and the input fiber, the entire noise figure deteriorates accordingly.
- the coupling loss between the input fiber and the PPLN waveguide is 2 dB. If the optical system used for optical coupling is optimized, the receiving sensitivity can be improved by the reduction of the coupling loss.
- the synchronizing phase modulator (5310 in FIG. 53) is disposed in front of the PPLN waveguide (5305-1 in FIG. 53) for generating the second harmonic, but this order is reversed. Then, the phase of the second harmonic is modulated, and the voltage required for the phase modulation can be halved.
- each PPLN waveguide is combined with a dichroic mirror so that the fundamental wave and the second harmonic are multiplexed / demultiplexed. May be integrated on the same substrate as the PPLN using a multiplexer / demultiplexer based on a waveguide circuit. If the loss of signal light and pumping light can be reduced by such integration, the S / N ratio as a whole can be further improved.
- the same configuration as that of the first embodiment, that is, the amplification method is a degenerate parametric method
- the excitation light is the second harmonic from the fundamental wave light
- the fundamental wave light for phase synchronization.
- the light directly branched from the signal light is used, and the phase synchronization means from the modulated optical signal is not used.
- the non-degenerate parametric method described in the seventh to ninth embodiments may be adopted.
- two different wavelengths are used as the excitation light.
- a method of generating the sum frequency of As a method of generating the fundamental light for phase synchronization, a method of sending a pilot tone signal separately from the signal light as described in the third embodiment may be used.
- a method of extracting and restoring a carrier wave signal from modulated signal light as described in the embodiment may be used.
- a phase synchronization method a phase synchronization method that performs feedback with excitation light as described in the eleventh embodiment may be used.
- FIG. 55 shows the configuration of the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to this embodiment.
- the apparatus is configured to amplify a signal 5520 of 1.54 ⁇ m (see FIG. 52).
- the use of two PPLN waveguides 5505-1 and 5505-2 and the generation of the second harmonic 5522 to perform degenerate parametric amplification are the same as in the twelfth embodiment.
- a first PPLN waveguide 5505-1 for generating pumping light, a pilot tone phase modulator 5510 for optical PLL, The MMI 5512 for combining the excitation light and the signal light and the second PPLN waveguide 5505-2 for performing degenerate parametric amplification are manufactured and integrated on the same substrate by a direct bonding method.
- the same configuration as that of the first embodiment, that is, the amplification method is a degenerate parametric method
- the excitation light is the second harmonic from the fundamental wave light
- the fundamental wave light for phase synchronization.
- the light directly branched from the signal light is used, and the phase synchronization means from the modulated optical signal is not used.
- the non-degenerate parametric method described in the seventh to ninth embodiments may be adopted.
- two different wavelengths are used as the excitation light.
- a method of generating the sum frequency of As a method of generating the fundamental light for phase synchronization, a method of sending a pilot tone signal separately from the signal light as described in the third embodiment may be used.
- a method of extracting and restoring a carrier wave signal from modulated signal light as described in the embodiment may be used.
- a phase synchronization method a phase synchronization method that performs feedback with excitation light as described in the eleventh embodiment may be used.
- FIG. 56 An example of the configuration of the phase sensitive optical amplifier according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. The purpose of the configuration of the amplifier as shown in FIG. 56 is the second harmonic generation (SHG) PPLN, the signal light and second harmonic multiplexer / demultiplexer, and the degenerate parametric, which were problems in the prior art. This is to prevent an increase in the substrate size that cannot be avoided when the amplification (DPA) PPLN is integrated on the same substrate.
- SHG second harmonic generation
- DPA amplification
- a PPLN5621 that performs both generation of second harmonics and degenerate parametric amplification and a multimode interferometer (MMI) 5622 as a multiplexer / demultiplexer are integrated, and the wavelength inputted through the optical isolator 5623 A signal light 5615 of 1.56 ⁇ m is amplified.
- MMI multimode interferometer
- the integrated MMI 5622 couples signal light having a wavelength of 1.56 ⁇ m to a low loss degenerate parametric amplification PPLN 5621 having an insertion loss of about 1.0 dB by optimally designing the waveguide width, waveguide length, and input / output port position. It was a characteristic.
- a part of the signal light is branched by the coupler 5603 and used as the fundamental wave light 5616.
- the fundamental wave light 5616 is input to the EDFA 5605 through a phase modulator 5604 for phase synchronization of signal light and pumping light.
- the fundamental wave light 5616 is amplified by the EDFA 5605, it is input from the right end of the substrate via the optical circulator 5625.
- the amplified fundamental light 5618 input from the right end propagates through the PPLN waveguide 5621 where both the second harmonic generation and the degenerate parametric amplification are performed, and is almost entirely converted into the second harmonic component before reaching the MMI 5622.
- the MMI 5622 has a low loss for coupling the second harmonic to the lower output waveguide 5628 with an insertion loss of 1.0 dB.
- the second harmonic 5617 is reflected at the left end of the substrate with high efficiency by an optical multilayer filter having a high reflectance of 99.99% at a wavelength of 0.78 ⁇ m.
- the second harmonic 5617 is coupled to the PPLN waveguide 5621 where the second harmonic generation and the degenerate parametric amplification are both performed again through the MMI, and propagates in the PPLN waveguide 5621. While propagating through the PPLN waveguide 5621, the second harmonic 5617 is optically mixed with the signal light 5615 combined by the MMI, and the signal light is amplified by degenerate parametric amplification.
- the left two waveguides 5627 and 5628 are formed in different shapes. Specifically, the optical waveguide 5627 for signal light having a wavelength of 1.56 ⁇ m is formed to have a curved portion, and the waveguide 5328 for excitation light (second harmonic) having a wavelength of 0.78 ⁇ m is: It is formed in a straight line. One end face common to the input portions of these two waveguides is determined, and end face processing is performed by cutting out the two waveguides along this end face.
- the end face is processed by adjusting the shape of the output end to a position where the 1.56 ⁇ m signal light waveguide 5627 is inclined with respect to the end face and perpendicular to the 0.78 ⁇ m excitation light waveguide 5638. Apply. Accordingly, the end face of the 1.56 ⁇ m signal light waveguide 5627 can be processed into a shape having an angle of 6 °. Further, at the right end to which the fundamental wave light is input, the end face processing is performed so that the angle becomes 6 ° with respect to the PPLN waveguide, similarly to the left end.
- an antireflection (AR) film 5629 for 1.56 ⁇ m light and a high reflection (HR) film 5630 for 0.78 ⁇ m light were formed by sputtering on the left end.
- antireflection (AR) films 5629 and 5631 for 1.56 ⁇ m and 0.78 ⁇ m light were formed on the right end of the substrate by sputtering in the same manner as the left end. With the above processing, a waveguide end face having a reflection function or a non-reflection function with respect to light having a desired wavelength is realized.
- the parametric amplification operation itself by the non-linear optical medium in the phase sensitive optical amplifier is essentially capable of light amplification with low noise.
- there is the following incidental noise it is conceivable that the noise contained in the pump light itself is converted into the noise of the amplified light by the parametric amplification process.
- the phase modulator 5604 used for phase synchronization is arranged in front of the EDFA 5605, and the incident power to the EDFA is reduced by the insertion loss of the phase modulator.
- a laser amplifier such as an EDFA
- the S / N ratio deteriorates by that amount (see Non-Patent Document 8). If the S / N ratio of the pumping light deteriorates due to the insertion loss of the phase modulator in this way, the noise component is converted to the noise of the amplified light by the parametric amplification process, and low-noise amplification is performed. I can't.
- this noise problem is solved.
- Non-Patent Document 8 when there is a loss in the previous stage of the laser amplifier, the S / N ratio is deteriorated by the loss, whereas in the latter stage of the laser amplifier. If there is a loss, the output will decrease by the amount of the loss, but the S / N ratio will not deteriorate. Therefore, by utilizing this property, in this configuration, the phase modulator 5704 is arranged on the output side from the optical fiber laser amplifier 5705 as shown in FIG.
- the configuration as shown in FIG. 57 cannot be adopted.
- many of the existing phase modulators are made of an optical waveguide in which Ti is diffused in a LiNbO 3 (LN) crystal. Since light damage is significant in the Ti diffusion waveguide, when a large light power is incident, a refractive index change occurs due to a photorefractive effect, which causes a drift phenomenon in which the voltage for obtaining the same phase change amount changes. For this reason, the optical power that can be input to the phase modulator is limited to about +20 dBm.
- phase modulator with a large insertion loss is placed after the laser amplifier, the power of the fundamental wave light is attenuated, so that sufficient pumping light power to produce the optical parametric effect cannot be obtained, resulting in a large amplification factor. Phase sensitive amplification cannot be realized.
- the phase modulator 5704 can be arranged on the output side from the EDFA 5705.
- the S / N ratio of the excitation light can be improved by about 5 dB.
- a gain of about 11 dB could be obtained under the condition that the power of the second harmonic incident on the PPLN waveguide was 300 mW. At this time, the output power of the EDFA was about 1 W, and the input power to the direct junction waveguide was 630 mW. However, even when such high-power light is incident, it is stable without causing a drift phenomenon of the operating voltage. Phase-locking operation can be realized.
- the phase matching wavelength when a high intensity power is incident on the PPLN waveguide, the phase matching wavelength may change due to optical damage caused by the photorefractive effect.
- the phase modulator 5704 used in the configuration shown in FIG. 57 it is manufactured by a direct bonding method which is a method of forming a waveguide having a high optical damage resistance. It is also possible to use second order nonlinear optical devices. It was confirmed that the variation of the phase matching wavelength can be suppressed by using a direct junction waveguide using, as a core, lithium niobate doped with Zn having excellent optical damage resistance. Also, high wavelength conversion efficiency could be realized by reducing the core diameter to about 4 ⁇ m by dry etching.
- FIG. 58 uses a second-order nonlinear optical device that is end-face processed and manufactured by a direct bonding method.
- the difference between the configuration shown in FIG. 58 and the configuration described above is that the phase modulator for synchronizing the signal light and the excitation light is integrated on the same substrate as the nonlinear optical crystal.
- the arrangement is such that phase modulation is performed in the second harmonic folding waveguide of the fundamental light.
- phase modulator 5834 having no periodic polarization inversion structure was integrated on the same substrate on which the PPLN waveguide was formed by the same waveguide formation method as described above.
- an electric field application electrode 5835 is formed on the waveguide to enable phase modulation by the electro-optic (EO) effect.
- this waveguide forming method is excellent in optical damage resistance. Therefore, even when the power of the fundamental light amplified by the EDFA 5805 is increased, the pilot tone for the optical PLL is generated without causing the operating voltage drift phenomenon. Can be applied to the fundamental light.
- the size of the device was successfully reduced by forming the phase modulator electrode on the second harmonic folding waveguide of the excitation light.
- the half-wave drive voltage that is, the voltage required for phase modulation
- the half-wave drive voltage can be halved and greatly reduced by the arrangement employed in the configuration shown in FIG. 58 as compared with the arrangement shown in the first embodiment.
- this second harmonic is efficiently reflected by the end face processing at the left end and again passes through the same phase modulator, the same amount of phase change is added as the amount of phase change in the forward path, so the total phase change is doubled. It becomes. Therefore, due to these synergistic effects, when the phase modulation voltage is constant, the required optical path length, that is, the length of the phase modulation section can be significantly reduced.
- the waveguide of the phase modulation unit is designed to be single mode at a fundamental wavelength of 1.54 ⁇ m, like the PPLN waveguide unit, so that the multimode is used at the second harmonic wavelength of 0.77 ⁇ m.
- the second harmonic generated in the PPLN part propagates only in the fundamental mode due to restrictions due to the phase matching condition, it is stable even in a simple waveguide having the same waveguide design for the PPLN part and the phase modulation part. It was possible to obtain a phase synchronization operation.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 59 uses a second-order nonlinear optical device that is end-face processed and manufactured by a direct bonding method, and integrates a phase modulator for synchronizing signal light and excitation light on the same substrate as the nonlinear optical crystal. Is the same as the configuration shown in FIG.
- phase modulator 5934 for synchronizing the signal light and the pumping light converts the signal light into the signal light waveguide in the integrated second-order nonlinear optical device.
- the arrangement is such that phase modulation is performed.
- the arrangement in which the optical PLL phase modulator functions with respect to the pumping light is adopted.
- the arrangement in which the phase modulator functions with respect to the signal light as shown in FIG. Even if it is taken, phase synchronization can be realized in exactly the same way.
- phase sensitive optical amplifying device When a phase sensitive optical amplifying device is configured by inserting a commercially available phase modulator on the signal light side, the influence of the insertion loss of the phase modulator is relatively large, and the signal light is transmitted before reaching the degenerate parametric conversion (DPA) section. It will attenuate. Therefore, the S / N ratio deterioration of the amplifier is inevitable.
- DPA degenerate parametric conversion
- the function of phase modulation for signal light is integrated in the same substrate. With the configuration shown in FIG. 59, the S / N ratio was improved by 3 dB compared to the case where a commercially available phase modulator was inserted on the signal light side.
- the same configuration as that of the first embodiment, that is, the amplification method is a degenerate parametric method
- the excitation light is the second harmonic from the fundamental wave light
- the fundamental wave light for phase synchronization.
- the light directly branched from the signal light is used, and the phase synchronization means from the modulated optical signal is not used.
- the non-degenerate parametric method described in the seventh to ninth embodiments may be adopted.
- two different wavelengths are used as the excitation light.
- a method of generating the sum frequency of As a method of generating the fundamental light for phase synchronization, a method of sending a pilot tone signal separately from the signal light as described in the third embodiment may be used.
- a method of extracting and restoring a carrier wave signal from modulated signal light as described in the embodiment may be used.
- a phase synchronization method a phase synchronization method that performs feedback with excitation light as described in the eleventh embodiment may be used.
- Phase-sensitive light amplification unit 102
- Excitation light source 103
- Excitation light transfer control units 104-1 and 104-2
- Optical branching unit 110
- Input signal light 111
- Output signal light 201
- Laser light source 202
- OPA crystal 210
- Signal light 211
- Pumping light phase synchronization means 402 Erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 403
- Optical fiber 404 Filter 410 Input signal light 411-1, 411-2 Excitation light 412 Output signal light 501
- Optical fiber amplifier 601 Erbium-doped fiber laser amplifier (EDFA) 602-1, 602-2 Second-order nonlinear optical elements 603-1, 603-2
- Optical branching section 604 Bandpass filters 605-1, 605-2 PPLN waveguides 606-1, 606-2, 606-3 Dichroic mirror 607 Polarization maintaining fiber 608 Photodet
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Abstract
Description
Δφ=1/2φSH-1/2(φS+φi)=nπ(ただし、nは整数) (式2)
図6に本実施形態の構成を示す。本実施形態では、光通信に用いられる微弱なレーザー光から非線形光学効果を得るのに十分なパワーを得るために、ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)601を用いて、基本波光621を増幅する。増幅した基本波光621を第1の二次非線形光学素子602-1に入射して第二高調波622を発生させる。第2の二次非線形光学素子602-2に信号光620と第二高調波622とを入射して縮退パラメトリック増幅を行うことで、位相感応増幅を行う。斯かる位相感応光増幅装置の構成が、本願発明の基本的な特徴である。
図9に本実施形態の構成を示す。本発明に係る位相感応光増幅器の有する波形整形効果を利用することで、チャープを持つような変調器を用いてもチャープを除去して信号を送り出すことができる。外部共振器型の半導体LD(ECL)930からの出力を電界吸収型(EA)変調器を用いて40Gb/sの変調速度でNRZ強度変調を施した後、第1の実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器と同様の位相感応光増幅器により変調信号を増幅し、送信器を構成した。
図12に本実施形態の構成を示す。データ変調の施された信号光1240が光ファイバ等の伝送媒質を伝搬し信号が送られる。その際、伝送媒体における光強度の損失を補償するために光増幅器を行う中継増幅器として本位相感応光増幅器を用いる場合の構成例が、図12に示されている。
第3の実施形態においては、光通信における中継器に用いることを目的として、あらかじめ変調された信号光を位相感応増幅する場合の実施形態を示した。しかし、第3の実施形態の構成では、位相同期を行うためのパイロットトーンが変調信号光と直交する偏波を用いているため、パイロットトーン側の偏波方向には別の光信号を載せることが出来ないという課題がある。本実施形態では、この課題を解決するための構成を説明する。
(1)第1の構成
位相感応光増幅器を光信号送信器の直後に配置するような、信号光を発生する光源が位相感応光増幅部の近くに配置されている場合は、信号光用光源からの光を分岐して基本波光として用いることができる。しかしながら、光伝送における中継増幅器として位相感応光増幅器を用いる場合には、光変調が施されている信号光から平均的な位相を抽出し、信号の搬送波位相と同期した基本波光を生成する必要がある。従って、増幅器を、実際の光伝送における中継増幅器として用いる場合は、この搬送波位相の抽出手段を含めた位相感応光増幅器を構成することが重要となる。
次に、第5の実施形態の別構成(第2の構成)について説明する。図22に本実施形態の第2の構成を示す。
次に、第5の実施形態のさらに別の構成(第3の構成とした)について説明する。図23に本実施形態の第3の構成を示す。
上述の第3乃至第5の実施形態においては、位相感応光増幅器を中継器として用いる場合の実施形態について説明した。本実施形態では、位相感応光増幅器を受信器として用いる場合、より具体的には、受信器における初段増幅器として用いる場合の構成とその効果について述べる。
[1]第1の分散:第1の出力成分(増幅された信号光)のショット雑音
[2]第2の分散:第2の出力成分(パラメトリック蛍光がレーザー増幅器で増幅された光)のショット雑音
[3]第3の分散:第3の出力成分(レーザー増幅器が発生するASE光)のショット雑音
[4]第4の分散:第1の出力成分と第2の出力成分とのビート雑音
[5]第5の分散:第1の出力成分と第3の出力成分とのビート雑音
[6]第6の分散:第2の出力成分と第3の出力成分とのビート雑音
[7]第7の分散:第2の出力成分同士のビート雑音
[8]第8の分散:第3の出力成分同士のビート雑音
図28Aおよび図28Bは、本発明の第7の実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器の説明図である。図28Bに示すように、本実施形態では、光通信に用いられる微弱なレーザー光から非線形光学効果を得るのに十分なパワーを得るために、ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)2801を用いて、基本波光2821を増幅する。増幅した基本波光を第1の二次非線形光学素子2802-1に入射して第二高調波2822を発生させる。第2の二次非線形光学素子2802-2に信号光2820と第二高調波2822とを入射して縮退パラメトリック増幅を行うことで、位相感応増幅を行う。
図35に本発明の第8の実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器の構成を示す。単一波長光源3501に1.54μmのCW光を用い、変調器3503を用いて励起光の2倍の波長に相当する光周波数を中心として同じ光周波数差だけ対称に離れた信号光の対(s+1とs-1、s+2とs-2、s+3とs-3、s+4とs-4、以下同様)を持つ光コムを生成する。
位相感応光増幅器を光信号の送信器直後に用いるような、信号光を発生する光源が位相感応光増幅部の近くに配置されている場合は、信号光用光源の一部を分岐して基本波光として用いることができる。しかしながら、光伝送における中継増幅器や受信端での前置増幅器として位相感応光増幅器を用いる場合には、位相同期手段を用いて位相感応光増幅装置内の励起光位相と信号光位相とを(式1)の関係を満たすように同期させる必要がある。位相同期手段として、中心波長信号を用いた本発明の第9の実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器の構成を図40に示す。
図41に本実施形態の構成を示す。本実施形態では、第1の実施形態と同様に1.54μmの信号を増幅するように装置を構成した。2つのPPLN導波路4105-1,4105-2を用いて、第二高調波4122を発生させ縮退パラメトリック増幅を行う点は第1の実施形態と同じである。相違点は、基本波光4121から第二高調波4122を分離する方式および第二高調波4122と信号光4120とを合波する方式である。
本実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器の基本的な構成を図42に示す。この光増幅器は、位相感応光増幅部4201と、励起光源4202と、励起光位相制御部4203と、2つの光分岐部4204-1、4204-2とから構成される。この光増幅器は、位相感応光増幅部4201における信号光と励起光の位相が上述の(式1)の関係を満たすと入力信号光4210は増幅され、両者の位相が(式1)の関係より90度ずれた直交位相関係になると、入力信号光4210は減衰する特性を有する。この特性を利用して増幅利得が最大となるように励起光―信号光間の位相を同期させると、信号光と直交位相の自然放出光を発生させずに、つまりS/N比を劣化させずに信号光を増幅することができる。本実施形態が第1の実施形態と異なる点は、後述するように、主として位相同期を達成する方法にある。
図6を用いて説明したように、第1の実施形態により簡便な構成で位相感応増幅を実現することができる。しかしながら、第1の実施形態には以下に述べるような問題点がある。再び図6を用いて説明する。
図53に本実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器を含んだ光受信装置の構成を示す。本実施形態では、第6の実施形態と同様に1.54μmの信号を増幅するように装置を構成した。2つのPPLN導波路を用いること、第二高調波を発生し縮退パラメトリック増幅を行うこと、位相変調器を用いた光位相同期ループ回路(PLL)による位相同期を行う点は、第6の実施形態と同じである(図24を参照)。
図55に本実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器の構成を示す。本実施形態は、第12の実施形態と同様に、1.54μmの信号5520を増幅するように装置を構成した(図52を参照)。2つのPPLN導波路5505-1,5505-2を用いること、第二高調波5522を発生させて縮退パラメトリック増幅を行うことも、第12の実施形態と同じである。
本実施形態に係る位相感応光増幅器の構成の一例について図56を参照しながら説明する。図56に示すような増幅器の構成とする目的は、従来技術において問題であった、第二高調波発生(SHG)用PPLNと、信号光及び第二高調波の合分波器と、縮退パラメトリック増幅(DPA)用PPLNとを同一基板上に集積した場合に避けられなかった基板サイズの増大を防ぐことである。
102 励起光源
103 励起光移送制御部
104-1,104-2 光分岐部
110 入力信号光
111 励起光
112 出力信号光
201 レーザー光源
202 SHG結晶
203 OPA結晶
210 信号光
211 励起光
401 励起光位相同期手段
402 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
403 光ファイバ
404 フィルタ
410 入力信号光
411-1,411-2 励起光
412 出力信号光
501 第1の光ファイバ
502 第2の光ファイバ
503 光ファイバ増幅器
601 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
602-1,602-2 二次非線形光学素子
603-1,603-2 光分岐部
604 バンドパスフィルタ
605-1,605-2 PPLN導波路
606-1,606-2,606-3 ダイクロイックミラー
607 偏波保持ファイバ
608 光検出器
609 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
610 位相変調器
611 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
620 信号光
621 基本波光
622 第二高調波
623 励起光
624 強度変調器
701 信号光
702-1,702-2 励起光
703 ASE光
704 基本波光
705 第二高調波
901-1,901-2 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
902-1,902-2,903-3 二次非線形光学素子
903-1,903-2 光分岐部
904-1,904-2 バンドパスフィルタ
905-1,905-2 PPLN導波路
906-1,906-2,906-3,906-4 ダイクロイックミラー
907 シングルモードファイバ
908 光検出器(フォトダイオード)
909 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
910 位相変調器
911 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
912 アッテネータ
922 第二高調波
930 外部共振器型の半導体LD(ECL)
931 電界吸収型(EA)変調器
932 パルスパターン発生器(PPG)
933 フォトダイオード
934 リミティングアンプ
935 クロックデータリカバリ(CDR)回路
936 誤り検出器(ED)
1201 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
1202-1,1202-2 二次非線形光学素子
1203 光分岐部
1204 バンドパスフィルタ
1206-1,1206-2,1206-3,1206-4 ダイクロイックミラー
1208 光検出器(フォトダイオード)
1209 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
1210 変調器
1211 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
1212 アッテネータ
1213 サーキュレータ
1214 光源
1230 偏波コントローラ
1231 偏光ビームスプリッタ(PBS)
1240 変調信号光
1241 増幅信号光
1300 外部共振器型の半導体レーザー
1301 光分岐器
1302 LNマッハツェンダー変調器
1303 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
1304 偏光子
1305 偏光ビームスプリッタ(PBS)
1310 変調信号光
1501 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
1502-1,1502-2 二次非線形光学素子
1503-1,1503-2 光分岐部
1505-1,1505-2 PPLN導波路
1506-1,1506-2,1506-3 ダイクロイックミラー
1508 光検出器
1509 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
1512 半導体レーザー
1513 半導体光増幅器
1520 信号光
1522 第二高調波
1601-1,1601-2 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
1602-1,1602-2,1602-3 二次非線形光学素子
1603-1,1603-2,1603-3,1603-4 光分岐部
1604 バンドパスフィルタ
1605-1,1605-2,1605-3 PPLN導波路
1606-1,1606-2,1606-3,1606-4 ダイクロイックミラー
1608 光検出器(フォトダイオード)
1609 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
1610 位相変調器
1611 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
1612 波長合分波器
1613 光サーキュレータ
1630 偏波コントローラ
1631 外部キャビティレーザー
1632 半導体レーザー
1633 PM-VOA
1634 アイソレータ
1640 入力信号光
1641-1,1641-2 基本波光
1642 基本波光
1701 信号光
1702-1,1702-2 基本波光
1703 ASE光
1704 和周波光
1801 信号光
1802 第1の基本波光
1803 第2の基本波光
1804 和周波光
1805 第二高調波
2201-1,2201-2 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
2202-1,2202-2,2202-3 二次非線形光学素子
2203-1,2203-2,2203-3 光分岐部
2204 バンドパスフィルタ
2205-1,2205-2,2205-3 PPLN導波路
2206-1,2206-2,2206-3 ダイクロイックミラー
2208 光検出器(フォトダイオード)
2210 位相変調器
2212 波長合分波器
2213 光サーキュレータ
2214 ミラー
2230 偏波コントローラ
2231 外部キャビティレーザー
2232 半導体レーザー
2240 入力信号光
2301-1,2301-2 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
2302-1,2302-2,2302-3,2302-4 二次非線形光学素子
2303-1,2303-2,2303-3 光分岐部
2304-1,2304-2 バンドパスフィルタ
2305-1,2305-2,2305-3,2305-4 PPLN導波路
2306-1,2306-2,2306-3,2306-4,2306-5,2306-6,2306-7 ダイクロイックミラー
2308 光検出器(フォトダイオード)
2309 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
2310 位相変調器
2311 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
2312 波長合分波器
2313 光サーキュレータ
2315 アイソレータ
2330 偏波コントローラ
2331 外部キャビティレーザー
2332 半導体レーザー
2333 PM-VOA
2340 入力信号光
2401-1,2401-2 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
2402-1,2402-2 二次非線形光学素子
2403 光分岐部
2404-1,2404-2 バンドパスフィルタ
2405-1,2405-2 PPLN導波路
2406-1,2406-2,2406-3 ダイクロイックミラー
2407 偏波保持ファイバ
2408-1、2408-2 光検出器
2409 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
2410 位相変調器
2411 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
2412 リミティングアンプ
2413 識別器
2420,2423 信号光
2421 基本波光
2422 第二高調波
2801 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
2802-1,2802-2 二次非線形光学素子
2803 光分岐部
2804 バンドパスフィルタ
2805-1,2805-2 PPLN導波路
2806-1,2806-2,2806-3 ダイクロイックミラー
2807 偏波保持ファイバ
2808 光検出器
2809 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
2810 位相変調器
2811 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
2820 信号光
2821 基本波光
2822 第二高調波
2901 信号光
2902 励起光
2903 ASE光
2904 副次的な変換光
3001 信号光
3002 基本波光
3003 ASE光
3004 第二高調波(SH光)
3301 単一波長光源
3302 光分岐部
3303 光変調器
3304 パターン発生器
3305 LN変調器
3306 EDFA
3307 光分岐部
3501 単一波長光源
3502 光分岐部
3503 変調器
3504 分波器
3505 光変調器
3506 合波器
3507 EDFA
3508 位相変調器
3601 単一波長光源
3602 光分岐部
3603 変調器
3604 分波器
3605 光変調器
3606 合波器
3607 EDFA
3608 位相変調器
3701 単一波長光源
3702 光分岐部
3703 変調器
3704 分波器
3705 光変調器
3706 合波器
3707 EDFA
3708 位相変調器
3901 単一波長光源
3902 光分岐部
3903 変調器
3904 EDFA
3905 位相変調器
3906 分波器
3907 光変調器
3908 合波器
4001 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4002-1,4002-2 二次非線形光学素子
4003 光分岐部
4004 バンドパスフィルタ
4005-1,4005-2 PPLN導波路
4006 ダイクロイックミラー
4007 光検出器
4008 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4009 位相変調器
4010 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
4011 アッテネータ
4012 サーキュレータ
4013 励起光源(半導体レーザー)
4020 偏波コントローラ
4021 中心波長分離フィルタ
4022 分散補償(調整)媒質
4030 信号光
4031 増幅された信号光
4101 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4102-1,4102-2 二次非線形光学素子
4103-1,4103-2 光分岐部
4105-1,4105-2 PPLN導波路
4106-1,4106-2,4106-3 ダイクロイックミラー
4107 偏波保持ファイバ
4108 光検出器
4109 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4110 位相変調器
4111 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
4120 信号光
4121 基本波光
4122 第二高調波
4201 位相感応光増幅部
4202 励起光源
4203 励起光位相制御部
4204-1、4204-2 光分岐部
4210 入力信号光
4211 励起光
4212 出力信号光
4213 第二高調波
4401 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4402-1,4402-2 二次非線形光学素子
4403 光分岐部
4404 バンドパスフィルタ
4405-1,4405-2 PPLN導波路
4406-1,4406-2,4406-3 ダイクロイックミラー
4407 偏波保持ファイバ
4408 光検出器
4409 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4410 位相変調器
4411 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
4420 信号光
4421 基本波光
4422 第二高調波
4424 データ信号用変調器
4425 ハイパスフィルタ
4501 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4502-1,4502-2 二次非線形光学素子
4503 光分岐部
4504 バンドパスフィルタ
4505-1,4505-2 PPLN導波路
4506-1,4506-2 ダイクロイックミラー
4507 偏波保持ファイバ
4508 光検出器
4509 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4510 位相変調器
4511 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
4520 信号光
4521 基本波光
4522 第二高調波
4523 増幅された信号光
4524 データ信号用変調器
4526 MMI型光合分波器
4601 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4602-1,4602-2 二次非線形光学素子
4603 光分岐部
4605-1,4605-2 PPLN導波路
4606-1,4606-2,4606-3 ダイクロイックミラー
4607 偏波保持ファイバ
4608 光検出器
4609 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4610 位相変調器
4611 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
4620 信号光
4621 基本波光
4622 第二高調波
4623 増幅された信号光
4701 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4702-1,4702-2 二次非線形光学素子
4703 光分岐部
4705-1,4705-2 PPLN導波路
4706-1,4706-2,4706-3 ダイクロイックミラー
4708 光検出器
4709 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4712 半導体レーザー
4713 半導体光増幅器
4720 信号光
4722 第二高調波
4723 増幅された信号光
4801 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4802-1,4802-2 二次非線形光学素子
4803-1,4803-2 光分岐部
4805-1,4805-2 PPLN導波路
4806-1,4806-2,4806-3 ダイクロイックミラー
4807 偏波保持ファイバ
4808 光検出器
4809 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4810 位相変調器
4811 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
4820 入力信号光
4821 基本波光
4822 第二高調波
4823 出力信号光
4901 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
4902-1,4902-2 二次非線形光学素子
4903-1,4903-2 光分岐部
4905-1,4905-2 PPLN導波路
4906-1,4906-2,4906-3 ダイクロイックミラー
4907 偏波保持ファイバ
4908 光検出器
4909 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
4910 位相変調器
4911 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
4920 入力信号光
4921 基本波光
4922 第二高調波
4923 出力信号光
5001 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5002-1,5002-2 二次非線形光学素子
5003-1,5003-2 光分岐部
5005-1,5005-2 PPLN導波路
5006-1,5006-2 ダイクロイックミラー
5008 光検出器
5009 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5010 位相変調器
5011 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
5012 MMI
5020 入力信号光
5021 基本波光
5022 第二高調波
5023 出力信号光
5101 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5102-1,5102-2 二次非線形光学素子
5103-1,5103-2 光分岐部
5105-1,5105-2 PPLN導波路
5106-1,5106-2 ダイクロイックミラー
5108 光検出器
5109 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5110 位相変調器
5111 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
5112 MMI
5120 入力信号光
5121 基本波光
5122 第二高調波
5123 出力信号光
5201 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5202-1,5202-2 二次非線形光学素子
5203-1,5203-2 光分岐部
5205-1,5205-2 PPLN導波路
5206 ダイクロイックミラー
5208 光検出器
5209 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5210 位相変調器
5211 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
5212 MMI
5220 入力信号光
5221 基本波光
5222 第二高調波
5223 出力信号
5301-1、5301-2 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5302-1、5302-2 二次非線形光学素子
5303 光分岐部
5304-1,5304-2 バンドパスフィルタ
5305-1,5305-2 PPLN導波路
5306-1,5306-2,5306-3 ダイクロイックミラー
5307 偏波保持ファイバ
5308 光検出器
5309 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5310 位相変調器
5311 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
5312 リミティングアンプ
5313 識別器
5314 遅延干渉計
5315 バランスドPD
5320 信号光
5321 基本波光
5322 第二高調波
5501 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5502 二次非線形光学素子
5503-1,5503-2 光分岐部
5505-1,5505-2 PPLN導波路
5506 ダイクロイックミラー
5508 光検出器
5509 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5510 位相変調器
5511 PZTによる光ファイバ伸長器
5512 MMI
5520 入力信号光
5521 基本波光
5522 第二高調波
5523 出力信号光
5603,5609 カップラ
5604 位相変調器
5605 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5606 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5607 光検出器
5615 信号光
5616 基本波光
5617 第二高調波
5618 増幅された基本波光
5619 出力光
5620 LiNbO3基板
5621 PPLN導波路
5622 マルチモード干渉計(MMI)
5623 光アイソレータ
5624 光ファイバ伸長器
5625 光サーキュレータ
5626 ローパスフィルタ
5627 信号光用導波路
5628 励起光(第二高調波)用導波路
5629 信号光波長帯反射防止用光学薄膜
5630 第二高調波波長帯反射用光学薄膜
5631 第二高調波波長帯反射防止用光学薄膜
5632,5633 LN基板端面
5635 電界印加用電極
5703,5709 カップラ
5704 位相変調器
5705 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5706 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5707 光検出器
5715 信号光
5716 基本波光
5717 第二高調波
5718 増幅された基本波光
5719 出力光
5720 LiNbO3基板
5721 PPLN導波路
5722 マルチモード干渉計(MMI)
5723 光アイソレータ
5724 光ファイバ伸長器
5725 光サーキュレータ
5726 ローパスフィルタ
5735 電界印加用電極
5803,5809 カップラ
5805 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5806 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5807 光検出器
5815 信号光
5816 基本波光
5817 第二高調波
5818 増幅された基本波光
5819 出力光
5820 LiNbO3基板
5821 PPLN導波路
5822 マルチモード干渉計(MMI)
5823 光アイソレータ
5824 光ファイバ伸長器
5825 光サーキュレータ
5826 ローパスフィルタ
5834 直接接合LiNbO3リッジ導波路を用いた位相変調器
5835 電界印加用電極
5903,5909 カップラ
5905 エルビウム添加ファイバレーザー増幅器(EDFA)
5906 位相同期ループ回路(PLL)
5907 光検出器
5915 信号光
5916 基本波光
5917 第二高調波
5918 増幅された基本波光
5919 出力光
5920 LiNbO3基板
5921 PPLN導波路
5922 マルチモード干渉計(MMI)
5923 光アイソレータ
5924 光ファイバ伸長器
5925 光サーキュレータ
5926 ローパスフィルタ
5934 位相変調器
5935 電界印加用電極
Claims (29)
- 非線形光学効果を用いた光混合によって信号光を増幅する位相感応型光増幅装置であって、
基本波光を増幅する光ファイバレーザー増幅器と、
周期的に分極反転された二次非線形光学材料から成る、該基本波光から和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子と、
該基本波光と、該和周波光とから該和周波光のみを分離するフィルタと、
該信号光と、励起光である該和周波光とを合波する合波器と、
周期的に分極反転された二次非線形光学材料から成る、該励起光を用いて該信号光のパラメトリック増幅を行うための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子と、
増幅された該信号光と、該励起光とを分離するフィルタと、
該信号光の位相と、該励起光の位相とを同期する手段と
を備えたことを特徴とする位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記和周波光は、第二高調波であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記パラメトリック増幅は、縮退パラメトリック増幅であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記パラメトリック増幅は、非縮退パラメトリック増幅であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記信号光は、前記励起光である前記和周波光の半分の光周波数を中心として対称関係にありかつ同一のまたは反転した位相情報を持つ、1または複数の信号光の対から成ることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記信号光の位相と、前記励起光の位相とを同期する手段は、
位相変調器および光学長の伸長器と、
前記増幅された信号光の一部または前記励起光の一部を分岐する手段と、
該位相変調器によって変調された位相変化に対応した該分岐する手段により分岐された光の強度変化の検出手段と、
該検出手段によって検出した光の強度変化をもとに該位相変調器及び該光学長の伸長器に前記増幅された信号光の強度を最大化するように帰還を行う位相同期ループ回路と
から構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記信号光の位相と、前記励起光の位相とを同期する手段は、
前記基本波光を発生する半導体レーザーもしくは前記基本波光または前記励起光に位相同期している光を発生する半導体レーザーと、
前記増幅された信号光の一部または前記励起光の一部を分岐する手段と、
該分岐する手段により分岐された光の強度変化の検出手段と、
該検出手段によって検出した光の強度変化をもとに前記増幅された信号光の強度を最大化するように、前記基本波光を発生する半導体レーザーもしくは前記基本波光または前記励起光に位相同期している光を発生する半導体レーザーの駆動電流に帰還を行う位相同期ループ回路と
から構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記信号光は、連続波光のパイロットトーンをさらに備え、
前記位相感応型光増幅装置は、前記信号光の一部を分岐する手段と、半導体レーザー光源とをさらに備え、
該半導体レーザー光源は、該連続波光のパイロットトーンにより光注入同期され、
注入光に位相同期した、該半導体レーザー光源から出力された連続光は、前記基本波光として用いられることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記信号光の一部を分岐する手段と、半導体レーザー光源とをさらに備え、
該半導体レーザー光源は、前記和周波光のみを分離するフィルタから出力された前記和周波光により光注入同期され、
注入光に位相同期した、該半導体レーザー光源から出力された連続光は、前記励起光として用いられることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記信号光の一部を分岐する手段と、
半導体レーザー光源と、
第1の基本波光を発生させるための光源と、
周期的に分極反転された二次非線形光学材料から成る、前記信号光の第二高調波を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子と、
周期的に分極反転された二次非線形光学材料から成る、発生させた該第二高調波と該第1の基本波光との間の差周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子と
をさらに備え、
該半導体レーザーは、発生させた該差周波光により注入同期され、注入光に位相同期した、該半導体レーザー光源から出力された連続光を第2の基本波光とし、該第1の基本波光と該第2の基本波光とを用いて、前記基本波光から和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子によって、前記和周波光を発生させることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記信号光の一部を分岐する手段と、
半導体レーザー光源と、
第1の基本波光を発生させるための光源と、
周期的に分極反転された二次非線形光学材料から成る、前記信号光の第二高調波を発生させるためのかつ発生させた該第二高調波と該第1の基本波光との間の差周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子と
をさらに備え、
発生させた該差周波光を該半導体レーザーに注入同期し、注入光に位相同期した、該半導体レーザー光源から出力された連続光を第2の基本波光とし、該第1の基本波光と該第2の基本波光とを用いて、前記基本波光から和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子によって、前記和周波光を発生させることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記基本波光と、前記和周波光から前記和周波光のみを分離するフィルタは、誘電体膜を用いたダイクロイックミラーまたはマルチモード干渉を用いた光分波素子であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記信号光と、前記励起光である前記和周波光とを合波する合波器は、誘電体膜を用いたダイクロイックミラーまたはマルチモード干渉を用いた光合波素子であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記増幅された信号光と、前記励起光とを分離するフィルタは、誘電体膜を用いたダイクロイックミラーまたはマルチモード干渉を用いた光分波素子であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記和周波光は、前記和周波光の波長においてシングルモードの偏波保持ファイバで伝送されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- バンドパスフィルタを、前記光ファイバレーザー増幅器と前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子との間にさらに備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子と、前記パラメトリック増幅を行うための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子とは、個別に温度調整可能であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置と、フォトダイオードとから構成された光受信装置であって、
前記位相感応型光増幅装置は、前記位相感応型光増幅装置に従属接続された光ファイバレーザー増幅器と、前記増幅された信号光の近傍の波長を透過するバンドパスフィルタとをさらに備えたことを特徴とする光受信装置。 - 請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置と、前記信号光を生成する光源と、光変調器と、該光源からの出力の一部を分岐する手段とから構成された光送信装置であって、分岐された該光源からの出力の一部を前記基本波光として用いることを特徴とする光送信装置。
- 前記光ファイバレーザー増幅器よりも出力側に、位相変調器をさらに備え、
前記位相変調器は、直接接合法により作製された光導波路からなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 位相変調器をさらに備え、前記位相変調器は、前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子に集積され、
前記位相変調器は、前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路と同一導波路上に隣接して形成され、前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路の前段または後段に接続されたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 位相変調器をさらに備え、
前記位相変調器と、前記基本波光と、和周波光とから和周波光のみを分離するフィルタと、前記信号光と励起光とを合波する合波器とは、前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子に集積され、
該フィルタと、該合波器とは、該光導波路と同一導波路上に隣接して形成され、
該位相変調器は、該合波器の前段に接続され、
該フィルタは、該合波器の前段に接続され、
前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路は、該フィルタおよび該合波器の前段に接続されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 位相変調器をさらに備え、
前記位相変調器と、前記基本波光と、和周波光とから和周波光のみを分離するフィルタと、前記信号光と励起光とを合波する合波器とは、前記パラメトリック増幅を行うための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子に集積され、
前記位相変調器と、前記合波器とは、該光導波路と同一導波路上に隣接して形成され、
該フィルタは、前記合波器の前段に接続され、
該光導波路は、前記合波器の後段に接続され、
前記位相変調器は、前記合波器の前段に接続されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 位相変調器をさらに備え、
前記位相変調器と、前記基本波光と和周波光とから和周波光のみを分離するフィルタと、前記信号光と励起光とを合波する合波器とは、前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子に集積され、
集積された該和周波光を発生させるための二次非線形光学素子および前記パラメトリック増幅を行うための二次非線形光学素子は、一つの光学素子として一体化され、
前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路と、前記基本波光と和周波光とから和周波光のみを分離するフィルタと、前記信号光と励起光とを合波する合波器と、前記パラメトリック増幅を行うための光導波路とは、同一導波路上に隣接して形成され、
前記位相変調器は、前記信号光と励起光とを合波する合波器の前段に接続され、
前記基本波光と和周波光とから和周波光のみを分離するフィルタは、前記合波器の前段に接続され、
前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路は、前記基本波光と和周波光とから和周波光のみを分離するフィルタおよび前記合波器の前段に接続され、
前記パラメトリック増幅を行うための光導波路は、前記合波器の後段に接続されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 位相変調器と、
前記和周波光を反射する手段と、
前記基本波光から和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子に、前記基本波光を入射し、かつ前記増幅された信号光を透過する光サーキュレータと、
前記信号光の入力、および前記基本波光と和周波光から和周波光のみを分離するフィルタにより分離された該基本波光の出力に用いられる第1の光導波路と、
該反射手段と前記合波器とを接続する第2の光導波路と
をさらに備え、
該フィルタと該合波器と該第1の光導波路および該第2の光導波路とは、該和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子に集積され、
該基本波光から和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた該二次非線形光学素子の前記光導波路と、前記励起光を用いて信号光のパラメトリック増幅を行うための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子の前記光導波路とは、共用され、
該フィルタと該合波器とは、共用され、
該共用された光導波路と該共用された合波器と該第2の光導波路とは、同一導波路上に隣接して形成され、
該共用された光導波路と該第1の光導波路と該第2の光導波路とは、該合波器に接続されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。 - 前記第1の光導波路の前記合波器に接続された接面とは反対側の断面が、該第1の光導波路の軸と0°より大きく90°未満の角度をなすように切断され、前記共用された光導波路の少なくとも1つの入出力端部が該共用された光導波路の軸と0°より大きく90°未満の角度をなすように端面処理されていることを特徴とする請求項25に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記位相変調器は、前記基本波から和周波光を発生させるための光導波路を備えた二次非線形光学素子に集積され、該位相変調器は前記合波器と同一導波路上に隣接して形成されていることを特徴とする請求項25に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記周期的に分極反転された二次非線形光学材料は、LiNbO3、KNbO3、LiTaO3、LiNbxTa1-xO3(0≦x≦1)、KTiOPO4、または、それらにMg、Zn、Fe、Sc、Inからなる群から選ばれた少なくとも一種を添加物として含有していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
- 前記和周波光を発生させるための光導波路と、前記パラメトリック増幅を行うための光導波路は、非線形光学効果を有する第一の基板と、第一の基板に比べ屈折率の小さい第二の基板とを直接貼り合わせることによって作製された直接接合光導波路であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の位相感応型光増幅装置。
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CN103403616A (zh) | 2013-11-20 |
US9065243B2 (en) | 2015-06-23 |
EP2672318A1 (en) | 2013-12-11 |
JP2015165316A (ja) | 2015-09-17 |
JP5856083B2 (ja) | 2016-02-09 |
CN103403616B (zh) | 2016-05-18 |
EP2672318B1 (en) | 2017-08-23 |
US20150036210A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
JPWO2012098911A1 (ja) | 2014-06-09 |
JP5883974B2 (ja) | 2016-03-15 |
EP2672318A4 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
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