WO2012035698A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池負極およびキャパシタ負極、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池およびキャパシタ - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池負極およびキャパシタ負極、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池およびキャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012035698A1 WO2012035698A1 PCT/JP2011/004342 JP2011004342W WO2012035698A1 WO 2012035698 A1 WO2012035698 A1 WO 2012035698A1 JP 2011004342 W JP2011004342 W JP 2011004342W WO 2012035698 A1 WO2012035698 A1 WO 2012035698A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- ion secondary
- powder
- lithium ion
- Prior art date
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 137
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 18
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- -1 nickel metal hydride Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OEMGCAOEZNBNAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P].[Li] Chemical compound [P].[Li] OEMGCAOEZNBNAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/42—Powders or particles, e.g. composition thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a powder for a negative electrode material that can be used for a lithium ion secondary battery, has a large discharge capacity, has good cycle characteristics, and can obtain a lithium ion secondary battery that can withstand use at a practical level.
- the present invention also relates to a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode and capacitor negative electrode, and a lithium ion secondary battery and capacitor using the negative electrode material powder.
- high energy density secondary batteries include nickel cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion secondary batteries, and polymer batteries.
- lithium ion secondary batteries have a much longer lifespan and higher capacity than nickel cadmium batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries, and thus the demand thereof has shown high growth in the power supply market.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration example of a coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery maintains the electrical insulation between the positive electrode 1, the negative electrode 2, the separator 3 impregnated with the electrolyte, and the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 and seals the battery contents. It consists of a gasket 4.
- lithium ions reciprocate between the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 through the electrolytic solution of the separator 3.
- the positive electrode 1 includes a counter electrode case 1a, a counter electrode current collector 1b, and a counter electrode 1c.
- Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ) and manganese spinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ) are mainly used for the counter electrode 1c.
- the negative electrode 2 is composed of a working electrode case 2a, a working electrode current collector 2b, and a working electrode 2c.
- the negative electrode material used for the working electrode 2c is generally an active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions (negative electrode active material). ), A conductive aid and a binder.
- a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery carbon, a composite oxide of lithium and boron, a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal (V, Fe, Cr, Mo, Ni, etc.), Si, Ge or A compound containing Sn, N and O, Si particles whose surface is coated with a carbon layer by chemical vapor deposition, and the like have been proposed.
- a powder of lower silicon oxide represented by a general formula SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) such as SiO is expected as the negative electrode active material.
- Silicon oxide has a low electrode potential with respect to lithium (base), and does not occlude lithium ions during charging / discharging, and does not degrade the crystal structure due to release or generation of irreversible substances, and reversibly occludes lithium ions. And since it can discharge
- Patent Document 1 proposes a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using lower silicon oxide powder as a negative electrode active material.
- the lower silicon oxide contains lithium in its crystal structure or amorphous structure so that lithium ions can be occluded and released by an electrochemical reaction in a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a composite oxide of lithium and silicon is formed.
- the present invention has been made in view of these problems, and is used as a negative electrode active material in a lithium ion secondary battery that has a large discharge capacity, good cycle characteristics, and can withstand use at a practical level.
- An object is to provide a negative electrode material powder and a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode material powder.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the chemical reaction of the electrolyte component on the surface of the lower silicon oxide.
- LiF film A component containing Li and F in the liquid (for example, lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF 6 )) is decomposed, and a film 21 (hereinafter referred to as “LiF film”) made of a LiF compound on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder 20. It is formed. Since the lower silicon oxide powder used as the negative electrode active material is greatly expanded and contracted during charging and discharging of the lithium ion secondary battery, the formed LiF film 21 is easily peeled off due to charging and discharging and is not stable. Then, in the silicon oxide phase exposed by peeling off the LiF film 21, the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte component and the formation reaction of the LiF film 21 proceed again.
- LiPF 6 lithium phosphorus hexafluoride
- Lithium ions are substances that charge and discharge between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and if this decreases due to repeated charge and discharge, the charge / discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery decreases and the cycle characteristics are inferior. Become.
- the present inventors examined a method for suppressing the formation of a LiF film at the time of charge and discharge that affects the cycle characteristics, and found that the method of adding Cl to the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder is effective. I found out.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a lower silicon oxide powder with Cl added on the surface, and shows a state in which a part of the added Cl is replaced with F.
- the present invention has been made on the basis of this finding, and the gist of the present invention is that the following (1) to (3) a powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material, the following (4) a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode and It exists in the capacitor negative electrode of the following (5), the lithium ion secondary battery of the following (6), and the capacitor of the following (7).
- a powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material having a silicon-rich layer on the surface of a lower silicon oxide powder, and chlorine added to the surface of the silicon-rich layer, the surface chlorine concentration being 0.1 mol% or more The powder for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode materials characterized by these.
- the “lower silicon oxide powder” is a powder of silicon oxide (SiO x ) satisfying the value x of the molar ratio of oxygen to silicon as a whole satisfying 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2.
- the “silicon-rich layer” refers to a region in the vicinity of the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder and a region in which the value x of the molar ratio of oxygen to silicon is smaller than the value x of the entire lower silicon oxide powder. .
- the silicon rich layer also includes a silicon coating.
- the “surface chlorine concentration” on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder or silicon-rich layer is a value calculated by dividing the number of Cl atoms on these surfaces by the total number of Si, O, C and Cl atoms as mol%. It is. A method for measuring x and a method for measuring the surface chlorine concentration of the lower silicon oxide powder will be described later.
- Si / C molar ratio value Si / C is It is 0.02 or less, that is, a state in which most of the surface of the negative electrode powder for lithium ion secondary battery is covered with C and Si and Cl are hardly exposed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has a large discharge capacity, good cycle characteristics, and can be used at a practical level.
- a secondary battery or capacitor can be obtained.
- the lithium ion secondary battery and capacitor of the present invention have a large discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view for explaining the chemical reaction of the electrolyte component on the surface of the lower silicon oxide.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a lower silicon oxide powder with Cl added to the surface.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a silicon oxide manufacturing apparatus.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration example of a SiCl X disproportionation reaction apparatus.
- the powder for negative electrode material of lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is a powder for negative electrode material of lithium ion secondary battery in which chlorine is added to the surface of lower silicon oxide powder, or lower oxidation
- the surface chlorine concentration being 0.1 mol% or more
- the lower silicon oxide powder is a silicon oxide (SiO x ) powder in which the total oxygen to silicon molar ratio (O / Si) value x satisfies 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2. .
- the reason why x is in this range is that when the value of x is less than 0.4, the lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode material powder of the present invention and the capacitor are severely deteriorated with the charge / discharge cycle, This is because the capacities of the lithium ion secondary battery and the capacitor are reduced when the value exceeds.
- x preferably satisfies 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.05.
- the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder of the present invention has chlorine added to the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder or the surface of the silicon rich layer formed on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder, and the surface chlorine concentration is 0. .1 mol% or more.
- the LiF compound is formed in the lithium ion secondary battery, and the reduction of the discharge capacity due to the reduction of lithium ions is suppressed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery can have excellent cycle characteristics. This effect of suppressing the reduction in discharge capacity can be obtained if the surface chlorine concentration is 0.1 mol% or more.
- the upper limit of the surface chlorine concentration is preferably less than 2.0 mol% as the chemical reaction between the electrode (for example, copper foil) used for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery and chlorine does not have an adverse effect.
- the silicon-rich layer formed on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder is the surface of the powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and the vicinity thereof, and the value x of the molar ratio of oxygen to silicon described above is An area smaller than the value of x.
- the silicon oxide powder when the surface oxygen to silicon molar ratio value x1 is smaller than the oxygen to silicon molar ratio x0 of the entire powder, that is, x1 ⁇ x0.
- the reversible capacity and the irreversible capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery using this lower silicon oxide powder as a negative electrode material powder are increased as compared with the case of x1 ⁇ x0. I was able to.
- the silicon-rich layer may be formed on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder as a silicon film, and the silicon film may completely cover the whole powder or may cover a part of the powder.
- the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder of the present invention preferably has a conductive carbon film on the surface to which chlorine is added.
- a conductive carbon film By forming a conductive carbon film on the surface, the conductivity of the negative electrode material powder for lithium ion secondary battery is improved, and the discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery using this negative electrode material powder is reduced to the conductive carbon film. It is possible to make it larger than the case of using the one not formed.
- the proportion of the conductive carbon film (hereinafter referred to as “carbon film ratio”) is preferably 0.2% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less. This is due to the following reason.
- the carbon film also contributes to the charge / discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery as in the case of lower silicon oxide, but its charge / discharge capacity per unit mass is smaller than that of lower silicon oxide. Therefore, the carbon film rate of the powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material is preferably 10% by mass or less from the viewpoint of securing the charge / discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery. On the other hand, if the carbon film ratio is less than 0.2% by mass, the effect of imparting conductivity by the conductive carbon film cannot be obtained, and the lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode material powder is difficult to function as a battery. .
- the specific resistance of the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary battery is preferably 40000 ⁇ cm or less. This is because when the specific resistance is larger than 40000 ⁇ cm, it is difficult to act as an electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery. The smaller the specific resistance, the better the electric conduction and the better the electrode active material of the lithium ion secondary battery, so there is no need to provide a lower limit.
- the average particle size of the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 12 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle size is too small, a uniform slurry cannot be obtained during electrode production, and the powder tends to fall off from the current collector. On the other hand, if the average particle diameter is too large, it is difficult to produce the electrode film constituting the working electrode 2c shown in FIG. 1, and the powder may be peeled off from the current collector.
- the average particle diameter is a value measured as a weight average value D 50 (particle diameter or median diameter when the cumulative weight is 50% of the total weight) in the particle size distribution measurement by the laser light diffraction method.
- SiO x is the molar ratio of O content and the Si content of the lithium-ion secondary battery negative electrode material for a powder (O / Si), the powder surface and powder
- the total value of x can be measured and calculated by the following method.
- the value of x on the surface of the silicon oxide powder can be measured by Auger electron spectroscopy.
- the average of the numerical values measured once in each section, with a 0.5 mm square area divided into a total of 100 sections of 10 sections vertically and horizontally at equal intervals Is the value of x on the surface of the silicon oxide powder.
- the beam diameter of the primary electron beam at the time of measurement is 0.5 ⁇ m or less, and Ar + ion etching is used in combination.
- the measurement target is a numerical value converted by Ar + ion etching rate (52.6 nm / min), and is set to a region of 20 to 100 nm in the depth direction from the surface.
- the value of x of the whole powder can be calculated by dividing, for example, the O content measured by the measurement methods shown in the following (a) and (b) by the Si content.
- Si content rate in the negative electrode powder for lithium ion secondary batteries was determined by adding nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid to the sample to dissolve the sample, and then using the obtained solution as an ICP emission spectrometer ( It is calculated from the Si content in the sample under quantitative evaluation by analysis with Shimadzu Corporation. In this method, Si, SiO and SiO 2 are dissolved, and Si constituting them can be detected.
- the surface chlorine concentration of the negative electrode material powder for lithium ion secondary batteries was measured by using XPS, measuring the number of atoms of Si, O, C and Cl under the conditions shown in Table 2, and the number of Cl atoms. Is divided by the total number of atoms of Si, O, C and Cl to calculate as mol%.
- the measurement result of the surface is adopted as the surface chlorine concentration.
- the powder for the negative electrode material for the lithium ion secondary battery has a predetermined depth by Ar in the depth direction from the surface toward the center.
- Etching is performed with a pitch, and the operation of measuring the etched surface with XPS is repeated, and the number of atoms of Si, O, C, and Cl is measured for each depth.
- the maximum value is adopted as the surface chlorine concentration.
- the pitch for etching is 1 nm or less in terms of SiO 2 .
- Carbon film ratio measurement method The carbon film ratio is determined based on the mass of the powder for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery used as a sample and the oxygen concentration combustion-infrared absorption of the sample using a carbon concentration analyzer (Leco, CS400). It is calculated from the result of carbon amount quantitatively evaluated by analyzing CO 2 gas by the method.
- the crucible is a ceramic crucible, the auxiliary combustor is copper, and the analysis time is 40 seconds.
- the specific resistance ⁇ ( ⁇ cm) of the powder for a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery is calculated using the following equation (2).
- ⁇ R ⁇ A / L
- R electrical resistance ( ⁇ ) of the sample
- A bottom area (cm 2 ) of the sample
- L thickness (cm) of the sample.
- the electrical resistance of the sample can be measured, for example, by a two-terminal method using a digital multimeter (VOAC7513, manufactured by Iwatatsu Measurement Co., Ltd.).
- the sample was filled with 0.20 g of the sample in a powder resistance measurement jig (jig part: stainless steel with an inner diameter of 20 mm, frame part: made of polytetrafluoroethylene), and pressurized at 20 kgf / cm 2 for 60 seconds.
- the thickness of the molded sample is measured with a micrometer.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a silicon oxide production apparatus. This apparatus includes a vacuum chamber 5, a raw material chamber 6 disposed in the vacuum chamber 5, and a deposition chamber 7 disposed on the upper portion of the raw material chamber 6.
- the raw material chamber 6 is formed of a cylindrical body, and a cylindrical raw material container 8 and a heating source 10 surrounding the raw material container 8 are disposed at the center thereof.
- a heating source 10 for example, an electric heater can be used.
- the deposition chamber 7 is composed of a cylindrical body arranged so that its axis coincides with the raw material container 8.
- a deposition base 11 made of stainless steel is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the deposition chamber 7 for vapor deposition of gaseous silicon oxide generated by sublimation in the raw material chamber 6.
- a vacuum device (not shown) for discharging the atmospheric gas is connected to the vacuum chamber 5 that accommodates the raw material chamber 6 and the deposition chamber 7, and the gas is discharged in the direction of arrow A.
- a mixed granulated raw material 9 obtained by mixing silicon powder and silicon dioxide powder in a predetermined ratio as a raw material, and mixing, granulating and drying is used.
- the mixed granulated raw material 9 is filled in the raw material container 8 and heated (heated by a heating source 10) in an inert gas atmosphere or vacuum to generate (sublimate) SiO.
- Gaseous SiO generated by the sublimation rises from the raw material chamber 6 and enters the deposition chamber 7, is vapor-deposited on the surrounding deposition base 11, and is deposited as lower silicon oxide 12. Thereafter, the lower silicon oxide 12 deposited from the deposition base 11 is removed and pulverized using a ball mill or the like to obtain a lower silicon oxide powder.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a SiCl X disproportionation reaction apparatus.
- the SiCl X disproportionation reactor includes a powder container 14 that contains the silicon oxide powder 13 and a heating source 15 that surrounds the powder container 14.
- the heating source 15 for example, an electric heater can be used.
- the inside of the powder container 14 is partitioned vertically by a porous plate 16, and the silicon oxide powder 13 is placed on the porous plate 16.
- SiCl X gas is introduced into the powder container 14 from below the porous plate 16.
- the SiCl X gas that has passed through the perforated plate 16 is discharged from above while in contact with the surface of the silicon oxide powder 13 heated by the heating source 15.
- SiCl X Since the silicon oxide powder 13 and the surrounding atmosphere are heated by the heating source 15, when SiCl X is introduced into the powder container 14, the surface of the silicon oxide powder 13 has SiCl represented by the following chemical formula (1).
- a disproportionation reaction of X (X ⁇ 4) occurs, and silicon is generated.
- Silicon (Si) produced by the disproportionation reaction of SiCl X adheres to the surface of the silicon oxide powder 13 to form a silicon film, that is, a silicon rich layer.
- the thickness and amount of the silicon film can be adjusted by adjusting the amount and time of introducing SiCl X.
- Method of adding chlorine By adding chlorine to the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder or silicon-rich layer, the powder for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is completed.
- Various methods are conceivable as a method of adding chlorine to the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder or the silicon-rich layer.
- the conductive carbon film is formed on the surface of the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder by CVD or the like. Specifically, a rotary kiln is used as the apparatus, and a mixed gas of a hydrocarbon gas or an organic substance-containing gas that is a carbon source and an inert gas is used as a gas.
- hydrocarbon gas consisting only of C and H is preferable as the carbon source.
- the forming temperature of the conductive carbon film is 700 ° C. or higher and 750 ° C. or lower.
- the treatment time is 20 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less, and is set according to the thickness of the conductive carbon film to be formed.
- Configuration of Lithium Ion Secondary Battery A configuration example of a coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery using the powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention is described with reference to FIG. explain. The basic configuration of the lithium ion secondary battery shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode material used for the negative electrode 2, that is, the working electrode 2c constituting the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is configured using the powder for negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention. Specifically, it can be comprised with the powder for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode materials of this invention which is an active material, another active material, a conductive support material, and a binder. Of the constituent materials in the negative electrode material, the ratio of the powder for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention to the total of the constituent materials excluding the binder is 20% by mass or more. It is not always necessary to add an active material other than the powder for a negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention.
- the conductive additive for example, acetylene black or carbon black can be used
- the binder for example, polyacrylic acid (PAA) or polyvinylidene fluoride can be used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention uses the above-described powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention, the discharge capacity is large, the cycle characteristics are good, and the practical level. Can withstand use in
- the powder for negative electrode material of the present invention and the negative electrode using the same can also be applied to capacitors.
- Test conditions 1-1 Configuration of Lithium Ion Secondary Battery
- the configuration of the lithium ion secondary battery was the coin shape shown in FIG.
- This lower silicon oxide powder was subjected to a chlorine addition treatment on the surface by heating to 500 ° C. in a SiCl 4 —Ar mixed gas atmosphere.
- the molar ratio of SiCl 4 / Ar in the SiCl 4 -Ar mixed gas was as shown in Table 3.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the lower silicon oxide powder after the chlorine addition treatment was 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- Test Nos. 1 to 4 are examples of the present invention in which chlorine addition treatment is performed and the surface chlorine concentration satisfies the provisions of the present invention.
- Test No. 5 is a comparative example in which no chlorine addition treatment was performed and the surface chlorine concentration was below the measurement limit. The surface chlorine concentration was calculated using the results measured using XPS.
- a slurry is prepared by adding n-methylpyrrolidone to a mixture containing 65% by mass of the negative electrode powder for a lithium ion secondary battery, 10% by mass of acetylene black, and 25% by mass of PAA. This slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, dried in an atmosphere at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then punched out to a size with an area of 1 cm 2 on one side to obtain a negative electrode 2.
- the counter electrode 1c was a lithium foil.
- the electrolytic solution was a solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a ratio of 1 mol / liter in a mixed solution of EC (ethylene carbonate) and DEC (diethyl carbonate) in a volume ratio of 1: 1.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- a polyethylene porous film having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
- Test Results A charge / discharge test was performed on the lithium ion secondary battery manufactured under the above conditions, and evaluation was performed using the discharge capacity (initial discharge capacity) at the first cycle and the cycle capacity retention rate as indices. Moreover, the specific resistance of the powder for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode materials was also measured. These values are shown in Table 3 together with the test conditions.
- the cycle capacity retention ratio is a value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle by the initial discharge capacity, and the larger this value, the better the cycle characteristics.
- the initial discharge capacity was 1437 mAh / g or more, and the cycle capacity maintenance rate was 80% or more, both excellent values. Further, the higher the surface chlorine concentration, the higher the cycle capacity maintenance rate. The reason why the cycle capacity retention rate was excellent is considered to be that the generation of LiF during charging and discharging was suppressed by adding chlorine to the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder.
- test number 5 which is a comparative example, the initial discharge capacity was 1432 mAh / g, which was slightly inferior to that of the example of the present invention, but the cycle capacity retention rate was 76%, which was inferior to that of the example of the present invention. This is presumably because the lithium ions in the electrolyte decreased due to the generation of LiF during charging and discharging.
- Lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder according to the present invention, and lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode or capacitor negative electrode are used to provide lithium having a large discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics, and can be used at a practical level. An ion secondary battery or a capacitor can be obtained. Moreover, the lithium ion secondary battery and capacitor of the present invention have a large discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics. Therefore, the present invention is a useful technique in the field of secondary batteries and capacitors.
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Abstract
Description
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末は、低級酸化珪素粉末の表面に塩素が付加したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、または低級酸化珪素粉末の表面に珪素リッチ層を有し、前記珪素リッチ層の表面に塩素が付加したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末であって、表面塩素濃度が0.1mol%以上であることを特徴とする。
2-1.SiOxのxの値の測定、算出方法
SiOxのxは、リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末中のO含有率とSi含有率のモル比(O/Si)であり、粉末表面および粉末全体のxの値は以下の方法で測定、算出することができる。
酸化珪素粉末表面のxの値は、オージェ電子分光分析によって測定することができる。オージェ電子分光装置の試料台上に密に載置した酸化珪素粉末について、0.5mm角の領域を等間隔に縦横10区画の合計100区画に区切り、各区画で1回ずつ測定した数値の平均を、その酸化珪素粉末表面のxの値とする。
粉末全体のxの値は、例えば下記(a)及び(b)に示す測定方法で測定したO含有率をSi含有率で除して算出することができる。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末中のO含有率は、酸素濃度分析装置(Leco社製、TC436)を用いて、試料10mgを不活性ガス融解・赤外線吸収法によって分析することで定量評価した試料中のO含有量から算出する。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末中のSi含有率は、試料に硝酸およびフッ酸を加えて試料を溶解させ、得られた溶液をICP発光分光分析装置(株式会社島津製作所製)で分析することによって定量評価下試料中のSi含有量から算出する。この方法では、Si、SiOおよびSiO2が溶解され、これらを構成するSiを検出できる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末において、「表面に導電性炭素皮膜を有する」とは、AlKα線(1486.6eV)を用いたX線光電子分光分析装置(XPS)で、導電性炭素皮膜の形成処理を施したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末の表面分析を行った場合に、SiとCとのモル比の値Si/Cが0.02以下であることをいう。XPSの測定条件は表1に示す通りとする。「Si/Cが0.02以下」とは、リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末の表面のほとんどがCに覆われており、Siがほとんど露出していない状態である。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末の表面塩素濃度は、XPSを使用し、表2に示す条件でSi、O、CおよびClの原子数を測定し、Clの原子数をSi、O、CおよびClの原子数の合計で除してmol%として算出する。
炭素皮膜率は、試料として用いるリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末の質量と、その試料について炭素濃度分析装置(Leco社製、CS400)を用いて酸素気流燃焼-赤外線吸収法によってCO2ガスを分析することで定量評価した炭素量の結果から算出する。ルツボはセラミックルツボを、助燃剤は銅を用い、分析時間は40秒とする。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末の比抵抗ρ(Ωcm)は、下記(2)式を用いて算出する。
ρ=R×A/L …(2)
ここで、R:試料の電気抵抗(Ω)、A:試料の底面積(cm2)、L:試料の厚さ(cm)である。
試料の電気抵抗は、例えば、デジタルマルチメーター(岩通計測株式会社製、VOAC7513)を用いた二端子法によって測定することができる。この場合、試料は、粉末抵抗測定用治具(治具部:内径20mmのステンレス製、枠部:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン製)に試料0.20gを充填し、20kgf/cm2で60秒間加圧して成形し、成形した試料の厚さはマイクロメーターで測定する。
3-1.低級酸化珪素粉末の製造方法
図4は、酸化珪素の製造装置の構成例を示す図である。この装置は、真空室5と、真空室5内に配置された原料室6と、原料室6の上部に配置された析出室7とを備える。
図5は、SiClX不均化反応装置の構成例を示す図である。SiClX不均化反応装置は、酸化珪素粉末13を収容する粉末容器14と、粉末容器14を囲繞する加熱源15とを備える。加熱源15としては、例えば電熱ヒーターを用いることができる。粉末容器14の内部は多孔板16により上下に仕切られており、酸化珪素粉末13は多孔板16の上に載置される。そして、多孔板16の下方から粉末容器14の内部にSiClXガスが導入される。多孔板16を通過したSiClXガスは、加熱源15で加熱された酸化珪素粉末13の表面に接しながら上方から排出される。
mSiClX→(m-n)Si+nSiCl4 …(1)
SiClXの不均化反応によって生成した珪素(Si)が酸化珪素粉末13の表面に付着し、珪素の皮膜、すなわち珪素リッチ層の形成がなされる。珪素皮膜の厚さや量は、SiClXを導入する量や時間を調整することにより調整することができる。
低級酸化珪素粉末または珪素リッチ層の表面に塩素を付加することにより、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末が完成する。低級酸化珪素粉末または珪素リッチ層の表面への塩素の付加方法としては、さまざまな方法が考えられる。一例として、非酸化性雰囲気または減圧雰囲気下でSiCl4ガスと接触させながら熱処理する方法が挙げられる。この場合、SiCl4ガスの流量を調整することにより、付加される塩素量を調整することができる。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末の表面への導電性炭素皮膜の形成は、CVD等により行う。具体的には、装置としてロータリーキルンを用い、ガスとして炭素源である炭化水素ガスまたは有機物含有ガスと、不活性ガスとの混合ガスを用いて行う。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末およびリチウムイオン二次電池負極を用いた、コイン形状のリチウムイオン二次電池の構成例を、前記図1を参照して説明する。同図に示すリチウムイオン二次電池の基本的構成は、上述の通りである。
1-1.リチウムイオン二次電池の構成
リチウムイオン二次電池の構成は、前記図1に示すコイン形状とした。
充放電試験には、二次電池充放電試験装置(株式会社ナガノ製)を用いた。充電は、リチウムイオン二次電池の両極間の電圧が0Vに達するまでは1mAの定電流で行い、電圧が0Vに達した後は、0Vを維持したまま充電を行った。その後、電流値が20μAを下回った時点で充電を終了した。放電は、リチウムイオン二次電池の両極間の電圧が1.5Vに達するまでは1mAの定電流で行った。以上の充放電試験を100サイクル行った。
上記条件で作製したリチウムイオン二次電池について充放電試験を行い、1サイクル目の放電容量(初回放電容量)およびサイクル容量維持率を指標として評価を行った。また、リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末の比抵抗も測定した。これらの値を試験条件と併せて前記表3に示す。サイクル容量維持率とは、100サイクル目の放電容量を初回放電容量で除した値であり、この値が大きいほどサイクル特性が良好であることを示す。
2:負極、 2a:作用極ケース、 2b:作用極集電体、
2c:作用極、 3:セパレーター、 4:ガスケット、 5:真空室、
6:原料室、 7:析出室、 8:原料容器、 9:混合造粒原料、
10:加熱源、 11:析出基体、 12:低級酸化珪素、
13:酸化珪素粉末、 14:粉末容器、 15:加熱源、
16:多孔板、 20:低級酸化珪素粉末、 21:LiF皮膜
Claims (7)
- 低級酸化珪素粉末の表面に塩素が付加したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末であって、
表面塩素濃度が0.1mol%以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。 - 低級酸化珪素粉末の表面に珪素リッチ層を有し、前記珪素リッチ層の表面に塩素が付加したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末であって、
表面塩素濃度が0.1mol%以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。 - 前記塩素が付加した表面に炭素皮膜を有することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末を用いたキャパシタ負極。
- 請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項5に記載のキャパシタ負極を用いたキャパシタ。
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PCT/JP2011/004342 WO2012035698A1 (ja) | 2010-09-17 | 2011-07-29 | リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池負極およびキャパシタ負極、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池およびキャパシタ |
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JP (1) | JP5584302B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20130055668A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN103119760A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2012035698A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5554845B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-07 | 2014-07-23 | 株式会社大阪チタニウムテクノロジーズ | リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2017191771A (ja) * | 2016-04-06 | 2017-10-19 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 負極活物質、混合負極活物質材料、及び負極活物質の製造方法 |
CN109524653A (zh) * | 2018-11-21 | 2019-03-26 | 湖南中车特种电气装备有限公司 | 一种利用导电聚合物提升锂离子电容器比容量的方法 |
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JP2006004822A (ja) * | 2004-06-18 | 2006-01-05 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 非水電解質電池 |
JP2008198610A (ja) * | 2007-02-14 | 2008-08-28 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | 負極活物質、その製造方法及びそれを採用した負極とリチウム電池 |
JP2009104892A (ja) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-05-14 | Panasonic Corp | リチウム二次電池 |
JP2010272411A (ja) * | 2009-05-22 | 2010-12-02 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材及びその製造方法、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池及び電気化学キャパシタ |
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JP2002042809A (ja) * | 2000-07-31 | 2002-02-08 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 非水系二次電池 |
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JP3827707B2 (ja) * | 2004-12-22 | 2006-09-27 | 芙蓉パーライト株式会社 | 油吸着カートリッジ、油水分離装置及び油水分離方法 |
KR101020909B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-25 | 2011-03-09 | 파나소닉 주식회사 | 리튬 이차전지용 음극 및 그 제조 방법, 및 리튬이차전지용 음극을 구비한 리튬 이차전지 |
JP4197002B2 (ja) * | 2006-04-07 | 2008-12-17 | 宇部興産株式会社 | リチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法 |
JP5245559B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-16 | 2013-07-24 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材及びその製造方法、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池及び電気化学キャパシタ |
CN102906908A (zh) * | 2010-05-25 | 2013-01-30 | 株式会社大阪钛技术 | 锂离子二次电池负极材料用粉末及其制造方法 |
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2011
- 2011-07-29 CN CN2011800441422A patent/CN103119760A/zh active Pending
- 2011-07-29 KR KR1020137007921A patent/KR20130055668A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-07-29 JP JP2012533836A patent/JP5584302B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-07-29 WO PCT/JP2011/004342 patent/WO2012035698A1/ja active Application Filing
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JP2006004822A (ja) * | 2004-06-18 | 2006-01-05 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 非水電解質電池 |
JP2008198610A (ja) * | 2007-02-14 | 2008-08-28 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | 負極活物質、その製造方法及びそれを採用した負極とリチウム電池 |
JP2009104892A (ja) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-05-14 | Panasonic Corp | リチウム二次電池 |
JP2010272411A (ja) * | 2009-05-22 | 2010-12-02 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材及びその製造方法、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池及び電気化学キャパシタ |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP5554845B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-07 | 2014-07-23 | 株式会社大阪チタニウムテクノロジーズ | リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、これを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2017191771A (ja) * | 2016-04-06 | 2017-10-19 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 負極活物質、混合負極活物質材料、及び負極活物質の製造方法 |
CN109524653A (zh) * | 2018-11-21 | 2019-03-26 | 湖南中车特种电气装备有限公司 | 一种利用导电聚合物提升锂离子电容器比容量的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP5584302B2 (ja) | 2014-09-03 |
CN103119760A (zh) | 2013-05-22 |
KR20130055668A (ko) | 2013-05-28 |
JPWO2012035698A1 (ja) | 2014-01-20 |
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