WO2011097258A1 - Circuits for controlling display apparatus - Google Patents
Circuits for controlling display apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011097258A1 WO2011097258A1 PCT/US2011/023402 US2011023402W WO2011097258A1 WO 2011097258 A1 WO2011097258 A1 WO 2011097258A1 US 2011023402 W US2011023402 W US 2011023402W WO 2011097258 A1 WO2011097258 A1 WO 2011097258A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- phase
- shutter
- data
- update
- voltage
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 107
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 66
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 55
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 53
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 30
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 30
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 16
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005459 micromachining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001270131 Agaricus moelleri Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005513 bias potential Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002301 combined effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010237 hybrid technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000415 inactivating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001393 microlithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000026280 response to electrical stimulus Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
- G09G3/2077—Display of intermediate tones by a combination of two or more gradation control methods
- G09G3/2081—Display of intermediate tones by a combination of two or more gradation control methods with combination of amplitude modulation and time modulation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
- G01J3/0232—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using shutters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/027—Control of working procedures of a spectrometer; Failure detection; Bandwidth calculation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/001—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on interference in an adjustable optical cavity
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/004—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/02—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light
- G02B26/04—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light by periodically varying the intensity of light, e.g. using choppers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/14—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units
- G06F3/147—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units using display panels
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/3406—Control of illumination source
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/3406—Control of illumination source
- G09G3/3413—Details of control of colour illumination sources
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
- G09G3/348—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on the deformation of a fluid drop, e.g. electrowetting
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
- G09G2300/0814—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels used for selection purposes, e.g. logical AND for partial update
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
- G09G2300/0842—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels forming a memory circuit, e.g. a dynamic memory with one capacitor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
- G09G2300/0842—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels forming a memory circuit, e.g. a dynamic memory with one capacitor
- G09G2300/0857—Static memory circuit, e.g. flip-flop
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/088—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements using a non-linear two-terminal element
- G09G2300/0885—Pixel comprising a non-linear two-terminal element alone in series with each display pixel element
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
- G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
- G09G2310/0235—Field-sequential colour display
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
- G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
- G09G2310/0243—Details of the generation of driving signals
- G09G2310/0251—Precharge or discharge of pixel before applying new pixel voltage
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
- G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
- G09G2310/0243—Details of the generation of driving signals
- G09G2310/0254—Control of polarity reversal in general, other than for liquid crystal displays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
- G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
- G09G2310/0262—The addressing of the pixel, in a display other than an active matrix LCD, involving the control of two or more scan electrodes or two or more data electrodes, e.g. pixel voltage dependent on signals of two data electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
- G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
- G09G2310/061—Details of flat display driving waveforms for resetting or blanking
- G09G2310/063—Waveforms for resetting the whole screen at once
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/06—Adjustment of display parameters
- G09G2320/0626—Adjustment of display parameters for control of overall brightness
- G09G2320/0646—Modulation of illumination source brightness and image signal correlated to each other
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
- G09G2330/02—Details of power systems and of start or stop of display operation
- G09G2330/021—Power management, e.g. power saving
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2360/00—Aspects of the architecture of display systems
- G09G2360/14—Detecting light within display terminals, e.g. using a single or a plurality of photosensors
- G09G2360/144—Detecting light within display terminals, e.g. using a single or a plurality of photosensors the light being ambient light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
- G09G3/2011—Display of intermediate tones by amplitude modulation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
- G09G3/2014—Display of intermediate tones by modulation of the duration of a single pulse during which the logic level remains constant
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
- G09G3/2018—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals
- G09G3/2022—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals using sub-frames
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
- G09G3/3473—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on light coupled out of a light guide, e.g. due to scattering, by contracting the light guide with external means
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of imaging displays, in particular, the invention relates to controller circuits and processes for controlling light modulators incorporated into imaging displays.
- Displays built from mechanical light modulators are an attractive alternative to displays based on liquid crystal technology.
- Mechanical light modulators are fast enough to display video content with good viewing angles and with a wide range of color and grey scale. Mechanical light modulators have been successful in projection display applications. Direct-view displays using mechanical light modulators have not yet demonstrated sufficiently attractive combinations of brightness and low power.
- fast, bright, low-powered mechanically actuated direct-view displays Specifically there is a need for direct- view displays that can be driven at high speeds and at low voltages for improved image quality and reduced power consumption.
- a method of operating a display includes loading image data to pixels in multiple rows of pixels in an array of pixels during a data loading phase, actuating the pixels in at least two rows and at least two columns during an update phase, and illuminating at least one lamp during an lamp illumination phase to illuminate the actuated pixels to form an image on the display, in which the update phase overlaps with at least one of the loading and illumination phases partially in time.
- the lamp illumination phase completely overlaps in time with the data loading phase for at least one bit of lamp output.
- the update phase comprises transmitting a plurality of update signals.
- the update phase includes first and second sub-phases.
- a first update signal of the plurality of update signals further comprises a first and a second signal phase corresponding to the first and second sub-phases, and the data loading phase overlaps in time with the first signal phase of the first update signal.
- the first signal phase corresponds to a reset phase.
- the method includes a second update signal of the plurality of update signals having a first and a second signal phase corresponding to the first and second sub-phases, in which the lamp illumination phase overlaps in time both the second signal phase of the first update signal, and the first signal phase of the second update signal.
- the first signal phase corresponds to an electrical setting sub-phase of the update phase
- the second signal phase corresponds to a mechanical reaction sub-phase of the update phase.
- the data loading phase overlaps in time with the mechanical reaction sub-phase.
- the method includes moving a shutter during a shutter transition phase, in which the lamp illumination phase partially overlaps the shutter transition phase in time.
- the lamp illumination phase overlaps the shutter transition during a reset phase.
- the data loading phase overlaps the end of the update phase and the beginning of the lamp illumination phase in time.
- each of the loading, update and illumination phases all at least partially overlap each other in time.
- at least one of the loading, update and illumination phases partially overlap with at least one other phase in time.
- the display is built upon a transparent substrate.
- the display includes an array of MEMS light modulators.
- the display includes an array of shutter-based light modulators.
- Figure 1 A is an isometric view of display apparatus, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure IB is a block diagram of the display apparatus of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 1C is a timing diagram for a method of displaying an image on a display using a field sequential color technique, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure ID is a timing diagram illustrating the timing of various image formation events using a coded time division grayscale technique, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2A is a perspective view of an illustrative shutter-based light modulator suitable for incorporation into the MEMS-based display of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2B is a cross-sectional view of a rollershade-based light modulator suitable for incorporation into the MEMS-based display of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2C is a cross sectional view of a light-tap-based light modulator suitable for incorporation into an alternative embodiment of the MEMS-based display of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2D is a cross sectional view of an electrowetting-based light modulator suitable for incorporation into an alternative embodiment of the MEMS-based display of Figure 1 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 3A is a schematic diagram of a control matrix suitable for controlling the light modulators incorporated into the MEMS-based display of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 3B is a perspective view of an array of shutter-based light modulators connected to the control matrix of Figure 3 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figures 4A and 4B are plan views of a dual-actuated shutter assembly in the open and closed states respectively, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 4C is a cross sectional view of a dual actuator light tap-based light modulator suitable for incorporation into the MEMS-based display, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 5A is a diagram of a control matrix suitable for controlling the shutter assemblies of the display apparatus of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 5B is a flow chart of a method of addressing the pixels of the control matrix of Figure 5A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 6 is a diagram of a control matrix suitable for controlling the shutter assemblies of the display apparatus of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 7 is a flow chart of a method of addressing the pixels of the control matrix of Figure 6, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 8 A is a phase diagram for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 8B is a timing diagram for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 8 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 9A is another phase diagram for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figures 9B is a timing diagram for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 9A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 10A is another phase diagram for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 1 OB is a timing diagram for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 10A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 11 A is another phase diagram for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 1 IB is a timing diagram for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 11A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention
- Figure 12A is another phase diagram for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 12B is a timing diagram for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 12 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 13A is another phase diagram for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 13B is a timing diagram for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 13 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 A is a schematic diagram of a direct-view MEMS-based display apparatus 100, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- the display apparatus 100 includes a plurality of light modulators 102a-102d (generally "light modulators 102") arranged in rows and columns.
- light modulators 102a and 102d are in the open state, allowing light to pass.
- Light modulators 102b and 102c are in the closed state, obstructing the passage of light.
- the display apparatus 100 can be utilized to form an image 104 for a backlit display, if illuminated by a lamp or lamps 105.
- the apparatus 100 may form an image by reflection of ambient light originating from the front of the apparatus.
- the apparatus 100 may form an image by reflection of light from a lamp or lamps positioned in the front of the display, i.e. by use of a frontlight.
- the light modulators 102 interfere with light in an optical path by, for example, and without limitation, blocking, reflecting, absorbing, filtering, polarizing, diffracting, or otherwise altering a property or path of the light.
- each light modulator 102 corresponds to a pixel 106 in the image 104.
- the display apparatus 100 may utilize a plurality of light modulators to form a pixel 106 in the image 104.
- the display apparatus 100 may include three color-specific light modulators 102. By selectively opening one or more of the color-specific light modulators 102 corresponding to a particular pixel 106, the display apparatus 100 can generate a color pixel 106 in the image 104.
- the display apparatus 100 includes two or more light modulators 102 per pixel 106 to provide grayscale in an image 104.
- a "pixel" corresponds to the smallest picture element defined by the resolution of the image.
- the term "pixel" refers to the combined mechanical and electrical components utilized to modulate the light that forms a single pixel of the image.
- Display apparatus 100 is a direct- view display in that it does not require imaging optics. The user sees an image by looking directly at the display apparatus 100.
- the display apparatus 100 is incorporated into a projection display.
- the display forms an image by projecting light onto a screen or onto a wall.
- the display apparatus 100 is substantially smaller than the projected image 104.
- Direct-view displays may operate in either a transmissive or reflective mode.
- the light modulators filter or selectively block light which originates from a lamp or lamps positioned behind the display. The light from the lamps is optionally injected into a light guide or "backlight".
- Transmissive direct-view display embodiments are often built onto transparent or glass substrates to facilitate a sandwich assembly arrangement where one substrate, containing the light modulators, is positioned directly on top of the backlight.
- a color- specific light modulator is created by associating a color filter material with each modulator 102.
- colors can be generated, as described below, using a field sequential color method by alternating illumination of lamps with different primary colors.
- a number of different types of lamps can be employed in the displays, including without limitation:
- lamps can be combined into a single assembly containing multiple lamps. For instance a combination of red, green, and blue LEDs can be combined with or substituted for a white LED in a small semiconductor chip, or assembled into a small multi-lamp package.
- each lamp can represent an assembly of 4-color LEDs, for instance a combination of red, yellow, green, and blue LEDs.
- Each light modulator 102 includes a shutter 108 and an aperture 109.
- the shutter 108 To illuminate a pixel 106 in the image 104, the shutter 108 is positioned such that it allows light to pass through the aperture 109 towards a viewer. To keep a pixel 106 unlit, the shutter 108 is positioned such that it obstructs the passage of light through the aperture 109.
- the aperture 109 is defined by an opening patterned through a reflective or light-absorbing material.
- the display apparatus also includes a control matrix connected to the substrate and to the light modulators for controlling the movement of the shutters.
- the control matrix includes a series of electrical interconnects (e.g., interconnects 110, 112, and 114), including at least one write-enable interconnect 110 (also referred to as a "scan-line interconnect") per row of pixels, one data interconnect 112 for each column of pixels, and one common interconnect 114 providing a common voltage to all pixels, or at least to pixels from both multiple columns and multiples rows in the display apparatus 100.
- V we the write-enable interconnect 110 for a given row of pixels prepares the pixels in the row to accept new shutter movement instructions.
- the data interconnects 112 communicate the new movement instructions in the form of data voltage pulses.
- the data voltage pulses applied to the data interconnects 112 directly contribute to an electrostatic movement of the shutters.
- the data voltage pulses control switches, e.g., transistors or other non-linear circuit elements that control the application of separate actuation voltages, which are typically higher in magnitude than the data voltages, to the light modulators 102. The application of these actuation voltages then results in the electrostatic driven movement of the shutters 108.
- Figure IB is a block diagram 150 of the display apparatus 100.
- the display apparatus 100 includes a plurality of scan drivers 152 (also referred to as “write enabling voltage sources”) and a plurality of data drivers 154 (also referred to as “data voltage sources”).
- the scan drivers 152 apply write enabling voltages to scan-line interconnects 110.
- the data drivers 154 apply data voltages to the data interconnects 112.
- the data drivers 154 are configured to provide analog data voltages to the light modulators, especially where the gray scale of the image 104 is to be derived in analog fashion.
- the light modulators 102 are designed such that when a range of intermediate voltages is applied through the data interconnects 112 there results a range of intermediate open states in the shutters 108 and therefore a range of intermediate illumination states or gray scales in the image 104.
- the data drivers 154 are configured to apply only a reduced set of 2, 3, or 4 digital voltage levels to the control matrix. These voltage levels are designed to set, in digital fashion, either an open state or a closed state to each of the shutters 108.
- the scan drivers 152 and the data drivers 154 are connected to digital controller circuit 156 (also referred to as the "controller 156").
- the controller 156 includes an input processing module 158, which processes an incoming image signal 157 into a digital image format appropriate to the spatial addressing and the gray scale capabilities of the display 100.
- the pixel location and gray scale data of each image is stored in a frame buffer 159 so that the data can be fed out as needed to the data drivers 154.
- the data is sent to the data drivers 154 in mostly serial fashion, organized in predetermined sequences grouped by rows and by image frames.
- the data drivers 154 can include series to parallel data converters, level shifting, and for some applications digital to analog voltage converters.
- the display 100 apparatus optionally includes a set of common drivers 153, also referred to as common voltage sources.
- the common drivers 153 provide a DC common potential to all light modulators within the array of light modulators 103, for instance by supplying voltage to a series of common interconnects 114.
- the common drivers 153 following commands from the controller 156, issue voltage pulses or signals to the array of light modulators 103, for instance global actuation pulses which are capable of driving and/or initiating simultaneous actuation of all light modulators in multiple rows and columns of the array 103.
- All of the drivers e.g., scan drivers 152, data drivers 154, and common drivers 153 for different display functions are time-synchronized by a timing-control module 160 in the controller 156.
- Timing commands from the module 160 coordinate the illumination of red, green and blue and white lamps (162, 164, 166, and 167 respectively) via lamp drivers 168, the write-enabling and sequencing of specific rows within the array of pixels 103, the output of voltages from the data drivers 154, and the output of voltages that provide for light modulator actuation.
- the controller 156 determines the sequencing or addressing scheme by which each of the shutters 108 in the array 103 can be re-set to the illumination levels appropriate to a new image 104. Details of suitable addressing, image formation, and gray scale techniques can be found in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 11/326,696 and 11/643,042, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- New images 104 can be set at periodic intervals. For instance, for video displays, the color images 104 or frames of video are refreshed at frequencies ranging from 10 to 300 Hertz.
- the setting of an image frame to the array 103 is synchronized with the illumination of the lamps 162, 164, and 166 such that alternate image frames are illuminated with an alternating series of colors, such as red, green, and blue.
- the image frames for each respective color is referred to as a color sub- frame.
- the field sequential color method if the color sub- frames are alternated at frequencies in excess of 20 Hz, the human brain will average the alternating frame images into the perception of an image having a broad and continuous range of colors.
- four or more lamps with primary colors can be employed in display apparatus 100, employing primaries other than red, green, and blue.
- the controller 156 determines the addressing sequence and/or the time intervals between image frames to produce images 104 with appropriate gray scale.
- the process of generating varying levels of grayscale by controlling the amount of time a shutter 108 is open in a particular frame is referred to as time division gray scale.
- the controller 156 determines the time period or the fraction of time within each frame that a shutter 108 is allowed to remain in the open state, according to the illumination level or gray scale desired of that pixel.
- the controller 156 sets a plurality of sub-frame images in multiple rows and columns of the array 103, and the controller alters the duration over which each sub-frame image is illuminated in proportion to a gray scale value or significance value employed within a coded word for gray scale.
- the illumination times for a series of sub-frame images can be varied in proportion to the binary coding series 1,2,4,8 ...
- the shutters 108 for each pixel in the array 103 are then set to either the open or closed state within a sub-frame image according to the value at a corresponding position within the pixel's binary coded word for gray level.
- the controller alters the intensity of light from the lamps 162, 164, and 166 in proportion to the gray scale value desired for a particular sub-frame image.
- a number of hybrid techniques are also available for forming colors and gray scale from an array of shutters 108. For instance, the time division techniques described above can be combined with the use of multiple shutters 108 per pixel, or the gray scale value for a particular sub-frame image can be established through a combination of both sub-frame timing and lamp intensity. Details of these and other embodiments can be found in U.S. Patent Application 11/643,042, referenced above.
- the data for an image state 104 is loaded by the controller 156 to the modulator array 103 by a sequential addressing of individual rows, also referred to as scan lines.
- the scan driver 152 applies a write- enable voltage to the write enable interconnect 110 for that row of the array 103, and subsequently the data driver 154 supplies data voltages, corresponding to desired shutter states, for each column in the selected row. This process repeats until data has been loaded for all rows in the array.
- the sequence of selected rows for data loading is linear, proceeding from top to bottom in the array.
- the sequence of selected rows is pseudo-randomized, in order to minimize visual artifacts.
- the sequencing is organized by blocks, where, for a block, the data for only a certain fraction of the image state 104 is loaded to the array, for instance by addressing only every 5 th row of the array in sequence.
- the process for loading image data to the array 103 is separated in time from the process of actuating the shutters 108.
- the modulator array 103 may include data memory elements for each pixel in the array 103 and the control matrix may include a global actuation interconnect for carrying trigger signals, from common driver 153, to initiate simultaneous actuation of shutters 108 according to data stored in the memory elements.
- Various addressing sequences many of which are described in U.S. Patent Application 11/643,042, can be coordinated by means of the timing control module 160.
- the array of pixels 103 and the control matrix that controls the pixels may be arranged in configurations other than rectangular rows and columns.
- the pixels can be arranged in hexagonal arrays or curvilinear rows and columns.
- the term scan- line shall refer to any plurality of pixels that share a write-enabling interconnect.
- the display 100 is comprised of a plurality of functional blocks including the timing control module 160, the frame buffer 159, scan drivers 152, data drivers 154, and drivers 153 and 168.
- Each block can be understood to represent either a distinguishable hardware circuit and/or a module of executable code.
- the functional blocks are provided as distinct chips or circuits connected together by means of circuit boards and/or cables. Alternately, many of these circuits can be fabricated along with the pixel array 103 on the same substrate of glass or plastic. In other implementations, multiple circuits, drivers, processors, and/or control functions from block diagram 150 may be integrated together within a single silicon chip, which is then bonded directly to the transparent substrate holding pixel array 103.
- the controller 156 includes a programming link 180 by which the addressing, color, and/or gray scale algorithms, which are implemented within controller 156, can be altered according to the needs of particular applications.
- the programming link 180 conveys information from environmental sensors, such as ambient light or temperature sensors, so that the controller 156 can adjust imaging modes or backlight power in correspondence with environmental conditions.
- the controller 156 also comprises a power supply input 182 which provides the power needed for lamps as well as light modulator actuation.
- the drivers 152 153, 154, and/or 168 may include or be associated with DC-DC converters for transforming an input voltage at 182 into various voltages sufficient for the actuation of shutters 108 or illumination of the lamps, such as lamps 162, 164, 166, and 167.
- the human brain in response to viewing rapidly changing images, for example, at frequencies of greater than 20 Hz, averages images together to perceive an image which is the combination of the images displayed within a corresponding period.
- This phenomenon can be utilized to display color images while using only single light modulators for each pixel of a display, using a technique referred to in the art as field sequential color.
- field sequential color techniques eliminates the need for color filters and multiple light modulators per pixel.
- an image frame to be displayed is divided into a number of sub-frame images, each corresponding to a particular color component (for example, red, green, or blue) of the original image frame.
- the light modulators of a display are set into states corresponding to the color component's contribution to the image.
- the light modulators then are illuminated by a lamp of the corresponding color.
- the sub-images are displayed in sequence at a frequency (for example, greater than 60 Hz) sufficient for the brain to perceive the series of sub-frame images as a single image.
- the data used to generate the sub-frames are often fractured in various memory components. For example, in some displays, data for a given row of display are kept in a shift-register dedicated to that row. Image data is shifted in and out of each shift register to a light modulator in a corresponding column in that row of the display according to a fixed clock cycle.
- Figure 1C is a timing diagram corresponding to a display process for displaying images using field sequential color, which can be implemented according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention, for example, by a MEMS direct-view display described in Figure IB.
- the top portions of the timing diagrams illustrate light modulator addressing events.
- the bottom portions illustrate lamp illumination events.
- the addressing portions depict addressing events by diagonal lines spaced apart in time. Each diagonal line corresponds to a series of individual data loading events during which data is loaded into each row of an array of light modulators, one row at a time.
- each loading event may require a waiting period to allow the light modulators in a given row to actuate.
- all rows in the array of light modulators are addressed prior to actuation of any of the light modulators.
- all light modulators are actuated
- Lamp illumination events are illustrated by pulse trains corresponding to each color of lamp included in the display. Each pulse indicates that the lamp of the corresponding color is illuminated, thereby displaying the sub-frame image loaded into the array of light modulators in the immediately preceding addressing event.
- the time at which the first addressing event in the display of a given image frame begins is labeled on each timing diagram as ATO. In most of the timing diagrams, this time falls shortly after the detection of a voltage pulse vsync, which precedes the beginning of each video frame received by a display.
- the times at which each subsequent addressing event takes place are labeled as ATI, AT2,...AT(n-l), where n is the number of sub-frame images used to display the image frame.
- the diagonal lines are further labeled to indicate the data being loaded into the array of light modulators.
- DO represents the first data loaded into the array of light modulators for a frame and D(n-l) represents the last data loaded into the array of light modulators for the frame.
- D(n-l) represents the last data loaded into the array of light modulators for the frame.
- the data loaded during each addressing event corresponds to a color sub-frame image.
- Figure ID is a timing diagram that corresponds to a coded-time division grayscale display process in which image frames are displayed by displaying four sub-frame images for each of three color components (red, green, and blue) of the image frame.
- Each sub-frame image displayed of a given color is displayed at the same intensity for half as long a time period as the prior sub-frame image, thereby implementing a binary grayscale coding scheme for the sub-frame images.
- the data which is loaded into the array for each sub-frame image is referred to as a sub-frame data set and, for the example of Figure ID, the sub-frame data set is referred to as a bitplane.
- a bitplane includes data for pixels in multiple columns and multiple rows of a display corresponding to a single significance value of a grayscale coded word for a color component in the image frame.
- each bitplane includes array data corresponding to a single binary bit of the coded word for color and grayscale.
- the display of an image frame begins upon the detection of a vsync pulse.
- the first sub-frame data set R3, stored beginning at memory location MO is loaded into the array of light modulators 103 in an addressing event that begins at time ATO.
- the red lamp is then illuminated at time LTO.
- LTO is selected such that it occurs after each of the rows in the array of light modulators 103 has been addressed, and the light modulators included therein have actuated.
- the controller 156 of the direct- view display both extinguishes the red lamp and begins loading the subsequent bitplane, R2, into the array of light modulators 103.
- This bitplane is stored beginning at memory location Ml . The process repeats until all bitplanes have been displayed.
- the controller 156 extinguishes the red lamp and begins loading the most significant green bitplane, G3, into the array of light modulators 103. Similarly at time LT6, the controller 156 turns on the green lamp until time AT7, at which it time it is extinguished again.
- the time period between vsync pulses in the timing diagram is indicated by the symbol FT, indicating a frame time.
- the addressing times ATO, ATI, etc. as well as the lamp times LTO, LT1, etc. are designed to accomplish 4 sub-frame images per color within a frame time FT of 16.6 milliseconds, i.e. according to a frame rate of 60 Hz.
- the time values can be altered to accomplish 4 sub-frame images per color within a frame time FT of 33.3 milliseconds, i.e. according to a frame rate of 30 Hz.
- frame rates as low as 24 Hz may be employed or frame rates in excess of 100 Hz may be employed.
- the controller outputs 4 sub-frame images to the array 103 of light modulators for each color to be displayed.
- the illumination of each of the 4 sub-frame images is weighted according to the binary series 1,2,4,8.
- the display process in the timing diagram of Figure ID therefore, displays a 4-digit binary word for gray scale in each color, that is, it is capable of displaying 16 distinct gray scale levels for each color, despite the loading of only 4 sub-images per color.
- timing diagram of Figure ID is capable of displaying more than 4000 distinct colors.
- FIG 2A is a perspective view of an illustrative shutter-based light modulator 200 suitable for incorporation into the MEMS-based display apparatus 100 of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- the shutter-based light modulator 200 (also referred to as shutter assembly 200) includes a shutter 202 coupled to an actuator 204.
- the actuator 204 is formed from two separate compliant electrode beam actuators 205 (the "actuators 205"), as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,271,945, filed on September 18,
- the shutter 202 couples on one side to the actuators 205.
- the actuators 205 move the shutter 202 transversely over a surface 203 in a plane of motion which is substantially parallel to the surface 203.
- the opposite side of the shutter 202 couples to a spring 207 which provides a restoring force opposing the forces exerted by the actuator 204.
- Each actuator 205 includes a compliant load beam 206 connecting the shutter 202 to a load anchor 208.
- the load anchors 208 along with the compliant load beams 206 serve as mechanical supports, keeping the shutter 202 suspended proximate to the surface 203.
- the load anchors 208 physically connect the compliant load beams 206 and the shutter 202 to the surface 203 and electrically connect the load beams 206 to a bias voltage, in some instances, ground.
- Each actuator 205 also includes a compliant drive beam 216 positioned adjacent to each load beam 206.
- the drive beams 216 couple at one end to a drive beam anchor 218 shared between the drive beams 216.
- the other end of each drive beam 216 is free to move.
- Each drive beam 216 is curved such that it is closest to the load beam 206 near the free end of the drive beam 216 and the anchored end of the load beam 206.
- the surface 203 includes one or more apertures 211 for admitting the passage of light. If the shutter assembly 200 is formed on an opaque substrate, made, for example, from silicon, then the surface 203 is a surface of the substrate, and the apertures 211 are formed by etching an array of holes through the substrate. If the shutter assembly 200 is formed on a transparent substrate, made, for example, of glass or plastic, then the surface 203 is a surface of a light blocking layer deposited on the substrate, and the apertures are formed by etching the surface 203 into an array of holes 211.
- the apertures 211 can be generally circular, elliptical, polygonal, serpentine, or irregular in shape.
- a display apparatus incorporating the light modulator 200 applies an electric potential to the drive beams 216 via the drive beam anchor 218.
- a second electric potential may be applied to the load beams 206.
- the resulting potential difference between the drive beams 216 and the load beams 206 pulls the free ends of the drive beams 216 towards the anchored ends of the load beams 206, and pulls the shutter ends of the load beams 206 toward the anchored ends of the drive beams 216, thereby driving the shutter 202 transversely towards the drive anchor 218.
- the compliant members 206 act as springs, such that when the voltage across the beams 206 and 216 is removed, the load beams 206 push the shutter 202 back into its initial position, releasing the stress stored in the load beams 206.
- the shutter assembly 200 also referred to as an elastic shutter assembly, incorporates a passive restoring force, such as a spring, for returning a shutter to its rest or relaxed position after voltages have been removed.
- a passive restoring force such as a spring
- a number of elastic restore mechanisms and various electrostatic couplings can be designed into or in conjunction with electrostatic actuators, the compliant beams illustrated in shutter assembly 200 being just one example. Other examples are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,271,945 and U.S. Patent Application No. 11/326,696, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- a highly non-linear voltage-displacement response can be provided which favors an abrupt transition between "open” vs "closed” states of operation, and which, in many cases, provides a bi-stable or hysteretic operating characteristic for the shutter assembly.
- Other electrostatic actuators can be designed with more incremental voltage-displacement responses and with considerably reduced hysteresis, as may be preferred for analog gray scale operation.
- the actuator 205 within the elastic shutter assembly is said to operate between a closed or actuated position and a relaxed position.
- the designer can choose to place apertures 211 such that shutter assembly 200 is in either the "open” state, i.e. passing light, or in the "closed” state, i.e. blocking light, whenever actuator 205 is in its relaxed position.
- apertures 211 such that shutter assembly 200 is in either the "open” state, i.e. passing light, or in the "closed” state, i.e. blocking light, whenever actuator 205 is in its relaxed position.
- elastic shutter assemblies described herein are designed to be open in their relaxed state.
- Display apparatus 100 in alternative embodiments, includes light modulators other than transverse shutter-based light modulators, such as the shutter assembly 200 described above.
- Figure 2B is a cross-sectional view of a rolling actuator shutter-based light modulator 220 suitable for incorporation into an alternative embodiment of the MEMS- based display apparatus 100 of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,233,459 entitled "Electric Display
- a rolling actuator-based light modulator includes a moveable electrode disposed opposite a fixed electrode and biased to move in a preferred direction to produce a shutter upon application of an electric field.
- the light modulator 220 includes a planar electrode 226 disposed between a substrate 228 and an insulating layer 224 and a moveable electrode 222 having a fixed end 230 attached to the insulating layer 224. In the absence of any applied voltage, a moveable end 232 of the moveable electrode 222 is free to roll towards the fixed end 230 to produce a rolled state.
- a voltage between the electrodes 222 and 226 causes the moveable electrode 222 to unroll and lie flat against the insulating layer 224, whereby it acts as a shutter that blocks light traveling through the substrate 228.
- the moveable electrode 222 returns to the rolled state by means of an elastic restoring force after the voltage is removed.
- the bias towards a rolled state may be achieved by manufacturing the moveable electrode 222 to include an anisotropic stress state.
- FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of an illustrative non shutter-based MEMS light modulator 250.
- the light tap modulator 250 is suitable for incorporation into an alternative embodiment of the MEMS-based display apparatus 100 of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- a light tap works according to a principle of frustrated total internal reflection. That is, light 252 is introduced into a light guide 254, in which, without interference, light 252 is for the most part unable to escape the light guide 254 through its front or rear surfaces due to total internal reflection.
- the light tap 250 includes a tap element 256 that has a sufficiently high index of refraction that, in response to the tap element 256 contacting the light guide 254, light 252 impinging on the surface of the light guide 254 adjacent the tap element 256 escapes the light guide 254 through the tap element 256 towards a viewer, thereby contributing to the formation of an image.
- the tap element 256 is formed as part of beam 258 of flexible, transparent material. Electrodes 260 coat portions of one side of the beam 258. Opposing electrodes 260 are disposed on the light guide 254. By applying a voltage across the electrodes 260, the position of the tap element 256 relative to the light guide 254 can be controlled to selectively extract light 252 from the light guide 254.
- Figure 2D is a cross sectional view of a second illustrative non-shutter-based MEMS light modulator suitable for inclusion in various embodiments of the invention.
- Figure 2D is a cross sectional view of an electro wetting-based light modulation array 270.
- the electrowetting-based light modulator array 270 is suitable for incorporation into an alternative embodiment of the MEMS-based display apparatus 100 of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- the light modulation array 270 includes a plurality of electrowetting-based light modulation cells 272a-272d (generally "cells 272") formed on an optical cavity 274.
- the light modulation array 270 also includes a set of color filters 276 corresponding to the cells 272.
- Each cell 272 includes a layer of water (or other transparent conductive or polar fluid) 278, a layer of light absorbing oil 280, a transparent electrode 282 (made, for example, from indium-tin oxide) and an insulating layer 284 positioned between the layer of light absorbing oil 280 and the transparent electrode 282.
- the electrode takes up a portion of a rear surface of a cell 272.
- the light modulation array 270 also includes a light guide 288 and one or more light sources 292 which inject light 294 into the light guide 288.
- a series of light redirectors 291 are formed on the rear surface of the light guide, proximate a front facing reflective layer 290.
- the light redirectors 291 may be either diffuse or specular reflectors.
- the modulation array 270 includes an aperture layer 286 which is patterned into a series of apertures, one aperture for each of the cells 272, to allow light rays 294 to pass through the cells 272 and toward the viewer.
- the aperture layer 286 is comprised of a light absorbing material to block the passage of light except through the patterned apertures.
- the aperture layer 286 is comprised of a reflective material which reflects light not passing through the surface apertures back towards the rear of the light guide 288. After returning to the light guide, the reflected light can be further recycled by the front facing reflective layer 290.
- the light absorbing oil 280 returns to its previous position (as in cell 272a) and covers the aperture in the reflective aperture layer 286, absorbing any light 294 attempting to pass through it.
- the roller-based light modulator 220, light tap 250, and electrowetting-based light modulation array 270 are not the only examples of MEMS light modulators suitable for inclusion in various embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that other MEMS light modulators can exist and can be usefully incorporated into the invention.
- U.S. Patent No. 7,271,945 and U.S. Patent Application No. 11/326,696 have described a variety of methods by which an array of shutters can be controlled via a control matrix to produce images, in many cases moving images, with appropriate gray scale.
- control is accomplished by means of a passive matrix array of row and column interconnects connected to driver circuits on the periphery of the display.
- FIG 3 A is a schematic diagram of a control matrix 300 suitable for controlling the light modulators incorporated into the MEMS-based display apparatus 100 of Figure 1A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 3B is a perspective view of an array 320 of shutter-based light modulators connected to the control matrix 300 of Figure 3 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- the control matrix 300 may address an array of pixels 320 (the "array 320").
- Each pixel 301 includes an elastic shutter assembly 302, such as the shutter assembly 200 of Figure 2A, controlled by an actuator 303.
- Each pixel also includes an aperture layer 322 that includes apertures 324.
- Further electrical and mechanical descriptions of shutter assemblies such as shutter assembly 302, and variations thereon, can be found in U.S. Patent No. 7,271,945 and U.S. Patent Application No. 11/326,696. Descriptions of alternate control matrices can also be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 11/607,715.
- the control matrix 300 is fabricated as a diffused or thin- film-deposited electrical circuit on the surface of a substrate 304 on which the shutter assemblies 302 are formed.
- the control matrix 300 includes a scan- line interconnect 306 for each row of pixels 301 in the control matrix 300 and a data-interconnect 308 for each column of pixels 301 in the control matrix 300.
- Each scan-line interconnect 306 electrically connects a write-enabling voltage source 307 to the pixels 301 in a corresponding row of pixels 301.
- Each data interconnect 308 electrically connects a data voltage source, (“Vd source”) 309 to the pixels 301 in a corresponding column of pixels 301.
- Vd source data voltage source
- the data voltage Vd provides the majority of the energy necessary for actuation of the shutter assemblies 302.
- the data voltage source 309 also serves as an actuation voltage source.
- the control matrix 300 includes a transistor 310 and a capacitor 312.
- the gate of each transistor 310 is electrically connected to the scan-line interconnect 306 of the row in the array 320 in which the pixel 301 is located.
- the source of each transistor 310 is electrically connected to its corresponding data interconnect 308.
- the actuators 303 of each shutter assembly 302 include two electrodes.
- the drain of each transistor 310 is electrically connected in parallel to one electrode of the corresponding capacitor 312 and to one of the electrodes of the corresponding actuator 303.
- the other electrode of the capacitor 312 and the other electrode of the actuator 303 in shutter assembly 302 are connected to a common or ground potential.
- the transistors 310 can be replaced with semiconductor diodes and or metal-insulator-metal sandwich type switching elements.
- the control matrix 300 write-enables each row in the array 320 in a sequence by applying V we to each scan-line interconnect 306 in turn.
- V we For a write-enabled row, the application of V we to the gates of the transistors 310 of the pixels 301 in the row allows the flow of current through the data interconnects 308 through the transistors 310 to apply a potential to the actuator 303 of the shutter assembly 302. While the row is write-enabled, data voltages Vd are selectively applied to the data interconnects 308.
- the data voltage applied to each data interconnect 308 is varied in relation to the desired brightness of the pixel 301 located at the intersection of the write-enabled scan-line interconnect 306 and the data interconnect 308.
- the data voltage is selected to be either a relatively low magnitude voltage (i.e., a voltage near ground) or to meet or exceed V at (the actuation threshold voltage).
- the actuator 303 in the corresponding shutter assembly 302 actuates, opening the shutter in that shutter assembly 302.
- the voltage applied to the data interconnect 308 remains stored in the capacitor 312 of the pixel 301 even after the control matrix 300 ceases to apply V we to a row.
- the capacitors 312 also function as memory elements within the array 320, storing actuation instructions for periods as long as is necessary for the illumination of an image frame.
- the pixels 301 as well as the control matrix 300 of the array 320 are formed on a substrate 304.
- the array includes an aperture layer 322, disposed on the substrate 304, which includes a set of apertures 324 for respective pixels 301 in the array 320.
- the apertures 324 are aligned with the shutter assemblies 302 in each pixel.
- the substrate 304 is made of a transparent material, such as glass or plastic.
- the substrate 304 is made of an opaque material, but in which holes are etched to form the apertures 324.
- Control matrix 300 Components of shutter assemblies 302 are processed either at the same time as the control matrix 300 or in subsequent processing steps on the same substrate.
- the electrical components in control matrix 300 are fabricated using many thin film techniques in common with the manufacture of thin film transistor arrays for liquid crystal displays. Available techniques are described in Den Boer, Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005), incorporated herein by reference.
- the shutter assemblies are fabricated using techniques similar to the art of micromachining or from the manufacture of
- micromechanical i.e., MEMS
- MEMS micromechanical
- Many applicable thin film MEMS techniques are described in Rai-Choudhury, ed., Handbook of Micro lithography, Micromachining & Microfabrication (SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, Wash. 1997), incorporated herein by reference. Fabrication techniques specific to MEMS light modulators formed on glass substrates can be found in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 11/361,785 and 11/731,628, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- the shutter assembly 302 can be formed from thin films of amorphous silicon, deposited by a chemical vapor deposition process.
- the shutter assembly 302 together with the actuator 303 can be made bi-stable. That is, the shutters can exist in at least two equilibrium positions (e.g. open or closed) with little or no power required to hold them in either position. More particularly, the shutter assembly 302 can be mechanically bi-stable. Once the shutter of the shutter assembly 302 is set in position, no electrical energy or holding voltage is required to maintain that position. The mechanical stresses on the physical elements of the shutter assembly 302 can hold the shutter in place.
- the shutter assembly 302 together with the actuator 303 can also be made electrically bi-stable.
- an electrically bi-stable shutter assembly there exists a range of voltages below the actuation voltage of the shutter assembly, which if applied to a closed actuator (with the shutter being either open or closed), holds the actuator closed and the shutter in position, even if an opposing force is exerted on the shutter.
- the opposing force may be exerted by a spring such as spring 207 in shutter-based light modulator 200, or the opposing force may be exerted by an opposing actuator, such as an "open” or "closed” actuator.
- the light modulator array 320 is depicted as having a single MEMS light modulator per pixel. Other embodiments are possible in which multiple MEMS light modulators are provided in each pixel, thereby providing the possibility of more than just binary "on' or
- roller-based light modulator 220, the light tap 250, or the electrowetting-based light modulation array 270, as well as other MEMS-based light modulators, can be substituted for the shutter assembly 302 within the light modulator array 320.
- FIGs 4A and 4B illustrate an alternative shutter-based light modulator (shutter assembly) 400 suitable for inclusion in various embodiments of the invention.
- the light modulator 400 is an example of a dual actuator shutter assembly, and is shown in Figure 4A in an open state.
- Figure 4B is a view of the dual actuator shutter assembly 400 in a closed state.
- Shutter assembly 400 is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Application
- shutter assembly 400 includes actuators 402 and 404 on either side of a shutter 406.
- Each actuator 402 and 404 is independently controlled.
- a first actuator, a shutter-open actuator 402 serves to open the shutter 406.
- a second opposing actuator, the shutter-close actuator 404 serves to close the shutter 406.
- Both actuators 402 and 404 are compliant beam electrode actuators.
- the actuators 402 and 404 open and close the shutter 406 by driving the shutter 406 substantially in a plane parallel to an aperture layer 407 over which the shutter is suspended.
- the shutter 406 is suspended a short distance over the aperture layer 407 by anchors 408 attached to the actuators 402 and 404.
- a control matrix suitable for use with shutter assembly 400 might include one transistor and one capacitor for each of the opposing shutter-open and shutter-close actuators 402 and 404.
- the shutter 406 includes two shutter apertures 412 through which light can pass.
- the aperture layer 407 includes a set of three apertures 409.
- the shutter assembly 400 is in the open state and, as such, the shutter-open actuator 402 has been actuated, the shutter-close actuator 404 is in its relaxed position, and the centerlines of apertures 412 and 409 coincide.
- Figure 4B the shutter assembly 400 has been moved to the closed state and, as such, the shutter-open actuator 402 is in its relaxed position, the shutter-close actuator 404 has been actuated, and the light blocking portions of shutter 406 are now in position to block transmission of light through the apertures 409 (shown as dotted lines).
- Each aperture has at least one edge around its periphery.
- each aperture 409 has four edges.
- each aperture may have only a single edge.
- the apertures need not be separated or disjoint in the mathematical sense, but instead can be connected. That is to say, while portions or shaped sections of the aperture may maintain a correspondence to each shutter, several of these sections may be connected such that a single continuous perimeter of the aperture is shared by multiple shutters.
- the electrostatic actuators 402 and 404 are designed so that their voltage - displacement behavior provides a bi- stable characteristic to the shutter assembly 400. For each of the shutter-open and shutter-close actuators there exists a range of voltages below the actuation voltage, which if applied while that actuator is in the closed state (with the shutter being either open or closed), will hold the actuator closed and the shutter in position, even after an actuation voltage is applied to the opposing actuator.
- the minimum voltage needed to maintain a shutter's position against such an opposing force is referred to as a maintenance voltage V m .
- Figure 4C is a cross-sectional view of a non shutter-based MEMS light modulator 450, which includes first and second opposing actuators.
- the light modulator 450 is also referred to as a dual actuator light tap, which operates according to the principle of frustrated total internal reflection.
- the dual actuator light tap is a variation of light tap modulator 250 as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,771,321, referred to above.
- the dual actuator light tap 450 comprises a light guide 454, in which, without interference, light is for the most part unable to escape through its front or rear surfaces due to total internal reflection.
- the light tap 450 also includes a cover sheet 452 and a flexible membrane or tap element 456.
- the tap element 456 has a sufficiently high index of refraction such that, in response to the tap element 456 contacting the light guide 454, light impinging on the surface of the light guide 454 adjacent the tap element 456 escapes the light guide 454 through the tap element 456 towards a viewer, thereby contributing to the formation of an image.
- the tap element 456 is formed from a flexible transparent material. Electrodes 460 are coupled to the tap element 456.
- the light tap 450 also includes electrodes 462 and 464.
- the combination of electrodes 460 and 462 comprise a first actuator 470 and the combination of electrodes 460 and 464 comprise a second opposing actuator 472.
- the actuators 470 and 472 are designed so that their voltage - displacement behavior provides an electrically bi-stable characteristic to the light tap 450.
- the minimum voltage needed to maintain the tap element's position against such an opposing force is referred to as a maintenance voltage V m .
- the equilibrium position of the modulator will be determined by the combined effect of the voltage differences across each of the actuators.
- the electrical potentials of all three terminals e.g. the shutter open drive beam, the shutter close drive beam, and the shutter/load beams, as well as modulator position, must be considered to determine the equilibrium forces on the modulator.
- a set of logic rules can describe the stable states and can be used to develop reliable addressing or digital control schemes for the modulator. Referring to the shutter-based light modulator 400 as an example, these logic rules are as follows:
- V s be the electrical potential on the shutter or load beam.
- V 0 be the electrical potential on the shutter-open drive beam.
- V c be the electrical potential on the shutter- close drive beam.
- V m be the maintenance voltage.
- V at be the actuation threshold voltage, i.e., the voltage necessary to actuate an actuator absent the application of V m to an opposing drive beam.
- V max be the maximum allowable potential for V 0 and V c .
- the shutter will not move, i.e. it will hold in either the open or the closed state, whichever position was established by the last actuation event.
- condition of rule 2 makes it possible to include a global actuation function into an addressing scheme.
- a shutter voltage which provides beam voltage differences that are at least the maintenance voltage, V m
- the absolute values of the shutter open and shutter closed potentials can be altered or switched in the midst of an addressing sequence over wide voltage ranges (even where voltage differences exceed V at ) with no danger of unintentional shutter motion.
- the conditions of rules 3 and 4 are those that are generally targeted during the addressing sequence to ensure the bi-stable actuation of the shutter.
- the maintenance voltage difference, V m can be designed or expressed as a certain fraction of the actuation threshold voltage, V at .
- V at actuation threshold voltage
- the maintenance voltage can exist in a range between 20% and 80% of V at . This helps ensure that charge leakage or parasitic voltage fluctuations in the system do not result in a deviation of a set holding voltage out of its maintenance range - a deviation which could result in the unintentional actuation of a shutter.
- an exceptional degree of bi-stability or hysteresis can be provided, with V m existing over a range of 2%> to 98%> of V at . In these systems, however, care must be taken to ensure that an electrode voltage condition of V ⁇ V m can be reliably obtained within the addressing and actuation time available.
- FIG 5A illustrates an alternative control matrix 500, suitable for inclusion in the display apparatus 100, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Control matrix 500 controls an array of pixels 504 that include dual-actuator shutter assemblies 512.
- Dual actuator shutter assemblies such as shutter assembly 400, are shutter assemblies that include separate shutter-open and shutter-close actuators.
- Only one pixel 504 is illustrated in Figure 5 A, it is understood that the control matrix extends and incorporates a large number of rows and columns of similar pixels, as is partially illustrated by the control matrix 300 of Figure 3 A.
- the control matrix may be used with any suitable type of display modulator.
- MEMS modulators and actuators such as dual and single-actuator modulators, and non-shutter based modulators, and modulators 200, 220, 250, 270, 400 and 450 are particular examples that fall within the scope of the invention. Displays based upon liquid crystal modulators or plasma emission also fall within the scope of this invention.
- the control matrix 500 includes column line interconnect 502 for each column of pixels 504 in the control matrix.
- the actuators in the shutter assemblies 504 can be made either electrically bi-stable or mechanically bi-stable.
- the light control matrix 500 is depicted as having a single MEMS light modulator per pixel. Other embodiments are possible in which multiple MEMS light modulators are provided in each pixel, thereby providing the possibility of more than just binary "on' or "off optical states in each pixel. Certain forms of coded area division gray scale are possible where multiple MEMS light modulators in the pixel are provided, and where apertures, which are associated with each of the light modulators, have unequal areas.
- the control matrix 500 includes a plurality of lines, herein referred to as "global lines" common to the entire display, composed of a plurality of identical pixels arranged in a row and column fashion.
- These global lines include the actuate line interconnect 506 the common line interconnect 518, the shutter line interconnect 520, and the update line interconnect 522
- these global lines are operated as one node across the entire display. For example, the entire update node across the display, or the entire actuate node across the display is changed at the same time.
- these global line interconnects can be grouped into pixel sub-groups.
- each odd row of pixels may have their global lines connected, and each even row of pixels' global lines may be separately connected so that odd rows may be operated independently of even rows.
- the control matrix 500 includes a row line, 524, unique to each row arrangement of pixels and a column line, 502, unique to each column arrangement of pixels.
- Each pixel 504 in the control matrix includes a data loading transistor 534, a data store capacitor 538, an update transistor 536, actuator nodes 540 and 542, and a dual inverter latch.
- the data store capacitor 538 is connected to the common line interconnect 518. However, in some embodiments the data store capacitor 538 may be connected to the shutter line interconnect 520.
- the common line interconnect 518 can serve as the next row's row interconnect 524, and therefore eliminating the common line interconnect 518 altogether.
- the dual inverter latch includes a first inverter comprised of transistors 526 and 530, and a second inverter comprised of transistors 528 and 532.
- Shutter assemblies 512 include electrostatic actuators, similar to actuator 204 of shutter assembly 200, connected to the actuator nodes 540 and 542. When a voltage difference equal to or greater than an actuation voltage, also referred to as a charging voltage or V at , is imposed between the actuators and the shutter, the shutter assembly can be driven into an open state allowing passage of light, or a closed state, blocking the passage of light.
- the control matrix 500 makes use of two complementary types of transistors: both p-channel and n-channel transistors. It is therefore referred to as a complementary MOS control matrix or a CMOS control matrix. While the data loading transistor 534, update transistor 536 and the lower transistors of the cross- coupled inverters 530 and 532 are made of the nMOS type, the upper transistors of the cross- coupled inverter 526 and 528 are made of the pMOS type of transistor.
- CMOS transistors can be reversed (i.e., pMOS switched with nMOS), or other types of transistors may be used (i.e., BJT, JFET or any other suitable type of transistor).
- actuate line 506 is connected to a voltage source that is maintained equal to or greater than V at .
- the shutter line 520 is maintained near to the ground potential.
- the shutter polarity may be maintained at the full actuation voltage (i.e., approximately 25 volts).
- the polarity of the shutter may be periodically alternated between one or more potentials as necessary. For example, the shutter may be alternated between 25 volts and 0 volts after each full video frame, or in other cases, more or less frequently.
- the shutter polarity may be controlled by applying the necessary voltage to the shutter line interconnect 520.
- the polarity of the data is alternated, as well, corresponding to the shutter potential being alternated.
- Each actuator node 540 and 542 is connected to actuate line 506 depending on the
- the control matrix 500 includes a data store capacitor 538.
- the capacitor 538 stores, by means of stored charge, "data" instructions (e.g., open or close) that are sent by a controller, such as controller 156, to the pixel 504 as part of a data loading or writing operation.
- the voltage stored on the capacitor 538 determines, in part, the latch state of the dual inverter latch in control matrix 500.
- each row of the array is write-enabled in an addressing sequence.
- the voltage sources in control matrix 500 (not shown) apply a write-enabling voltage to the row line interconnect 524 corresponding to a selected row.
- the application of voltage to the row line interconnect 524 for the write-enabled row turns on the data-loading transistor 534 of the pixels 504 in the corresponding row line, thereby write enabling the pixels.
- data voltage sources apply appropriate data voltages to the column interconnect 502 corresponding to each column of pixels 504 in the control matrix 500.
- the voltages applied to the column interconnects 502 are thereby stored on the data store capacitors 538 of the respective pixels 504.
- the voltages applied to column interconnect 502 may be negative or positive (e.g., ranging from -5 to 5 volts).
- a method of addressing pixels in control matrix 500 is illustrated by the method 550 shown in Figure 5B.
- the method 550 proceeds in three general steps. First, data is loaded row by row to each pixel in the data loading step 552. Next, the latch for each pixel is set to the correct state based, at least in part, on the stored data in the update latch state step 554. Finally, the shutters are actuated in the shutter actuation step 556.
- the frame addressing cycle of method 550 begins in a held data state with the actuate line 506 at the full voltage V at needed to reliably actuate the shutter to the appropriate actuator node (Step 558).
- V the full voltage
- V the full voltage
- the control matrix 500 then proceeds with the data loading step 552 by addressing each pixel 504 in the control matrix, one row at a time (steps 556-570).
- the control matrix 500 write-enables a first row line by applying a voltage to the corresponding row-line interconnect 524 (step 566), effectively switching the data loading transistor 534 to a conductive "on" state.
- the control matrix 500 determines for each pixel 504 in the write-enabled row whether the pixel 504 needs to be open or closed in the next state. For example, at step 560 it is determined for each pixel 504 in the write-enabled row whether or not the pixel is to be (subsequently) changed from its current state or kept the same. If a pixel 504 is to be opened, the control matrix 500 loads a particular data voltage V d , for example 1.5V, to the column interconnect 502 corresponding to the column in which that pixel 504 is located (step 562).
- V d for example 1.5V
- the control matrix 500 loads a particular data voltage Vd, for example -1.5 V, to the column interconnect 502 corresponding to the column in which that pixel 504 is located (step 564).
- the data voltage V d applied to the column interconnect 502, corresponding to the next state of the shutter, is then stored by means of a charge on the data store capacitor 538 of the selected pixel 504 (step 568).
- the voltage is removed from the row line 524 (step 570), effectively switching the data loading transistor 534 to a non-conducting "off state. Once data loading transistor 534 is set to the "off state, column line 502 is ready to load the data voltage Vd for the a pixel in the next selected row. .
- the data voltage Vd can be set at any time as long as it is valid when the row line 524 is turned off, so that the correct data is on the data storage capacitor 538 when data loading transistor 534 becomes non conductive.
- the update line 522 is inactive, thereby isolating the data storage capacitor 538 from the current state held by the transistors 526-532 of the cross-coupled inverter latch.
- the application of V we to the scan- line interconnect 524 for the write-enabled row turns on all of the write-enable transistors 534 for the pixels 512 in the corresponding scan line.
- the control matrix 500 selectively applies the data voltage to all columns of a given row in the control matrix 500 at the same time while that row has been write-enabled. After all data has been stored on capacitors 538 in the selected row (steps 560 to 568), the control matrix 500 grounds the selected scan- line interconnect (step 570) and selects a subsequent scan-line interconnect for writing. Control over the data loading process then returns to step
- the decision block 582 is triggered to proceed to the global update sequence.
- control matrix 500 After data has been stored on capacitors 538 in the selected rows in data loading step 552 (steps 566-570), the control matrix 500 then proceeds with the update latch step 554 to update portions or banks of the pixels, or the entire display to the next held state.
- the update latch sequence begins at step 572 of method 550 by bringing the voltage on the actuate line
- the update line 522 is activated in step 574, thereby switching the update transistor 536 to a conductive "on" state and allowing the stored data to be passed from the data store capacitor 538 to the transistors 526-532 of the cross-coupled inverter latch. If the update line 522 is activated (step 574) too early after the actuate line 506 voltage is brought to the common line 518 voltage (step 572), the stored next state of the next state data can be corrupted by present state data of the latch that has not had enough time to decay away.
- This necessary non- overlap timing can be a function of circuit parasitics, transistor threshold voltages, capacitor size and stored data voltage levels.
- the delay needed between steps 572 and 574 may be approximately 10 ⁇ , however this delay time may be considerably longer or shorter depending on the display.
- An intermediate voltage just high enough to make the latch transistors operate (e.g. approximately equal to the sum of the threshold voltages of the inverter transistors 526 and 530 or 528 and 532.
- the level can be significantly less, limited by the details of needed timings, parasitic charge injections, detailed transistor characteristics, and the like.) is applied to the actuate line 506 in step 576.
- the intermediate voltage applied to the actuate line 506 in step 576 functions to minimize the power used to latch to the next state.
- the cross-coupled inverter latch is latched at as low an intermediate voltage level as can be reliably performed in order to reduce overall transient switching power. Steps 574 and 576 cause the data stored on data store capacitor 538 to be latched in the cross- coupled inverter latch of pixel 504.
- Step 576 may be performed simultaneously to, before or after activating the update line 522 in step 574.
- applying an intermediate voltage to the actuate line 506 in step 576 can be done completely after the update pulse created in steps 574 and 578 or the intermediate voltage pulse created in step 576 can partially or fully overlap with the update voltage pulse.
- control of the next state of the cross-coupled inverter latch is executed by overlap of the two states, particularly if parasitic capacitances of the data latch are low.
- step 578 the update line 522 is inactivated in step 578, thereby switching the update transistor 536 to a non-conductive "off state and isolating the data store capacitor 538 from the cross-coupled inverter latch of pixel 504.
- step 578 By inactivating the update line 522 (step 578) before raising the actuate line to full voltage (step 580) significant power is conserved by not allowing the data storage capacitor 538 to be charged to the full actuation voltage.
- the update transistor, 536 it is possible to not have the update transistor, 536, at all.
- the data loading operation would directly change the latch state as it is loaded row by row. This could happen by simultaneously lowering the actuate node to the appropriate intermediate level or to approximately 0 then to the intermediate level on a row by row basis as well to allow for lower data voltages to determine the latch state, or by lowering the actuate node for the entire display to an appropriate intermediate level during the entire data loading operation, or, if power is not a concern, or the actuation voltages are low enough to make the power a secondary concern, the data voltages could be at full actuation voltage levels, or more, with the actuate node maintained at the full Vac, to force the latch to the desired state. Also, by eliminating update transistor 536, layout area may be saved.
- Shutter actuation step 556 includes raising the actuate line 506 to full voltage in step 580.
- Full voltage may be the voltage necessary to actuate the shutter to one side or the other and to hold the shutter in that position until the next frame addressing cycle. Because the latch state was set earlier during the update latch state step 554, there is no conduction path from the actuate line 506 through the two transistors in series in each inverter (526 and 530 or 528 and 532).
- method 550 returns to the beginning of the pixel addressing cycle.
- control matrix 500 requires only one shutter transition time to get to its next state. Previous methods of display control require two shutter transition times to fully update the entire display. This difference of time for the extra shutter transition can be significant for more complicated display algorithms where many display updates are done in one video frame time. Additionally, control matrix 500 creates a held data state where only one actuator is attractive to the shutter and the other actuator is not attractive. This helps to prevent erroneous shutter states.
- the timing of the update signal relative to the actuate node voltage level allows for control of excessive charging of the data storage capacitor 538 to assure lower power operation.
- Control matrix 2440 controls an array of pixels 2442 that include dual-actuator shutter assemblies 2444 (i.e., shutter assemblies with both shutter-open and shutter-close actuators).
- the actuators in the shutter assemblies 2444 can be made either electrically bi-stable or mechanically bi-stable.
- Control matrix 2440 has similarities with the control matrix 500 in Figure 5 A. Both control matrices utilize a single column line interconnect, a single data load transistor, and a single data store capacitor, despite their use with a dual-actuator shutter assembly. Instead of a dual inverter latch, however, the control matrix 2440 comprises a common drive interconnect 2462 for use in actuation of the shutter assembly. For the example given in control matrix 2440, the common drive interconnect 2462 is electrically connected to the shutter-open actuator of the shutter assembly 2444.
- the actuators in the shutter assemblies 2444 can be made either electrically bi-stable or mechanically bi-stable. However, any type of MEMS shutter and actuator assembly may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention.
- the control matrix may be used with other suitable type display modulators.
- the modulators 200, 220, 250, 270, 400 and 450 may be employed without limitation, as well as liquid crystal and plasma emission modulators.
- the control matrix 2440 includes a scan-line interconnect 2446 for each row of pixels 2442 in the control matrix 2440.
- the control matrix 2440 further includes a charge interconnect 2450, a global actuation interconnect 2454, and a shutter common interconnect 2455.
- the interconnects 2450, 2454, 2455, and 2462 are shared among pixels 2442 in multiple rows and multiple columns in the array. In one implementation (the one described in more detail below), the interconnects 2450, 2454, 2455, and 2462 are shared among all pixels 2442 in the control matrix 2440.
- Each pixel 2442 in the control matrix includes a shutter charge transistor 2456, a shutter discharge transistor 2458, a shutter write-enable transistor 2457, and a data store capacitor 2459 as described in Figure 5 A.
- the drain of the shutter discharge transistor is connected to the shutter-close actuator of the shutter assembly 2444.
- the charging transistor 2456 is wired with a different circuit connection to the charge interconnect 2450.
- the gate terminals of the charging transistor 2456 are connected directly to the charge interconnect 2450, along with the drain terminal of transistor 2456.
- the charging transistor 2456 operates as a diode, which can pass a current in only 1 direction.
- a method of addressing and actuating the pixels in control matrix 2440 is illustrated by the method 2470 shown in Figure 7.
- the method 2470 proceeds in three general steps. First there is a data loading operation, by which the matrix is addressed row by row by storing data into the data store capacitors 2459. In the second general step all of actuators are reset simultaneously at step 2488, in part by applying a voltage V at to the charge interconnect 2450. Step 2488 is sometimes referred to as a first sub-phase of a global update phase.
- steps 2492-2494 by a) selectively activating transistors 2458 by means of the global actuation interconnect 2454 and b) changing the potential difference between the common drive interconnect 2462 and the shutter common interconnect 2455 so as to be greater than an actuation voltage V at .
- the steps 2492- 2494 are sometimes referred to as a second sub-phase of a global update phase.
- a control matrix advantageously alternates between two control logics.
- the details for control method 2470 are described next with respect to only the first control logic.
- this first control logic the potential of the shutter common interconnect 2455 is maintained at all times near to the ground potential.
- a shutter will be held in either the open or closed states by applying a voltage V at directly across either or both of the charge interconnect 2450 or the common drive interconnect 2462.
- the shutter common interconnect is held at the voltage V at , and an actuated state will be maintained by maintaining either or both of the charge interconnect 2450 or the common drive interconnect 2462 at ground.
- the frame addressing cycle of method 2470 begins when a voltage V 0 ff is applied to the global actuation interconnect 2454 (step 2472).
- the voltage V 0 ff on interconnect 2454 is designed to ensure that the discharge transistor 2458 will not turn on regardless of whether a voltage has been stored on capacitor 2459.
- the control matrix 2440 then proceeds with the data loading operation for each pixel 2442 in the control matrix, one row at a time (steps 2474-2484). To address a particular row, the control matrix 2440 write-enables a first scan line by applying a voltage V we to the corresponding scan-line interconnect 2446 (step 2474). Then, at decision block 2476, the control matrix 2440 determines for each pixel 2442 in the write-enabled row whether the pixel 2442 needs to be open or closed. For example, if at the reset step 2488 all shutters are to be (temporarily) closed, then at decision block 2476 it is determined for each pixel 2442 in the write-enabled row whether or not the pixel is to be (subsequently) opened.
- the control matrix 2440 applies a data voltage Vd, for example 5V, to the data interconnect 2448 corresponding to the column in which that pixel 2442 is located (step 2478).
- the voltage Vd applied to the data interconnect 2448 is thereby caused to be stored by means of a charge on the data store capacitor 2459 of the selected pixel 2442 (step 2479).
- the corresponding data interconnect 2448 is grounded (step 2480).
- the temporary (or reset) position after step 2488 in this example is defined as the shutter-close position
- alternative shutter assemblies can be provided in which the reset position after 2488 is a shutter-open position. In these alternative cases, the application of data voltage Vd, at step 2478, would result in the opening of the shutter.
- the application of V we to the scan- line interconnect 2446 for the write-enabled row turns on all of the write-enable transistors 2457 for the pixels 2442 in the corresponding scan line.
- the control matrix 2440 selectively applies the data voltage to all columns of a given row in the control matrix 2440 at the same time while that row has been write-enabled. After all data has been stored on capacitors 2459 in the selected row (steps 2479 and 2481), the control matrix 2440 grounds the selected scan-line interconnect (step 2482) and selects a subsequent scan-line interconnect for writing (step 2485). After the information has been stored in the capacitors for all the rows in control matrix 2440, the decision block 2484 is triggered to begin the global actuation sequence.
- the actuation sequence also referred to as the global update sequence, begins at step
- step 2486 of method 2470 with the application of an actuation voltage V at , e.g. 40 V, to the charge interconnect 2450.
- V at e.g. 40 V
- the voltage V at is now imposed simultaneously across all of the shutter-close actuators of all the shutter assemblies 2444 in control matrix 2440.
- step 2487 the potential on the common drive interconnect 2462 is grounded.
- a grounded common drive interconnect 2462 reduces the voltage drop across all of the shutter-open actuators of all shutter assemblies 2444 to a value substantially below the maintenance voltage V m .
- step 2488 acts to reset and close all actuators into an initial state.
- the reset step 2488 acts to open all shutters.
- the common drive interconnect 2462 would be electrically connected to the shutter-closed actuator of all shutter assemblies 2444.
- the control matrix grounds the charge interconnect 2450.
- the electrodes on the shutter-close actuators in shutter assembly 2444 provide a capacitance which stores a charge after the charge interconnect 2450 has been grounded and the charging transistor 2456 has been turned off. The stored charge acts to maintain a voltage in excess of the maintenance voltage V m across the shutter-close actuator.
- the data stored in capacitors 2459 can now be utilized to set an image in control matrix 2440 by selectively opening the specified shutter assemblies (steps 2492 - 2494).
- the potential on the global actuation interconnect 2454 is set to ground (step 2492).
- Step 2492 makes it possible for the discharge switch transistor 2458 to turn-on in accordance to whether a data voltage has been stored on capacitor 2459. For those pixels in which a voltage has been stored on capacitor 2459, the charge which was stored on the shutter-close actuator of shutter assembly 2444 is now allowed to dissipate through the global actuation interconnect 2454.
- the voltage on the common drive interconnect 2462 is returned to the actuation voltage V at , or is set such that the potential difference between the common drive interconnect 2462 and the shutter common interconnect 2455 is greater than an actuation voltage V at .
- the conditions for selective actuation of the pixels have now been set. For those pixels in which a charge (or voltage Vd) has been stored on capacitor 2459, the voltage difference across the shutter-close actuator will now be less than the maintenance voltage V m while the voltage across the shutter-open actuator (which is tied to the common drive 2462) will at V at . These selected shutters will now be caused to open at step 2494.
- step 2494 For those pixels in which no charge has been stored on capacitor 2459, the transistor 2458 remains off and the voltage difference across the shutter-close actuator will be maintained above the maintenance voltage V m . Even though a voltage V at has been imposed across the shutter-open actuator, the shutter assembly 2444 will not actuate at step 2494 and will remain closed.
- the control matrix 2440 continues to maintain the voltages set after steps 2492 and 2493 for a period of time sufficient for all selected actuators to actuate during step 2494.
- each shutter is in its addressed state, i.e., the position dictated by the data voltages applied during the addressing and actuating method 2470.
- the process begins again at step 2472. In alternate embodiments, the positions of the steps 2486 and 2487 in the sequence can be switched, so that step 2487 occurs before step 2486.
- step 2470 all of the shutters are closed simultaneously during the time between step 2488 and step 2494, a time in which no image information can be presented to the viewer.
- the method 2470 is designed to minimize this dead time (or reset time), by making use of data store capacitors 2459 and global actuation interconnect 2454 to provide timing control over the transistors 2458.
- step 2472 all of the data for a given image frame can be written to the capacitors 2459 during the addressing sequence (steps 2474 - 2485), without any immediate actuation effect on the shutter assemblies.
- the shutter assemblies 2444 remain locked in the positions they were assigned in the previous image frame until addressing is complete and they are uniformly actuated or reset at step
- the global actuation step 2492 allows the simultaneous transfer of data out of the data store capacitors 2459 so that all shutter assemblies can be brought into their next image state at the same time.
- the activity of an attached backlight can be synchronized with the addressing of each frame.
- a command to turn the illumination off can be given between step 2484 and step 2486.
- the illumination can then be turned-on again after step 2494.
- a lamp with one color can be turned off after step 2484 while a lamp with either the same or a different color is turned on after step 2494.
- the data voltage Vd can be significantly less than the actuation voltage V at (e.g., 5V vs. 40V). Since the actuation voltage V at is applied once a frame, whereas the data voltage Vd may be applied to each data interconnect 2448 as may times per frame as there are rows in the control matrix 2440, control matrices such as control matrix 2440 may save a substantial amount of power in comparison to control matrices which require a data voltage to be high enough to also serve as the actuation voltage.
- FIG. 6 assumes the use of n-channel MOS transistors. Other embodiments are possible that employ p-channel transistors, in which case the relative signs of the bias potentials V at and Vd would be reversed.
- the storage capacitor 2459 and write-enable transistor 2457 can be replaced with alternative data memory circuits, such as a DRAM or SRAM circuits known in the art.
- semiconductor diodes and/or metal insulator metal sandwich type thin films can be substituted as switches in place of transistors in control matrix 2440. Examples of these substitutions are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 11/326,696 which is incorporated herein by references in its entirety.
- the potential on the shutter common interconnect 2455 is maintained at a voltage near to V at (instead of near ground as was the case in the first control logic).
- the data interconnect 2448 is grounded instead of taken to Vd.
- the data interconnect is taken to the voltage Vd.
- Step 2486 remains the same, but at step 2487 the common drive interconnect is set to the actuation voltage V at in the second control logic instead of to ground.
- interconnect 2450 are set to the same voltage V at .
- the image setting sequence then continues with grounding of the global actuation interconnect 2454 at step 2492 - which has the effect in this second logic of closing only those shutters for which a voltage Vd was stored across the capacitor 2459.
- the common drive interconnect 2462 is grounded. This has the effect of actuating and opening any shutters that were not otherwise actuated at step 2492.
- the logical state expressed at step 2494 therefore, is reversed in the second control logic, and the polarities are also effectively reversed.
- the control matrix 2440 can alternate between the control logics between every frame or between alternate sub-frame images or on some other periodic basis, for instance once every second. Over time, the net potentials applied to the shutter assemblies 2444 by the charge interconnect 2450 and the shutter common interconnect 2455 average out to 0V. Algorithms for Coordination of Actuation and Lamp Illumination
- Certain algorithms may be used to improve the efficiency of a display device by overlapping certain pixel addressing, circuit driving and lamp illumination phases.
- the ability to address and actuate a display more efficiently with respect to time provided by such overlapping algorithms allows for additional time to create images for both the left eye and the right eye for use in the display of 3 -dimensional images.
- control matrix 500 of Figure 5 A referred to as the S-latch drive and the control matrix 2440 of Figure 6, referred to as the Hybrid drive.
- the algorithms described below can also be applied to other circuits in addition to those disclosed in the referenced patent applications.
- the algorithms described herein can be used to drive other light modulators in addition to MEMS shutters.
- other light modulators such as electrowetting, light tap and LCD light modulators may be used in combination with the algorithms described herein.
- FIG 8A is a phase diagram 800 for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- the phase diagram 800 includes Data Load phase 802, Global Update phase 804, and lamp illumination phase 806.
- the image writing operation consists of these three independent phases for each bit that is displayed.
- the timing and control of the phases are carried out, for example, by controller 156 in display apparatus 100 in Figure IB.
- the Data Load phase 802 there is a fixed time required to load 1 bit of data in memory for each of the pixels of the display.
- the data can be ⁇ ' or '0' corresponding to desired shutter position to be Open' or 'closed'.
- the Global Update phase (GUP) 804 there is a fixed time required to allow the shutters to move to the new positions as indicated by the data load. The length of this time depends on the speed at which shutter moves from open to close or close to open. The amount of time required for this phase depends on underlying circuitry and the physical construction of the shutter.
- the Global Update Phase 804 may include one or more sub-phases and the transmission of one or more different global update signals. Two examples of such circuitry are given by control matrix 500 of Figure 5 A, referred to herein as the S-latch drive and the control matrix 2440 of Figure 6, referred to herein as the Hybrid drive.
- the Global Update phase 804 is divided into two sub-phases. During the first phase, every shutter is commanded to go into the closed position. During the second phase, the shutter is commanded to go into the open position depending on the data that is loaded on the pixel. For example, if the data is 1, the shutter will move to the open position. If the data is 0, the shutter will remain in the closed position. As a result of this operation scheme, the duration of the global update phase 104 is about twice the time it takes for the shutter to switch states.
- the Global Update phase 804 may consist of only one phase or sub-phase.
- the shutter is commanded to go to the open or closed position depending on the data that is loaded on the pixel. For example, if the data is 1, the shutter will remain in or move to the open position depending on its prior state. If the data is 0, the shutter will remain in or move to the closed position depending on its prior state.
- the duration of the global update phase 804 for the S-latch drive circuit is equal to time it takes for the shutter to switch states.
- the S-latch drive provides a much shorter Global Update phase 804 time, which in turn enables longer LED duty cycles, especially if the shutter speed is slow.
- the lamp illumination phase 806 shows the time during which one or more lamps (either R, G or B or combinations there of) may be turned On' in order to illuminate the display.
- lamps either R, G or B or combinations there of
- other colors or lamps including without limitation, white, cyan, purple, and magenta
- a number of different types of lamps can be employed in the displays, including without limitation:
- the illumination phase may include illuminating one of more of lamps 162-167 in display apparatus 100 of Figure IB.
- the time duration is variable depending on the bit being represented.
- the relative weight of the time duration with respect to each other can be a binary or non-binary.
- Each bit time is calculated in such a way to show certain number of gray scale levels of brightness (typically 8 bit or 255 gray levels). Examples of field sequential color algorithms are described with respect to Figures 1C and ID above. Gray scale technique is described in more detail in U.S. Patent Application No. 11/643,042 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
- the 11/643,042 application describes techniques for yielding detailed images.
- Each bit of RGB color is carefully organized in an algorithm to generate one frame of image.
- the frame rate of the image generation has to be fast enough to produce a flicker free image. Typically that rate is 60 Hz for standard displays.
- Mechanically actuated displays can produce flicker free operation at 45 Hz also, depending on their ability to perform bit splitting and other such methodologies.
- Total lamp illumination time in a frame (LED duty cycle) is preferably optimized for a good and low power display operation.
- the total illumination time within a frame is what determines the brightness of the display.
- Lamp duty cycle affects power as well as brightness. The reason it affects power is because a lamp's optical response to electrical stimulus is not linear. It is a power law with power coefficient less than 1. Hence driving lamps at low currents (and pulse brightness) is a more efficient use of electrical power.
- Increased lamp duty cycle also provides better image performance that is associated with not having large blanking time between lamp outputs. Such blanking times can worsen image artifacts like dynamic false contour (DFC) and color breakup.
- DFC dynamic false contour
- phase diagram 800 of Figure 8A represents the most basic method of driving a display system.
- the algorithm presented in phase diagram 800 is very inefficient because the lamp duty cycle will be quite small.
- the timing diagram 820 of Figure 8B corresponds to this inefficient driving method with a resulting low lamp duty cycle.
- the timing diagram 820 of Figure 8B includes information relating to Display Output 822, Shutter Transition 824, Shutter Position 826, Lamp Output 828, Global Update 830 and Data Load 832.
- the Shutter Transition information 824 includes delay time 852 and shutter switch time period 854.
- one or more shutters may close during shutter switch time 854, and re -open during phase 2 838 of the Global Update 830.
- the lamp output information 828 includes a red color bit 840, a green color bit 842 and a blue color bit 850.
- the Global Update 830 includes a first update signal split into a first signal phase 836 and a second signal phase 838, and a second update signal split into a first signal phase 846 and a second signal phase 848. It will be understood by those of skill in the art that the Global Update 830 may include more or less than 2 update signals as necessary.
- the Data load information 132 includes a data signal 834 representing a " 1", and a data signal844 representing a "0.” It will be understood by those of skill in the art that the data signals labeled "1" and "0" in Figure 8B (as well as the following figures) are illustrative examples and not intended to limit the type of data that may be sent during Data Load phase 832. For example, during the Data Load phase 832, and more particularly, at each data load signal 834 and 844, more than one set of data may be sent to one or more pixels or rows of pixels in the entire array.
- both "0" and “1” data or a combination of both may be sent to one or more, or even the entire array of pixels.
- the data load signals 834 and 844 may represent all of the data loading steps inclusive between steps 2474 and 2485, including the sequential repetition of those steps for the loading of data for each row in the array.
- Lamp output 828 is the output of the backlight in synchronization with the rest of the system.
- Shutter Position 826 is indicated in between Shutter Transitions 824.
- Timing diagram 820 corresponds to driving a Hybrid circuit, described in more detail above with respect to Figures 6 and 7.
- the shutter starts in an Open' position as indicated by the Shutter Position information 826.
- data signal 834 represents " 1" data corresponding to an Open' shutter state.
- the duration of the data signal 834 application represents the Data Load phase 802 of phase diagram 800.
- the next phase, as represented in the algorithm depicted in phase diagram 800, is the Global Update phase 804.
- Global Update phase 804 is initiated with a global update signal.
- the Global Update phase 804 does not begin until the Data Load phase 802 is completely finished. Because this example uses a Hybrid drive, the global update signal is split into two signal phases 836 and 838. As described above, during phase 1 of the global update 836 all of the shutters of the display are reset or driven into a 'closed' state. Signal phase 1 of the global update signal may correspond to the steps 2486 through 2490 of the addressing method 2470. This transition is depicted in Shutter Transition information 824 by portion 854 which shows the shutter moving from an open to closed state. During signal phase 2 of the global update 838 the shutters are driven into the state indicated by the data loaded during the Data Load phase 802. Signal phase 2 of the global update signal may correspond to the steps 2492 through 2494 of the addressing method 2470. In the example of timing diagram 820, during signal phase 2 the shutter is driven into an 'open' state
- the duration of the Global Update phase 804 is 2 X (shutter delay time 852 + shutter switch time 854).
- the final phase of the example algorithm depicted in phase diagram 800 is the lamp illumination phase 806.
- the lamp illumination phase 806 begins after the Global Update phase 804 is completely finished and the shutters have moved to their intended states.
- the shutter has moved to the 'open' state, thereby displaying the lamp illumination corresponding to green light, represented by lamp output 842.
- the duration of the lamp output 842 is a result of the bit it represents.
- the effect of the algorithm sequence shown in timing diagram 820 would be that orange color would be displayed since no blue will be transmitted through since at that time the shutter is closed.
- the next data signal 844 is asserted after the lamp output 142 is finished.
- the shutter remains 'open' until the data signal 844 is finished loading in the Data Load phase of the next frame addressing cycle. As shown in timing diagram 820, there is a large lamp blanking time 856 in which the lamp is turned off, but the shutter is still open. These lamp blanking times result in a low lamp duty cycle and, accordingly, inefficient operation of the display device.
- Phase diagram 900 represents a display algorithm for driving a display apparatus which increases the lamp duty cycle with respect the algorithm of phase diagram 800.
- Phase diagram 900 includes lamp illumination phase 902, Data Load phase 904, Global Update phase 906, Data Load Phase 910 and lamp illumination phase 908.
- phase diagram 900 there is overlapping of the data load phases and lamp illumination phases.
- Data Load phase 904 is overlapped in time with lamp illumination phase 902.
- Data Load phase 910 is overlapped in time with lamp illumination phase 908.
- data (for the next bit) can be loaded in the "pixel memory" of the pixel that is to be displayed while lamp illumination is occurring.
- the algorithm depicted by phase diagram 900 requires special circuit design in the backplane of the display so that data can be held in memory without causing shutter actuation until the global update phase is executed.
- a Hybrid drive circuit 2440 described about with respect to Figures 6 and 7, can be used to drive the display.
- the data store capacitor 2459 can be loaded with data in preparation for the next image frame.
- the data stored in capacitor 2459 does not affect the movement of the shutters.
- the S-latch drive circuit 500 described with respect to Figures 5A and 5B is another example of a control matrix that can be used for driving a display with overlap between the Data Load phase and the lamp illumination phase.
- the data store capacitor 538 may be loaded with data in preparation for the next image frame.
- the data stored in capacitor 538 does not change the state of the latch nor affect the movement of the shutters.
- only after the update is activated, at step 574 of the method 550 can the shutters begin to move in an update cycle according to the data stored on capacitor 538.
- Figure 9B shows a timing diagram 920 for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 9 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Timing diagram 920 is similar to timing diagram 820 of Figure 8B, except that lamp outputs 940, 942, 950 overlap with the data signals 934, 944, 952.
- the data signal 934 (and similar data signals shown in Figures 10B through 13B) may represent a time period required for the loading of data into multiple pixels, multiple rows, and/or the entire array of light modulators in the display.
- the data signal 934 is completely enclosed under Red lamp output 940 (due to the large bit lengths). This allows for increased lamp duty cycle compared to the example shown in timing diagram 920.
- the data load phase duration is longer than the green and blue lamp outputs 942, 950 and therefore lamp blanking intervals 954, 956 must be inserted before the Global Update phase 906 is initiated. Thus, if there are many short bits to define good color depth, significant lamp duty cycle is lost.
- Phase diagram 1000 represents a display algorithm for driving a display apparatus which increases the lamp duty cycle with respect the algorithm of phase diagrams 800 and 900.
- Phase diagram 1000 includes lamp illumination phase 1002, Data Load phase 1004, Global Update phase 1006, and lamp illumination phase 1008.
- phase diagram 1000 there is overlapping of the data load phase 1004 with both the lamp illumination phase 1002 and the Global Update phase 1006.
- the algorithm shown in phase diagram 1000 can be implemented on a Hybrid drive circuit (described in more detail with respect to Figures 6 and 7 above) as described with respect to Figure 3B.
- Figure 10B shows a timing diagram 1020 for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 10A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Timing diagram 1020 is similar to timing diagram 920 of Figure 9B, except that the data load signals 1034, 1044, 1052 overlap with the lamp outputs 1040, 1042, 1050 and the first phase of the global update signals 1036, 1046, 1054.
- the circuit update signal 2454 of the Hybrid drive is inactive, so pixel memory does not interact with the data that is already loaded on the shutter (defining the shutter state).
- the first signal phase of the global update signal may correspond to a modulator reset phase and to the steps 2486 through 2490 of the addressing method 2470. As a result, data can be loaded into the pixel memory without affecting the shutter potential and shutter travel and position.
- the data load signals 1034, 1044, 1052 overlap with the first signal phase of the global update signals 1036, 1046, 1054 it eliminates the lamp blanking times found in timing diagrams 820 and 920. With the lamp blanking times eliminated, the lamp duty cycle is significantly improved, even in situations where the data load phase 1004 is significantly long.
- the lamp illumination phase 1002 is not overlapped on with the Global Update phase 1006, and the global update signal 1036 is not asserted until the entire color bit 1040 has been displayed.
- Phase diagram 1100 for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- phase diagram 1100 represents a display algorithm for driving a display apparatus using an S-latch drive circuit.
- the S-latch drive circuitry 500 is described in more detail above with respect to Figures 5A and 5B.
- Phase diagram 1100 includes lamp illumination phase 1102, Data Load phase 1104, Global Update phase 1106, Data Load phase 1108 and lamp illumination phase 1110.
- phase diagram 1100 includes overlapping of the data load phase 1108 with both the lamp illumination phase 1110 and the Global Update phase 1106.
- the algorithm shown in phase diagram 1100 can be implemented on an S-latch drive circuit as described below with respect to Figure 1 IB.
- FIG. 1 IB shows a timing diagram 1120 for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 11A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Timing diagram 1120 is similar to timing diagram 1020 of Figure 10B, however it may be carried out on an S-latch drive circuit, such as the circuit 500 of Figure 5 A and using the method 550 of Figure 5B.
- the S-latch drive after a brief period of time required to latch the data on the shutter node, referred to as the update latch step 554 in the method 550, the data can be loaded into the pixel memory during the rest of the Global Update phase 1106.
- the Global Update phase 1106 may be much smaller for the S-Latch drive circuitry when compared to the Hybrid drive due to the fact that the shutter only travels once (open to close or close to open or just stay in open or close position) during the Global Update phase 1106. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the Global Update signal 1136, 1148, 1154 used in the S-latch drive circuit does not require two separate phases, and therefore has a shorter duration. In certain embodiments, the circuit update signal of the S-latch drive is active for only a short period of time during the update latch step, i.e. between the steps 574 and 578 of the method 550.
- the update latch step 554, including the data update steps 574 to 578, is sometimes referred to as an electrical setting phase of the global update signal.
- the lamps may remain in the "on" state while the data loading signals remain inactive.
- the shutter actuation step 556 of the method 550 is sometimes referred to as the mechanical reaction phase of the global update signal.
- the mechanical reaction phase the lamps remain in the "off state while data loading can continue. The mechanical reaction phase and the data loading phase are allowed to overlap in time.
- timing diagram 1120 the data load signals 1138, 1144, 1152 overlap with the lamp outputs 1142, 1146, 1150 and the global update signals 1136, 1148, 1154.
- the lamp duty cycle is significantly improved, even in situations where the data load phase 1138, 1144, 1152 is significantly long.
- the Global Update phase 1106 is shorter in duration when compared with the Hybrid drive circuit, the S-latch allows for even larger lamp duty cycle when compared to the Hybrid drive.
- the lamp illumination phase 1102 is not overlapped on with the Global Update phase 1106, and the global update signal 1136 is not asserted until the entire color bit 1140 has been displayed.
- Phase diagram 1200 represents a display algorithm for driving a display apparatus which increases the lamp duty cycle with respect the algorithm of phase diagram 1000.
- Phase diagram 1200 includes lamp illumination phase 1202, Data Load phase 1204, Global Update phase 1206, and lamp illumination phase 1208.
- phase diagram 1200 there is overlapping between each of the data load phase 1204, lamp illumination phase 1202 and Global Update phase 1206.
- the algorithm shown in phase diagram 1200 may be implemented on a Hybrid drive circuit, such as circuit 2440 described with respect to Figures 6 and 7.
- phase diagram 1200 During shutter operation, the shutter blocks light, or allows light to pass through.
- the display is designed with certain overlap between the shutter and the aperture plate slot underneath. This helps to reduce off-axis light leakage and provide good off-axis contrast. Due to this overlap, the shutter movement is not recorded as optical transmission change until the shutter has traveled for approximately 20% of its travel time. During this travel time, there is no change in the optical signal. For example, a closed shutter still appears closed and an open shutter still appears open optically. This shutter travel time, although part of the Global Update phase 1206, can be used as part of lamp illumination phase 1202 thereby providing additional lamp duty cycle.
- the algorithm illustrated in phase diagram 1200 can be applied to a Hybrid circuit without affecting optical quality of the image (i.e., contrast and color).
- FIG. 12B shows a timing diagram 1220 for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 12 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Timing diagram 1220 is similar to timing diagraml020 of Figure 10B, except that the lamp signals 1240, 1242, 1250 overlap with both phase 1 and 2 of the Global Update signal 1236, 1238, 1246, 1248, 1254, 1256.
- Signal phase 1 of the Global Update signal 1236, 1246, 1254 is operated in such a way that all of the shutters move to a 'close' position in this phase.
- Signal phase 1 may constitute the reset phase of the global update signal, i.e. steps 2486 to 2488 of the method 2470. In this case, while traversing to the 'close' position, the shutter can still transmit a meaningful amount of light of the same color (that contributes to forming an image).
- lamp illumination can be kept in an 'on' state during phase 1 of the Global update signal 1236, 1246, 1254 and provide additional brightness boost to the display.
- the shutters that need to move to the open position are driven to the 'open' position based on the date loaded for that pixel (steps 2490 to 2494 of method 2470).
- the lamp can be switched to an 'on' state again without affecting the performance of the closed shutter (i.e. without light leakage).
- additional light transmission can be provided during the shutter transition from 'closed' to 'open' for the particular shutters that are being driven to the open state.
- the increase in light transmission as a result of overlapping lamp illumination phase 1202, 1208 with the Global Update phase 1206 allows for higher lamp duty cycle when compared with timing diagram 1020 of Figure 10B.
- Phase diagram 1300 is another phase diagram 1300 for image generation, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Phase diagram 1300 represents a display algorithm for driving a display apparatus using an S-latch drive circuit, such as the circuit 500 of Figure 5A and using the method 550 of Figure 5B.
- Phase diagram 1300 includes lamp illumination phase 1302, Data Load phase 1304, Global Update phase 1306, Data Load phase 1308 and lamp illumination phase 1310.
- phase diagram 1200 in phase diagram 1300 there is overlapping of the data load phase 1308 with both the lamp illumination phase 1310 and the Global Update phase 1306.
- the algorithm shown in phase diagram 1300 can be implemented on an S-latch drive circuit as described below with respect to Figure 13B.
- Figure 13B shows a timing diagram 1320 for image generation corresponding to the phase diagram of Figure 13 A, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- Timing diagram 1320 is similar to timing diagram 1220 of Figure 12B, however it is designed to be carried out on an S-latch drive circuit, such as the circuit 500 of Figure 5 A and using the method 550 of Figure 5B.
- the lamp outputs 1340, 1342, 1350 overlap with a short period at the beginning of the Global Update signals 1336, 1346, 1354.
- the lamp outputs 1340, 1342, and 1350 can overlap with the update latch step 554 of the addressing method 550.
- the additional lamp overlaps during the shutter transition times are not possible because the light transmission during the shutter travel phase can cause deterioration of display contrast and color. Specifically, if the lamps were illuminated during shutter transition, light would leak through pixels which were closing from an open position, but not from those which remained in a closed position from one frame to the next.
- pixels which were open in their prior state would emit more light than pixels that were transitioning from closed to open. This disparity in light output from pixels intended to be in the same state cause the above-mentioned image deterioration. Notwithstanding the inability to illuminate the lamps during the transition time, the other overlaps of the different phases of the drive scheme allow for increased lamp duty cycle, or allow for the lamp duty cycle to be preserved even with slow shutter speed and longer data load times.
- the lamp duty cycle for a Hybrid drive with shutter speed of 150 ⁇ increases from 45% to 66%> when using an overlap algorithm, and from 11% to 44% when using an overlap algorithm on a Hybrid drive with a shutter speed of 230 ⁇ .
- the S-latch shows significant improvement in lamp duty cycle over the Hybrid drive when using an overlap algorithm.
- the lamp duty cycle is 76% and at a shutter speed of 300 ⁇ the lamp duty cycle is 51%.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
- Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
- Micromachines (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR112012019383A BR112012019383A2 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | CIRCUITS TO CONTROL DISPLAY APPARATUS |
KR1020157029818A KR101798312B1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
KR1020127022114A KR101659642B1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
KR1020127030380A KR20120139854A (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
JP2012552044A JP2013519122A (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | Circuit for controlling a display device |
CN201180017151.2A CN102834859B (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
EP11703985A EP2531997A1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US30073510P | 2010-02-02 | 2010-02-02 | |
US61/300,735 | 2010-02-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011097258A1 true WO2011097258A1 (en) | 2011-08-11 |
Family
ID=43901316
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2011/023402 WO2011097258A1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2011-02-01 | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US9087486B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2531997A1 (en) |
JP (3) | JP2013519122A (en) |
KR (3) | KR20120139854A (en) |
CN (3) | CN104916258B (en) |
BR (1) | BR112012019383A2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011097258A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9857628B2 (en) | 2011-01-07 | 2018-01-02 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Display device |
Families Citing this family (54)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8482496B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-07-09 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling MEMS display apparatus on a transparent substrate |
US9087486B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-07-21 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US20070205969A1 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2007-09-06 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Direct-view MEMS display devices and methods for generating images thereon |
US9229222B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-01-05 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US7999994B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2011-08-16 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US8310442B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2012-11-13 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US8519945B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-08-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US8159428B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2012-04-17 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US9158106B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-10-13 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US9261694B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-02-16 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US9082353B2 (en) | 2010-01-05 | 2015-07-14 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US8526096B2 (en) | 2006-02-23 | 2013-09-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams |
US9176318B2 (en) | 2007-05-18 | 2015-11-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US8169679B2 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2012-05-01 | Pixtronix, Inc. | MEMS anchors |
US20110205397A1 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | John Christopher Hahn | Portable imaging device having display with improved visibility under adverse conditions |
US9196189B2 (en) * | 2011-05-13 | 2015-11-24 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display devices and methods for generating images thereon |
US9239457B2 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2016-01-19 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US20130027444A1 (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-01-31 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Field-sequential color architecture of reflective mode modulator |
US9159277B2 (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2015-10-13 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling an array of light modulators of a display apparatus to generate display images |
KR20130033805A (en) * | 2011-09-27 | 2013-04-04 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | Display apparatus |
JP5856799B2 (en) * | 2011-10-17 | 2016-02-10 | ピクストロニクス,インコーポレイテッド | Latch circuit and display device |
US20130120327A1 (en) * | 2011-11-11 | 2013-05-16 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Storage capacitor for electromechanical systems and methods of forming the same |
WO2013070608A1 (en) * | 2011-11-11 | 2013-05-16 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Storage capacitor for electromechanical systems and methods of forming the same |
US9047830B2 (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2015-06-02 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US20140085274A1 (en) * | 2012-09-26 | 2014-03-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display devices and display addressing methods utilizing variable row loading times |
US9445064B2 (en) * | 2013-03-12 | 2016-09-13 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Display device and television device |
US9134552B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-09-15 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus with narrow gap electrostatic actuators |
US10470256B2 (en) | 2013-04-16 | 2019-11-05 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlled broadband microwave heating |
US9496110B2 (en) | 2013-06-18 | 2016-11-15 | Globalfoundries Inc. | Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) structure and design structures |
US9967546B2 (en) | 2013-10-29 | 2018-05-08 | Vefxi Corporation | Method and apparatus for converting 2D-images and videos to 3D for consumer, commercial and professional applications |
US20150116458A1 (en) | 2013-10-30 | 2015-04-30 | Barkatech Consulting, LLC | Method and apparatus for generating enhanced 3d-effects for real-time and offline appplications |
US20150194102A1 (en) * | 2014-01-06 | 2015-07-09 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Digital light modulator circuit including charge compensation capacitor |
US9459445B1 (en) * | 2014-03-31 | 2016-10-04 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Dual gate pixel reset for a display device |
US10158847B2 (en) | 2014-06-19 | 2018-12-18 | Vefxi Corporation | Real—time stereo 3D and autostereoscopic 3D video and image editing |
CN104134431B (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2016-07-27 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Field sequential display device and driving method thereof |
KR102194497B1 (en) * | 2014-08-14 | 2020-12-24 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | Display apparatus and method of driving the same |
US10345575B1 (en) * | 2014-11-25 | 2019-07-09 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Global reset for an electrowetting display device |
CN104795046B (en) * | 2015-05-13 | 2017-11-07 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | A kind of display base plate and its driving method, display device |
US10997930B2 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2021-05-04 | E Ink Corporation | Methods and circuitry for driving display devices |
US20170092183A1 (en) * | 2015-09-24 | 2017-03-30 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus including pixel circuits for controlling light modulators |
US10685598B2 (en) | 2016-03-25 | 2020-06-16 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Display panel, display apparatus, and method for manufacturing display panel |
US11024656B2 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2021-06-01 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Active matrix substrate, optical shutter substrate, display device, and method for manufacturing active matrix substrate |
US10739638B2 (en) | 2017-05-03 | 2020-08-11 | Apple Inc. | Backlight units with support posts and cavity height monitoring |
EP3978994B1 (en) | 2017-05-03 | 2023-10-25 | Apple Inc. | Backlight units with support posts and cavity height monitoring |
CN107293257B (en) * | 2017-07-20 | 2019-06-04 | 上海天马有机发光显示技术有限公司 | Display panel, its display methods and display device |
US10643528B2 (en) * | 2018-01-23 | 2020-05-05 | Valve Corporation | Rolling burst illumination for a display |
EP3579219B1 (en) * | 2018-06-05 | 2022-03-16 | IMEC vzw | Data distribution for holographic projection |
US10867538B1 (en) * | 2019-03-05 | 2020-12-15 | Facebook Technologies, Llc | Systems and methods for transferring an image to an array of emissive sub pixels |
CN112652267B (en) * | 2020-02-26 | 2021-09-21 | 中国电子科技集团公司第五十五研究所 | Rolling screen display digital driving method for active Micro-LED display screen |
GB2597923A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2022-02-16 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | A backlight unit for a vehicle component |
TWI780760B (en) * | 2021-06-10 | 2022-10-11 | 友達光電股份有限公司 | Image display and driving circuit thereof |
US11978416B2 (en) * | 2022-01-07 | 2024-05-07 | Stmicroelectronics S.R.L. | High efficiency ghost illumination cancelation in emissive and non-emissive display panels |
US11538427B1 (en) * | 2022-01-07 | 2022-12-27 | Stmicroelectronics S.R.L. | High efficiency ghost illumination cancelation in emissive and non-emissive display panels |
CN115150390B (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2024-04-09 | 山东信通电子股份有限公司 | Image display method, device, equipment and medium |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5233459A (en) | 1991-03-06 | 1993-08-03 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Electric display device |
US5771321A (en) | 1996-01-04 | 1998-06-23 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Micromechanical optical switch and flat panel display |
EP1091342A2 (en) * | 1999-10-04 | 2001-04-11 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Display technique of high grey scale |
US20050104804A1 (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2005-05-19 | Feenstra Bokke J. | Display device |
US20070086078A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2007-04-19 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
WO2007075832A2 (en) * | 2005-12-19 | 2007-07-05 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Direct-view mems display devices and methods for generating images thereon |
US7271945B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2007-09-18 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for actuating displays |
Family Cites Families (758)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US43157A (en) * | 1864-06-14 | Improved process of recovering the acid used in refining petroleum | ||
US3864582A (en) | 1973-01-22 | 1975-02-04 | Timex Corp | Mosfet dynamic circuit |
US4074253A (en) | 1975-11-19 | 1978-02-14 | Kenneth E. Macklin | Novel bistable light modulators and display element and arrays therefrom |
US4067043A (en) | 1976-01-21 | 1978-01-03 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Optical conversion method |
CH633902A5 (en) | 1980-03-11 | 1982-12-31 | Centre Electron Horloger | LIGHT MODULATION DEVICE. |
US4421381A (en) | 1980-04-04 | 1983-12-20 | Yokogawa Hokushin Electric Corp. | Mechanical vibrating element |
JPS5762028A (en) | 1980-10-01 | 1982-04-14 | Hitachi Ltd | Manufacture of liquid crystal display element |
JPS5828291Y2 (en) | 1981-02-02 | 1983-06-20 | 株式会社 小林記録紙製造所 | optically readable form |
US4563836A (en) | 1981-04-06 | 1986-01-14 | American Cyanamid Co. | Insect feeding station |
CH641315B (en) * | 1981-07-02 | Centre Electron Horloger | MINIATURE SHUTTER DISPLAY DEVICE. | |
JPS5774730A (en) | 1981-08-24 | 1982-05-11 | Copal Co Ltd | Curtain operating device for focal plane shutter |
US4559535A (en) | 1982-07-12 | 1985-12-17 | Sigmatron Nova, Inc. | System for displaying information with multiple shades of a color on a thin-film EL matrix display panel |
JPS5933077U (en) | 1982-08-23 | 1984-02-29 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | LCD display |
US4582396A (en) | 1983-05-09 | 1986-04-15 | Tektronix, Inc. | Field sequential color display system using optical retardation |
JPS6079331A (en) | 1983-10-07 | 1985-05-07 | Citizen Watch Co Ltd | Manufacture of color liquid crystal display device |
US5096279A (en) * | 1984-08-31 | 1992-03-17 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Spatial light modulator and method |
US5061049A (en) | 1984-08-31 | 1991-10-29 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Spatial light modulator and method |
US4744640A (en) | 1985-08-29 | 1988-05-17 | Motorola Inc. | PLZT multi-shutter color electrode pattern |
US4728936A (en) | 1986-04-11 | 1988-03-01 | Adt, Inc. | Control and display system |
US5835255A (en) | 1986-04-23 | 1998-11-10 | Etalon, Inc. | Visible spectrum modulator arrays |
JPS62275230A (en) | 1986-05-23 | 1987-11-30 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Optical gate matrix switch |
GB8728433D0 (en) * | 1987-12-04 | 1988-01-13 | Emi Plc Thorn | Display device |
US4907132A (en) | 1988-03-22 | 1990-03-06 | Lumitex, Inc. | Light emitting panel assemblies and method of making same |
US4991941A (en) | 1988-06-13 | 1991-02-12 | Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corporation | Method and apparatus for multi-color display |
US5042900A (en) | 1988-09-12 | 1991-08-27 | Lumitex, Inc. | Connector assemblies for optical fiber light cables |
CA1335889C (en) | 1988-10-07 | 1995-06-13 | Mahmoud A. Gawad | Small profile luminaire having adjustable photometric distribution |
US4958911A (en) | 1988-10-19 | 1990-09-25 | Jonand, Inc. | Liquid crystal display module having housing of C-shaped cross section |
US5986828A (en) | 1988-11-01 | 1999-11-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Optical power limiter utilizing nonlinear refraction |
EP0366847A3 (en) | 1988-11-02 | 1991-01-09 | Sportsoft Systems, Inc. | Graphics display using biomorphs |
US4889603A (en) | 1988-12-09 | 1989-12-26 | Copytele, Inc. | Method of eliminating gas bubbles in an electrophoretic display |
DE3842900C1 (en) | 1988-12-16 | 1990-05-10 | Krone Ag, 1000 Berlin, De | |
US5005108A (en) | 1989-02-10 | 1991-04-02 | Lumitex, Inc. | Thin panel illuminator |
US5025346A (en) | 1989-02-17 | 1991-06-18 | Regents Of The University Of California | Laterally driven resonant microstructures |
US5446479A (en) | 1989-02-27 | 1995-08-29 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Multi-dimensional array video processor system |
EP0438614A1 (en) | 1990-01-23 | 1991-07-31 | Alternative Energy Research Center Inc. | Information display apparatus and method |
CH682523A5 (en) | 1990-04-20 | 1993-09-30 | Suisse Electronique Microtech | A modulation matrix addressed light. |
US5142405A (en) | 1990-06-29 | 1992-08-25 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Bistable dmd addressing circuit and method |
DE69113150T2 (en) * | 1990-06-29 | 1996-04-04 | Texas Instruments Inc | Deformable mirror device with updated grid. |
US5184248A (en) | 1990-07-16 | 1993-02-02 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Image projection apparatus |
US5990990A (en) | 1990-08-03 | 1999-11-23 | Crabtree; Allen F. | Three-dimensional display techniques, device, systems and method of presenting data in a volumetric format |
US5319491A (en) * | 1990-08-10 | 1994-06-07 | Continental Typographics, Inc. | Optical display |
US5062689A (en) | 1990-08-21 | 1991-11-05 | Koehler Dale R | Electrostatically actuatable light modulating device |
US5050946A (en) | 1990-09-27 | 1991-09-24 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Faceted light pipe |
US5202950A (en) | 1990-09-27 | 1993-04-13 | Compaq Computer Corporation | Backlighting system with faceted light pipes |
US5128787A (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1992-07-07 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Lcd display with multifaceted back reflector |
DE69122075T2 (en) | 1991-01-16 | 1997-04-03 | Lumitex Inc | Thin plate lamp |
DE4110209C2 (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1993-11-18 | Roland Man Druckmasch | Device for adjusting a CNC-controlled grinding machine |
CA2063744C (en) * | 1991-04-01 | 2002-10-08 | Paul M. Urbanus | Digital micromirror device architecture and timing for use in a pulse-width modulated display system |
US5136751A (en) | 1991-04-30 | 1992-08-11 | Master Manufacturing Co. | Wheel assembly |
US5579035A (en) | 1991-07-05 | 1996-11-26 | Technomarket, L.P. | Liquid crystal display module |
JP3158667B2 (en) | 1991-08-01 | 2001-04-23 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Method of manufacturing liquid crystal display element and method of reproducing liquid crystal display element |
US5233385A (en) | 1991-12-18 | 1993-08-03 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | White light enhanced color field sequential projection |
US5245454A (en) | 1991-12-31 | 1993-09-14 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Lcd display with microtextured back reflector and method for making same |
JPH05188337A (en) | 1992-01-09 | 1993-07-30 | Minolta Camera Co Ltd | Optical shutter array |
KR960010845B1 (en) | 1992-01-18 | 1996-08-09 | 제일모직 주식회사 | Epoxy resin composition for encapsulating semiconductor element |
US5198730A (en) | 1992-01-29 | 1993-03-30 | Vancil Bernard K | Color display tube |
JPH0579530U (en) | 1992-03-24 | 1993-10-29 | 日本ビクター株式会社 | Display system optics |
US5655832A (en) | 1992-04-16 | 1997-08-12 | Tir Technologies, Inc. | Multiple wavelength light processor |
JPH06174929A (en) | 1992-05-15 | 1994-06-24 | Fujitsu Ltd | Backlight device and condenser |
US5231559A (en) | 1992-05-22 | 1993-07-27 | Kalt Charles G | Full color light modulating capacitor |
US5499127A (en) * | 1992-05-25 | 1996-03-12 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device having a larger gap between the substrates in the display area than in the sealant area |
DK69492D0 (en) | 1992-05-26 | 1992-05-26 | Purup Prepress As | DEVICE FOR EXPOSURE OF A MEDIUM, DEVICE FOR POINT EXPOSURE OF A MEDIA, AND A DEVICE FOR HOLDING A MEDIA |
NL194848C (en) | 1992-06-01 | 2003-04-03 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Liquid crystal indicator device. |
US5568964A (en) | 1992-07-10 | 1996-10-29 | Lumitex, Inc. | Fiber optic light emitting panel assemblies and methods of making such panel assemblies |
US5359345A (en) | 1992-08-05 | 1994-10-25 | Cree Research, Inc. | Shuttered and cycled light emitting diode display and method of producing the same |
US5724062A (en) * | 1992-08-05 | 1998-03-03 | Cree Research, Inc. | High resolution, high brightness light emitting diode display and method and producing the same |
US5319061A (en) | 1992-08-07 | 1994-06-07 | The Humphrey Chemical Co., Inc. | Imparting moisture resistance to epoxies |
US5493439A (en) * | 1992-09-29 | 1996-02-20 | Engle; Craig D. | Enhanced surface deformation light modulator |
US5339179A (en) | 1992-10-01 | 1994-08-16 | International Business Machines Corp. | Edge-lit transflective non-emissive display with angled interface means on both sides of light conducting panel |
US6008781A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1999-12-28 | Board Of Regents Of The University Of Washington | Virtual retinal display |
US5596339A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1997-01-21 | University Of Washington | Virtual retinal display with fiber optic point source |
US5467104A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1995-11-14 | Board Of Regents Of The University Of Washington | Virtual retinal display |
KR950010659B1 (en) * | 1992-11-10 | 1995-09-21 | 재단법인한국전자통신연구소 | Micro light shutter and manufacturing method thereof |
KR960001941B1 (en) * | 1992-11-10 | 1996-02-08 | 재단법인한국전자통신연구소 | Plate display device |
GB2272555A (en) | 1992-11-11 | 1994-05-18 | Sharp Kk | Stereoscopic display using a light modulator |
DE69330425T2 (en) | 1992-11-27 | 2001-10-25 | Yasuhiro Koike | DEVICE FOR GUIDING SPREADED LIGHTS |
CA2113213C (en) | 1993-01-11 | 2004-04-27 | Kevin L. Kornher | Pixel control circuitry for spatial light modulator |
US5528262A (en) | 1993-01-21 | 1996-06-18 | Fakespace, Inc. | Method for line field-sequential color video display |
JP2555922B2 (en) | 1993-02-26 | 1996-11-20 | 日本電気株式会社 | Electrostatically driven micro shutters and shutter arrays |
US6674562B1 (en) | 1994-05-05 | 2004-01-06 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US5810469A (en) | 1993-03-26 | 1998-09-22 | Weinreich; Steve | Combination light concentrating and collimating device and light fixture and display screen employing the same |
US5461411A (en) | 1993-03-29 | 1995-10-24 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Process and architecture for digital micromirror printer |
US5477086A (en) | 1993-04-30 | 1995-12-19 | Lsi Logic Corporation | Shaped, self-aligning micro-bump structures |
GB2278480A (en) | 1993-05-25 | 1994-11-30 | Sharp Kk | Optical apparatus |
US5884872A (en) | 1993-05-26 | 1999-03-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Oscillating flap lift enhancement device |
US5622612A (en) | 1993-06-02 | 1997-04-22 | Duracell Inc. | Method of preparing current collectors for electrochemical cells |
US5510824A (en) * | 1993-07-26 | 1996-04-23 | Texas Instruments, Inc. | Spatial light modulator array |
FR2709854B1 (en) | 1993-09-07 | 1995-10-06 | Sextant Avionique | Visualization device with optimized colors. |
US5552925A (en) | 1993-09-07 | 1996-09-03 | John M. Baker | Electro-micro-mechanical shutters on transparent substrates |
US5564959A (en) | 1993-09-08 | 1996-10-15 | Silicon Video Corporation | Use of charged-particle tracks in fabricating gated electron-emitting devices |
US5559389A (en) | 1993-09-08 | 1996-09-24 | Silicon Video Corporation | Electron-emitting devices having variously constituted electron-emissive elements, including cones or pedestals |
US5440197A (en) | 1993-10-05 | 1995-08-08 | Tir Technologies, Inc. | Backlighting apparatus for uniformly illuminating a display panel |
US5526051A (en) * | 1993-10-27 | 1996-06-11 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Digital television system |
US5452024A (en) | 1993-11-01 | 1995-09-19 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | DMD display system |
US5894686A (en) | 1993-11-04 | 1999-04-20 | Lumitex, Inc. | Light distribution/information display systems |
US5396350A (en) | 1993-11-05 | 1995-03-07 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Backlighting apparatus employing an array of microprisms |
US5517347A (en) * | 1993-12-01 | 1996-05-14 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Direct view deformable mirror device |
US5798746A (en) | 1993-12-27 | 1998-08-25 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
JPH07212639A (en) | 1994-01-25 | 1995-08-11 | Sony Corp | Electronic shutter device for television cameras |
US5504389A (en) | 1994-03-08 | 1996-04-02 | Planar Systems, Inc. | Black electrode TFEL display |
US5729038A (en) | 1995-12-15 | 1998-03-17 | Harris Corporation | Silicon-glass bonded wafers |
US5465054A (en) | 1994-04-08 | 1995-11-07 | Vivid Semiconductor, Inc. | High voltage CMOS logic using low voltage CMOS process |
US5629784A (en) | 1994-04-12 | 1997-05-13 | Ois Optical Imaging Systems, Inc. | Liquid crystal display with holographic diffuser and prism sheet on viewer side |
JP3102259B2 (en) | 1994-04-21 | 2000-10-23 | 株式会社村田製作所 | High voltage connector |
US5491347A (en) | 1994-04-28 | 1996-02-13 | Xerox Corporation | Thin-film structure with dense array of binary control units for presenting images |
US6710908B2 (en) | 1994-05-05 | 2004-03-23 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Controlling micro-electro-mechanical cavities |
US7123216B1 (en) | 1994-05-05 | 2006-10-17 | Idc, Llc | Photonic MEMS and structures |
US6040937A (en) | 1994-05-05 | 2000-03-21 | Etalon, Inc. | Interferometric modulation |
US7550794B2 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2009-06-23 | Idc, Llc | Micromechanical systems device comprising a displaceable electrode and a charge-trapping layer |
US20010003487A1 (en) | 1996-11-05 | 2001-06-14 | Mark W. Miles | Visible spectrum modulator arrays |
US7460291B2 (en) | 1994-05-05 | 2008-12-02 | Idc, Llc | Separable modulator |
US6680792B2 (en) * | 1994-05-05 | 2004-01-20 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US5815134A (en) | 1994-05-16 | 1998-09-29 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal electro-optical device and driving method thereof |
JP3708583B2 (en) | 1994-05-16 | 2005-10-19 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | Driving method of liquid crystal electro-optical device |
US5497258A (en) | 1994-05-27 | 1996-03-05 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Spatial light modulator including a VLSI chip and using solder for horizontal and vertical component positioning |
US5497172A (en) * | 1994-06-13 | 1996-03-05 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Pulse width modulation for spatial light modulator with split reset addressing |
GB9411160D0 (en) | 1994-06-03 | 1994-07-27 | Land Infrared Ltd | Improvements relating to radiation thermometers |
US5694227A (en) | 1994-07-15 | 1997-12-02 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Method and apparatus for calibrating and adjusting a color imaging system |
JP3184069B2 (en) | 1994-09-02 | 2001-07-09 | シャープ株式会社 | Image display device |
JPH0895526A (en) * | 1994-09-22 | 1996-04-12 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | Color liquid crystal display device for rgb field sequential display system |
KR100407736B1 (en) | 1994-10-18 | 2004-03-24 | 미쯔비시 레이온 가부시끼가이샤 | Lens sheet manufactured using active energy ray-curable composition |
FR2726135B1 (en) | 1994-10-25 | 1997-01-17 | Suisse Electronique Microtech | SWITCHING DEVICE |
JP3755911B2 (en) | 1994-11-15 | 2006-03-15 | 富士通株式会社 | Semiconductor circuit |
US5808800A (en) | 1994-12-22 | 1998-09-15 | Displaytech, Inc. | Optics arrangements including light source arrangements for an active matrix liquid crystal image generator |
US5596369A (en) | 1995-01-24 | 1997-01-21 | Lsi Logic Corporation | Statistically derived method and system for decoding MPEG motion compensation and transform coded video data |
US5504614A (en) | 1995-01-31 | 1996-04-02 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method for fabricating a DMD spatial light modulator with a hardened hinge |
WO1996033483A1 (en) * | 1995-04-18 | 1996-10-24 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | A display |
US6424388B1 (en) | 1995-04-28 | 2002-07-23 | International Business Machines Corporation | Reflective spatial light modulator array |
US6046840A (en) * | 1995-06-19 | 2000-04-04 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Double substrate reflective spatial light modulator with self-limiting micro-mechanical elements |
US5835256A (en) | 1995-06-19 | 1998-11-10 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Reflective spatial light modulator with encapsulated micro-mechanical elements |
US6952301B2 (en) | 1995-06-19 | 2005-10-04 | Reflectivity, Inc | Spatial light modulators with light blocking and absorbing areas |
US6969635B2 (en) * | 2000-12-07 | 2005-11-29 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Methods for depositing, releasing and packaging micro-electromechanical devices on wafer substrates |
US6712481B2 (en) | 1995-06-27 | 2004-03-30 | Solid State Opto Limited | Light emitting panel assemblies |
US5613751A (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1997-03-25 | Lumitex, Inc. | Light emitting panel assemblies |
US5975711A (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1999-11-02 | Lumitex, Inc. | Integrated display panel assemblies |
US20040135273A1 (en) | 1995-06-27 | 2004-07-15 | Parker Jeffery R. | Methods of making a pattern of optical element shapes on a roll for use in making optical elements on or in substrates |
US6185356B1 (en) | 1995-06-27 | 2001-02-06 | Lumitex, Inc. | Protective cover for a lighting device |
US7108414B2 (en) | 1995-06-27 | 2006-09-19 | Solid State Opto Limited | Light emitting panel assemblies |
US20020058931A1 (en) | 1995-06-27 | 2002-05-16 | Jeffrey R. Parker | Light delivery system and applications thereof |
US7023420B2 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2006-04-04 | E Ink Corporation | Electronic display with photo-addressing means |
US5959598A (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 1999-09-28 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Pixel buffer circuits for implementing improved methods of displaying grey-scale or color images |
DE19530121A1 (en) | 1995-08-16 | 1997-02-20 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh & Co Kg | Reduction of impact velocity method for armature impacting on to electromagnetic actuator |
JP3305931B2 (en) | 1995-09-18 | 2002-07-24 | 株式会社東芝 | Liquid crystal display |
JPH09114421A (en) * | 1995-10-19 | 1997-05-02 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Color liquid crystal display device |
US5801792A (en) | 1995-12-13 | 1998-09-01 | Swz Engineering Ltd. | High resolution, high intensity video projection cathode ray tube provided with a cooled reflective phosphor screen support |
JP3799092B2 (en) * | 1995-12-29 | 2006-07-19 | アジレント・テクノロジーズ・インク | Light modulation device and display device |
US5895115A (en) | 1996-01-16 | 1999-04-20 | Lumitex, Inc. | Light emitting panel assemblies for use in automotive applications and the like |
JPH09218360A (en) | 1996-02-08 | 1997-08-19 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Mechanical optical shutter |
US6168395B1 (en) | 1996-02-10 | 2001-01-02 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Bistable microactuator with coupled membranes |
US5745284A (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1998-04-28 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Solid-state laser source of tunable narrow-bandwidth ultraviolet radiation |
TW395121B (en) | 1996-02-26 | 2000-06-21 | Seiko Epson Corp | Personal wearing information display device and the display method using such device |
US5745203A (en) | 1996-03-28 | 1998-04-28 | Motorola, Inc. | Liquid crystal display device including multiple ambient light illumination modes with switchable holographic optical element |
EP1338846B1 (en) | 1996-04-17 | 2006-05-10 | Huntsman Advanced Materials (Switzerland) GmbH | apparatus for controlling light |
FR2747802B1 (en) | 1996-04-18 | 1998-05-15 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | OPTOMECHANICAL MICRODISPOSITIVE, AND APPLICATION TO AN OPTOMECHANICAL MICRODEFLECTOR |
US5731802A (en) * | 1996-04-22 | 1998-03-24 | Silicon Light Machines | Time-interleaved bit-plane, pulse-width-modulation digital display system |
JPH09292576A (en) | 1996-04-25 | 1997-11-11 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | Optical control element and display device using the same |
FR2748578B1 (en) | 1996-05-10 | 1998-05-29 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | OPTOMECHANICAL DEVICE AND APPLICATION TO SENSORS IN INTEGRATED OPTICS |
US5691695A (en) | 1996-07-24 | 1997-11-25 | United Technologies Automotive Systems, Inc. | Vehicle information display on steering wheel surface |
EP0914626A4 (en) | 1996-07-25 | 2002-02-20 | Anvik Corp | Seamless, maskless lithography system using spatial light modulator |
JP4050802B2 (en) | 1996-08-02 | 2008-02-20 | シチズン電子株式会社 | Color display device |
JP3442581B2 (en) | 1996-08-06 | 2003-09-02 | 株式会社ヒューネット | Driving method of nematic liquid crystal |
US5781333A (en) | 1996-08-20 | 1998-07-14 | Lanzillotta; John | Piezoelectric light shutter |
US5884083A (en) | 1996-09-20 | 1999-03-16 | Royce; Robert | Computer system to compile non-incremental computer source code to execute within an incremental type computer system |
US5854872A (en) | 1996-10-08 | 1998-12-29 | Clio Technologies, Inc. | Divergent angle rotator system and method for collimating light beams |
US6028656A (en) | 1996-10-09 | 2000-02-22 | Cambridge Research & Instrumentation Inc. | Optical polarization switch and method of using same |
AU5156198A (en) | 1996-10-29 | 1998-05-22 | Xeotron Corporation | Optical device utilizing optical waveguides and mechanical light-switches |
US6677936B2 (en) | 1996-10-31 | 2004-01-13 | Kopin Corporation | Color display system for a camera |
DE19730715C1 (en) | 1996-11-12 | 1998-11-26 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Method of manufacturing a micromechanical relay |
AU5903598A (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1998-07-15 | Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. | Display system with modulation of an electrode voltage to alter state of the electro-optic layer |
US7471444B2 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 2008-12-30 | Idc, Llc | Interferometric modulation of radiation |
US6046716A (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 2000-04-04 | Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. | Display system having electrode modulation to alter a state of an electro-optic layer |
US5781331A (en) | 1997-01-24 | 1998-07-14 | Roxburgh Ltd. | Optical microshutter array |
JP3726441B2 (en) | 1997-03-18 | 2005-12-14 | 株式会社デンソー | Radar equipment |
JPH10282521A (en) | 1997-04-04 | 1998-10-23 | Sony Corp | Reflection type liquid crystal display device |
JP2877136B2 (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1999-03-31 | 日本電気株式会社 | Reflective color liquid crystal display |
CN1159628C (en) | 1997-04-14 | 2004-07-28 | 迪科公司 | An illumination unit and a method for point illumination of a medium |
US5973727A (en) | 1997-05-13 | 1999-10-26 | New Light Industries, Ltd. | Video image viewing device and method |
US5986628A (en) | 1997-05-14 | 1999-11-16 | Planar Systems, Inc. | Field sequential color AMEL display |
US5889625A (en) | 1997-05-21 | 1999-03-30 | Raytheon Company | Chromatic aberration correction for display systems |
US6529250B1 (en) | 1997-05-22 | 2003-03-04 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Projector |
JPH10333145A (en) | 1997-05-30 | 1998-12-18 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device equipped with lighting mechanism |
TW482921B (en) | 1997-06-16 | 2002-04-11 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Reflective liquid crystal display device |
US6137313A (en) | 1997-06-20 | 2000-10-24 | Altera Corporation | Resistive pull-up device for I/O pin |
GB9713658D0 (en) | 1997-06-28 | 1997-09-03 | Travis Adrian R L | View-sequential holographic display |
US6591049B2 (en) | 1997-07-02 | 2003-07-08 | Lumitex, Inc. | Light delivery systems and applications thereof |
US20050171408A1 (en) | 1997-07-02 | 2005-08-04 | Parker Jeffery R. | Light delivery systems and applications thereof |
JP3840746B2 (en) | 1997-07-02 | 2006-11-01 | ソニー株式会社 | Image display device and image display method |
US6852095B1 (en) | 1997-07-09 | 2005-02-08 | Charles D. Ray | Interbody device and method for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral collapse |
JPH1195693A (en) | 1997-07-22 | 1999-04-09 | Toshiba Corp | Display device |
US6239777B1 (en) * | 1997-07-22 | 2001-05-29 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Display device |
US5867302A (en) | 1997-08-07 | 1999-02-02 | Sandia Corporation | Bistable microelectromechanical actuator |
WO1999010775A1 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 1999-03-04 | Mems Optical Inc. | System for controlling light including a micromachined foucault shutter array and a method of manufacturing the same |
JPH1184419A (en) * | 1997-09-09 | 1999-03-26 | Hitachi Ltd | Liquid crystal light valve and projection type display device |
GB9719824D0 (en) | 1997-09-18 | 1997-11-19 | A P Valves | Self-contained breathing apparatus |
US5963367A (en) | 1997-09-23 | 1999-10-05 | Lucent Technologies, Inc. | Micromechanical xyz stage for use with optical elements |
WO1999019900A2 (en) | 1997-10-14 | 1999-04-22 | Patterning Technologies Limited | Method of forming an electronic device |
JP3371200B2 (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 2003-01-27 | 富士通株式会社 | Display control method of liquid crystal display device and liquid crystal display device |
US5943223A (en) | 1997-10-15 | 1999-08-24 | Reliance Electric Industrial Company | Electric switches for reducing on-state power loss |
JP4550175B2 (en) | 1997-10-23 | 2010-09-22 | 株式会社東芝 | Electronic device, backlight control method, and recording medium |
US6486997B1 (en) * | 1997-10-28 | 2002-11-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Reflective LCD projection system using wide-angle Cartesian polarizing beam splitter |
US6127908A (en) | 1997-11-17 | 2000-10-03 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microelectro-mechanical system actuator device and reconfigurable circuits utilizing same |
DE69816593T2 (en) | 1997-11-29 | 2004-07-01 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | DISPLAY DEVICE WITH LIGHT GUIDE ELEMENT |
GB9727148D0 (en) | 1997-12-22 | 1998-02-25 | Fki Plc | Improvemnts in and relating to electomagnetic actuators |
JP4118389B2 (en) | 1997-12-29 | 2008-07-16 | 日本ライツ株式会社 | Light guide plate and flat illumination device |
JPH11202325A (en) * | 1998-01-08 | 1999-07-30 | Seiko Instruments Inc | Reflection type liquid crystal display device and production therefor |
US6473220B1 (en) | 1998-01-22 | 2002-10-29 | Trivium Technologies, Inc. | Film having transmissive and reflective properties |
CA2260679C (en) | 1998-02-03 | 2009-04-21 | Thomas H. Loga | Fluid flow system, casing, and method |
AUPP176898A0 (en) | 1998-02-12 | 1998-03-05 | Moldflow Pty Ltd | Automated machine technology for thermoplastic injection molding |
IL123579A0 (en) | 1998-03-06 | 1998-10-30 | Heines Amihai | Apparatus for producing high contrast imagery |
US6211521B1 (en) | 1998-03-13 | 2001-04-03 | Intel Corporation | Infrared pixel sensor and infrared signal correction |
JP3824290B2 (en) | 1998-05-07 | 2006-09-20 | 富士写真フイルム株式会社 | Array type light modulation element, array type exposure element, flat display, and method for driving array type light modulation element |
US6195196B1 (en) | 1998-03-13 | 2001-02-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Array-type exposing device and flat type display incorporating light modulator and driving method thereof |
JP3376308B2 (en) | 1998-03-16 | 2003-02-10 | 株式会社東芝 | Reflector and liquid crystal display |
JPH11271744A (en) | 1998-03-24 | 1999-10-08 | Minolta Co Ltd | Color liquid crystal display device |
US6710920B1 (en) | 1998-03-27 | 2004-03-23 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd | Stereoscopic display |
KR100703140B1 (en) | 1998-04-08 | 2007-04-05 | 이리다임 디스플레이 코포레이션 | Interferometric modulation and its manufacturing method |
JPH11296150A (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 1999-10-29 | Masaya Okita | High-speed driving method for liquid crystal |
US20020163482A1 (en) | 1998-04-20 | 2002-11-07 | Alan Sullivan | Multi-planar volumetric display system including optical elements made from liquid crystal having polymer stabilized cholesteric textures |
EP0991896A1 (en) * | 1998-04-30 | 2000-04-12 | Casio Computer Co., Ltd. | Display device using ambient light and a lighting panel |
US6329974B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2001-12-11 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Electro-optical material-based display device having analog pixel drivers |
US6249269B1 (en) * | 1998-04-30 | 2001-06-19 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Analog pixel drive circuit for an electro-optical material-based display device |
US6459467B1 (en) | 1998-05-15 | 2002-10-01 | Minolta Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal light modulating device, and a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus thereof |
US20010040538A1 (en) | 1999-05-13 | 2001-11-15 | William A. Quanrud | Display system with multiplexed pixels |
JP3954198B2 (en) * | 1998-06-01 | 2007-08-08 | 富士通株式会社 | Output circuit, level converter circuit, logic circuit, and operational amplifier circuit |
US5995688A (en) | 1998-06-01 | 1999-11-30 | Lucent Technologies, Inc. | Micro-opto-electromechanical devices and method therefor |
AU754347B2 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 2002-11-14 | Rainer Glatzer | Flat display screen |
JP3428446B2 (en) | 1998-07-09 | 2003-07-22 | 富士通株式会社 | Plasma display panel and method of manufacturing the same |
JP2000028938A (en) | 1998-07-13 | 2000-01-28 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Array type optical modulation element, array type exposure element, and method for driving plane display device |
JP2000057832A (en) | 1998-07-31 | 2000-02-25 | Hitachi Ltd | Lighting system and liquid crystal display device using same |
GB2340281A (en) | 1998-08-04 | 2000-02-16 | Sharp Kk | A reflective liquid crystal display device |
US6710538B1 (en) | 1998-08-26 | 2004-03-23 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Field emission display having reduced power requirements and method |
IT1302170B1 (en) | 1998-08-31 | 2000-07-31 | St Microelectronics Srl | VOLTAGE REGULATOR WITH SOFT VARIATION OF THE ABSORBED CURRENT. |
US6249370B1 (en) | 1998-09-18 | 2001-06-19 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Display device |
WO2000017695A1 (en) | 1998-09-24 | 2000-03-30 | Reflectivity, Inc. | A double substrate reflective spatial light modulator with self-limiting micro-mechanical elements |
US6962419B2 (en) | 1998-09-24 | 2005-11-08 | Reflectivity, Inc | Micromirror elements, package for the micromirror elements, and projection system therefor |
US6523961B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2003-02-25 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Projection system and mirror elements for improved contrast ratio in spatial light modulators |
JP2000105547A (en) | 1998-09-29 | 2000-04-11 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | Information processor |
JP2000111813A (en) | 1998-10-05 | 2000-04-21 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Optical modulation element and array type optical modulation element as well as plane display device |
JP2000131627A (en) | 1998-10-27 | 2000-05-12 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Optical modulation element and array type optical modulation element as well as plane display device |
JP2000214393A (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2000-08-04 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Optical modulator, array optical modulator and flat- panel display device |
JP3934269B2 (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2007-06-20 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Flat panel display |
US6288829B1 (en) * | 1998-10-05 | 2001-09-11 | Fuji Photo Film, Co., Ltd. | Light modulation element, array-type light modulation element, and flat-panel display unit |
US6323834B1 (en) | 1998-10-08 | 2001-11-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Micromechanical displays and fabrication method |
JP3919954B2 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2007-05-30 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Array type light modulation element and flat display driving method |
US6404942B1 (en) | 1998-10-23 | 2002-06-11 | Corning Incorporated | Fluid-encapsulated MEMS optical switch |
US6034807A (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2000-03-07 | Memsolutions, Inc. | Bistable paper white direct view display |
US6639572B1 (en) | 1998-10-28 | 2003-10-28 | Intel Corporation | Paper white direct view display |
IL126866A (en) | 1998-11-02 | 2003-02-12 | Orbotech Ltd | Apparatus and method for fabricating flat workpieces |
US6288824B1 (en) | 1998-11-03 | 2001-09-11 | Alex Kastalsky | Display device based on grating electromechanical shutter |
US6201664B1 (en) | 1998-11-16 | 2001-03-13 | International Business Machines Corporation | Polymer bumps for trace and shock protection |
US6300294B1 (en) | 1998-11-16 | 2001-10-09 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Lubricant delivery for micromechanical devices |
GB2343980A (en) | 1998-11-18 | 2000-05-24 | Sharp Kk | Spatial light modulator and display |
JP4434359B2 (en) | 1999-05-19 | 2010-03-17 | 東芝モバイルディスプレイ株式会社 | Flat display device and manufacturing method thereof |
JP2000172219A (en) | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-23 | Canon Inc | Display controller, display control method and record medium |
GB9828074D0 (en) | 1998-12-18 | 1999-02-17 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Therapeutically useful compounds |
US6154586A (en) | 1998-12-24 | 2000-11-28 | Jds Fitel Inc. | Optical switch mechanism |
US6498685B1 (en) | 1999-01-11 | 2002-12-24 | Kenneth C. Johnson | Maskless, microlens EUV lithography system |
JP3912760B2 (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2007-05-09 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Driving method of array type light modulation element and flat display device |
JP2000214397A (en) | 1999-01-22 | 2000-08-04 | Canon Inc | Optical polarizer |
JP2000214831A (en) | 1999-01-27 | 2000-08-04 | Hitachi Ltd | Display processor and information processor |
US6266240B1 (en) | 1999-02-04 | 2001-07-24 | Palm, Inc. | Encasement for a handheld computer |
JP2000235152A (en) | 1999-02-12 | 2000-08-29 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Light deflector |
US6556261B1 (en) | 1999-02-15 | 2003-04-29 | Rainbow Displays, Inc. | Method for assembling a tiled, flat-panel microdisplay array having reflective microdisplay tiles and attaching thermally-conductive substrate |
US6476886B2 (en) | 1999-02-15 | 2002-11-05 | Rainbow Displays, Inc. | Method for assembling a tiled, flat-panel microdisplay array |
US20050024849A1 (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2005-02-03 | Parker Jeffery R. | Methods of cutting or forming cavities in a substrate for use in making optical films, components or wave guides |
US6752505B2 (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2004-06-22 | Solid State Opto Limited | Light redirecting films and film systems |
US7364341B2 (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2008-04-29 | Solid State Opto Limited | Light redirecting films including non-interlockable optical elements |
US6827456B2 (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2004-12-07 | Solid State Opto Limited | Transreflectors, transreflector systems and displays and methods of making transreflectors |
US7167156B1 (en) | 1999-02-26 | 2007-01-23 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Electrowetting display |
WO2000052674A1 (en) | 1999-03-04 | 2000-09-08 | Flixel Ltd. | Micro-mechanical flat panel display with touch sensitive input and vibration source |
JP2000259116A (en) | 1999-03-09 | 2000-09-22 | Nec Corp | Driving method and device for multi-level display plasma display |
US6316278B1 (en) | 1999-03-16 | 2001-11-13 | Alien Technology Corporation | Methods for fabricating a multiple modular assembly |
US6428173B1 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2002-08-06 | Jds Uniphase, Inc. | Moveable microelectromechanical mirror structures and associated methods |
JP2000321566A (en) | 1999-05-11 | 2000-11-24 | Ricoh Microelectronics Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
US6633301B1 (en) | 1999-05-17 | 2003-10-14 | Displaytech, Inc. | RGB illuminator with calibration via single detector servo |
JP2000338523A (en) | 1999-05-25 | 2000-12-08 | Nec Corp | Liquid crystal display device |
US6201633B1 (en) * | 1999-06-07 | 2001-03-13 | Xerox Corporation | Micro-electromechanical based bistable color display sheets |
CN1162743C (en) | 1999-06-23 | 2004-08-18 | 时至准钟表股份有限公司 | Liquid crystal display |
US6507138B1 (en) | 1999-06-24 | 2003-01-14 | Sandia Corporation | Very compact, high-stability electrostatic actuator featuring contact-free self-limiting displacement |
EP1855137B1 (en) | 1999-07-14 | 2008-10-01 | NEC Display Solutions, Ltd. | Rear-projection system with obliquely incident light beam |
JP2001035222A (en) | 1999-07-23 | 2001-02-09 | Minebea Co Ltd | Surface lighting system |
US6248509B1 (en) | 1999-07-27 | 2001-06-19 | James E. Sanford | Maskless photoresist exposure system using mems devices |
JP2001042340A (en) * | 1999-08-03 | 2001-02-16 | Minolta Co Ltd | Production of liquid crystal display device |
US6229640B1 (en) | 1999-08-11 | 2001-05-08 | Adc Telecommunications, Inc. | Microelectromechanical optical switch and method of manufacture thereof |
JP3926948B2 (en) | 1999-08-19 | 2007-06-06 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | Vehicle headlamp |
JP3665515B2 (en) * | 1999-08-26 | 2005-06-29 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Image display device |
US6322712B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2001-11-27 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Buffer layer in flat panel display |
JP2001075534A (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2001-03-23 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
JP4198281B2 (en) | 1999-09-13 | 2008-12-17 | 日本ライツ株式会社 | Light guide plate and flat illumination device |
EP1214290B1 (en) | 1999-09-20 | 2006-11-02 | INVISTA Technologies S.à.r.l. | Multidentate phosphite ligands, catalytic compositions containing them and their use in hydrocyanation reactions |
US6275320B1 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2001-08-14 | Jds Uniphase, Inc. | MEMS variable optical attenuator |
JP3643508B2 (en) | 1999-09-28 | 2005-04-27 | 株式会社東芝 | Movable film type display device |
US6441829B1 (en) | 1999-09-30 | 2002-08-27 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Pixel driver that generates, in response to a digital input value, a pixel drive signal having a duty cycle that determines the apparent brightness of the pixel |
JP2001175216A (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2001-06-29 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | High gradation display technology |
WO2003007049A1 (en) | 1999-10-05 | 2003-01-23 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Photonic mems and structures |
US7046905B1 (en) | 1999-10-08 | 2006-05-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Blacklight with structured surfaces |
US6583915B1 (en) | 1999-10-08 | 2003-06-24 | Lg. Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. | Display device using a micro light modulator and fabricating method thereof |
CA2323189A1 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2001-04-15 | Cristian A. Bolle | Dual motion electrostatic actuator design for mems micro-relay |
JP3618066B2 (en) | 1999-10-25 | 2005-02-09 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Liquid crystal display |
US7071520B2 (en) | 2000-08-23 | 2006-07-04 | Reflectivity, Inc | MEMS with flexible portions made of novel materials |
US7041224B2 (en) | 1999-10-26 | 2006-05-09 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Method for vapor phase etching of silicon |
US6690422B1 (en) | 1999-11-03 | 2004-02-10 | Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. | Method and system for field sequential color image capture using color filter array |
KR100312432B1 (en) * | 1999-11-25 | 2001-11-05 | 오길록 | Optical Switch using Micro Structures |
JP2001154642A (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2001-06-08 | Toshiba Corp | Information processor |
JP3639482B2 (en) | 1999-12-01 | 2005-04-20 | 理想科学工業株式会社 | Screen printing apparatus and stencil sheet assembly |
US6700554B2 (en) * | 1999-12-04 | 2004-03-02 | Lg. Philips Lcd Co., Ltd. | Transmissive display device using micro light modulator |
US6535311B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2003-03-18 | Corning Incorporated | Wavelength selective cross-connect switch using a MEMS shutter array |
KR100679095B1 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2007-02-05 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | Transparent Type Display Device Using Micro Light Modulator |
JP2001249287A (en) * | 1999-12-30 | 2001-09-14 | Texas Instr Inc <Ti> | Method for operating bistabl micro mirror array |
JP2001201698A (en) | 2000-01-19 | 2001-07-27 | Seiko Epson Corp | Image display device, optical modulation unit suitable for the same and drive unit |
JP3884207B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 | 2007-02-21 | インターナショナル・ビジネス・マシーンズ・コーポレーション | Liquid crystal display |
EP1118901A1 (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2001-07-25 | Dicon A/S | A rear-projecting device |
JP2002262551A (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2002-09-13 | Fiderikkusu:Kk | Voltage step-down dc-dc converter |
US6407851B1 (en) | 2000-08-01 | 2002-06-18 | Mohammed N. Islam | Micromechanical optical switch |
TWI293703B (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2008-02-21 | Toshiba Matsushita Display Tec | shaped member, reflector, and reflective-type display element, and method of producing reflector |
EP1128201A1 (en) | 2000-02-25 | 2001-08-29 | C.S.E.M. Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique Sa | Switching device, particularly for optical switching |
JP4006918B2 (en) | 2000-02-28 | 2007-11-14 | オムロン株式会社 | Surface light source device and manufacturing method thereof |
JP2001242826A (en) | 2000-03-02 | 2001-09-07 | Fujitsu Hitachi Plasma Display Ltd | Plasma display device and its driving method |
WO2001069584A1 (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2001-09-20 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Image display and image displaying method |
EP1143744B1 (en) | 2000-03-17 | 2008-09-24 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Image display device |
US6747784B2 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2004-06-08 | Np Photonics, Inc. | Compliant mechanism and method of forming same |
US6296838B1 (en) | 2000-03-24 | 2001-10-02 | Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research | Anti-fungal herbal formulation for treatment of human nails fungus and process thereof |
US6593677B2 (en) | 2000-03-24 | 2003-07-15 | Onix Microsystems, Inc. | Biased rotatable combdrive devices and methods |
US6697035B2 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2004-02-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Display device and moving-film display device |
JP3558332B2 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2004-08-25 | 株式会社東芝 | Movable film display |
US6545385B2 (en) | 2000-04-11 | 2003-04-08 | Sandia Corporation | Microelectromechanical apparatus for elevating and tilting a platform |
US20010043177A1 (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2001-11-22 | Huston James R. | System and method for color and grayscale drive methods for graphical displays utilizing analog controlled waveforms |
US20020034418A1 (en) | 2000-04-19 | 2002-03-21 | Koch Earl D. | Temporary ramp |
US6227677B1 (en) | 2000-04-21 | 2001-05-08 | Mary M. Willis | Portable light |
DE60130449T2 (en) | 2000-04-25 | 2008-06-12 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | METHOD FOR ERROR REDUCTION IN INDICATORS WITH MULTILAYER CONTROL IN SUB-FIELDS |
US6388661B1 (en) * | 2000-05-03 | 2002-05-14 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Monochrome and color digital display systems and methods |
JP4403633B2 (en) | 2000-05-10 | 2010-01-27 | ソニー株式会社 | Liquid crystal display device and manufacturing method thereof |
US6578436B1 (en) | 2000-05-16 | 2003-06-17 | Fidelica Microsystems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for pressure sensing |
JP2001331144A (en) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-11-30 | Canon Inc | Video signal processing device, display device, projector, display method, and information storage medium |
JP2001331142A (en) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-11-30 | Canon Inc | Picture display device and method therefor |
JP2001337649A (en) | 2000-05-29 | 2001-12-07 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Plasma display equipment |
US6887202B2 (en) | 2000-06-01 | 2005-05-03 | Science Applications International Corporation | Systems and methods for monitoring health and delivering drugs transdermally |
WO2001095468A1 (en) | 2000-06-06 | 2001-12-13 | Iolon, Inc. | Micromechanical device with damped microactuator |
US6568811B2 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2003-05-27 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Color image display device and projection-type image display apparatus |
JP2001356281A (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2001-12-26 | Sharp Corp | Display element and display device |
JP4439084B2 (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2010-03-24 | 日東電工株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
US7555333B2 (en) | 2000-06-19 | 2009-06-30 | University Of Washington | Integrated optical scanning image acquisition and display |
JP2002006325A (en) * | 2000-06-20 | 2002-01-09 | Nec Corp | Method for manufacturing liquid crystal display panel |
DE60142383D1 (en) | 2000-07-03 | 2010-07-29 | Sony Corp | Optical multilayer structure, optical switching device, and image display device |
TW594218B (en) | 2000-07-03 | 2004-06-21 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Reflector and reflective liquid crystal display device |
JP4801289B2 (en) | 2000-07-11 | 2011-10-26 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | Micromirror devices, projectors, printers, and copiers |
US6781742B2 (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2004-08-24 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Digital micromirror device and method of driving digital micromirror device |
US6677709B1 (en) | 2000-07-18 | 2004-01-13 | General Electric Company | Micro electromechanical system controlled organic led and pixel arrays and method of using and of manufacturing same |
JP2002040336A (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2002-02-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Optical modulation element and exposure device and flat display device using the same |
US6532044B1 (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2003-03-11 | Corning Precision Lens, Incorporated | Electronic projector with equal-length color component paths |
JP4066620B2 (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2008-03-26 | 日亜化学工業株式会社 | LIGHT EMITTING ELEMENT, DISPLAY DEVICE HAVING LIGHT EMITTING ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING DISPLAY DEVICE |
JP4460732B2 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2010-05-12 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Flat display device and exposure apparatus |
JP2002040337A (en) | 2000-07-24 | 2002-02-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Optical modulation element and exposure device and flat display device using the same |
JP4136334B2 (en) | 2000-07-27 | 2008-08-20 | 日本ビクター株式会社 | Information collection system |
JP4542243B2 (en) * | 2000-07-28 | 2010-09-08 | エーユー オプトロニクス コーポレイション | Liquid crystal cell, display device, and method of manufacturing liquid crystal cell |
IT1318679B1 (en) | 2000-08-11 | 2003-08-27 | Enichem Spa | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN WATER. |
US6559827B1 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2003-05-06 | Gateway, Inc. | Display assembly |
US7057246B2 (en) | 2000-08-23 | 2006-06-06 | Reflectivity, Inc | Transition metal dielectric alloy materials for MEMS |
US7006275B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2006-02-28 | Reflectivity, Inc | Packaged micromirror array for a projection display |
US6733354B1 (en) | 2000-08-31 | 2004-05-11 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Spacers for field emission displays |
US6738177B1 (en) | 2000-09-05 | 2004-05-18 | Siwave, Inc. | Soft snap-down optical element using kinematic supports |
US6531947B1 (en) | 2000-09-12 | 2003-03-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Direct acting vertical thermal actuator with controlled bending |
US8157654B2 (en) | 2000-11-28 | 2012-04-17 | Nintendo Co., Ltd. | Hand-held video game platform emulation |
KR100867066B1 (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2008-11-04 | 미츠비시 레이온 가부시키가이샤 | Surface light source device |
GB0024804D0 (en) | 2000-10-10 | 2000-11-22 | Microemissive Displays Ltd | An optoelectronic device |
US6775048B1 (en) | 2000-10-31 | 2004-08-10 | Microsoft Corporation | Microelectrical mechanical structure (MEMS) optical modulator and optical display system |
JP4594510B2 (en) | 2000-11-02 | 2010-12-08 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Transmission type image display device and driving method of transmission type image display device |
US6760505B1 (en) | 2000-11-08 | 2004-07-06 | Xerox Corporation | Method of aligning mirrors in an optical cross switch |
US6762868B2 (en) | 2000-11-16 | 2004-07-13 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Electro-optical package with drop-in aperture |
US6664779B2 (en) | 2000-11-16 | 2003-12-16 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Package with environmental control material carrier |
WO2002042826A2 (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2002-05-30 | Flixel Ltd. | Microelectromechanical display devices |
US6992375B2 (en) | 2000-11-30 | 2006-01-31 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Anchor for device package |
JP2002229532A (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2002-08-16 | Toshiba Corp | Liquid crystal display and its driving method |
US6414316B1 (en) | 2000-11-30 | 2002-07-02 | Fyodor I. Maydanich | Protective cover and attachment method for moisture sensitive devices |
US6504641B2 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2003-01-07 | Agere Systems Inc. | Driver and method of operating a micro-electromechanical system device |
US6906847B2 (en) | 2000-12-07 | 2005-06-14 | Reflectivity, Inc | Spatial light modulators with light blocking/absorbing areas |
US7307775B2 (en) | 2000-12-07 | 2007-12-11 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Methods for depositing, releasing and packaging micro-electromechanical devices on wafer substrates |
US20020086456A1 (en) | 2000-12-19 | 2002-07-04 | Cunningham Shawn Jay | Bulk micromachining process for fabricating an optical MEMS device with integrated optical aperture |
JP4446591B2 (en) | 2000-12-20 | 2010-04-07 | 京セラ株式会社 | Optical waveguide and optical circuit board |
JP4560958B2 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2010-10-13 | 日本テキサス・インスツルメンツ株式会社 | Micro electro mechanical system |
JP3649145B2 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2005-05-18 | オムロン株式会社 | REFLECTIVE DISPLAY DEVICE, ITS MANUFACTURING METHOD, AND DEVICE USING THE SAME |
JP2002207182A (en) | 2001-01-10 | 2002-07-26 | Sony Corp | Optical multilayered structure and method for manufacturing the same, optical switching element, and image display device |
US6947195B2 (en) | 2001-01-18 | 2005-09-20 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Optical modulator, optical modulator manufacturing method, light information processing apparatus including optical modulator, image formation apparatus including optical modulator, and image projection and display apparatus including optical modulator |
JP2002287718A (en) * | 2001-01-18 | 2002-10-04 | Sharp Corp | Display device, portable appliance and substrate |
US6911891B2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2005-06-28 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Bistable actuation techniques, mechanisms, and applications |
WO2002057732A2 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-07-25 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Characterization of compliant structure force-displacement behaviour |
TW548689B (en) | 2001-01-25 | 2003-08-21 | Fujitsu Display Tech | Reflection type liquid crystal display device and manufacturing method thereof |
JP4724924B2 (en) | 2001-02-08 | 2011-07-13 | ソニー株式会社 | Manufacturing method of display device |
US20030058543A1 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2003-03-27 | Sheedy James B. | Optically corrective lenses for a head-mounted computer display |
JP2002279812A (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2002-09-27 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | Surface light source |
US6746886B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-06-08 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | MEMS device with controlled gas space chemistry |
JP4619565B2 (en) | 2001-03-29 | 2011-01-26 | 株式会社リコー | Image forming apparatus |
JP2002297085A (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2002-10-09 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Gradation display method and gradation display device |
TW583299B (en) | 2001-04-13 | 2004-04-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Liquid crystal composition, color filter and liquid crystal display device |
JP3912999B2 (en) | 2001-04-20 | 2007-05-09 | 富士通株式会社 | Display device |
US6756317B2 (en) | 2001-04-23 | 2004-06-29 | Memx, Inc. | Method for making a microstructure by surface micromachining |
US6965375B1 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2005-11-15 | Palm, Inc. | Compact integrated touch panel display for a handheld device |
US20020164832A1 (en) | 2001-05-04 | 2002-11-07 | Amir Mirza | Method for separating silica waveguides |
JP2002333619A (en) | 2001-05-07 | 2002-11-22 | Nec Corp | Liquid crystal display element and manufacturing method therefor |
JP3475940B2 (en) | 2001-05-14 | 2003-12-10 | ソニー株式会社 | Projector device |
JP2002341343A (en) | 2001-05-14 | 2002-11-27 | Nitto Denko Corp | Lighting device and liquid crystal display device |
US6429625B1 (en) | 2001-05-18 | 2002-08-06 | Palm, Inc. | Method and apparatus for indicating battery charge status |
US6671078B2 (en) | 2001-05-23 | 2003-12-30 | Axsun Technologies, Inc. | Electrostatic zipper actuator optical beam switching system and method of operation |
JP2002351431A (en) * | 2001-05-30 | 2002-12-06 | Sony Corp | Display driving method |
JP3548136B2 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2004-07-28 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Image processing device |
JP2002365650A (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2002-12-18 | Fujitsu Ltd | Method for manufacturing liquid crystal display panel |
JP2004521389A (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2004-07-15 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ | Display device based on attenuated total reflection |
US6710008B2 (en) | 2002-01-17 | 2004-03-23 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Method of making molecular sieve catalyst |
US6764796B2 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2004-07-20 | University Of South Florida | Maskless photolithography using plasma displays |
US6998219B2 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2006-02-14 | University Of South Florida | Maskless photolithography for etching and deposition |
US7119786B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2006-10-10 | Intel Corporation | Method and apparatus for enabling power management of a flat panel display |
EP1271187A3 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2004-09-22 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Reflector and reflective liquid crystal display |
CN1292299C (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2006-12-27 | 西铁城时计株式会社 | Liquid crystal display panel and its manufacturing method |
US7291363B2 (en) | 2001-06-30 | 2007-11-06 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Lubricating micro-machined devices using fluorosurfactants |
FR2826691B1 (en) | 2001-07-02 | 2003-09-26 | Solvay | CIRCUIT FOR RESPIRATING THE CRANKCASE GASES OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
US7535624B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2009-05-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display and materials for use therein |
JP4945059B2 (en) | 2001-07-10 | 2012-06-06 | クアルコム メムス テクノロジーズ インコーポレイテッド | Photonic MEMS and structure |
JP2003029295A (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2003-01-29 | Sony Corp | Liquid crystal display device |
JP2003091002A (en) | 2001-07-12 | 2003-03-28 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
US6897843B2 (en) | 2001-07-14 | 2005-05-24 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Active matrix display devices |
JP2003029720A (en) | 2001-07-16 | 2003-01-31 | Fujitsu Ltd | Display device |
JP3909812B2 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2007-04-25 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Display element and exposure element |
US7057251B2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2006-06-06 | Reflectivity, Inc | MEMS device made of transition metal-dielectric oxide materials |
JP2003036057A (en) | 2001-07-23 | 2003-02-07 | Toshiba Corp | Display device |
JP2003036713A (en) | 2001-07-25 | 2003-02-07 | International Manufacturing & Engineering Services Co Ltd | Surface light source device |
EP1279994A3 (en) | 2001-07-27 | 2003-10-01 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Semitransparent reflective liquid-crystal display device |
US6702759B2 (en) | 2001-07-31 | 2004-03-09 | Private Concepts, Inc. | Intra-vaginal self-administered cell collecting device and method |
US6589625B1 (en) | 2001-08-01 | 2003-07-08 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Hermetic seal and method to create the same |
US7023606B2 (en) | 2001-08-03 | 2006-04-04 | Reflectivity, Inc | Micromirror array for projection TV |
US6980177B2 (en) | 2001-08-03 | 2005-12-27 | Waterstrike Incorporated | Sequential inverse encoding apparatus and method for providing confidential viewing of a fundamental display image |
US6576887B2 (en) | 2001-08-15 | 2003-06-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Light guide for use with backlit display |
US6863219B1 (en) | 2001-08-17 | 2005-03-08 | Alien Technology Corporation | Apparatuses and methods for forming electronic assemblies |
US6781208B2 (en) | 2001-08-17 | 2004-08-24 | Nec Corporation | Functional device, method of manufacturing therefor and driver circuit |
US6755534B2 (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2004-06-29 | Brookhaven Science Associates | Prismatic optical display |
US20030042157A1 (en) | 2001-08-30 | 2003-03-06 | Mays Joe N. | Baseball bat and accessory bag |
US6784500B2 (en) | 2001-08-31 | 2004-08-31 | Analog Devices, Inc. | High voltage integrated circuit amplifier |
US20030048036A1 (en) | 2001-08-31 | 2003-03-13 | Lemkin Mark Alan | MEMS comb-finger actuator |
JP4880838B2 (en) | 2001-09-05 | 2012-02-22 | 株式会社東芝 | Method and apparatus for assembling liquid crystal display device |
JP4785300B2 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2011-10-05 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | Electrophoretic display device, display device, and electronic device |
US6731492B2 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2004-05-04 | Mcnc Research And Development Institute | Overdrive structures for flexible electrostatic switch |
JP2003086233A (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2003-03-20 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Flat plate type battery |
JP3928395B2 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2007-06-13 | オムロン株式会社 | Surface light source device |
JP2003098984A (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2003-04-04 | Rohm Co Ltd | Image display device |
US6794793B2 (en) | 2001-09-27 | 2004-09-21 | Memx, Inc. | Microelectromechnical system for tilting a platform |
EP1433019A1 (en) | 2001-09-28 | 2004-06-30 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Apparatus having a flat display |
US6701039B2 (en) | 2001-10-04 | 2004-03-02 | Colibrys S.A. | Switching device, in particular for optical applications |
KR20030029251A (en) * | 2001-10-05 | 2003-04-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Liquid crystal display device |
US7046221B1 (en) * | 2001-10-09 | 2006-05-16 | Displaytech, Inc. | Increasing brightness in field-sequential color displays |
US20090065429A9 (en) | 2001-10-22 | 2009-03-12 | Dickensheets David L | Stiffened surface micromachined structures and process for fabricating the same |
JP4032696B2 (en) | 2001-10-23 | 2008-01-16 | 日本電気株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
US6809851B1 (en) | 2001-10-24 | 2004-10-26 | Decicon, Inc. | MEMS driver |
JP2003140561A (en) | 2001-10-30 | 2003-05-16 | Seiko Epson Corp | Optoelectronic device and its manufacturing method and electronic equipment |
KR100764592B1 (en) | 2001-10-30 | 2007-10-08 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | backlight for liquid crystal display devices |
WO2003040802A2 (en) | 2001-11-06 | 2003-05-15 | Keyotee | Apparatus for image projection |
US6936968B2 (en) | 2001-11-30 | 2005-08-30 | Mule Lighting, Inc. | Retrofit light emitting diode tube |
EP1454178A2 (en) | 2001-12-03 | 2004-09-08 | Flixel Ltd. | Display devices |
EP2284437B1 (en) | 2001-12-05 | 2013-01-02 | Rambus International Ltd | Transreflector and display with transreflector |
US7185542B2 (en) | 2001-12-06 | 2007-03-06 | Microfabrica Inc. | Complex microdevices and apparatus and methods for fabricating such devices |
JP2003177723A (en) | 2001-12-11 | 2003-06-27 | Seiko Epson Corp | Method for driving electro-optical device, driving circuit therefor, electro-optical device, and electronic equipment |
KR100685948B1 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2007-02-23 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | A Liquid Crystal Display Device And The Method For Manufacturing The Same |
EP1461645A4 (en) | 2001-12-14 | 2006-09-06 | Digital Optics Internat Corp | Uniform illumination system |
US6710758B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2004-03-23 | Corning Incorporated | Spatial light modulators with improved inter-pixel performance |
GB2383641A (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-02 | Nokia Corp | Reflective displays |
JP3755460B2 (en) | 2001-12-26 | 2006-03-15 | ソニー株式会社 | Electrostatically driven MEMS element and manufacturing method thereof, optical MEMS element, light modulation element, GLV device, laser display, and MEMS apparatus |
JP2003202519A (en) | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-18 | Canon Inc | Stereoscopic image display device |
US6785436B2 (en) | 2001-12-28 | 2004-08-31 | Axiowave Networks, Inc. | Method of and operating architectural enhancement for combining optical (photonic) and data packet-based electrical switch fabric networks with a common software control plane while providing increased utilization of such combined networks |
DE60329955D1 (en) | 2002-01-11 | 2009-12-24 | Texas Instruments Inc | ELLE |
KR20040083425A (en) | 2002-01-15 | 2004-10-01 | 코닌클리케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. | Light emitting display device with mechanical pixel switch |
JP4013562B2 (en) | 2002-01-25 | 2007-11-28 | 豊田合成株式会社 | Lighting device |
WO2003069593A2 (en) | 2002-02-09 | 2003-08-21 | Display Science, Inc. | Flexible video displays and their manufacture |
US6794119B2 (en) | 2002-02-12 | 2004-09-21 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Method for fabricating a structure for a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device |
US6897164B2 (en) | 2002-02-14 | 2005-05-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Aperture masks for circuit fabrication |
CN1633624A (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2005-06-29 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | Display device |
AU2003201752A1 (en) | 2002-02-20 | 2003-09-09 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Display apparatus |
JP2003248463A (en) | 2002-02-25 | 2003-09-05 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
KR100874042B1 (en) | 2002-02-26 | 2008-12-12 | 유니-픽셀 디스플레이스, 인코포레이티드 | Extended gamut field sequential color |
JP2003254115A (en) | 2002-02-26 | 2003-09-10 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Throttle opening sensor |
US6574033B1 (en) | 2002-02-27 | 2003-06-03 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Microelectromechanical systems device and method for fabricating same |
US7283112B2 (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2007-10-16 | Microsoft Corporation | Reflective microelectrical mechanical structure (MEMS) optical modulator and optical display system |
JP2003262734A (en) | 2002-03-08 | 2003-09-19 | Citizen Electronics Co Ltd | Light guide plate |
US7256927B2 (en) | 2002-03-11 | 2007-08-14 | Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc. | Double-electret mems actuator |
US7055975B2 (en) | 2002-03-12 | 2006-06-06 | Memx, Inc. | Microelectromechanical system with non-collinear force compensation |
US6650806B2 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2003-11-18 | Memx, Inc. | Compliant push/pull connector microstructure |
US6707176B1 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2004-03-16 | Memx, Inc. | Non-linear actuator suspension for microelectromechanical systems |
US6831390B2 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2004-12-14 | Memx, Inc. | Microelectromechanical system with stiff coupling |
AU2003206029A1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-09-29 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Method of driving a foil display screen and device having such a display screen |
JP3895202B2 (en) | 2002-03-22 | 2007-03-22 | 富士通株式会社 | Method and apparatus for forming coating film on inner surface of thin tube |
WO2003081315A1 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Dicon A/S | Micro light modulator arrangement |
JP3875130B2 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2007-01-31 | 株式会社東芝 | Display device and manufacturing method thereof |
US7345824B2 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2008-03-18 | Trivium Technologies, Inc. | Light collimating device |
US7053519B2 (en) | 2002-03-29 | 2006-05-30 | Microsoft Corporation | Electrostatic bimorph actuator |
WO2003087915A1 (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2003-10-23 | Dicon A/S | Light modulating engine |
JP2003313299A (en) | 2002-04-22 | 2003-11-06 | Seiko Epson Corp | Higher order silane composition and process for forming silicon film using the same |
US7217588B2 (en) | 2005-01-05 | 2007-05-15 | Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. | Integrated MEMS packaging |
US7125451B2 (en) | 2002-04-23 | 2006-10-24 | Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc. | Crystal-structure-processed mechanical devices and methods and systems for making |
CA2485162A1 (en) * | 2002-05-06 | 2003-11-13 | Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc. | Uni-pixel displays, inc. |
US7362889B2 (en) | 2002-05-10 | 2008-04-22 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Elastomeric actuator devices for magnetic resonance imaging |
US6879307B1 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2005-04-12 | Ernest Stern | Method and apparatus for reducing driver count and power consumption in micromechanical flat panel displays |
JP4140816B2 (en) | 2002-05-24 | 2008-08-27 | 富士通株式会社 | Micro mirror element |
JP2004004216A (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2004-01-08 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
JP3871615B2 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2007-01-24 | 富士通株式会社 | Display device |
US6972889B2 (en) | 2002-06-27 | 2005-12-06 | Research Triangle Institute | Mems electrostatically actuated optical display device and associated arrays |
US6777946B2 (en) | 2002-07-01 | 2004-08-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Cell buffer with built-in test |
US6741377B2 (en) | 2002-07-02 | 2004-05-25 | Iridigm Display Corporation | Device having a light-absorbing mask and a method for fabricating same |
EP1521985A1 (en) | 2002-07-08 | 2005-04-13 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Foil display with two light guides |
US20040013204A1 (en) | 2002-07-16 | 2004-01-22 | Nati Dinur | Method and apparatus to compensate imbalance of demodulator |
JP2004053839A (en) | 2002-07-18 | 2004-02-19 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | Light switching device |
KR20040010026A (en) | 2002-07-25 | 2004-01-31 | 가부시키가이샤 히타치세이사쿠쇼 | Field emission display |
JP3882709B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2007-02-21 | 日本ビクター株式会社 | Driving method of liquid crystal display device |
US7317465B2 (en) | 2002-08-07 | 2008-01-08 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Image display system and method |
KR100484953B1 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2005-04-22 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | reflective electrode of reflection or transflective type LCD and fabrication method of thereof |
TWM251142U (en) * | 2002-08-14 | 2004-11-21 | Hannstar Display Corp | Liquid crystal display panel |
US6700173B1 (en) | 2002-08-20 | 2004-03-02 | Memx, Inc. | Electrically isolated support for overlying MEM structure |
JP3781743B2 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2006-05-31 | Necビューテクノロジー株式会社 | Video display device |
US7154458B2 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2006-12-26 | Nec Viewtechnology, Ltd. | Video display device with spatial light modulator |
US20060152646A1 (en) | 2002-08-21 | 2006-07-13 | Martin Schrader | Switchable lens display |
JP2004093760A (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-25 | Fujitsu Display Technologies Corp | Method of manufacturing liquid crystal display |
JP4595296B2 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2010-12-08 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEVICE, ELECTRONIC DEVICE, AND PROJECTOR |
CN1701262A (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2005-11-23 | 霍尼韦尔国际公司 | High efficiency viewing screen |
JP2004117833A (en) | 2002-09-26 | 2004-04-15 | Seiko Epson Corp | Optical attenuator, electronic equipment, and method for driving optical attenuator |
CA2500104C (en) | 2002-09-27 | 2007-12-11 | Professional Tool Manufacturing Llc | Drill sharpener |
WO2004032190A2 (en) | 2002-09-30 | 2004-04-15 | Nanosys, Inc. | Integrated displays using nanowire transistors |
US6908202B2 (en) | 2002-10-03 | 2005-06-21 | General Electric Company | Bulk diffuser for flat panel display |
US6967986B2 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2005-11-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Light modulation apparatus using a VCSEL array with an electromechanical grating device |
JP3774715B2 (en) | 2002-10-21 | 2006-05-17 | キヤノン株式会社 | Projection display |
US7113165B2 (en) | 2002-10-25 | 2006-09-26 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Molecular light valve display having sequenced color illumination |
US6666561B1 (en) | 2002-10-28 | 2003-12-23 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Continuously variable analog micro-mirror device |
US7370185B2 (en) * | 2003-04-30 | 2008-05-06 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Self-packaged optical interference display device having anti-stiction bumps, integral micro-lens, and reflection-absorbing layers |
US6747773B2 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-06-08 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Method and structure for stub tunable resonant cavity for photonic crystals |
US7474180B2 (en) | 2002-11-01 | 2009-01-06 | Georgia Tech Research Corp. | Single substrate electromagnetic actuator |
US6911964B2 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2005-06-28 | Duke University | Frame buffer pixel circuit for liquid crystal display |
KR100513723B1 (en) | 2002-11-18 | 2005-09-08 | 삼성전자주식회사 | MicroElectro Mechanical system switch |
US7405860B2 (en) | 2002-11-26 | 2008-07-29 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Spatial light modulators with light blocking/absorbing areas |
US6844959B2 (en) * | 2002-11-26 | 2005-01-18 | Reflectivity, Inc | Spatial light modulators with light absorbing areas |
JP4150250B2 (en) | 2002-12-02 | 2008-09-17 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Drawing head, drawing apparatus and drawing method |
WO2004086098A2 (en) | 2002-12-03 | 2004-10-07 | Flixel Ltd. | Display devices |
US6698348B1 (en) * | 2002-12-11 | 2004-03-02 | Edgetec Group Pty. Ltd. | Stencil clip for a curb |
JP3873149B2 (en) | 2002-12-11 | 2007-01-24 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Display device |
JP2004191736A (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2004-07-08 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Display device |
JP2006510066A (en) | 2002-12-16 | 2006-03-23 | イー−インク コーポレイション | Backplane for electro-optic display |
US6857751B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2005-02-22 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Adaptive illumination modulator |
JP2004205973A (en) | 2002-12-26 | 2004-07-22 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Flat plane display element and method of driving the same |
JP2004212444A (en) | 2002-12-27 | 2004-07-29 | Internatl Business Mach Corp <Ibm> | Method for manufacturing liquid crystal display device and device for bonding substrate |
JP2004212673A (en) | 2002-12-27 | 2004-07-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Planar display device and its driving method |
JP4238124B2 (en) | 2003-01-07 | 2009-03-11 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | Curable resin composition, adhesive epoxy resin paste, adhesive epoxy resin sheet, conductive connection paste, conductive connection sheet, and electronic component assembly |
US20040136680A1 (en) | 2003-01-09 | 2004-07-15 | Teraop Ltd. | Single layer MEMS based variable optical attenuator with transparent shutter |
TWI234041B (en) | 2003-01-14 | 2005-06-11 | Benq Corp | Low power backlight module |
JP2006520478A (en) | 2003-01-17 | 2006-09-07 | ダイオード・ソリューションズ・インコーポレーテッド | Display using organic materials |
JP2004246324A (en) | 2003-01-24 | 2004-09-02 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | Electrostatic type actuator |
KR20050092786A (en) | 2003-01-27 | 2005-09-22 | 코닌클리케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. | Display device |
US20040145580A1 (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2004-07-29 | Perlman Stephen G. | Apparatus and method for reflective display of images on a card |
JP4493274B2 (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2010-06-30 | 富士通株式会社 | Display device and display method |
US7180677B2 (en) | 2003-01-31 | 2007-02-20 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Display device |
US7042622B2 (en) | 2003-10-30 | 2006-05-09 | Reflectivity, Inc | Micromirror and post arrangements on substrates |
US7417782B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2008-08-26 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
JP3669363B2 (en) * | 2003-03-06 | 2005-07-06 | ソニー株式会社 | Electrodeposition type display panel manufacturing method, electrodeposition type display panel, and electrodeposition type display device |
US6967763B2 (en) | 2003-03-11 | 2005-11-22 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Display device |
US6947624B2 (en) | 2003-03-19 | 2005-09-20 | Xerox Corporation | MEMS optical latching switch |
CA2460765C (en) | 2003-03-19 | 2010-07-06 | Xerox Corporation | Mems optical latching switch |
JP4505189B2 (en) | 2003-03-24 | 2010-07-21 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Transmission type light modulation device and mounting method thereof |
JP4138672B2 (en) | 2003-03-27 | 2008-08-27 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Manufacturing method of electro-optical device |
JP4413515B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2010-02-10 | シャープ株式会社 | Image processing method and liquid crystal display device using the same |
CN1768364A (en) | 2003-04-02 | 2006-05-03 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | Foil display |
TW591287B (en) | 2003-04-10 | 2004-06-11 | Au Optronics Corp | Liquid crystal display with an uniform common voltage and method thereof |
JP4396124B2 (en) | 2003-04-11 | 2010-01-13 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Display device, projector, and driving method thereof |
US20040207768A1 (en) | 2003-04-15 | 2004-10-21 | Yin Liu | Electron-beam controlled micromirror (ECM) projection display system |
JP2004317785A (en) | 2003-04-16 | 2004-11-11 | Seiko Epson Corp | Method for driving electrooptical device, electrooptical device, and electronic device |
US7283105B2 (en) | 2003-04-24 | 2007-10-16 | Displaytech, Inc. | Microdisplay and interface on single chip |
US7129925B2 (en) | 2003-04-24 | 2006-10-31 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Dynamic self-refresh display memory |
US7095546B2 (en) | 2003-04-24 | 2006-08-22 | Metconnex Canada Inc. | Micro-electro-mechanical-system two dimensional mirror with articulated suspension structures for high fill factor arrays |
JP4149305B2 (en) | 2003-04-25 | 2008-09-10 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Optical shutter and image display device using the same |
US6741384B1 (en) | 2003-04-30 | 2004-05-25 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Control of MEMS and light modulator arrays |
US7218499B2 (en) | 2003-05-14 | 2007-05-15 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Charge control circuit |
US6846089B2 (en) | 2003-05-16 | 2005-01-25 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method for stacking surface structured optical films |
KR20060014407A (en) | 2003-05-22 | 2006-02-15 | 코닌클리케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. | Dynamic foil display having low resistivity electrodes |
KR101100980B1 (en) | 2003-05-22 | 2011-12-29 | 삼성 엘씨디 네덜란드 알앤디 센터 비.브이. | Display device |
JP4338442B2 (en) | 2003-05-23 | 2009-10-07 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Manufacturing method of transmissive light modulation element |
US20050018322A1 (en) * | 2003-05-28 | 2005-01-27 | Terraop Ltd. | Magnetically actuated fast MEMS mirrors and microscanners |
JP4039314B2 (en) | 2003-05-29 | 2008-01-30 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Image reading apparatus having power saving mode |
US7292235B2 (en) | 2003-06-03 | 2007-11-06 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Controller driver and display apparatus using the same |
EP1489449A1 (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2004-12-22 | ASML Netherlands B.V. | Spatial light modulator |
US7221495B2 (en) | 2003-06-24 | 2007-05-22 | Idc Llc | Thin film precursor stack for MEMS manufacturing |
US20050012197A1 (en) | 2003-07-15 | 2005-01-20 | Smith Mark A. | Fluidic MEMS device |
DE10332647A1 (en) | 2003-07-18 | 2005-02-17 | Monty Knopp | Method for image generation with microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch filters, with several information of colour, red, green, blue plasma monitors reproducing full information per pixel |
JP2005043674A (en) | 2003-07-22 | 2005-02-17 | Moritex Corp | Comb type electrostatic actuator and optical controller using the same |
JP2005043726A (en) | 2003-07-23 | 2005-02-17 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Display element and portable equipment using it |
US7315294B2 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2008-01-01 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Deinterleaving transpose circuits in digital display systems |
US6996306B2 (en) | 2003-08-25 | 2006-02-07 | Asia Pacific Microsystems, Inc. | Electrostatically operated micro-optical devices and method for manufacturing thereof |
JP4131218B2 (en) | 2003-09-17 | 2008-08-13 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Display panel and display device |
JP4530632B2 (en) * | 2003-09-19 | 2010-08-25 | 富士通株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
TW200523503A (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2005-07-16 | Sony Corp | Backlight, light guiding plate, method for manufacturing diffusion plate and light guiding plate, and liquid crystal display device |
US20050073471A1 (en) * | 2003-10-03 | 2005-04-07 | Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc. | Z-axis redundant display/multilayer display |
US7003193B2 (en) | 2003-10-10 | 2006-02-21 | Japan Aviation Electronics Industry Limited | Miniature movable device |
JP2005134896A (en) | 2003-10-10 | 2005-05-26 | Japan Aviation Electronics Industry Ltd | Fine movable device |
US7012726B1 (en) | 2003-11-03 | 2006-03-14 | Idc, Llc | MEMS devices with unreleased thin film components |
EP1690247A4 (en) | 2003-11-14 | 2008-11-19 | Uni Pixel Displays Inc | Simple matrix addressing in a display |
JP2005158665A (en) | 2003-11-24 | 2005-06-16 | Toyota Industries Corp | Lighting system |
KR20050055203A (en) | 2003-12-05 | 2005-06-13 | 한국전자통신연구원 | Structure for manufacturing optical module |
US7430355B2 (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2008-09-30 | University Of Cincinnati | Light emissive signage devices based on lightwave coupling |
US7123796B2 (en) | 2003-12-08 | 2006-10-17 | University Of Cincinnati | Light emissive display based on lightwave coupling |
US7161728B2 (en) | 2003-12-09 | 2007-01-09 | Idc, Llc | Area array modulation and lead reduction in interferometric modulators |
US7142346B2 (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2006-11-28 | Idc, Llc | System and method for addressing a MEMS display |
KR100531796B1 (en) | 2003-12-10 | 2005-12-02 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Optical shutter for plasma display panel and driving method therof |
US7182463B2 (en) * | 2003-12-23 | 2007-02-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Pixel-shifting projection lens assembly to provide optical interlacing for increased addressability |
FR2864526B1 (en) | 2003-12-26 | 2006-10-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | ELECTROSTATIC ACTUATING DEVICE |
DE10361915B4 (en) | 2003-12-29 | 2009-03-05 | Bausenwein, Bernhard, Dr. | 2-channel stereo image display device with microelectromechanical systems |
KR101029432B1 (en) | 2003-12-29 | 2011-04-14 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | Method and Apparatus of Driving Liquid Crystal Display |
JP2005195734A (en) | 2004-01-05 | 2005-07-21 | Fujitsu Ltd | Light-emitting control apparatus, display apparatus, display control apparatus and display control program |
JP4267465B2 (en) | 2004-01-07 | 2009-05-27 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | REFLECTIVE COLOR DISPLAY ELEMENT, ITS MANUFACTURING METHOD, AND INFORMATION DISPLAY DEVICE PROVIDED WITH THE DISPLAY ELEMENT |
US7342705B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2008-03-11 | Idc, Llc | Spatial light modulator with integrated optical compensation structure |
US7532194B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2009-05-12 | Idc, Llc | Driver voltage adjuster |
ITVA20040004A1 (en) | 2004-02-06 | 2004-05-06 | St Microelectronics Srl | OPEN RING VOLTAGE DRIVING METHOD AND CIRCUIT OF A DC MOTOR |
PE20051128A1 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2006-01-16 | Schering Corp | PYRAZOLOTRIAZINES AS KINASE INHIBITORS |
US7119945B2 (en) | 2004-03-03 | 2006-10-10 | Idc, Llc | Altering temporal response of microelectromechanical elements |
US7706050B2 (en) | 2004-03-05 | 2010-04-27 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Integrated modulator illumination |
US7855824B2 (en) | 2004-03-06 | 2010-12-21 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and system for color optimization in a display |
US6912082B1 (en) | 2004-03-11 | 2005-06-28 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Integrated driver electronics for MEMS device using high voltage thin film transistors |
JP2005257981A (en) | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-22 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Method of driving optical modulation element array, optical modulation apparatus, and image forming apparatus |
JP4639104B2 (en) * | 2004-03-24 | 2011-02-23 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Light modulation element array driving method, light modulation element array, and image forming apparatus |
TWI244535B (en) | 2004-03-24 | 2005-12-01 | Yuan Lin | A full color and flexible illuminating strap device |
US7304782B2 (en) | 2004-03-24 | 2007-12-04 | Fujifilm Corporation | Driving method of spatial light modulator array, spatial light modulator array, and image forming apparatus |
US20050244099A1 (en) | 2004-03-24 | 2005-11-03 | Pasch Nicholas F | Cantilevered micro-electromechanical switch array |
US20050225501A1 (en) | 2004-03-30 | 2005-10-13 | Balakrishnan Srinivasan | Self-aligned microlens array for transmissive MEMS image arrray |
US8267780B2 (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2012-09-18 | Nintendo Co., Ltd. | Game console and memory card |
US20050243023A1 (en) | 2004-04-06 | 2005-11-03 | Damoder Reddy | Color filter integrated with sensor array for flat panel display |
US7129938B2 (en) | 2004-04-12 | 2006-10-31 | Nuelight Corporation | Low power circuits for active matrix emissive displays and methods of operating the same |
US7158278B2 (en) | 2004-04-12 | 2007-01-02 | Alexander Kastalsky | Display device based on bistable electrostatic shutter |
KR20070009639A (en) | 2004-04-13 | 2007-01-18 | 캠브리지 바이오스테빌리티 리미티드 | Liquids containing suspended glass particles |
US7026821B2 (en) | 2004-04-17 | 2006-04-11 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Testing MEM device array |
EP1591824B1 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2012-05-09 | Panasonic Corporation | Microactuator |
TWI330282B (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2010-09-11 | Chimei Innolux Corp | Light guide plate and backlight moudule using same |
JP2005317439A (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2005-11-10 | Seiko Epson Corp | Display panel and display device |
US7476327B2 (en) | 2004-05-04 | 2009-01-13 | Idc, Llc | Method of manufacture for microelectromechanical devices |
US7060895B2 (en) | 2004-05-04 | 2006-06-13 | Idc, Llc | Modifying the electro-mechanical behavior of devices |
US7164520B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2007-01-16 | Idc, Llc | Packaging for an interferometric modulator |
US8025831B2 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2011-09-27 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Imprinting of supported and free-standing 3-D micro- or nano-structures |
US7067355B2 (en) | 2004-05-26 | 2006-06-27 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Package having bond-sealed underbump |
US7952189B2 (en) | 2004-05-27 | 2011-05-31 | Chang-Feng Wan | Hermetic packaging and method of manufacture and use therefore |
US7997771B2 (en) | 2004-06-01 | 2011-08-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | LED array systems |
JP4211689B2 (en) | 2004-06-14 | 2009-01-21 | オムロン株式会社 | Diffuser and surface light source device |
US7787170B2 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2010-08-31 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Micromirror array assembly with in-array pillars |
AU2005258287A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 | 2006-01-05 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | Fibrous-composite material-based mems optical scanner |
US7636795B2 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2009-12-22 | Intel Corporation | Configurable feature selection mechanism |
US7256922B2 (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2007-08-14 | Idc, Llc | Interferometric modulators with thin film transistors |
US7872790B2 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2011-01-18 | University Of Cincinnati | Display capable electrowetting light valve |
US20060012781A1 (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2006-01-19 | Negevtech Ltd. | Programmable spatial filter for wafer inspection |
US7187487B2 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2007-03-06 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Light modulator with a light-absorbing layer |
US20060028811A1 (en) | 2004-08-05 | 2006-02-09 | Ross Charles A Jr | Digital video recording flashlight |
US20060033676A1 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2006-02-16 | Kenneth Faase | Display device |
US7453445B2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2008-11-18 | E Ink Corproation | Methods for driving electro-optic displays |
JP2006058770A (en) | 2004-08-23 | 2006-03-02 | Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology Co Ltd | Driving circuit for display apparatus |
US6980349B1 (en) | 2004-08-25 | 2005-12-27 | Reflectivity, Inc | Micromirrors with novel mirror plates |
US7215459B2 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2007-05-08 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Micromirror devices with in-plane deformable hinge |
US7119944B2 (en) | 2004-08-25 | 2006-10-10 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Micromirror device and method for making the same |
US20060042157A1 (en) * | 2004-08-26 | 2006-03-02 | Rycroft Kendall P | Candle |
US7551159B2 (en) | 2004-08-27 | 2009-06-23 | Idc, Llc | System and method of sensing actuation and release voltages of an interferometric modulator |
US7889163B2 (en) * | 2004-08-27 | 2011-02-15 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Drive method for MEMS devices |
CN101010714B (en) * | 2004-08-27 | 2010-08-18 | 高通Mems科技公司 | Systems and methods of actuating MEMS display elements |
US7515147B2 (en) * | 2004-08-27 | 2009-04-07 | Idc, Llc | Staggered column drive circuit systems and methods |
US7505108B2 (en) | 2004-09-02 | 2009-03-17 | Nano Loa, Inc. | Liquid crystal material filling method and liquid crystal material filling apparatus |
US7564874B2 (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2009-07-21 | Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc. | Enhanced bandwidth data encoding method |
US7535466B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2009-05-19 | Idc, Llc | System with server based control of client device display features |
US7573547B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2009-08-11 | Idc, Llc | System and method for protecting micro-structure of display array using spacers in gap within display device |
US20060066540A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2006-03-30 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Spatial light modulation display system |
US7420725B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2008-09-02 | Idc, Llc | Device having a conductive light absorbing mask and method for fabricating same |
US7843410B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2010-11-30 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method and device for electrically programmable display |
US7417735B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2008-08-26 | Idc, Llc | Systems and methods for measuring color and contrast in specular reflective devices |
US7545550B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2009-06-09 | Idc, Llc | Systems and methods of actuating MEMS display elements |
US7446927B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2008-11-04 | Idc, Llc | MEMS switch with set and latch electrodes |
US8004504B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2011-08-23 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Reduced capacitance display element |
US7184202B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2007-02-27 | Idc, Llc | Method and system for packaging a MEMS device |
US7525730B2 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2009-04-28 | Idc, Llc | Method and device for generating white in an interferometric modulator display |
US20060132383A1 (en) | 2004-09-27 | 2006-06-22 | Idc, Llc | System and method for illuminating interferometric modulator display |
JP5102623B2 (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2012-12-19 | ランバス・インターナショナル・リミテッド | Long curved wedges in optical films |
US20060104061A1 (en) | 2004-11-16 | 2006-05-18 | Scott Lerner | Display with planar light source |
US7199916B2 (en) | 2004-12-07 | 2007-04-03 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Light modulator device |
JP4546266B2 (en) | 2005-01-13 | 2010-09-15 | シャープ株式会社 | Sheet image display device |
CN101099096A (en) | 2005-01-31 | 2008-01-02 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | Optical sheet, and backlight unit and display using same |
US7627330B2 (en) | 2005-01-31 | 2009-12-01 | Research In Motion Limited | Mobile electronic device having a geographical position dependent light and method and system for achieving the same |
JP4534787B2 (en) | 2005-02-21 | 2010-09-01 | ブラザー工業株式会社 | Image forming apparatus |
WO2006091860A2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2006-08-31 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufature thereof |
CN101128765B (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2010-12-01 | 皮克斯特罗尼克斯公司 | Display methods and apparatus |
US9082353B2 (en) | 2010-01-05 | 2015-07-14 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US20060209012A1 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2006-09-21 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Devices having MEMS displays |
US7755582B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2010-07-13 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Display methods and apparatus |
US9261694B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-02-16 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US7304786B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2007-12-04 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for bi-stable actuation of displays |
US8519945B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-08-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US7304785B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2007-12-04 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US20080158635A1 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2008-07-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US7405852B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2008-07-29 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
ES2409064T3 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2013-06-24 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Procedures and display device |
US7999994B2 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2011-08-16 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US7502159B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2009-03-10 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for actuating displays |
US9229222B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-01-05 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US20070205969A1 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2007-09-06 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Direct-view MEMS display devices and methods for generating images thereon |
US7746529B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2010-06-29 | Pixtronix, Inc. | MEMS display apparatus |
US7742016B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2010-06-22 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Display methods and apparatus |
US9158106B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-10-13 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US8482496B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-07-09 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling MEMS display apparatus on a transparent substrate |
US8159428B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2012-04-17 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US7616368B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2009-11-10 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Light concentrating reflective display methods and apparatus |
US9087486B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-07-21 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
ATE496362T1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2011-02-15 | Pixtronix Inc | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ACTUATING DISPLAYS |
US7675665B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2010-03-09 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for actuating displays |
WO2006094049A2 (en) | 2005-03-01 | 2006-09-08 | Parallel Synthesis Technologies, Inc. | Polymeric fluid transfer and printing devices |
US9042461B2 (en) | 2005-03-10 | 2015-05-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Efficient employment of digital upsampling using IFFT in OFDM systems for simpler analog filtering |
US8004558B2 (en) * | 2005-04-07 | 2011-08-23 | Axis Engineering Technologies, Inc. | Stereoscopic wide field of view imaging system |
US7349140B2 (en) | 2005-05-31 | 2008-03-25 | Miradia Inc. | Triple alignment substrate method and structure for packaging devices |
US20060280319A1 (en) | 2005-06-08 | 2006-12-14 | General Mems Corporation | Micromachined Capacitive Microphone |
EP1734502A1 (en) | 2005-06-13 | 2006-12-20 | Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB | Illumination in a portable communication device |
US7826125B2 (en) | 2005-06-14 | 2010-11-02 | California Institute Of Technology | Light conductive controlled shape droplet display device |
US7773733B2 (en) * | 2005-06-23 | 2010-08-10 | Agere Systems Inc. | Single-transformer digital isolation barrier |
WO2007002452A2 (en) | 2005-06-23 | 2007-01-04 | E Ink Corporation | Edge seals and processes for electro-optic displays |
US7684660B2 (en) | 2005-06-24 | 2010-03-23 | Intel Corporation | Methods and apparatus to mount a waveguide to a substrate |
US20070052660A1 (en) | 2005-08-23 | 2007-03-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Forming display color image |
US7449759B2 (en) * | 2005-08-30 | 2008-11-11 | Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc. | Electromechanical dynamic force profile articulating mechanism |
US8509582B2 (en) * | 2005-08-30 | 2013-08-13 | Rambus Delaware Llc | Reducing light leakage and improving contrast ratio performance in FTIR display devices |
US7355779B2 (en) | 2005-09-02 | 2008-04-08 | Idc, Llc | Method and system for driving MEMS display elements |
WO2007029407A1 (en) | 2005-09-05 | 2007-03-15 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Backlight device and display device |
KR100668498B1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2007-01-12 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | Apparatus and method for outputting data of semiconductor memory |
JP2007155983A (en) | 2005-12-02 | 2007-06-21 | Hitachi Displays Ltd | Liquid crystal display apparatus |
JP2007163647A (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2007-06-28 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Image display apparatus |
US7486854B2 (en) | 2006-01-24 | 2009-02-03 | Uni-Pixel Displays, Inc. | Optical microstructures for light extraction and control |
US8526096B2 (en) | 2006-02-23 | 2013-09-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams |
JP4789662B2 (en) | 2006-03-17 | 2011-10-12 | 富士通セミコンダクター株式会社 | Power supply device control circuit, power supply device and control method therefor |
WO2007120885A2 (en) * | 2006-04-13 | 2007-10-25 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Mems devices and processes for packaging such devices |
TW200745680A (en) | 2006-04-19 | 2007-12-16 | Omron Tateisi Electronics Co | Diffuser plate and surface light source device |
US7711239B2 (en) | 2006-04-19 | 2010-05-04 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Microelectromechanical device and method utilizing nanoparticles |
US7876489B2 (en) | 2006-06-05 | 2011-01-25 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus with optical cavities |
GB0611125D0 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2006-07-19 | Liquavista Bv | Transflective electrowetting display device |
WO2007149475A2 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2007-12-27 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Method for packaging an optical mems device |
US7843637B2 (en) | 2006-06-22 | 2010-11-30 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Birefringent structured film for LED color mixing in a backlight |
JP5125005B2 (en) * | 2006-07-04 | 2013-01-23 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Display device and display system using the same |
DE102006033312A1 (en) * | 2006-07-17 | 2008-01-31 | Heraeus Kulzer Gmbh | Dental implant system part with a coating |
US20080043726A1 (en) * | 2006-08-21 | 2008-02-21 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | Selective Control of User Equipment Capabilities |
US8872753B2 (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2014-10-28 | Ati Technologies Ulc | Adjusting brightness of a display image in a display having an adjustable intensity light source |
JP2008098984A (en) | 2006-10-12 | 2008-04-24 | Fukushin Techno Research Co Ltd | Portable folding antenna |
US20080094853A1 (en) | 2006-10-20 | 2008-04-24 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Light guides and backlight systems incorporating light redirectors at varying densities |
US9176318B2 (en) | 2007-05-18 | 2015-11-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing fluid-filled MEMS displays |
EP2074464A2 (en) | 2007-01-19 | 2009-07-01 | Pixtronix Inc. | Mems display apparatus |
US7852546B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2010-12-14 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Spacers for maintaining display apparatus alignment |
US7975665B2 (en) | 2007-02-23 | 2011-07-12 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Spark plug and internal combustion engine provided with the same |
US7903104B2 (en) | 2007-03-21 | 2011-03-08 | Spatial Photonics, Inc. | Spatial modulator display system using two memories and display time slices having differing times |
JP5125378B2 (en) | 2007-10-03 | 2013-01-23 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Control method, control device, display body, and information display device |
JP2009111813A (en) | 2007-10-31 | 2009-05-21 | Seiko Epson Corp | Projector, image data acquisition method for projector, and imaging device |
CN103399399A (en) | 2008-02-12 | 2013-11-20 | 皮克斯特隆尼斯有限公司 | Mechanical light modulator with stressed beam |
JP2009207590A (en) | 2008-03-03 | 2009-09-17 | Topcon Corp | Stereomicroscope |
US7920317B2 (en) * | 2008-08-04 | 2011-04-05 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display with controlled formation of bubbles |
US8169679B2 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2012-05-01 | Pixtronix, Inc. | MEMS anchors |
WO2010062647A2 (en) | 2008-10-28 | 2010-06-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | System and method for selecting display modes |
FR2948689B1 (en) | 2009-07-29 | 2011-07-29 | Alcan Int Ltd | GROOVED ANODE OF ELECTROLYTIC TANK |
FI20095988A0 (en) | 2009-09-28 | 2009-09-28 | Valtion Teknillinen | Micromechanical resonator and method of manufacture thereof |
US20120133006A1 (en) * | 2010-11-29 | 2012-05-31 | International Business Machines Corporation | Oxide mems beam |
JP5870558B2 (en) | 2011-02-17 | 2016-03-01 | 株式会社リコー | Transmission management system, transmission management method, and program |
US9809445B2 (en) | 2011-08-26 | 2017-11-07 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Electromechanical system structures with ribs having gaps |
US8698980B2 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2014-04-15 | Planck Co., Ltd. | Color regulating device for illumination and apparatus using the same, and method of regulating color |
US20160096729A1 (en) | 2014-10-07 | 2016-04-07 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Photolithography Structures and Methods |
-
2011
- 2011-02-01 US US13/019,215 patent/US9087486B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-02-01 EP EP11703985A patent/EP2531997A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-02-01 CN CN201510350475.8A patent/CN104916258B/en active Active
- 2011-02-01 CN CN201180017151.2A patent/CN102834859B/en active Active
- 2011-02-01 BR BR112012019383A patent/BR112012019383A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-02-01 CN CN201210506546.5A patent/CN103000141B/en active Active
- 2011-02-01 WO PCT/US2011/023402 patent/WO2011097258A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-02-01 KR KR1020127030380A patent/KR20120139854A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-02-01 JP JP2012552044A patent/JP2013519122A/en active Pending
- 2011-02-01 KR KR1020127022114A patent/KR101659642B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2011-02-01 KR KR1020157029818A patent/KR101798312B1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2012
- 2012-10-29 JP JP2012237573A patent/JP5662406B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2014
- 2014-11-28 JP JP2014241435A patent/JP6153917B2/en active Active
-
2015
- 2015-06-24 US US14/749,176 patent/US9530344B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5233459A (en) | 1991-03-06 | 1993-08-03 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Electric display device |
US5784189A (en) | 1991-03-06 | 1998-07-21 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Spatial light modulator |
US5771321A (en) | 1996-01-04 | 1998-06-23 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Micromechanical optical switch and flat panel display |
EP1091342A2 (en) * | 1999-10-04 | 2001-04-11 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Display technique of high grey scale |
US20050104804A1 (en) | 2002-02-19 | 2005-05-19 | Feenstra Bokke J. | Display device |
US20070086078A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2007-04-19 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US7271945B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2007-09-18 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for actuating displays |
WO2007075832A2 (en) * | 2005-12-19 | 2007-07-05 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Direct-view mems display devices and methods for generating images thereon |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
"Handbook of Microlithography, Micromachining & Microfabrication", 1997, SPIE OPTICAL ENGINEERING PRESS |
DEN BOER: "Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays", 2005, ELSEVIER |
See also references of EP2531997A1 |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9857628B2 (en) | 2011-01-07 | 2018-01-02 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Display device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP5662406B2 (en) | 2015-01-28 |
CN103000141A (en) | 2013-03-27 |
BR112012019383A2 (en) | 2017-09-12 |
US9530344B2 (en) | 2016-12-27 |
CN102834859A (en) | 2012-12-19 |
KR101659642B1 (en) | 2016-09-26 |
KR101798312B1 (en) | 2017-11-15 |
US20110148948A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
CN103000141B (en) | 2016-01-13 |
JP6153917B2 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
JP2015045884A (en) | 2015-03-12 |
US20150294613A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
JP2013050731A (en) | 2013-03-14 |
CN104916258B (en) | 2018-02-16 |
US9087486B2 (en) | 2015-07-21 |
CN102834859B (en) | 2015-06-03 |
CN104916258A (en) | 2015-09-16 |
EP2531997A1 (en) | 2012-12-12 |
JP2013519122A (en) | 2013-05-23 |
KR20120139854A (en) | 2012-12-27 |
KR20120139702A (en) | 2012-12-27 |
KR20150121260A (en) | 2015-10-28 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US9530344B2 (en) | Circuits for controlling display apparatus | |
US9400382B2 (en) | Circuits for controlling display apparatus | |
US8482496B2 (en) | Circuits for controlling MEMS display apparatus on a transparent substrate | |
US9291813B2 (en) | Systems and methods for MEMS light modulator arrays with reduced acoustic emission | |
US7852546B2 (en) | Spacers for maintaining display apparatus alignment | |
US9239457B2 (en) | Circuits for controlling display apparatus | |
EP2030192B1 (en) | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 201180017151.2 Country of ref document: CN |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 11703985 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2012552044 Country of ref document: JP |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
REEP | Request for entry into the european phase |
Ref document number: 2011703985 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2011703985 Country of ref document: EP |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20127022114 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 7315/CHENP/2012 Country of ref document: IN |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: BR Ref legal event code: B01A Ref document number: 112012019383 Country of ref document: BR |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 112012019383 Country of ref document: BR Kind code of ref document: A2 Effective date: 20120802 |