WO2012098606A1 - 燃料電池用膜電極接合体およびそれを用いた燃料電池 - Google Patents
燃料電池用膜電極接合体およびそれを用いた燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012098606A1 WO2012098606A1 PCT/JP2011/006336 JP2011006336W WO2012098606A1 WO 2012098606 A1 WO2012098606 A1 WO 2012098606A1 JP 2011006336 W JP2011006336 W JP 2011006336W WO 2012098606 A1 WO2012098606 A1 WO 2012098606A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0239—Organic resins; Organic polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
- H01M8/0245—Composites in the form of layered or coated products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell including an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed therebetween, and more particularly to improvement of a diffusion layer included in the anode and the cathode.
- the MEA includes an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed therebetween.
- the anode and the cathode each include a catalyst layer and a diffusion layer.
- Fuel and water are supplied to the anode, and oxidant gas (oxygen gas, air, etc.) is supplied to the cathode.
- oxidant gas oxygen gas, air, etc.
- the fuel and water react to produce carbon dioxide, protons and electrons.
- Protons pass through the electrolyte membrane and reach the cathode, and electrons reach the cathode via an external circuit.
- oxygen, protons and electrons react to produce water.
- Patent Document 1 proposes that a porous composite layer having water repellency is formed on the surface of a conductive porous substrate on which a cathode diffusion layer is formed.
- Patent Document 1 includes a fluoropolymer, for example, a copolymer having a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a propylene unit, a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit. Yes.
- a fluoropolymer for example, a copolymer having a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a propylene unit, a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit.
- an object of the present invention is to improve the interfacial bondability between a porous composite layer having water repellency and at least one of an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer in a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell.
- a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly includes an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the anode, an anode catalyst layer in which the anode is disposed on one main surface of the electrolyte membrane, and An anode diffusion layer laminated on the anode catalyst layer is included, and a cathode includes a cathode catalyst layer disposed on the other main surface of the electrolyte membrane and a cathode diffusion layer laminated on the cathode catalyst layer.
- the porous composite layer contains the first water-repellent resin material, it has a small critical surface tension and water repellency.
- the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer are relatively hydrophilic. Therefore, the interfacial bondability between the porous composite layer and the anode catalyst layer or the cathode catalyst layer tends to be insufficient. Therefore, in the present invention, the reforming layer is formed on the anode catalyst layer side or the cathode catalyst layer side of the porous composite layer included in at least one of the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer.
- the modified layer includes a needle-like second water-repellent resin material. That is, the acicular second water-repellent resin material is disposed as a modified layer between the porous composite layer and at least one of the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer.
- the needle shape is, for example, a short fiber shape and a shape having a major axis and a minor axis.
- the porous composite layer and the anode diffusion layer or the cathode diffusion layer are not separated by the modified layer, and at least a part thereof is in direct contact.
- the bonding between the porous composite layer and the anode diffusion layer or the cathode diffusion layer is assisted by the modified layer, thereby improving the interfacial bonding between them.
- the porous composite layer and the anode catalyst layer or the cathode catalyst layer it becomes difficult for the porous composite layer and the anode catalyst layer or the cathode catalyst layer to peel off, and an increase in internal resistance can be suppressed.
- the cathode catalyst layer since it is difficult for a space to be formed between the cathode catalyst layer and the porous composite layer, the generated water is less likely to stay, and a reduction in oxidant gas diffusibility can be suppressed.
- the anode catalyst layer since a space is hardly generated between the anode catalyst layer and the porous composite layer, the fuel diffusion uniformity is improved.
- the cathode 12 includes a cathode catalyst layer 18 disposed on the other main surface of the electrolyte membrane 10 and a cathode diffusion layer 19 laminated on the cathode catalyst layer 18.
- the cathode diffusion layer 19 is disposed on the conductive porous substrate, the porous composite layer disposed on the cathode catalyst layer 18 side of the conductive porous substrate, and the cathode catalyst layer 18 side of the porous composite layer.
- a modified layer is provided only on one of the anode diffusion layer 17 and the cathode diffusion layer 19.
- the anode-side separator 14 has a flow path 20 that supplies fuel to the anode and discharges unused fuel and reaction products (for example, carbon dioxide) on the surface facing the anode 11.
- the cathode-side separator 15 has a flow path 21 on the surface facing the cathode 12 for supplying an oxidant to the cathode and discharging unused oxidant and reaction products.
- the oxidizing agent for example, oxygen gas or a mixed gas containing oxygen gas such as air is used. Usually, air is used as the oxidizing agent.
- An anode gasket 22 is disposed around the anode 11 so as to seal the anode 11.
- a cathode side gasket 23 is disposed around the cathode 12 so as to seal the cathode 12.
- the anode side gasket 22 and the cathode side gasket 23 are opposed to each other with the electrolyte membrane 10 interposed therebetween.
- the anode side gasket 22 and the cathode side gasket 23 prevent leakage of fuel, oxidant, and reaction product to the outside.
- the fuel cell 1 of FIG. 1 includes current collecting plates 24 and 25, sheet-like heaters 26 and 27, insulating plates 28 and 25, which are stacked in a direction perpendicular to the surface direction of the anode side separator 14 and the cathode side separator 15. 29 and end plates 30 and 31. These elements of the fuel cell 1 are integrated by fastening means (not shown).
- FIG. 2A is a schematic enlarged view of the anode diffusion layer 17 or the cathode diffusion layer 19, and FIG. 2B shows a bonding interface between the anode catalyst layer 16 or the cathode catalyst layer 18 and the porous composite layer 17b or 19b. It is the schematic which expanded the part of no.
- the needle-like second water-repellent resin material (modified layer 17c or 19c) has a major axis direction in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface.
- the anode catalyst layer 16 and the modified layer 17c on the anode side will be described as an example.
- the anode catalyst layer 16 partially enters the voids of the modified layer 17c, and is in contact with the porous composite layer 17b without passing through the modified layer 17c.
- the modified layer 17c is formed of the needle-shaped second water-repellent resin material, and therefore, the gap between the second water-repellent resin materials in the thickness direction of the cathode is reduced, so that voids can be easily formed. Because you can.
- the amount of the second water-repellent resin material to be attached to the surface of the porous composite layer is preferably set appropriately so as to obtain the above voids.
- the second water-repellent resin material is in the form of needles or short fibers, it is easy to adjust the degree of overlap, so that it is optimal for joining the anode catalyst layer 16 and the porous composite layer 17b. A void can be easily obtained.
- the resin material included in the modified layer is mainly scaly particles or the like, it is difficult to obtain an optimal void, and it is difficult to sufficiently obtain the anchor effect described later.
- the anode catalyst layer 16 enters the gap of the reforming layer 17c, an anchor effect is generated, and the interfacial bonding between the anode catalyst layer 16 and the porous composite layer 17b is greatly improved.
- the second water-repellent resin material is needle-shaped, as described above, it is easy to ensure a sufficient contact area between the anode catalyst layer 16 and the porous composite layer 17b.
- the porous composite layer 17b and the modified layer 17c both have excellent water repellency. Therefore, it is possible to achieve both excellent water repellency in the anode diffusion layer and interfacial bondability between the anode catalyst layer 16 and the porous composite layer 17b.
- the porous composite layer 17b may partially penetrate into the conductive porous substrate 17a. The above description is the same for the cathode catalyst layer 18 and the modified layer 19c on the cathode side.
- the porous composite layer 17b or 19b is the entire main surface on the anode catalyst layer 16 side of the conductive porous substrate 17a or the conductive layer. It arrange
- the porous composite layer 17b or 19b preferably covers the surface of the conductive porous substrate 17a or 19a uniformly.
- the conductive porous substrate 17a preferably has both the diffusibility of fuel, the exhaustion of carbon dioxide generated by power generation, and the electronic conductivity. Moreover, it is preferable that the conductive porous substrate 19a is excellent in oxidant gas diffusibility, and has a discharge property of generated water and high electron conductivity.
- a porous and sheet-like carbon material can be used, and specific examples include carbon paper, carbon cloth, and carbon nonwoven fabric.
- a water repellent material may be attached to the conductive porous substrates 17a and 19a.
- the water repellent material include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- PVDF polyvinyl fluoride
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro.
- Fluoropolymers such as (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer (PFA) can be mentioned.
- the thickness of the conductive porous substrates 17a and 19a is preferably 100 to 500 ⁇ m, for example, and more preferably 150 to 350 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the conductive porous substrates 17a and 19a is preferably, for example, 5 to 20 times the thickness of the porous composite layer 17b or 19b.
- the thicknesses of the conductive porous substrates 17a and 19a may be determined, for example, by measuring the thickness of any 10 points with a constant pressure thickness measuring instrument or the like, and obtaining the average value.
- the porosity of the conductive porous substrates 17a and 19a is, for example, 70 to 90%.
- the porous composite layers 17b and 19b include a conductive carbon material and a first water repellent resin material.
- the anode diffusion layer 17 improves the diffusion uniformity of the fuel.
- the cathode diffusion layer 19 water inside the fuel cell is quickly discharged to the outside, and a decrease in oxidant gas diffusibility is suppressed.
- the porous composite layers 17b and 19b are obtained, for example, by applying a porous composite layer paste containing a conductive carbon material, a first water-repellent resin material, and a dispersion medium to the conductive porous substrate 17a or 19a.
- the conductive carbon material examples include particulate carbon materials such as carbon black and flaky graphite, and carbon fibers such as carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. Only one type of conductive carbon material may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the conductive carbon material preferably has a highly developed pore structure.
- the primary particles of the conductive carbon material preferably have an average particle diameter of 20 to 40 nm (cumulative 50% diameter in a volume-based particle size distribution: D50).
- the specific surface area of the conductive carbon material is preferably 200 to 300 m 2 / g.
- Fluorine polymer is preferably used as the first water repellent resin material.
- the fluoropolymer include PTFE, FEP, PVF, PVDF, PFA, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, and the like. These fluoropolymers may be used alone or in combination of any two or more. Among these, it is preferable to use PTFE. Since PTFE has many chemically stable C—F bonds, even in a small amount, the inside of the pores of the porous composite layer has a surface with a small interaction with water molecules, a so-called water-repellent surface. can do.
- the first water-repellent resin material is preferably scale-like particles. Since the scaly particles have a large specific surface area, they have excellent water repellency. Therefore, it is possible to effectively suppress a decrease in the diffusibility of the oxidant gas inside the fuel cell. Furthermore, the diffusion uniformity of the fuel inside the fuel cell can be effectively improved.
- the scale-like particles are contained in the porous composite layer by, for example, observing the surface of the porous composite layer with a scanning electron microscope.
- the scaly particles are particles having a flat main surface (basal surface).
- the maximum diameter of the basal surface is a
- the diameter of the basal surface perpendicular to a is b
- the maximum thickness of the particles is c
- a / b is, for example, 1 to 3
- a / c is, for example, 5-8. All of a, b and c may be an average value of 10 particles.
- the modified layers 17c and 19c can contain not only the needle-like second water-repellent resin material but also a scaly water-repellent resin material.
- scaly particles are less likely to form voids between particles than needle-like resin materials. Therefore, when the modified layers 17c and 19c contain a large amount of scaly particles, the anchor effect is less likely to be obtained than when a large amount of acicular resin material is contained, and the porous composite layer 17b or 19b and the anode catalyst layer 16 or It is also difficult to ensure a sufficient contact area with the cathode catalyst layer 18. Therefore, even when both the acicular resin material and the scaly resin material are included in the modified layers 17c and 19c, the acicular resin material may be included in a larger amount than the scaly resin material. preferable.
- the average thickness of the porous composite layers 17b and 19b is preferably 20 to 70 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of achieving both conductivity inside the fuel cell and water repellency.
- the average thickness of the porous composite layers 17b and 19b is more preferably 20 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the average thickness may be obtained by, for example, measuring the thickness of any 10 points with a scanning electron microscope or the like and obtaining the average value.
- the amount per projected unit area of the porous composite layer 17b disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 17a is preferably 1 to 4 mg / cm 2 , and more preferably 2 to 3 mg / cm 2. preferable.
- the function of the porous composite layer included in the anode (1) Reduction of the interface contact resistance between the anode catalyst layer and the conductive porous substrate; (2) In addition to preventing internal short circuit due to the conductive porous substrate passing through the anode catalyst layer and the electrolyte membrane, (3) the porous composite layer has a new function of controlling the permeation flux of fuel. Can be granted.
- the porous composite layer 17b can easily cover the surface of the conductive porous substrate 17a uniformly.
- the function of the porous composite layer 17b is sufficiently exhibited.
- the amount of the porous composite layer 17b is set to 4 mg / cm 2 or less, cracks are unlikely to occur in the porous composite layer 17b. As a result, the function of the porous composite layer 17b as described above is sufficiently exhibited.
- the amount per projected unit area of the porous composite layer 19b disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a is preferably 1 to 2.5 mg / cm 2 .
- the function of the porous composite layer 19b included in the cathode 12 (1) prevention of drying of the cathode catalyst layer, (2) cathode catalyst layer and conductivity.
- selectively drainage path A new function of controlling drainage due to the formation of can be imparted to the porous composite layer 19b.
- the porous composite layer 19b can easily cover the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a uniformly.
- the function of the porous composite layer 19b is sufficiently exhibited.
- the amount of the porous composite layer 19b is set to 2.5 mg / cm 2 or less, cracks are unlikely to occur in the porous composite layer 19b. As a result, the function of the porous composite layer 19b as described above is sufficiently exhibited.
- the amount per projected unit area of the porous composite layer 17b disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 17a is the contour shape when the main surface of the porous composite layer 17b is viewed from the normal direction. Is a value obtained by dividing the total weight of the porous composite layer 17b by the area calculated using For example, when the contour shape of the porous composite layer 17b when viewed from the normal direction is rectangular, the area of the porous composite layer 17b is calculated by (vertical length) ⁇ (horizontal length). be able to. In this case, the quantity per projected unit area of the porous composite layer 17b can be obtained by dividing the total weight of the porous composite layer 17b by the above area. The amount per projected unit area of the porous composite layer 19b disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a can be obtained in the same manner.
- the weight ratio of the first water-repellent resin material in the entire porous composite layers 17b and 19b is preferably 20 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 35 to 45% by weight. By setting the weight ratio of the first water-repellent resin material of the porous composite layers 17b and 19b to 50% by weight or less, it is possible to ensure good electronic conductivity of the porous composite layer.
- the weight ratio of the first water-repellent resin material of the porous composite layer 17b is 20% by weight or more, water repellency inside the pores of the porous composite layer can be secured, so that a good fuel Diffusion uniformity is obtained.
- the weight ratio of the first water-repellent resin material of the porous composite layer 19b 20% by weight or more, it is possible to ensure the water repellency inside the pores of the porous composite layer. Liquid water is less likely to stay. For this reason, the diffusibility of the oxidizing gas in the porous composite layer is improved.
- a modified layer 17c containing a needle-like second water-repellent resin material is disposed on the anode catalyst layer 16 side of the porous composite layer 17b.
- the modified layer 17c By disposing the modified layer 17c between the porous composite layer 17b and the anode catalyst layer 16, the interfacial bondability between the two is greatly improved.
- a modified layer 19c containing a needle-like second water-repellent resin material is disposed on the cathode catalyst layer 18 side of the porous composite layer 19b.
- the modified layer may be provided only on one of the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer. Even in such a case, the effect of the present invention can be sufficiently obtained with at least the electrode provided with the modified layer. However, by providing a modified layer on both electrodes, the effect is synergistically increased, as shown in a later example.
- the modified layer preferably contains an aggregate of the second water repellent resin material.
- This aggregate is preferably distributed in the form of islands, for example, on the surface of the porous composite layer.
- Such a modified layer can be obtained by various methods such as attaching a dispersion containing aggregates to the porous composite layer. For example, it can be obtained by the following method.
- the diffusion layer is suspended so that the surface of the porous composite layer is in contact with the dispersion containing the second water-repellent resin material or its raw material, and the second water-repellent resin material or its raw material is attached to the porous composite layer.
- the time for suspending the diffusion layer in the dispersion is preferably 2 to 5 minutes.
- a modified layer containing aggregates of the second water-repellent resin material distributed in an island shape on the surface of the porous composite layer can be easily formed. it can.
- an exposed portion where the aggregate of the second water repellent resin material is not formed exists on the surface of the porous composite layer. The presence of such an exposed portion of the porous composite layer makes it possible to more easily ensure conductivity.
- the inclusion of the needle-shaped second water-repellent resin material in the modified layer can be confirmed, for example, by observing the surface of the modified layer 17c or 19c with a scanning electron microscope. Even when the second water-repellent resin material forms an aggregate, it is possible to distinguish individual needle-shaped particles (short fibers) of the second water-repellent resin material, for example, confirmed by a scanning electron microscope it can.
- the aspect ratio of the second water repellent resin material for example, the ratio of the length in the major axis direction to the length in the minor axis direction is 5: 1 to 20: 1.
- the modified layer may contain a small amount of a material other than the needle-shaped second water-repellent resin material (eg, scaly particles).
- the number ratio of the needle-shaped second water-repellent resin material in the modified layer is: It is preferable to occupy 90% or more and 100% or less, and more preferably 95 to 100%.
- the number ratio of the needle-like second water-repellent resin material can be determined using, for example, a scanning electron microscope.
- Fluorine polymer is preferably used as the second water repellent resin material.
- the fluoropolymer include materials similar to those exemplified as the first water-repellent resin material.
- the second water repellent resin material is preferably a fluoropolymer containing 95% by weight or more of tetrafluoroethylene units. Specific examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the method for obtaining the needle-shaped second water-repellent resin material is not particularly limited.
- a resin material containing needle-shaped particles may be used, or a resin material in which the particles become needle-shaped by firing may be appropriately selected and fired at a predetermined temperature to be needle-shaped.
- a needle-like second water-repellent resin material may be obtained by baking a fluoropolymer having a large weight average molecular weight and containing 95% by weight or more of tetrafluoroethylene units at 350 to 370 ° C.
- the shape of the fluoropolymer particles before firing is not particularly limited.
- a fluoropolymer containing spherical or scale-like particles may be used.
- the weight average molecular weight of the second water repellent resin material is preferably larger than that of the first water repellent resin material.
- a resin material having a small weight average molecular weight tends to be scaly, and a resin material having a large weight average molecular weight tends to be needle-like. Therefore, by controlling the weight average molecular weight of each of the first water-repellent resin material and the second water-repellent resin material, the first water-repellent resin material is scaled and the second water-repellent resin material is needle-shaped. Becomes easy.
- the weight average molecular weight of the second water repellent resin material is preferably 100,000 to 1,000,000, for example, and more preferably 200,000 to 1,000,000.
- the length of the second water-repellent resin material in the major axis direction is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more (for example, 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m), and more preferably 1 to 2 ⁇ m.
- the second water repellent resin material preferably has a length in the minor axis direction of 0.05 to 0.1 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.08 to 0.1 ⁇ m.
- the length in the major axis direction and the length in the minor axis direction of any ten particles of the second water-repellent resin material may be measured using a scanning electron microscope, and the respective average values may be obtained.
- the size of the particles (short fibers) of the second water-repellent resin material can be controlled by various methods.
- the precursor of the modified layer containing the second water-repellent resin material or its raw material can be controlled by firing. Specifically, it can be controlled by temperature, time and the like when firing the precursor of the modified layer.
- the dimensions of the second water-repellent resin material can be controlled by the solid content concentration of the dispersion. In this case, the solid concentration of the dispersion is preferably 4 to 20% by weight.
- the raw material particles of the second water-repellent resin material are likely to approach each other, and the raw material of the second water-repellent resin material is easily polymerized.
- the needle-like particles of the second water-repellent resin material are likely to grow, and the dimensions are considered to change.
- the amount of the modified layer 17c or 19c arranged on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layers 17b and 19b is preferably 0.01 to 0.5 mg / cm 2 , and preferably 0.02 to 0.00. More preferably, it is 05 mg / cm 2 .
- the amount of the modified layers 17c and 19c is 0.01 mg / cm 2 or more, the interfacial bondability between the porous composite layer 17b and the anode catalyst layer 16 and the porous composite layer 19b and the cathode catalyst layer 18 are reduced. Interfacial bondability is further improved.
- conductivity can be easily ensured.
- the amount of the modified layer 17c or 19c arranged on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layers 17b and 19b is determined by the following method.
- the modified layer 17c will be described as an example. The same applies to the modified layer 19c.
- the weight of the entire anode diffusion layer 17 before forming the modified layer 17c and the weight of the entire anode diffusion layer 17 after forming the modified layer 17c are measured, and the difference in the weights of the modified layer 17c is measured. Find the weight.
- the weight of the modified layer 17c is obtained by dividing the weight of the modified layer 17c by the area of the porous composite layer 17b, the amount of the modified layer 17c disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer 17b is obtained.
- the modified layer 17c is distributed in an island shape, a region where the modified layer 17c is not partially formed is included. In this case as well, the amount of the modified layer 17c is obtained by the above method.
- the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer preferably have a plurality of through holes as shown in FIG.
- each through hole preferably has a constricted portion that is the portion where the hole is constricted and has the smallest diameter.
- the constriction can be formed by various methods. For example, in the porous composite layer paste prepared when forming the porous composite layer, the constriction can be obtained by controlling the composition of the dispersion medium, the dispersion conditions, the drying conditions, and the like. It is done. The diameter of the narrowed portion 50a greatly affects the fuel permeability.
- the degree of the diameter distribution of the constriction is determined by the restricted pore size distribution measured by a palm porometer using the half dry / bubble point method (ASTM E1294-89 and F316-86).
- the restricted pore diameter refers to the diameter of a circle having the same area as the minimum cross section of the through hole (the cross section of the narrowed portion).
- the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer have a maximum pore diameter in the range of 15 to 20 ⁇ m and an average flow pore diameter of 3 to 10 ⁇ m in the restricted pore size distribution measured by the half dry / bubble point method. It is preferable to have a plurality of through holes in the range.
- the reaction product carbon dioxide
- the reaction product exhibits a viscous flow behavior that selectively permeates through a through hole having a diameter close to or close to the maximum pore diameter
- liquid fuels such as methanol It is thought that it permeates through the through hole due to the behavior of the diffusion flow. That is, the maximum pore diameter is related to the carbon dioxide exhaustability, and the average flow pore diameter is related to the diffusibility of the liquid fuel. Therefore, it is easy to effectively improve the diffusibility of the fuel by providing the reforming layer in the anode diffusion layer and further controlling the restricted pore size distribution of the through holes.
- liquids such as water exhibit viscous flow behavior that selectively permeates through pores with a diameter close to or close to the maximum pore diameter, and gases such as oxidant gases can penetrate other than the above. It is thought that the hole permeates through the behavior of the diffusion flow.
- the maximum pore diameter is responsible for drainage.
- the average flow pore diameter is responsible for the diffusibility of the oxidant gas. Therefore, by providing a modified layer in the cathode diffusion layer and further controlling the restricted pore size distribution of the through-holes, it becomes easy to improve drainage and oxidant gas diffusibility.
- the average flow pore diameter is also involved in the formation of a three-phase interface, which is an electrode reaction field, by supplying oxidant gas from the cathode diffusion layer to the cathode catalyst layer. Since the amount of the modified layer according to the present invention is very small, even if the modified layer is provided in the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer, the restricted pore size distribution is hardly affected.
- the maximum pore diameter of the anode diffusion layer is set to 15 ⁇ m or more, so that the carbon dioxide emission is further improved.
- the maximum pore diameter is set to 20 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to suppress an increase in the amount of local fuel permeation on the fuel inlet side, so that it becomes easier to supply fuel to the anode catalyst layer more uniformly.
- the maximum pore diameter of the cathode diffusion layer is set to 15 ⁇ m or more, the water discharge function of the cathode diffusion layer is further improved.
- the maximum pore diameter 20 ⁇ m or less it becomes easy to suppress drying of the polymer electrolyte in the cathode catalyst layer. As a result, the proton conductivity of the cathode catalyst layer is further improved.
- the diffusibility of the fuel is improved and it becomes easy to uniformly supply the fuel to the anode catalyst layer.
- the average flow pore diameter is 10 ⁇ m or less, the increase in the local fuel permeation amount on the fuel inlet side is suppressed, and the diffusibility and uniformity of the fuel to the anode catalyst layer are both balanced. be able to.
- the average flow pore diameter of the cathode diffusion layer is 3 ⁇ m or more, it becomes easy to uniformly supply the oxidizing agent to the cathode catalyst layer.
- the average flow pore diameter is 10 ⁇ m or less
- the polymer electrolyte contained particularly on the oxidant inlet side of the cathode catalyst layer is difficult to dry.
- the proton conductivity of the cathode catalyst layer is further improved.
- the maximum pore diameter and the average flow pore diameter can be measured using a porous material automatic pore diameter distribution measurement system (hereinafter referred to as a palm porometer).
- a palm porometer a porous material automatic pore diameter distribution measurement system
- the maximum pore diameter can be measured as follows. First, the anode diffusion layer or the cathode diffusion layer is punched into a predetermined size to obtain a measurement sample. The obtained measurement sample is immersed in a Galwick reagent having a small surface tension, and the measurement sample is impregnated with the Galwick reagent for 20 minutes under a reduced pressure environment, so that the Galwick reagent is filled in the through hole of the measurement sample. .
- the measurement sample filled with the Galwick reagent is attached to the palm porometer. Air is supplied to the measurement sample, and the air pressure is continuously increased. At this time, the pressure (bubble point pressure) P 0 at the moment when the air permeation flow rate starts to increase from zero as shown in FIG. 5 is measured.
- ⁇ is the surface tension of the Galwick reagent
- C is a proportionality constant (2.86).
- the average flow pore diameter can be measured as follows. Similarly to the above, first, the anode diffusion layer or the cathode diffusion layer is punched out to a predetermined size to obtain a measurement sample. The obtained measurement sample is immersed in a Galwick reagent having a small surface tension, and the measurement sample is impregnated with the Galwick reagent for 20 minutes under a reduced pressure environment, so that the Galwick reagent is filled in the through hole of the measurement sample. .
- the measurement sample is attached to the palm porometer, and air is supplied to the sample.
- the Galwick reagent 51 is not pushed out from the through-hole 50 until the air pressure reaches P 0 (region I).
- the Galwick reagent 51 is pushed out from the through hole 50, and the air permeation flow rate increases.
- the Galwick reagent is extruded in order from the through-hole having the larger pore diameter (region II).
- the Galwick reagent 51 is pushed out from all the through holes 50 as shown in FIG. 4C (region III). In this way, the wetting flow rate curve A shown in FIG. 5 is obtained.
- the air supply pressure is increased until the air permeation flow rate reaches 200 L / min.
- the air permeation flow rate when the air pressure is continuously increased is measured. Also in this case, the air pressure is increased until the air permeation flow rate reaches 200 L / min. In this way, the dry flow rate curve B shown in FIG. 5 is obtained.
- the air pressure P is converted into the pore diameter D by the above equation (1), and Lw / Ld is plotted against the pore diameter D to obtain FIG. A graph as shown in is obtained.
- Lw / Ld indicates the integrated value of the ratio of the wetting flow rate to the dry flow rate at a predetermined pore diameter D.
- the pore diameter when Lw / Ld is 1/2 is the average flow pore diameter D 1/2 in the restricted pore diameter distribution.
- the pore diameter when Lw / Ld is 0 is the maximum pore diameter D 0 in the restricted pore diameter distribution.
- the average flow pore diameter D1 / 2 thus determined is the total air permeation through which the air permeation through the through-hole having a diameter of D1 / 2 or more passes through the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer. It means to occupy 1/2 of the amount.
- a graph as shown in FIG. 7 is obtained.
- the amount of permeated fuel is affected by the narrowed portion of the through hole. Therefore, the maximum pore diameter and the average flow pore diameter obtained by the above measurement method reflect the diameter of the narrow portion of the through hole. Further, whether the liquid passes through the through hole or the gas passes through, the permeation amount is affected by the narrowed portion of the through hole. Therefore, also in the cathode diffusion layer, the maximum pore diameter and the average flow pore diameter obtained by the above measurement method reflect the diameter of the narrow portion of the through hole.
- the anode catalyst layer 16 includes catalyst metal fine particles and a polymer electrolyte.
- the catalyst metal fine particles for example, Pt—Ru fine particles can be used.
- the catalytic metal fine particles may be used alone or may be supported on a carrier. In this case, the weight ratio of the catalyst metal fine particles to the total of the catalyst metal fine particles and the carrier is preferably 40 to 80% by weight.
- the carrier for example, a conductive carbon material such as carbon black may be used.
- the amount of catalyst metal fine particles per projected unit area contained in the anode catalyst layer 16 is preferably 3 to 7 mg / cm 2 .
- the cathode catalyst layer 18 includes catalyst metal fine particles and a polymer electrolyte.
- the catalytic metal fine particles for example, Pt, a Pt—Co alloy, or the like can be used.
- the catalytic metal fine particles may be used alone or may be supported on a carrier. In this case, the weight ratio of the catalyst metal fine particles to the total of the catalyst metal fine particles and the carrier is preferably 40 to 80% by weight.
- the carrier a conductive carbon material such as carbon black having high electron conductivity and high acid resistance may be used.
- the amount of the catalytic metal fine particles per projected unit area contained in the cathode catalyst layer is preferably 1 to 2 mg / cm 2 .
- the amount of catalyst metal fine particles per projected unit area contained in each catalyst layer is an area calculated using the contour shape when the main surface of the catalyst layer is viewed from the normal direction, and each catalyst layer It is the value which remove
- the area of the catalyst layer can be calculated by (vertical length) ⁇ (horizontal length) and projected.
- the amount of the catalyst metal fine particles per unit area can be obtained by dividing the weight of the catalyst fine particles contained in the catalyst layer by the area.
- the average particle diameter D50 of the catalyst metal fine particles is preferably 2 to 3 nm, for example, and the average particle diameter D50 of the support is preferably 20 to 40 nm, for example.
- the polymer electrolyte contained in the anode catalyst layer 16 and the cathode catalyst layer 18 is preferably excellent in proton conductivity, heat resistance, chemical stability, and the like. Specifically, it is preferable to use a polymer (perfluorosulfonic acid polymer) material having a perfluoroalkyl group terminated with a sulfonic acid group, a sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer material, or the like.
- the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer material include Nafion (registered trademark) and Flemion (registered trademark).
- Nafion has a relatively low glass transition temperature Tg
- fluidization easily occurs during hot pressing, and an anchor effect with the needle-like second water-repellent resin material can be easily obtained.
- the sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer material include sulfonated polyetheretherketone and sulfonated polyimide.
- the polymer electrolyte preferably occupies 15 to 35% by weight of the total catalyst layer, more preferably 18 to 30% by weight.
- the polymer electrolyte contained in the anode catalyst layer 16 and the polymer electrolyte contained in the cathode catalyst layer 18 may be the same or different.
- the electrolyte membrane 10 is a sheet-like polymer electrolyte, and is preferably excellent in proton conductivity, heat resistance, chemical stability, and the like.
- Specific examples of the polymer electrolyte that can be preferably used include perfluorosulfonic acid polymer materials and sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer materials.
- a sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer material by using a sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer material, formation of a cluster structure of sulfonic acid groups can be suppressed, and methanol permeability of the electrolyte membrane can be reduced.
- MCO methanol crossover
- the thickness of the electrolyte membrane is preferably 20 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the anode-side separator 14 and the cathode-side separator 15 are only required to have airtightness, electronic conductivity, and electrochemical stability, and the materials thereof are not particularly limited. Further, the shapes of the flow paths 20 and 21 are not particularly limited.
- the anode side separator has a fuel flow path for supplying fuel to the anode on the contact surface with the anode diffusion layer.
- the fuel flow path is formed of, for example, a recess or groove formed on the contact surface and opening toward the anode diffusion layer.
- the fuel flow path communicates with the fuel inlet and the fuel outlet of the fuel cell main body.
- the cathode side separator has an oxidant channel for supplying an oxidant (air) to the cathode on the contact surface with the cathode diffusion layer.
- the oxidant flow path is also formed of, for example, a recess or groove formed on the contact surface and opening toward the cathode diffusion layer.
- the oxidant flow path communicates with the oxidant inlet and the oxidant outlet of the fuel cell main body.
- the anode side separator and the cathode side separator may be integrally formed so as to have a fuel flow path on one surface and an oxidant flow path on the other surface, or each may be formed independently.
- the shape of the fuel channel and the oxidant channel is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a serpentine type and a parallel type.
- the sheet-like heaters 26 and 27, the insulating plates 28 and 29, and the end plates 30 and 31, those known in the art can be used.
- the fuel is preferably methanol, and an aqueous methanol solution having a concentration of 1 to 6 mol / L, preferably 2 to 4 mol / L is preferably used.
- aqueous methanol solution having a concentration of 1 to 6 mol / L, preferably 2 to 4 mol / L is preferably used.
- Higher fuel concentration leads to smaller and lighter fuel cells as a whole, but there is a risk that MCO will increase.
- the methanol concentration 2 mol / L or more the fuel cell can be easily reduced in size and weight.
- the MCO can be sufficiently reduced.
- the membrane electrode assembly according to the present invention can be obtained, for example, by the following method.
- Catalyst metal fine particles, polymer electrolyte, and dispersion medium are mixed to prepare a catalyst layer paste.
- the dispersion medium water or alcohol may be used.
- the catalytic metal fine particles may be used alone or may be supported on a conductive carbon material or the like.
- the weight ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the total solid content is preferably 15 to 35% by weight.
- the obtained catalyst layer paste is applied to the surface of the electrolyte membrane using a doctor blade, a spray-type coating device or the like and dried to obtain a catalyst layer.
- a catalyst layer paste may be applied to a sheet made of PTFE to form a catalyst layer and transferred to the electrolyte membrane.
- a membrane-catalyst layer assembly (CCM) is obtained by forming an anode catalyst layer on one side of the electrolyte membrane and forming a cathode catalyst layer on the other side.
- the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer can be produced by the same method.
- porous composite layer paste Formation of porous composite layer on conductive porous substrate
- First porous water-repellent resin material or raw material thereof, conductive carbon material, and dispersion medium are mixed to prepare a porous composite layer paste.
- the first water-repellent resin material or its raw material is appropriately selected in terms of weight average molecular weight and the like so that it does not become needle-like when forming the porous composite layer.
- the weight ratio of the first water-repellent resin material or its raw material to the total solid content is preferably 20 to 50% by weight.
- porous composite layer paste is applied to the entire surface of one side of the conductive porous substrate using a doctor blade, a spray-type coating device, etc., dried, and then fired at 350 to 370 ° C. By doing so, a porous composite layer is obtained.
- a porous composite layer can be formed by the same method on the anode and cathode conductive porous substrates.
- (Iii) Formation of modified layer A dispersion containing the second water-repellent resin material or its raw material and water as a dispersion medium is prepared.
- the shape of the raw material particles of the second water repellent resin material is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, spherical or scale-like.
- the diffusion layer is suspended so that the surface of the porous composite layer is in contact with the obtained dispersion, and the second water-repellent resin material or its raw material is attached to the porous composite layer. At this time, it is preferable that the time of suspension in the dispersion is 2 to 5 minutes.
- the weight ratio of the second water repellent resin material or its raw material in the dispersion is preferably 5 to 20% by weight.
- the diffusion layer is baked at 350 to 370 ° C., whereby the modified layer can be formed on the surface of the porous composite layer.
- the raw material of the second water-repellent resin material contained in the dispersion may be polymerized to obtain a needle-like second water-repellent resin material.
- the method for forming the modified layer is not limited to the above-described method, and a second water-repellent resin material that has been needle-shaped in advance may be used.
- the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer can be produced by the same method.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- Hot pressing may be performed at 120 to 140 ° C. and 3 to 5 MPa, for example.
- the anode catalyst layer paste was applied to one main surface of the electrolyte membrane 10 using a spray coating device.
- the coating film was dried to form a 6 cm ⁇ 6 cm anode catalyst layer 16.
- the amount of Pt—Ru fine particles contained in the anode catalyst layer 16 was 6.25 mg / cm 2 .
- As the electrolyte membrane 10 a sheet-like sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer material (Z1-APL manufactured by Polyfuel, film thickness: 62 ⁇ m) cut to 15 cm ⁇ 10 cm was used.
- Pt fine particles having an average particle diameter D50 of 3 nm were used as catalytic metal fine particles for the cathode.
- Pt fine particles were supported on a conductive carbon material to obtain a cathode catalyst.
- the conductive carbon material carbon black (Ketjen Black EC manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle diameter D50: 30 nm of primary particles) was used.
- the weight ratio of the Pt fine particles to the total of the Pt fine particles and the conductive carbon material was 46% by weight.
- the cathode catalyst was ultrasonically dispersed in an aqueous solution of isopropanol. The obtained dispersion and an aqueous solution containing 5% by weight of a polymer electrolyte were mixed and stirred to prepare a cathode catalyst layer paste.
- a polymer electrolyte a perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer material (Nafion manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich) was used.
- the weight ratio between the Pt fine particles and the polymer electrolyte was 2: 1.
- the cathode catalyst layer paste was applied to the other main surface of the electrolyte membrane 10 using the same spray-type coating apparatus as that for the anode catalyst layer.
- the coating film was dried to form a 6 cm ⁇ 6 cm cathode catalyst layer 18.
- a membrane-catalyst layer assembly (CCM) was obtained.
- the amount of Pt fine particles contained in the cathode catalyst layer 18 was 1.35 mg / cm 2 .
- a water repellent material was adhered to carbon paper (TGP-H-090 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.), which is a conductive porous substrate, by the following method.
- Carbon paper is immersed for 1 minute in a PTFE dispersion (an aqueous solution in which D-1E manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd. is diluted with ion-exchanged water, solid content concentration: 7% by weight), and then dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 3 hours. It was. Thereafter, the carbon paper was fired at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to remove the surfactant.
- the amount of PTFE in the obtained conductive porous substrate was 12.5% by weight.
- the porous composite layer 17b was formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 17a to which the water repellent material was adhered.
- carbon black Vulcan XC-72R manufactured by CABOT
- Triton X-100 manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich
- a PTFE dispersion as a raw material for the first water-repellent resin material KD500AS manufactured by Kitamura Co., Ltd., solid content concentration: 20% by weight, endothermic peak temperature by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): 331.
- anode porous composite layer paste (first dispersion, water content 40% by weight in dispersion medium).
- the weight ratio of the first water repellent resin material (PTFE) in the total solid content including the surfactant was set to 26% by weight.
- the anode porous composite layer paste was applied to one surface of the conductive porous substrate and dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 8 hours. Thereafter, the conductive porous substrate was baked at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to remove the surfactant, and the porous composite layer 17b was formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 17a. .
- the porous composite layer 17b contained scaly particles of the first water-repellent resin material.
- the maximum diameter of the basal surface was 1 to 1.5 ⁇ m, and the diameter of the basal surface perpendicular to the maximum diameter was 0.5 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the maximum diameter of the scaly particles was 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the amount of the first water repellent resin material (PTFE) in the porous composite layer was 40% by weight. Further, the amount per projected unit area of the porous composite layer disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate was 2.6 mg / cm 2 .
- the thickness of the conductive porous substrate 17a was 300 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the porous composite layer 17b was 25 ⁇ m.
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the modified layer 17c When observed with a scanning electron microscope, the modified layer 17c includes an acicular aggregate of the second water-repellent resin material, and the aggregate of the second water-repellent resin material is the surface of the porous composite layer 17b. It was distributed like islands. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.02 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length in the major axis direction of the second water-repellent resin material was 1 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- a water repellent material was adhered to carbon paper (TGP-H-060 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.), which is a conductive porous substrate, by the following method.
- Carbon paper is immersed for 1 minute in PTFE dispersion (aqueous solution obtained by diluting 60% PTFE dispersion manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich with ion-exchanged water, solid content concentration: 15% by weight), and then dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 3 hours. I let you. Thereafter, the carbon paper was fired at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to remove the surfactant.
- the amount of PTFE in the obtained conductive porous substrate was 23.5% by weight.
- the porous composite layer 19b was formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a to which the water repellent material was adhered.
- carbon black Vulcan XC-72R manufactured by CABOT
- Triton X-100 manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich
- a PTFE dispersion as a raw material for the first water-repellent resin material KD500AS manufactured by Kitamura Co., Ltd., solid content concentration: 20% by weight, endothermic peak temperature by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): 331.
- a cathode porous composite layer paste (first dispersion, water content 40% by weight in dispersion medium).
- the cathode porous composite layer paste was applied to one surface of the conductive porous substrate and dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 8 hours. Thereafter, the conductive porous substrate was baked at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to remove the surfactant, and the porous composite layer 19b was formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a.
- the porous composite layer 19b contained scaly particles of the first water-repellent resin material.
- the maximum diameter of the basal surface was 1 to 1.5 ⁇ m, and the diameter of the basal surface perpendicular to the maximum diameter was 0.5 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the maximum diameter of the scaly particles was 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the amount of the first water repellent resin material (PTFE) in the porous composite layer was 40% by weight.
- the amount of the porous composite layer disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate per projected unit area was 1.8 mg / cm 2 .
- the thickness of the conductive porous substrate 19a was 200 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the porous composite layer 19b was 18 ⁇ m.
- an anode side gasket 22 and a cathode side gasket 23 were arranged around the anode 11 and the cathode 12 of the MEA so as to sandwich the electrolyte membrane 10.
- anode side gasket 22 and the cathode side gasket 23 a three-layer structure having a polyetherimide layer as an intermediate layer and silicone rubber layers provided on both sides thereof was used.
- the MEA 13 on which the gasket is arranged is divided into an anode side separator 14 and a cathode side separator 15, current collectors 24 and 25, sheet heaters 26 and 27, insulating plates 28 and 29, and end plates 30, each having an outer dimension of 12 cm ⁇ 12 cm. And 31 and sandwiched from both sides and fixed with a fastening rod.
- the fastening pressure was 12 kgf per unit area of the separator.
- anode-side separator 14 and the cathode-side separator 15 a resin-impregnated graphite material having a thickness of 4 mm (G347B manufactured by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) was used. In each separator, a serpentine channel having a width of 1.5 mm and a depth of 1 mm was formed in advance.
- the current collecting plates 24 and 25 stainless steel plates subjected to gold plating were used.
- the sheet-like heaters 26 and 27 Sami-con heaters (manufactured by Sakaguchi Denki Co., Ltd.) were used.
- a fuel cell (Battery A) was produced by the method described above.
- Example 2 When forming the modified layer in the anode diffusion layer, a battery B was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 4% by weight. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.01 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length in the major axis direction of the second water-repellent resin material was 0.9 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- Example 3 When forming the modified layer in the anode diffusion layer, a battery C was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the solid concentration of the second dispersion was 20 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.48 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length of the second water repellent resin material in the major axis direction was 1.5 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.08 ⁇ m.
- Example 4 When forming the modified layer in the anode diffusion layer, a battery D was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 3 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.005 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length in the major axis direction of the second water-repellent resin material was 0.8 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- Example 5 A battery E was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that when the modified layer was formed in the anode diffusion layer, the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 21 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.55 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length of the second water-repellent resin material in the major axis direction was 2 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.1 ⁇ m.
- Example 6 A battery F was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that when the modified layer was formed in the anode diffusion layer, the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 22% by weight. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.63 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length of the second water repellent resin material in the major axis direction was 2.5 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.1 ⁇ m.
- Example 7 When forming a porous composite layer in the anode diffusion layer, an anode porous composite layer paste using a 60 wt% PTFE dispersion (manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich) as a dispersion of PTFE as the first water-repellent resin material (Water content 80% by weight in dispersion medium) was prepared. A battery G was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this anode porous composite layer paste was used. The amount of the first water repellent resin material in the porous composite layer was 40% by weight. The amount of the porous composite layer disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate per projected unit area was 1.8 mg / cm 2 . When confirmed with a scanning electron microscope, the porous composite layer contained a needle-like first water-repellent resin material.
- Comparative battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the modified layer was not formed on the anode diffusion layer.
- Comparative Example 2 As a dispersion for forming the modified layer in the anode diffusion layer, KD500AS manufactured by Kitamura Co., Ltd., solid content concentration: 20 wt%, endothermic peak temperature by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): 331.3 ° C. A comparative battery 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that. When the obtained modified layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, a scaly water-repellent resin material was present in the modified layer, and no acicular water-repellent resin material was present. The configurations of batteries A to G and comparative batteries 1 to 2 are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 8 ⁇ Preparation of cathode diffusion layer> A water repellent material was adhered to carbon paper (TGP-H-060 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.), which is a conductive porous substrate, by the following method. Carbon paper is immersed for 1 minute in PTFE dispersion (aqueous solution obtained by diluting 60% PTFE dispersion manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich with ion-exchanged water, solid content concentration: 15% by weight), and then dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 3 hours. I let you. Thereafter, the carbon paper was fired at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to remove the surfactant. The amount of PTFE in the obtained conductive porous substrate was 23.5% by weight.
- PTFE dispersion aqueous solution obtained by diluting 60% PTFE dispersion manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich with ion-exchanged water, solid content concentration: 15% by weight
- the porous composite layer 19b was formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a to which the water repellent material was adhered.
- carbon black Vulcan XC-72R manufactured by CABOT
- Triton X-100 manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich
- a PTFE dispersion KD500AS manufactured by Kitamura Co., Ltd., solid content concentration: 20% by weight
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- a cathode porous composite layer paste (first dispersion, water content 40% by weight in dispersion medium).
- the weight ratio of the first water repellent resin material (PTFE) in the total solid content including the surfactant was set to 26% by weight.
- the cathode porous composite layer paste was applied to one surface of the conductive porous substrate and dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 8 hours. Thereafter, the conductive porous substrate is baked at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to remove the surfactant, and the porous composite layer 19b is formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a. did.
- the porous composite layer 19b contained scaly particles of the first water-repellent resin material.
- the maximum diameter of the basal surface was 1 to 1.5 ⁇ m, and the diameter of the basal surface perpendicular to the maximum diameter was 0.5 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the maximum diameter of the scaly particles was 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the amount of the first water repellent resin material in the porous composite layer 19b was 40% by weight. Further, the amount per projected unit area of the porous composite layer 19b disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate 19a was 1.8 mg / cm 2 .
- the thickness of the conductive porous substrate 19a was 200 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the porous composite layer 19b was 18 ⁇ m.
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the modified layer When observed with a scanning electron microscope, the modified layer contains acicular aggregates of the second water-repellent resin material, and the aggregates of the second water-repellent resin material are formed on the surface of the porous composite layer. Distributed. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.02 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length in the major axis direction of the second water-repellent resin material was 1 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- a water repellent material was adhered to carbon paper (TGP-H-090 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.), which is a conductive porous substrate, by the following method.
- Carbon paper is immersed for 1 minute in a PTFE dispersion (an aqueous solution in which D-1E manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd. is diluted with ion-exchanged water, solid content concentration: 7% by weight), and then dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 3 hours. It was. Thereafter, the carbon paper was fired at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2) atmosphere to remove the surfactant.
- the amount of PTFE in the obtained conductive porous substrate was 12.5% by weight.
- a porous composite layer was formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate to which the water repellent material was attached.
- carbon black Vulcan XC-72R manufactured by CABOT
- Triton X-100 manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich
- a PTFE dispersion (D-1E manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.) was mixed with the obtained dispersion and stirred with a disper for 3 hours to prepare an anode porous composite layer paste.
- the weight ratio of PTFE in the total solid content including the surfactant was 26% by weight.
- the anode porous composite layer paste was applied to one surface of the conductive porous substrate and dried at room temperature in the atmosphere for 8 hours. Thereafter, the conductive porous substrate was baked at 360 ° C. for 1 hour in an inert (N 2 ) atmosphere to remove the surfactant, and a porous composite layer was formed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate. Thus, an anode diffusion layer was obtained.
- the amount of PTFE in the porous composite layer was 40% by weight. Further, the amount per projected unit area of the porous composite layer disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate was 2.6 mg / cm 2 .
- the thickness of the conductive porous substrate was 300 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the porous composite layer was 25 ⁇ m.
- an anode side gasket 22 and a cathode side gasket 23 were arranged around the anode and cathode 12 of the MEA 13 so as to sandwich the electrolyte membrane 10.
- anode side gasket 22 and the cathode side gasket 23 a three-layer structure having a polyetherimide layer as an intermediate layer and silicone rubber layers provided on both sides thereof was used.
- the MEA 13 on which the gasket is arranged is divided into an anode side separator 14 and a cathode side separator 15, current collectors 24 and 25, sheet heaters 26 and 27, insulating plates 28 and 29, and end plates 30, each having an outer dimension of 12 cm ⁇ 12 cm. And 31 and sandwiched from both sides and fixed with a fastening rod.
- the fastening pressure was 12 kgf per unit area of the separator.
- anode-side separator 14 and the cathode-side separator 15 a resin-impregnated graphite material having a thickness of 4 mm (G347B manufactured by Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd.) was used. In each separator, a serpentine channel having a width of 1.5 mm and a depth of 1 mm was formed in advance.
- the current collecting plates 24 and 25 stainless steel plates subjected to gold plating were used.
- the sheet-like heaters 26 and 27 Sami-con heaters (manufactured by Sakaguchi Denki Co., Ltd.) were used.
- a fuel cell (battery H) was produced by the method described above.
- Example 9 A battery I was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that when the modified layer was formed in the cathode diffusion layer, the solid concentration of the second dispersion was 4 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.01 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length in the major axis direction of the second water-repellent resin material was 0.9 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- Example 10 A battery J was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that when the modified layer was formed on the cathode diffusion layer, the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 20 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.48 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length of the second water repellent resin material in the major axis direction was 1.5 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.08 ⁇ m.
- Example 11 A battery K was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that when the modified layer was formed in the cathode diffusion layer, the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 3 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.005 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length in the major axis direction of the second water-repellent resin material was 0.8 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- Example 12 A battery L was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that when the modified layer was formed in the cathode diffusion layer, the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 21 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.55 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length of the second water-repellent resin material in the major axis direction was 2 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.1 ⁇ m.
- Example 13 A battery M was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that when the modified layer was formed in the cathode diffusion layer, the solid content concentration of the second dispersion was 22 wt%. The amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer was 0.63 mg / cm 2 . When measured with a scanning electron microscope, the average length of the second water repellent resin material in the major axis direction was 2.5 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.1 ⁇ m.
- Example 14 When forming a porous composite layer in the cathode diffusion layer, a cathode porous composite layer paste using a 60 wt% PTFE dispersion (manufactured by Sigma-Aidrich) as a dispersion of PTFE as the first water repellent resin material (Water content 80% by weight in dispersion medium) was prepared. A battery N was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that this cathode porous composite layer paste was used. The amount of the first water repellent resin material in the porous composite layer was 40% by weight. The amount of the porous composite layer disposed on the surface of the conductive porous substrate per projected unit area was 1.8 mg / cm 2 . When confirmed with a scanning electron microscope, the porous composite layer contained a needle-like first water-repellent resin material.
- Example 15 A battery O was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that the modified layer was formed on the surface of the porous composite layer of the anode diffusion layer by the same method as that for the cathode diffusion layer.
- the amount of the modified layer disposed on the surface per projected unit area of the porous composite layer of the anode diffusion layer was 0.02 mg / cm 2 .
- the average length in the major axis direction of the second water-repellent resin material contained in the anode diffusion layer was 1.0 ⁇ m, and the average length in the minor axis direction was 0.05 ⁇ m. .
- Comparative battery 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 8, except that the modified layer was not formed on the cathode diffusion layer.
- Comparative Example 4 >> KD500AS manufactured by Kitamura Co., Ltd., solid content concentration: 20 wt%, endothermic peak temperature by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): 331.3 ° C. was used as a dispersion for forming a modified layer in the cathode diffusion layer.
- a comparative battery 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 8 except that. When the obtained modified layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, a scaly water-repellent resin material was present in the modified layer, and no acicular water-repellent resin material was present.
- Tables 3 and 4 show the configurations of batteries HO and comparative batteries 3-4.
- the air permeation flow rate when the air pressure was continuously increased was measured. Also in this case, the air pressure was continuously increased until the air permeation flow rate reached 200 L / min. In this way, a dry flow rate line was obtained.
- Table 5 shows the measurement results of the maximum pore diameter and the average flow pore diameter in the restricted pore size distribution of the through holes of the anode diffusion layers of the batteries A to G and the comparative batteries 1 and 2.
- Table 6 shows the measurement results of the maximum pore diameter and the average flow pore diameter in the restricted pore diameter distribution of the through holes of the cathode diffusion layers of the batteries H to O and the comparative batteries 3 to 4.
- a 4 mol / L aqueous methanol solution was supplied to the anode at a flow rate of 0.267 mL / min, and air as an oxidant was supplied to the cathode at a flow rate of 0.261 L / min.
- Each fuel cell was continuously generated at a constant current of 200 mA / cm 2 .
- the battery temperature during power generation was 60 ° C.
- the power density value was obtained from the voltage value at the time when 4 hours passed from the start of power generation, and used as the initial power density. The results are shown in Table 5.
- a 3 mol / L aqueous methanol solution was supplied to the anode at a flow rate of 0.398 mL / min, and air as an oxidant was supplied to the cathode at a flow rate of 0.392 L / min.
- Each fuel cell was continuously generated at a constant voltage of 0.4V.
- the battery temperature during power generation was 65 ° C.
- the power density value was obtained from the current density value when 4 hours passed from the start of power generation, and used as the initial power density. The results are shown in Table 6.
- the cathode catalyst layer and the porous composite layer are difficult to peel off, and the increase in internal resistance is suppressed. Furthermore, it becomes difficult to generate a space between the cathode catalyst layer and the porous composite layer. For this reason, the generated water is less likely to stay, and it is considered that a decrease in the diffusibility of the oxidant gas is suppressed. Therefore, it is considered that a very excellent power density maintenance rate was obtained.
- the initial power density and the power density maintenance ratio were remarkably improved, so that the batteries disposed on the surface per unit unit area of the porous composite layer were improved. It was found that the amount of the mass layer is more preferably 0.01 to 0.5 mg / cm 2 .
- the interface contact resistance between the porous composite layer of the anode diffusion layer and the anode catalyst layer is increased. It is considered that the good fuel diffusion uniformity of the anode porous composite layer was maintained without causing it.
- good water repellency of the cathode porous composite layer is maintained without increasing the interface contact resistance between the porous composite layer of the cathode diffusion layer and the cathode catalyst layer. It is thought.
- both the anode diffusion layer and the cathode diffusion layer have a modified layer containing a needle-like second water-repellent resin material.
- the interfacial bondability between the catalyst layer and the porous composite layer is greatly improved, and the increase in internal resistance is suppressed.
- the diffusion of fuel to the anode catalyst layer is made more uniform, the increase in local MCO and the decrease in the power generation area are suppressed, and the generated water is less likely to stay at the cathode. It is thought that the decrease was suppressed.
- the power density maintenance rates of the comparative batteries 1 to 4 were significantly lower than the power density maintenance rates of the batteries A to O.
- Comparative batteries 1 and 3 do not have a modified layer.
- the modified layer has a scaly water-repellent resin material and no acicular water-repellent resin material. That is, since any battery does not have the modified layer containing the needle-shaped second water-repellent resin material, it is difficult to obtain an anchor effect, and the interfacial bonding between the porous composite layer and the anode catalyst layer is difficult. It is thought that it fell. As a result, it is surmised that the power density maintenance rate has decreased significantly.
- a direct methanol fuel cell is manufactured.
- the present invention can also be applied to a fuel cell in which hydrogen gas is supplied to the anode and oxidant gas is supplied to the cathode.
- the membrane electrode assembly according to the present invention and the fuel cell using the same have excellent power generation characteristics and durability, for example, a power source for portable small electronic devices such as a mobile phone, a notebook computer, a digital still camera, As an alternative to engine generators, it is useful as a portable power source for construction sites, disasters, and medical equipment. Furthermore, the membrane electrode assembly and the fuel cell using the same according to the present invention can be suitably used for an electric scooter, an automobile power source and the like.
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Abstract
Description
前記アノードが、前記電解質膜の一方の主面に配置されるアノード触媒層および前記アノード触媒層に積層されるアノード拡散層を含み、
前記カソードが、前記電解質膜の他方の主面に配置されるカソード触媒層および前記カソード触媒層に積層されるカソード拡散層を含み、
前記アノード拡散層及び前記カソード拡散層の少なくとも一方が、導電性多孔質基材と、前記導電性多孔質基材の前記カソード触媒層側に配置される多孔質複合層と、前記多孔質複合層の前記カソード触媒層側に配置される改質層とを含み、
前記多孔質複合層が、導電性炭素材料および第1撥水性樹脂材料を含み、
前記改質層が、針状の第2撥水性樹脂材料を含む、燃料電池用膜電極接合体に関する。
図1の燃料電池1は、1つの単位セルからなる。単位セルは、電解質膜10と、電解質膜10を挟むアノード11およびカソード12とからなる膜電極接合体(MEA)13、ならびにMEA13を挟むアノード側セパレータ14およびカソード側セパレータ15を備える。
なお、本発明に係る改質層は微量であるため、アノード拡散層及びカソード拡散層に改質層を設けても、それらの制限細孔径分布にほとんど影響しない。
(i)最大細孔直径
最大細孔直径は、以下のようにして測定することができる。
まず、アノード拡散層またはカソード拡散層を所定のサイズに打ち抜き、測定用試料を得る。得られた測定用試料を、表面張力の小さなGalwick試薬中に浸漬し、減圧環境下で、測定用試料に、Galwick試薬を20分間含浸させて、測定用試料の貫通孔にGalwick試薬を充填させる。
次に、Galwick試薬を充填した測定用試料を、パームポロメータに取り付ける。得られたP0値から、以下の式(1):
D0=(C×γ)/P0 (1)
を用いて、アノード拡散層またはカソード拡散層の貫通孔の最大細孔直径D0を算出できる。なお、式(1)において、γはGalwick試薬の表面張力であり、Cは比例定数(2.86)である。
平均流量細孔直径は、以下のようにして測定することができる。
上記と同様に、まず、アノード拡散層またはカソード拡散層を所定のサイズに打ち抜き、測定用試料を得る。得られた測定用試料を、表面張力の小さなGalwick試薬中に浸漬し、減圧環境下で、測定用試料に、Galwick試薬を20分間含浸させて、測定用試料の貫通孔にGalwick試薬を充填させる。
アノード側セパレータおよびカソード側セパレータは、一方の面に燃料流路を有し、他方の面に酸化剤流路を有するように一体に形成してもよく、それぞれを単独に形成してもよい。
(i)触媒層の形成
触媒金属微粒子、高分子電解質および分散媒を混合して、触媒層ペーストを調製する。分散媒としては、水やアルコールを用いればよい。触媒金属微粒子は、単独で用いてもよく、導電性炭素材料などに担持してもよい。触媒層ペーストにおいて、全固形分に占める高分子電解質の重量割合は、15~35重量%であることが好ましい。得られた触媒層ペーストを、ドクターブレード、スプレー式塗布装置などを用いて電解質膜の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることで、触媒層が得られる。または、PTFEからなるシートなどに触媒層ペーストを塗布して、触媒層を形成し、電解質膜に転写してもよい。
電解質膜の一方の面にアノード触媒層を形成し、他方の面にカソード触媒層を形成することにより、膜-触媒層接合体(CCM)が得られる。アノード触媒層およびカソード触媒層は、同様の方法で作製することができる。
第1撥水性樹脂材料またはその原料と、導電性炭素材料と、分散媒とを混合して、多孔質複合層ペーストを調製する。第1撥水性樹脂材料またはその原料は、多孔質複合層を形成する際に針状にならないように、重量平均分子量等を適宜選択する。多孔質複合層ペーストにおいて、全固形分に占める第1撥水性樹脂材料またはその原料の重量割合は、20~50重量%であることが好ましい。次に、得られた多孔質複合層ペーストを、ドクターブレード、スプレー式塗布装置などを用いて導電性多孔質基材の一方の面の全体に塗布し、乾燥した後、350~370℃で焼成することで、多孔質複合層が得られる。アノード用およびカソード用の導電性多孔質基材には、同じ方法で多孔質複合層を形成することができる。
第2撥水性樹脂材料またはその原料と、分散媒である水とを含む分散液を調製する。第2撥水性樹脂材料の原料の粒子の形状は特に限定されず、例えば、球状、鱗片状などである。得られた分散液に対して、多孔質複合層の面が接するように拡散層を浮遊させ、第2撥水性樹脂材料またはその原料を多孔質複合層に付着させる。このとき、分散液に浮遊させる時間を2~5分間とすることが好ましい。分散液における第2撥水性樹脂材料またはその原料の重量割合は、5~20重量%であることが好ましい。これにより、適度な量の第2撥水性樹脂材料またはその原料を、多孔質複合層に付着させることができる。その後、拡散層を350~370℃で焼成することで、改質層を多孔質複合層の表面に形成することができる。この焼成により、分散液に含まれる第2撥水性樹脂材料の原料を重合させて針状の第2撥水性樹脂材料とすればよい。また、上記の焼成により、島状に分布している第2撥水性樹脂材料の凝集体を形成してもよい。ただし、改質層を形成する方法は、上記のような方法に限定されず、予め針状とした第2撥水性樹脂材料を用いてもよい。
アノード拡散層およびカソード拡散層は、同じ方法で作製することができる。
アノード拡散層およびカソード拡散層を、所定のサイズに切断する。その後、CCMの両面に、拡散層を積層する。このとき、アノード触媒層側に、アノード拡散層の改質層が配置されるように積層する。また、カソード触媒層側に、カソード拡散層の改質層が配置されるように積層する。得られた積層体をホットプレス法で接合することにより、膜電極接合体(MEA)が得られる。ホットプレスは、例えば120~140℃、3~5MPaで行えばよい。
以下のようにして、燃料電池A~G、及び比較電池1~2を作製した。
<アノード触媒層の作製>
アノード用の触媒金属微粒子として、平均粒径D50が3nmであるPt-Ru微粒子(Pt:Ruの重量比=2:1)を用いた。Pt-Ru微粒子を、イソプロパノールの水溶液に超音波分散させた。得られた分散液と、高分子電解質を5重量%含有した水溶液とを混合し、攪拌して、アノード触媒層ペーストを調製した。高分子電解質としては、パーフルオロカーボンスルホン酸系高分子材料(Sigma-Aidrich社製のNafion)を用いた。アノード触媒層ペーストにおいて、Pt-Ru微粒子と高分子電解質との重量割合は、3:1とした。
電解質膜10としては、15cm×10cmに切断したシート状のスルホン酸化炭化水素系高分子材料(Polyfuel社製のZ1-APL、膜厚62μm)を用いた。
カソード用の触媒金属微粒子として、平均粒径D50が3nmであるPt微粒子を用いた。Pt微粒子を導電性炭素材料に担持させて、カソード触媒とした。導電性炭素材料としては、カーボンブラック(三菱化学(株)製のケッチェンブラックEC、一次粒子の平均粒径D50:30nm)を用いた。Pt微粒子と導電性炭素材料との合計に占めるPt微粒子の重量割合は46重量%とした。
導電性多孔質基材であるカーボンペーパー(東レ(株)製のTGP-H-090)に、以下の方法で撥水性材料を付着させた。
PTFE分散液(ダイキン工業(株)製のD-1Eをイオン交換水で希釈した水溶液、固形分濃度:7重量%)にカーボンペーパーを1分間浸漬し、次いで、大気中常温で3時間乾燥させた。その後、カーボンペーパーを、不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去した。得られた導電性多孔質基材におけるPTFEの量は、12.5重量%であった。
まず、界面活性剤(Sigma-Aidrich社製のTritonX-100)を含むイソプロパノール水溶液に、導電性炭素材料であるカーボンブラック(CABOT社製のVulcanXC-72R)を超音波分散させた。得られた分散液に、第1撥水性樹脂材料の原料のPTFE分散液((株)喜多村製のKD500AS、固形分濃度:20重量%、示差走査熱量分析(DSC)による吸熱ピーク温度:331.3℃)を混合し、ディスパーで3時間撹拌して、アノード多孔質複合層ペースト(第1分散液、分散媒中の水含有率40重量%)を調製した。界面活性剤を含む全固形分に占める第1撥水性樹脂材料(PTFE)の重量割合は、26重量%とした。ドクターブレードを用いて、アノード多孔質複合層ペーストを導電性多孔質基材の一方の面に塗布し、大気中常温で8時間乾燥させた。その後、導電性多孔質基材を不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去し、導電性多孔質基材17aの表面に多孔質複合層17bを形成した。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、多孔質複合層17bは、第1撥水性樹脂材料の鱗片状粒子を含んでいた。任意の10個の鱗片状粒子を観察したところ、ベーサル面の最大径は1~1.5μmであり、最大径に垂直なベーサル面の径は0.5~1μmであった。また、鱗片状粒子の最大径は0.2μmであった。多孔質複合層に占める第1撥水性樹脂材料(PTFE)の量は40重量%であった。また、導電性多孔質基材の表面に配置される多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの量は、2.6mg/cm2であった。導電性多孔質基材17aの厚さは300μmであり、多孔質複合層17bの厚さは25μmであった。
導電性多孔質基材であるカーボンペーパー(東レ(株)製のTGP-H-060)に、以下の方法で撥水性材料を付着させた。
PTFE分散液(Sigma-Aidrich社製の60%PTFEディスパージョンをイオン交換水で希釈した水溶液、固形分濃度:15重量%)にカーボンペーパーを1分間浸漬し、次いで、大気中常温で3時間乾燥させた。その後、カーボンペーパーを、不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去した。得られた導電性多孔質基材におけるPTFEの量は、23.5重量%であった。
まず、界面活性剤(Sigma-Aidrich社製のTritonX-100)を含むイソプロパノール水溶液に、導電性炭素材料であるカーボンブラック(CABOT社製のVulcanXC-72R)を超音波分散させた。得られた分散液に、第1撥水性樹脂材料の原料のPTFE分散液((株)喜多村製のKD500AS、固形分濃度:20重量%、示差走査熱量分析(DSC)による吸熱ピーク温度:331.3℃)を混合し、ディスパーで3時間撹拌して、カソード多孔質複合層ペースト(第1分散液、分散媒中の水含有率40重量%)を調製した。ドクターブレードを用いて、カソード多孔質複合層ペーストを導電性多孔質基材の一方の面に塗布し、大気中常温で8時間乾燥させた。その後、導電性多孔質基材を不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去し、導電性多孔質基材19aの表面に多孔質複合層19bを形成した。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、多孔質複合層19bは、第1撥水性樹脂材料の鱗片状粒子を含んでいた。任意の10個の鱗片状粒子を観察したところ、ベーサル面の最大径は1~1.5μmであり、最大径に垂直なベーサル面の径は0.5~1μmであった。また、鱗片状粒子の最大径は0.2μmであった。多孔質複合層に占める第1撥水性樹脂材料(PTFE)の量は40重量%であった。また、導電性多孔質基材の表面に配置される多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの量は、1.8mg/cm2であった。導電性多孔質基材19aの厚さは200μmであり、多孔質複合層19bの厚さは18μmであった。
上述のようにして作成したアノード拡散層17およびカソード拡散層19を、それぞれ6cm×6cmに切断した後、膜-触媒層接合体(CCM)の両側に、それぞれ多孔質複合層が触媒層と接するように積層した。次いで、得られた積層体を、ホットプレス法(130℃、4MPa、3分間)に供して、触媒層と拡散層とを接合して、膜電極接合体(MEA)13を作製した。
アノード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を4重量%としたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、電池Bを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.01mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは0.9μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.05μmであった。
アノード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を20重量%としたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、電池Cを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.48mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは1.5μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.08μmであった。
アノード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を3重量%としたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、電池Dを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.005mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは0.8μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.05μmであった。
アノード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を21重量%としたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、電池Eを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.55mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは2μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.1μmであった。
アノード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を22重量%としたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、電池Fを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.63mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは2.5μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.1μmであった。
アノード拡散層に多孔質複合層を形成する際、第1撥水性樹脂材料であるPTFEの分散液として、60重量%PTFE分散液(Sigma-Aidrich社製)を用いて、アノード多孔質複合層ペースト(分散媒中の水含有率80重量%)を調製した。このアノード多孔質複合層ペーストを用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、電池Gを作製した。多孔質複合層に占める第1撥水性樹脂材料の量は40重量%であった。また、導電性多孔質基材の表面に配置される多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの量は、1.8mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で確認したところ、多孔質複合層には、針状の第1撥水性樹脂材料が含まれていた。
アノード拡散層に改質層を形成しなかったこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、比較電池1を作製した。
アノード拡散層に改質層を形成する分散液として、(株)喜多村製のKD500AS、固形分濃度:20重量%、示差走査熱量分析(DSC:Differential Scanning Calorimetry)による吸熱ピーク温度:331.3℃)を用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、比較電池2を作製した。得られた改質層を走査型電子顕微鏡により観察したところ、改質層には鱗片状の撥水性樹脂材料が存在しており、針状の撥水性樹脂材料は存在していなかった。
電池A~Gおよび比較電池1~2の構成を表1および表2に示す。
《実施例8》
<カソード拡散層の作製>
導電性多孔質基材であるカーボンペーパー(東レ(株)製のTGP-H-060)に、以下の方法で撥水性材料を付着させた。
PTFE分散液(Sigma-Aidrich社製の60%PTFEディスパージョンをイオン交換水で希釈した水溶液、固形分濃度:15重量%)にカーボンペーパーを1分間浸漬し、次いで、大気中常温で3時間乾燥させた。その後、カーボンペーパーを、不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去した。得られた導電性多孔質基材におけるPTFEの量は、23.5重量%であった。
まず、界面活性剤(Sigma-Aidrich社製のTritonX-100)を含むイソプロパノール水溶液に、導電性炭素材料であるカーボンブラック(CABOT社製のVulcanXC-72R)を超音波分散させた。得られた分散液に、第1撥水性樹脂材料の原料であるPTFE分散液((株)喜多村製のKD500AS、固形分濃度:20重量%、示差走査熱量分析(DSC)による吸熱ピーク温度:331.3℃)を混合し、ディスパーで3時間攪拌して、カソード多孔質複合層ペースト(第1分散液、分散媒中の水含有率40重量%)を調製した。界面活性剤を含む全固形分に占める第1撥水性樹脂材料(PTFE)の重量割合は、26重量%とした。ドクターブレードを用いて、カソード多孔質複合層ペーストを導電性多孔質基材の一方の面に塗布し、大気中常温で8時間乾燥させた。その後、導電性多孔質基材を、不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去し、導電性多孔質基材19aの表面に多孔質複合層19bを形成した。走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、多孔質複合層19bは、第1撥水性樹脂材料の鱗片状粒子を含んでいた。任意の10個の鱗片状粒子を観察したところ、ベーサル面の最大径は1~1.5μmであり、最大径に垂直なベーサル面の径は0.5~1μmであった。また、鱗片状粒子の最大径は0.2μmであった。多孔質複合層19bに占める第1撥水性樹脂材料の量は40重量%であった。また、導電性多孔質基材19aの表面に配置される多孔質複合層19bの投影単位面積あたりの量は、1.8mg/cm2であった。導電性多孔質基材19aの厚さは200μmであり、多孔質複合層19bの厚さは18μmであった。
導電性多孔質基材であるカーボンペーパー(東レ(株)製のTGP-H-090)に、以下の方法で撥水性材料を付着させた。
PTFE分散液(ダイキン工業(株)製のD-1Eをイオン交換水で希釈した水溶液、固形分濃度:7重量%)にカーボンペーパーを1分間浸漬し、次いで、大気中常温で3時間乾燥させた。その後、カーボンペーパーを、不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去した。得られた導電性多孔質基材におけるPTFEの量は、12.5重量%であった。
まず、界面活性剤(Sigma-Aidrich社製のTritonX-100)を含むイソプロパノール水溶液に、導電性炭素材料であるカーボンブラック(CABOT社製のVulcanXC-72R)を超音波分散させた。得られた分散液に、PTFE分散液(ダイキン工業(株)製のD-1E)を混合し、ディスパーで3時間撹拌して、アノード多孔質複合層ペーストを調製した。界面活性剤を含む全固形分に占めるPTFEの重量割合は、26重量%とした。ドクターブレードを用いて、アノード多孔質複合層ペーストを導電性多孔質基材の一方の面に塗布し、大気中常温で8時間乾燥させた。その後、導電性多孔質基材を、不活性(N2)雰囲気、360℃で1時間焼成して界面活性剤を除去し、導電性多孔質基材の表面に多孔質複合層を形成した。こうして、アノード拡散層を得た。
アノード拡散層およびカソード拡散層19を、それぞれ6cm×6cmに切断した後、膜-触媒層接合体(CCM)の両側に、それぞれ多孔質複合層が触媒層と接するように積層した。次いで、得られた積層体を、ホットプレス法(130℃、4MPa、3分間)に供して、触媒層と拡散層とを接合して、膜電極接合体(MEA)13を作製した。
カソード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を4重量%としたこと以外、実施例8と同様にして、電池Iを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.01mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは0.9μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.05μmであった。
カソード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を20重量%としたこと以外、実施例8と同様にして、電池Jを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.48mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは1.5μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.08μmであった。
カソード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を3重量%としたこと以外、実施例8と同様にして、電池Kを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.005mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは0.8μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.05μmであった。
カソード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を21重量%としたこと以外、実施例8と同様にして、電池Lを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.55mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは2μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.1μmであった。
カソード拡散層に改質層を形成する際、第2分散液の固形分濃度を22重量%としたこと以外、実施例8と同様にして、電池Mを作製した。多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.63mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは2.5μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.1μmであった。
カソード拡散層に多孔質複合層を形成する際、第1撥水性樹脂材料であるPTFEの分散液として、60重量%PTFE分散液(Sigma-Aidrich社製)を用いて、カソード多孔質複合層ペースト(分散媒中の水含有率80重量%)を調製した。このカソード多孔質複合層ペーストを用いたこと以外、実施例8と同様にして、電池Nを作製した。多孔質複合層に占める第1撥水性樹脂材料の量は40重量%であった。また、導電性多孔質基材の表面に配置される多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの量は、1.8mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡で確認したところ、多孔質複合層には、針状の第1撥水性樹脂材料が含まれていた。
アノード拡散層の多孔質複合層の表面に、カソード拡散層と同様の方法で改質層を形成したこと以外、実施例8と同様にして、電池Oを作製した。アノード拡散層の多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される改質層の量は、0.02mg/cm2であった。走査型電子顕微鏡により測定したところ、アノード拡散層に含まれる第2撥水性樹脂材料の長軸方向の平均長さは1.0μmであり、短軸方向の平均長さは0.05μmであった。
カソード拡散層に改質層を形成しなかったこと以外は、実施例8と同様にして、比較電池3を作製した。
カソード拡散層に改質層を形成する分散液として、(株)喜多村製のKD500AS、固形分濃度:20重量%、示差走査熱量分析(DSC)による吸熱ピーク温度:331.3℃)を用いたこと以外は、実施例8と同様にして、比較電池4を作製した。得られた改質層を走査型電子顕微鏡により観察したところ、改質層には鱗片状の撥水性樹脂材料が存在しており、針状の撥水性樹脂材料は存在していなかった。
実施例1~15および比較例1~4で作製した燃料電池に用いたアノード拡散層およびカソード拡散層について、PMI社製の多孔質材料用の自動細孔径分布測定システム(パームポロメータ)により、以下の方法で貫通孔の制限細孔径分布における最大細孔直径および平均流量細孔直径を測定した。
アノード拡散層およびカソード拡散層を直径25mmの円形状に打ち抜いて、測定用試料を得た。表面張力γが15.7mN/mであるGalwick試薬に得られた試料を浸漬し、減圧環境下で、試料にGalwick試薬を20分間含浸させた。このようにして、試料の貫通孔にGalwick試薬を充填させた。
D0=(C×γ)/P0 (1)
を用いて、貫通孔の最大細孔直径D0を算出した。
貫通孔の最大細孔直径の測定と同様にして、測定用試料の貫通孔にGalwick試薬を充填させた。その後、測定用試料をパームポロメータに取り付け、空気透過流量が200L/minに到達するまで、空気の圧力を連続的に増加させた。このようにして、濡れ流量曲線を求めた。
10 電解質膜
11 アノード
12 カソード
13 膜電極接合体(MEA)
14 アノード側セパレータ
15 カソード側セパレータ
16 アノード触媒層
17 アノード拡散層
17a 導電性多孔質基材
17b 多孔質複合層
17c 改質層
18 カソード触媒層
19 カソード拡散層
19a 導電性多孔質基材
19b 多孔質複合層
19c 改質層
20、21 流路
22 アノード側ガスケット
23 カソード側ガスケット
24、25 集電板
26、27 シート状のヒータ
28、29 絶縁板
30、31 端板
50 貫通孔
50a 狭窄部
51 Galwick試薬
Claims (10)
- アノードと、カソードと、前記アノードと前記カソードとの間に配置される電解質膜とを含み、
前記アノードが、前記電解質膜の一方の主面に配置されるアノード触媒層および前記アノード触媒層に積層されるアノード拡散層を含み、
前記カソードが、前記電解質膜の他方の主面に配置されるカソード触媒層および前記カソード触媒層に積層されるカソード拡散層を含み、
前記アノード拡散層及び前記カソード拡散層の少なくとも一方が、導電性多孔質基材と、前記導電性多孔質基材の前記カソード触媒層側に配置される多孔質複合層と、前記多孔質複合層の前記カソード触媒層側に配置される改質層とを含み、
前記多孔質複合層が、導電性炭素材料および第1撥水性樹脂材料を含み、
前記改質層が、針状の第2撥水性樹脂材料を含む、燃料電池用膜電極接合体。 - 前記第1撥水性樹脂材料が鱗片状粒子である、請求項1記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記第2撥水性樹脂材料の重量平均分子量が、前記第1撥水性樹脂材料より大きい、請求項1または2記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記第2撥水性樹脂材料が、テトラフルオロエチレン単位を95重量%以上含むフッ素ポリマーである、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記第2撥水性樹脂材料は、長軸方向の長さが0.5μm以上であり、短軸方向の長さが0.05~0.1μmである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記多孔質複合層の平均厚さが、20~70μmである、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記多孔質複合層の投影単位面積あたりの表面に配置される前記改質層の量が、0.01~0.5mg/cm2である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記改質層が、前記第2撥水性樹脂材料の凝集体を含み、前記凝集体が、前記多孔質複合層の表面に分布している、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記アノード拡散層及び前記カソード拡散層の少なくとも一方が、複数の貫通孔を有し、ハーフドライ/バブルポイント法により測定された制限細孔径分布において、前記貫通孔の最大細孔直径が15~20μmの範囲にあり、平均流量細孔直径が3~10μmの範囲にある、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体、前記アノードに接するアノード側セパレータおよび前記カソードに接するカソード側セパレータを備える少なくとも1つの単位セルを有する、燃料電池。
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DE112011101367T DE112011101367T5 (de) | 2011-01-18 | 2011-11-14 | Membranelektrodenanordnung für eine Brennstoffzelle und Brennstoffzelle, die diese Verwendet |
US13/581,244 US8778557B2 (en) | 2011-01-18 | 2011-11-14 | Membrane electrode assembly for fuel cell and fuel cell using the same |
JP2012528157A JPWO2012098606A1 (ja) | 2011-01-18 | 2011-11-14 | 燃料電池用膜電極接合体およびそれを用いた燃料電池 |
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JP (1) | JPWO2012098606A1 (ja) |
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JP2017045625A (ja) * | 2015-08-27 | 2017-03-02 | 株式会社ノリタケカンパニーリミテド | 電極用材料 |
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CN106574888B (zh) * | 2014-07-25 | 2019-05-31 | 富士通株式会社 | 测量颗粒以及气体的测量装置、测量系统以及测量方法 |
US12051813B2 (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2024-07-30 | General Hydrogen Corp., Ltd. | Gas diffusion layer and method for preparing same |
DE102023107646A1 (de) | 2023-03-27 | 2024-10-02 | Greenerity Gmbh | Membranelektrodenanordnung und verfahren zur herstellung derselben, brennstoffzelle und elektrolysezelle |
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JPH01286256A (ja) * | 1988-05-12 | 1989-11-17 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極 |
JPH0296818A (ja) * | 1988-10-03 | 1990-04-09 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光ニューラルネット回路 |
JP2007227031A (ja) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-09-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | ガス拡散電極用材料の製造方法、ガス拡散電極及び固体高分子電解質型燃料電池 |
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JP3549241B2 (ja) | 1994-04-22 | 2004-08-04 | ジャパンゴアテックス株式会社 | 高分子固体電解質燃料電池用電極及びそれと高分子固体電解質との接合体 |
JP4301397B2 (ja) | 2003-08-22 | 2009-07-22 | パナソニック株式会社 | 燃料電池用膜電極接合体およびその製造方法 |
JP4486405B2 (ja) | 2004-04-23 | 2010-06-23 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 電解質膜電極接合体およびその製造方法 |
JP2008300133A (ja) | 2007-05-30 | 2008-12-11 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池の製造方法 |
JP2009187903A (ja) * | 2008-02-08 | 2009-08-20 | Canon Inc | カーボン多孔質材料、その製造方法、ガス拡散層及びそれを用いた燃料電池 |
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2011
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- 2011-11-14 JP JP2012528157A patent/JPWO2012098606A1/ja active Pending
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Patent Citations (3)
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JPH01286256A (ja) * | 1988-05-12 | 1989-11-17 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極 |
JPH0296818A (ja) * | 1988-10-03 | 1990-04-09 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光ニューラルネット回路 |
JP2007227031A (ja) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-09-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | ガス拡散電極用材料の製造方法、ガス拡散電極及び固体高分子電解質型燃料電池 |
Cited By (1)
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JP2017045625A (ja) * | 2015-08-27 | 2017-03-02 | 株式会社ノリタケカンパニーリミテド | 電極用材料 |
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US20120315567A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 |
US8778557B2 (en) | 2014-07-15 |
DE112011101367T5 (de) | 2013-02-28 |
JPWO2012098606A1 (ja) | 2014-06-09 |
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