WO2011071015A1 - 電子線バイプリズム装置および電子線装置 - Google Patents
電子線バイプリズム装置および電子線装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011071015A1 WO2011071015A1 PCT/JP2010/071826 JP2010071826W WO2011071015A1 WO 2011071015 A1 WO2011071015 A1 WO 2011071015A1 JP 2010071826 W JP2010071826 W JP 2010071826W WO 2011071015 A1 WO2011071015 A1 WO 2011071015A1
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- electron beam
- biprism
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- deflector
- deflection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement, ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/147—Arrangements for directing or deflecting the discharge along a desired path
- H01J37/1478—Beam tilting means, i.e. for stereoscopy or for beam channelling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/15—Means for deflecting or directing discharge
- H01J2237/151—Electrostatic means
- H01J2237/1514—Prisms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/26—Electron or ion microscopes
- H01J2237/2614—Holography or phase contrast, phase related imaging in general, e.g. phase plates
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electron beam biprism device, an electron microscope using the electron beam biprism device, and an electron beam device.
- Electron beams have a large interaction with substances, and by using them, structural analysis of substances by electron diffraction image observation / electron microscope image observation, etc., substances by electron beam spectroscopy (energy analysis of electron beam after passing through sample), etc. It is used for various measurements such as elemental analysis using an electron beam as a probe.
- an electron lens for imaging a deflector for controlling the propagation direction of the electron beam using the property that the electron beam interacts with an electric field and a magnetic field
- An electron biprism for splitting and interfering with an electron beam is used.
- These deflectors and electron biprisms can be either electric field type or magnetic field type.
- the deflecting action to the electron beam is different from the electric field type in the direction of the electric field, whereas the magnetic field type is different in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, but the basic effect is the same. Therefore, in the present application, the electric field type will be described for convenience of explanation, but the electric field type is not limited thereto.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section of a deflector composed of two parallel plate electrodes facing each other.
- the paper surface is a plane (deflection surface) perpendicular to the parallel plate electrode including the optical axis 2 of the electron beam apparatus, and the electric field generated when a voltage is applied to the parallel plate electrode is in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis 2 (on the paper surface).
- the electron beam incident from the upper side of the optical axis is subjected to electromagnetic force in the direction perpendicular to the traveling direction, and its orbit 27 is deflected.
- the deflection angle ⁇ is the length l in the optical axis direction of the electrode, It is expressed by the simple relationship shown in [Equation 1] of FIG. 16 using the distance d, the acceleration voltage V 0 of the electron beam, the applied voltage V BD, and the deflection coefficient k BD [Non-patent Document 1]
- the discussion proceeds using the uniform field approximation unless otherwise specified.
- the electron orbit 27 draws a parabola in the electric field, but goes straight after exiting the electric field region.
- the trajectories 29 intersect at the center of the parallel plate electrodes. The intersection of these two imaginary linear trajectories is called a deflection point 83.
- a plane 835 perpendicular to the optical axis where the deflection point 83 is located is located at the center of the parallel plate electrode.
- the plane perpendicular to the optical axis where the deflection point is located is important in constructing the interference optical system. Thereafter, unless otherwise specified in the present application, the electron trajectory in the deflector is drawn with a straight line for simplicity, and the electron beam is given a predetermined deflection only by a deflection point or a plane perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point. Assume that It is known that this assumption holds without problem within the range of paraxial approximation that handles the trajectory of an electron beam near the optical axis.
- FIG. 2 shows a two-stage deflector composed of two sets of parallel plate electrodes and an electron trajectory 27 deflected in the deflector. Since the uniform field approximation is used, the electron beam draws a parabolic trajectory in the upstream first deflector, and then draws a linear trajectory from the first deflector to the lower second deflector. A parabolic orbit is again drawn in the deflector.
- An imaginary trajectory 29 that traces back the trajectory 27 of the electron beam emitted from the second deflector while keeping a straight line is an incident electron along the optical axis 2 in a region where there is no electric field between the first deflector and the second deflector. Intersects the imaginary orbit 28 of the line. That is, in the two-stage deflector, by controlling the deflection angles ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 of the upper and lower deflectors, the synthesized deflection point 86 regardless of the presence or absence of an electric field and the optical axis including the deflection point 86 are perpendicular. It is possible to control the position of the flat surface 865.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of the electron trajectory 27 when the applied voltage of the second deflector is reversed. It can be seen that the deflection point 86 can be controlled not only within the range of the deflector configured in two stages but also outside the deflector and so that the actual electron trajectory 27 intersects the optical axis 2.
- the applied voltage to the second deflector is depicted by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage to reverse the deflection direction of the electron beam. It is also possible to control the direction.
- the electron biprism is an electron optical device indispensable for an interference optical system as a beam splitter in an electron beam.
- the incident electron beam is separated into two electron beams (22, 24), and the two electron beams are moved closer to the optical axis 2 by the same angle ⁇ regardless of the distance from the optical axis 2 or light beams from each other. It has a feature of deflecting away from the axis 2.
- the electric field type electron biprism is composed of a filament electrode 9 made of a conductive fine wire and a parallel plate type ground electrode 99 held so as to sandwich the electrode.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the electric field type electron biprism.
- the paper surface is a plane perpendicular to the electron biprism including the optical axis 2 of the electron beam apparatus, and the small circle at the center indicates the cross section of the filament electrode 9.
- the electron beams (22, 24) passing through both sides of the filament electrode are deflected by the same angle ⁇ in the direction facing each other by the potential of the filament electrode.
- the electron biprism deflects the electron beam by the same angle in the direction facing each other symmetrically with respect to the optical axis 2 or in the direction away from each other regardless of the eccentric distance from the optical axis 2. It is called an electron biprism because it corresponds to the effect of a biprism combining two prisms.
- interference fringes 8 are observed in a region where two separated electron beams (22, 24) on the downstream side of the electron biprism overlap.
- the interference image is an interference microscope image (electron beam hologram) [Non-Patent Document 2].
- the electron trajectory (22, 24) of the electron biprism can also be represented by an imaginary linear trajectory (28, 29), with the deflection point 85 on the optical axis. It lies on the plane 855 where the vertical filament electrode 9 is placed.
- electron biprism is a generic term for conventional electron biprisms including filament electrodes, and the electron biprism having the deflection function of the present application includes its deflection mechanism. This is called an “electron biprism device”. Further, when referring to a strict position in the electron optical system, for example, “position of filament electrode of electron biprism” is described.
- a phase information extraction method (fringe scanning method [Patent Document], which is different from the Fourier transform method). 1] [Non-Patent Document 3], Moire method [Non-Patent Document 4], etc.).
- the fringe scanning method using multiple images obtained by controlling the phase of the interference fringes using the phase difference between the object wave and the reference wave is that the spatial resolution of the reproduced image does not depend on the interference fringe spacing. This is a method capable of high resolution.
- the principle is that M interference microscope images are recorded while shifting the phase difference between the object wave and the reference wave by (2 ⁇ ) / M, and the mth intensity distribution of the plurality of images is I (x, y; m). Then, the phase distribution ⁇ (x, y) of the object wave is obtained based on [Equation 3] shown in FIG. Since the contrast modulation (sinusoidal curve) accompanying the phase difference modulation must be determined, the number of images M is limited to 3 or more.
- R x is a spatial frequency (carrier spatial frequency) of basic interference fringes, and is a notation that the interference fringes are arranged in the X-axis direction.
- the basic interference fringes are caused by the relative angle between the object wave and the reference wave, and the phase distribution due to the basic interference fringes is linearly inclined in the X-axis direction and can be easily corrected.
- FIG. 5 shows the procedure of the fringe scanning method performed in the interference microscope image 88 in which the interference fringes 8 are superimposed on the sample image.
- 5A shows the first interference microscope image
- FIG. 5B shows the second interference microscope image obtained by shifting the phase difference between the object wave and the reference wave by 2 ⁇ / 3 from the interference microscope image of FIG. c) is a third interference microscope image obtained by shifting the relative phase difference by 2 ⁇ / 3 (4 ⁇ / 3 from A) further than the interference microscope image of (b).
- An amplitude distribution image and a phase distribution image ⁇ (x, y) can be obtained by performing image processing based on [Equation 4] for the three interference microscope images.
- the number of interference microscope images to be used is the minimum number in the case of three illustrated in FIG.
- the interference microscopic image (FIGS. 5B and 5C) having the interference fringes between the interference fringes in FIG. 5A is used (FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C)
- the spatial resolution by this method is the interference fringe interval. High resolution can be achieved.
- the interference microscope image is observed and recorded after controlling the phase difference between the object wave and the reference wave, and the phase information is extracted after the phase difference at that time is known. More sophisticated work is required than the conversion method. Therefore, it has not yet spread widely.
- a method for controlling the phase difference between the object wave and the reference wave with high accuracy has not been put into practical use, and the movement of the position is corrected by image processing after recording by moving the position of the sample.
- Katsura Ura “Nanoelectron Optics”, Kyoritsu Shuppan Publishing Chapter 2 A. Tonomura : Electron Holography, 2nd ed. (Springer, Heidelberg. Germany, 1999) Chapter 5. Q. Ru, J. Endo, T. Tanji and A. Tonomura : Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 59, (1991) 2372. Ken Harada, Keiko Ogai Ryuichi Shimizu : Journal of Electron Microscopy, Vol. 39, (1990) 470. Ken Harada, Akira Tonomura, Yoshihiko Togawa, Tetsuya Akashi and Tsuyoshi Matsuda: Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 84, (2004) 3229.
- the electron biprism is arranged on the optical axis and in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis.
- the electron beam passing through both sides of the filament electrode is symmetrical with respect to the optical axis.
- the beam is deflected by the same angle in the direction facing each other or in the direction away from each other, and two electron beams are superimposed on the downstream side of the electron biprism to measure an interference microscope image.
- this method is a simple method, the resolution of the phase image reproduced from the interference microscope image is three times larger than the recorded interference fringe interval, and there is a fundamental limitation that the spatial resolution remains low.
- the fringe scanning method is because the phase resolution of the object wave and the reference wave is given, and the spatial resolution of the recording system is maintained as it is by performing arithmetic processing from a plurality of (at least three) interference microscopic images obtained by modulating only the interference fringes superimposed on the sample image. This is an interferometric method that is reflected in a phase image.
- the fringe scanning methods that have been tried so far include, for example, (1) a method in which the position of the sample is moved and the movement of the position is corrected by image processing after recording, and (2) an electron biprism is used as the optical axis. And (3) a method of changing the incident angle of the electron beam to the sample.
- the present invention was made to provide an electron beam biprism for realizing a suitable fringe scanning method in an electron beam biprism interferometer, and adds a unidirectional deflection function to the electron beam biprism function. By doing so, the electron beams that pass through the left and right sides of the filament electrode can be deflected at different angles.
- a two-stage deflector on the optical axis is added. By controlling the magnitude and direction of the deflection angle of the two-stage deflector, the deflection of the deflector Regardless of the spatial position, control is performed so that the deflection point by the deflector is positioned on the surface on which the filament electrode is arranged.
- the electron beam biprism apparatus When the fringe scanning method is performed in the two-stage electron biprism interference optical system, the electron beam biprism apparatus according to the present application is used as the upper electron biprism, and the optical system that forms an image of the sample at the filament electrode position is the most. It is considered preferable. Since the plane including the deflection point by the electron biprism and the plane including the deflection point by the deflector coincide with the image plane position, the position of the sample image moves on the observation / recording plane even if the electron beam is deflected. The fringe scanning method can be effectively implemented.
- the deflection in one direction can be added, and as a result, the left and right electron beams exiting the electron beam biprism device. It is possible to give different deflection angles to each. Therefore, the phase difference between the object wave and the reference wave can be controlled on the image plane of the sample downstream of the electron biprism device. That is, the relative positional relationship between the sample image recorded as an interference microscope image and the interference fringes superimposed on the image can be modulated with high accuracy without changing the sample image and its position, The fringe scanning method can be implemented.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a third interference microscope image in which the phase is shifted (the phase of 4 ⁇ / 3 is shifted from (a)). It is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of the electron beam biprism apparatus which becomes the 1st Example of this invention, and the deflection
- (B) It is a schematic diagram which shows the relationship between a light source, a light ray, and an interference fringe when the electron biprism apparatus which becomes a 1st Example of this invention is replaced by the corresponding optical biprism. It is a schematic diagram which shows the whole appearance of the electron beam biprism device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- A An electron biprism device configured in the order of an electron biprism, a first deflector, and a second deflector from the upstream side in the direction of travel of the electron beam, (b) in the direction of travel of the electron beam An electron beam biprism device configured in the order of the first deflector, the electron biprism, and the second deflector from the upstream side, (c) the first deflector from the upstream side in the traveling direction of the electron beam
- FIG. 6 schematically shows the mechanism of the electron biprism device.
- two electron beams (22, 24) separated by an electron biprism and deflected by an angle ⁇ in a direction facing each other symmetrically with respect to the optical axis 2 are both electron beam birefringed by a two-stage deflector on the downstream side.
- the plane has a deflection point 86 in a plane including the filament electrode 9 of the prism (a plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 85 of the electron biprism), and finally receives deflection by an angle ⁇ .
- the electron beam 22 on the left side of FIG. ⁇ The angle of the electron beam that is subjected to + ⁇ deflection by the two-stage deflector and exits the electron biprism device with respect to the optical axis 2 is ⁇ + ⁇ .
- the electron beam 24 on the right side of the drawing is subjected to + ⁇ by the electron biprism and + ⁇ by the two-stage deflector, and the angle of the electron beam exiting the electron biprism device with respect to the optical axis 2 is + ⁇ + ⁇ .
- the angle difference between the two electron beams (22, 24) is 2 ⁇ , which is the same as that after passing through the filament electrode 9 of the electron biprism.
- the two electron beams (22, 24) after exiting the electron biprism device are inclined in one direction by an angle ⁇ and are asymmetric with respect to the optical axis 2.
- the relationship between the two deflection angles ⁇ and ⁇ is perpendicular to the optical axis including the plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 85 of the upstream electron biprism and the deflection point 86 of the downstream two-stage deflector. Only when the flat surfaces 865 coincide with each other can be described in such a simple relationship. That is, the control of the position of the plane 865 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 86 by the downstream two-stage deflector is important for the control of the phase difference between the two electron beams (22, 24).
- FIG. 7 shows an example in which the deflection angle of the left and right electron beams (22, 24) is asymmetric with respect to the optical axis 2 replaced with an optical biprism.
- FIG. 7A shows the Fresnel double prism 45 corresponding to a conventional electron biprism and the state of deflection thereof.
- FIG. 7B shows a double prism 46 corresponding to the electron biprism device according to the present application and the state of deflection thereof. Since the angle of the side part of the double prism 46 is different between the left and right, the deflection angle to the left and right rays (22, 24) is different. Therefore, the position of the imaginary light source 12 becomes asymmetric with respect to the optical axis 2, and as a result, the phase difference between the left and right rays (22, 24) changes the position of the fringe of the interference fringe 8.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of the appearance of the electron biprism device in the present application.
- a two-stage deflector (81, 82) is incorporated further downstream in the conventional electron biprism mechanism.
- the electron biprism 91 and the two-stage deflectors (81, 82) are integrated into a fine movement and light in two directions (X and Y axis directions) in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis 2 of the electron beam apparatus. It is possible to rotate the azimuth with the axis parallel to the axis 2 as the rotation axis and to attach / detach the mechanism to / from the electron beam path.
- the deflecting surface including the optical axis 2 by the electron biprism 91 and the deflecting surfaces including the respective optical axes 2 of the two-stage deflectors (81, 82) need to coincide with each other, but this is achieved by mechanical accuracy. It is possible.
- the electron beam biprism device of this example has a three-stage configuration of an electron beam biprism 91 and a two-stage deflector (81, 82). Therefore, the three arrangements shown in FIG. 9 are possible in the order of arrangement in the optical axis direction. That is, FIG. 9A shows the same configuration as FIG. 6, and the electron beam biprism 91, the first deflector 81, and the second deflector 82 are arranged from the upstream side in the order of travel of the electron beam. It is a stage configuration. In FIG. 9B, the order of the electron biprism 91 and the first deflector 81 is switched, and the first deflector 81, the electron biprism 91, and the second deflector 82 are arranged in this order.
- FIG. 9C shows a configuration in which the electron biprism 91 is located on the most downstream side, and has a three-stage configuration of a first deflector 81, a second deflector 82, and an electron beam biprism 91 in this order.
- d 1 is the Z coordinate value of the deflection point by the first deflector 81 viewed from the Z coordinate origin
- d 2 is the Z coordinate value of the deflection point by the second deflector 82 viewed from the Z coordinate origin.
- ⁇ 1 is a deflection angle by the first deflector 81
- ⁇ 2 is a deflection angle by the second deflector 82.
- each of the two-stage deflectors (81, 82) When controlling the deflection angle of each of the two-stage deflectors (81, 82) based on [Equation 5], it is perpendicular to the optical axis including the combined deflection point 86 by the two-stage deflectors (81, 82).
- the plane 865 always coincides with a plane perpendicular to the Z coordinate origin.
- FIG. 9B the deflection angles of the first deflector 81 and the second deflector 82 are in the same direction.
- the deflection angles of the first deflector 81 and the second deflector 82 are opposite to each other. That is, from the viewpoint of the withstand voltage characteristic of the electron biprism device, the configuration of FIG. 9B is advantageous.
- the deflection angle of each deflector can be changed during the experiment based on [Equation 5].
- the distance between each deflector and the electron biprism, the electrode size of the deflector, etc. are constants determined when the mechanism is designed. It is. That is, as apparent from [Equation 5], since the deflection angle ⁇ and the applied voltage V BD to the deflector are in a proportional relationship, the applied voltage to the first deflector 81 and the applied voltage to the second deflector 82 are The voltage ratio may be controlled to be a predetermined constant value.
- the deflection angle ⁇ by the two-stage deflectors (81, 82) and the deflection angle ⁇ by the electron biprism 91 are independent.
- FIG. 10 is a configuration example of an optical system for performing a fringe scanning method in a two-stage electron biprism interferometer using the electron biprism device 93.
- the electron biprism device 93 uses a three-stage mechanism of an electron beam biprism 91, a first deflector 81, and a second deflector 82 from the upstream side shown in FIG. .
- an electron beam biprism device 93 is used as the upper electron beam biprism, and the image plane 71 of the sample is the position of the filament electrode of the electron beam biprism 91, that is, the electron beam biprism.
- the prism 91 is constructed so as to coincide with a plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 85.
- the plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the sample image plane 71 and the deflection point 85 by the electron biprism 91 and the plane 865 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 86 by the two-stage deflector are all on the electron optics.
- the image plane 71 is aligned by the objective lens 5 with respect to the plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 85 by the electron biprism mechanically determined by design, and a two-stage deflector (81 82), the plane 865 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 86 can be adjusted independently by adjusting the deflection angle by the first deflector 81 and the second deflector 82 as described above. is there.
- FIG. 11 schematically shows a configuration of an electron microscope system in which the electron biprism device 93 of the present application is mounted as an upper electron biprism.
- the electron biprism device 93 on the downstream side of the objective lens 5 is an integrated mechanism including the first electron biprism 91 and two stages of deflectors (81, 82) on the downstream side.
- the second electron biprism 95 is disposed downstream of the imaging lens 61.
- the interference microscope image 88 in which the interference fringe interval and the interference region width are determined by the first and second electron biprisms (91, 95) is converted into two electron waves by the deflection action by the two-stage deflectors (81, 82). Is controlled, and the fringe position of the interference fringe 8 is modulated.
- the interference microscope image 88 of the sample determined under a predetermined interference condition is adjusted to a predetermined magnification through the first, second, third, and fourth imaging lenses (61, 62, 63, 64) and observed. Recording is performed on the recording surface 89 by an image observation / recording medium 79 (for example, a TV camera or a CCD camera).
- FIG. 11 is drawn assuming a conventional electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 100 kV to 300 kV, but the components of the electron microscope optical system in FIG. 11 are not limited to this figure.
- the actual apparatus includes a deflection system different from the present application that changes the traveling direction of the electron beam, a diaphragm mechanism that limits the transmission region of the electron beam, and the like.
- these components are not shown in this figure because they are not directly related to the present invention.
- the electron optical system is assembled in the vacuum vessel 18 and continuously exhausted by a vacuum pump, the vacuum exhaust system is omitted because it is not directly related to the present invention.
- FIG. 12 shows a second configuration example of the optical system for performing the fringe scanning method in the two-stage electron biprism interferometer using the electron beam biprism device 93.
- the electron beam biprism device 93 uses a three-stage configuration of the first deflector 81, the electron beam biprism 91, and the second deflector 82 from the upstream side shown in FIG. 9B. Yes.
- an electron biprism device 93 is used as the upper electron biprism, and the image plane 71 of the sample is deflected by the filament electrode position of the electron biprism 91, that is, by the electron biprism. Constructed to coincide with a plane 855 that is perpendicular to the optical axis including point 85.
- a plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the sample image plane 71, the deflection point 85 by the electron biprism, and a plane 865 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 86 by the two-stage deflector are in a plane that coincides in terms of electron optics.
- the configuration is the same as the configuration example of the second embodiment. Therefore, the image plane 71 is aligned by the objective lens 5 with respect to the plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 85 by the mechanically determined electron biprism, and by the two-stage deflectors (81, 82).
- the deflection angles of the first and second deflectors are the same, and this configuration is most advantageous from the viewpoint of the withstand voltage characteristics of the deflectors. It is. Since the state of mounting on the electron microscope is the same as that of FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a third configuration example of an optical system for performing a fringe scanning method in a two-stage electron biprism interferometer using the electron biprism device 93.
- the electron beam biprism device 93 uses a three-stage mechanism including a first deflector 81, a second deflector 82, and an electron beam biprism 91 from the upstream side shown in FIG. 9C. Yes.
- an electron beam biprism device 93 is used as an upper electron beam biprism, and the image plane 71 of the sample is formed by the filament electrode position of the electron beam biprism 91, that is, by the electron beam biprism 91. It is constructed so as to coincide with a plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 85.
- the plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the sample image plane 71 and the deflection point 85 by the electron biprism 91 and the plane 865 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 86 by the two-stage deflector coincide with each other in terms of electron optics.
- the configuration is the same as in the second and third embodiments.
- the image plane 71 is aligned by the objective lens 5 with respect to the plane 855 perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 85 by the electron biprism determined mechanically, and the deflection point 86 by the two-stage deflector is set.
- the plane 865 perpendicular to the optical axis to be included can be adjusted independently by adjusting the deflection angle by the first and second deflectors (81, 82), as in the configuration examples in the second and third embodiments. It is.
- the image plane 71 of the sample is located on the most downstream side as compared with the second and third embodiments. Therefore, the enlargement ratio of the sample image 31 by the objective lens 5 is set as the first configuration example in the third embodiment. It is possible to make it larger than the second configuration example in the fourth embodiment. Moreover, it is possible to obtain an interference microscope image (8 and 32) having the narrowest stripe interval among the above three configuration examples. Since the state of mounting on the electron microscope is the same as that of FIG.
- FIG. 14 is a configuration example for carrying out the fringe scanning method in a conventional interferometer (only one electron biprism is used) using the electron biprism device 93.
- the electron biprism only the electron biprism device 93 in the present application is used, and the deflector in the present application also uses only one stage.
- FIG. 14 assumes the configuration of FIG. 9A and has a configuration in which the deflection angle ⁇ 1 of the first deflector 81 in the present application is zero, that is, no voltage is applied to the parallel plate electrodes of the first deflector 81. Assumed.
- the electron biprism 91 of the electron biprism device 93 in the present application is disposed between the objective lens 5 and the image plane 71 of the sample, and is a plane perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 84 of the second deflector 82.
- the optical system is constructed so that 845 coincides with the image plane 71 of the sample.
- the second deflector 82 deflects two electron waves of the object wave 21 and the reference wave 23 that constitute the interference microscope image (8 and 31) determined by the electron biprism. Since the deflection is given at the image plane position 71 of the sample, the position of the sample image 31 does not change, and only the phase difference between the two electron waves of the object wave 21 and the reference wave 23 is modulated.
- this optical system is a conventional interference optical system, control of the interference fringe spacing and interference area width, which are advantages of the two-stage electron biprism interferometer, avoidance of superposition of Fresnel fringes on the interference microscope image, etc. Is not feasible.
- the second deflector 82 on the downstream side is used, but the plane 835 is perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 83 by the first deflector 81. Even in this case, even if the plane 865 is perpendicular to the optical axis including the combined deflection point 86 by the first and second deflectors, the same effect can be obtained if it coincides with the image plane 71 of the sample. .
- FIG. 15 is a second configuration example for carrying out the fringe scanning method in a conventional interferometer (only one electron biprism is used) using the electron biprism device 93 according to the present application.
- FIG. 15 assumes the configuration of FIG. Further, it is assumed that the deflection angle ⁇ 1 of the first deflector 81 in the present application is zero, that is, a voltage is not applied to the parallel plate electrodes of the first deflector 81.
- the electron biprism 91 of the electron biprism device 93 in the present application is disposed between the sample image surface 71 of the objective lens 5 and the first imaging lens 61 and the deflection point 84 of the second deflector 82.
- the optical system is constructed so that a plane 845 that is perpendicular to the optical axis including accords with the image plane 71 of the sample.
- the voltage applied to the filament electrode 9 to create interference is a negative voltage, and the positive / negative of the applied voltage is Although different from the optical system in Example 6, this is not an essential difference.
- the propagation directions of the object wave 21 and the reference wave 23 that have not caused interference yet are deflected by the second deflector 82 located on the image plane 71 of the sample 3. Since the deflection is given by the image plane position 71 of the sample, the positions of the sample images 31 and 32 do not change in principle, and two electron beams of the object wave 21 and the reference wave 23 pass through the imaging lens 61 in principle. Only the phase difference of is changed.
- this optical system is a conventional interference optical system, control of the interference fringe spacing and interference area width, which are advantages of the two-stage electron biprism interferometer, avoidance of superposition of Fresnel fringes on the interference microscope image, etc. Is difficult to realize.
- the second deflector 82 on the downstream side is used, but the plane 835 is perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 83 by the first deflector 81.
- Electron source or electron gun 11 ... Real image of electron source under objective lens, 12 ... Virtual image of electron source, 112 ... Virtual image of electron source under objective lens, 121 ... Electron source under first magnification lens 122 ... Virtual image of electron source under first magnifying lens, 13 ... Real image of light source, 18 ... Vacuum container, 19 ... Control unit of electron source, 2 ... Optical axis, 21 ... Object wave, 22 ... Object wave Orbit of electron beam corresponding to, 23 ... reference wave, 24 ... orbit of electron beam corresponding to reference wave, 27 ... orbit of electron beam, 28 ... imaginary orbit of incident electron beam, 29 ...
- Deflection point 83 plane perpendicular to the optical axis including 83, 84: deflection point by the second deflector, 845: plane perpendicular to the optical axis including the deflection point 84, 85: deflection point by the electron biprism, 855: deflection point 85
- Filament electrode of electron beam biprism 91 ... First electron beam biprism, 93 ... Electron beam biprism device, 95 ... Second electron beam biprism, 96 ... Second electron Linear biprism control unit, 97 ... two-stage deflection Control unit, 98 ... control unit of the first electron biprism, 99 ... parallel plate ground electrode
Abstract
Description
図1には、対向する2枚の平行平板電極からなる偏向器の断面を示す。紙面は電子線装置の光軸2を含む平行平板電極に垂直な平面(偏向面)であり、平行平板電極に電圧が印加されたとき発生する電界は、光軸2に垂直な方向(紙面上横方向)であり、光軸上上側から入射した電子線は進行方向の垂直方向に電磁力を受けてその軌道27が偏向させられる。平行平板電極の両端部の電界の乱れを無視し、電極の範囲内にだけ電界が発生すると仮定する均一場近似を用いると、偏向角度βは電極の光軸方向の長さl、対向する電極間距離d、電子線の加速電圧V0、印加電圧VBDと偏向係数kBDを用いて図16の〔数1〕に示す簡単な関係で表される〔非特許文献1〕。本願では、以後、特に断らない限り均一場近似を用いて議論を進める。
図2に2組の平行平板電極からなる2段偏向器と、その偏向器内で偏向される電子軌道27を描いている。均一場近似を用いているため、電子線は上流側第1の偏向器内で放物線軌道を描いた後、第1の偏向器から下側第2の偏向器までは直線軌道を描き、第2の偏向器内で再び放物線軌道を描いている。
電子線バイプリズムは、電子線におけるビームスプリッターとして干渉光学系には不可欠の電子光学装置である。入射する電子線を2つの電子線(22、24)に分離するとともに、光軸2からの距離に依らず、同じ角度αだけ2つの電子線を互いに光軸2に近づく方向、もしくは、互いに光軸2から離れる方向に偏向する特徴を持っている。
電子線による干渉顕微鏡像は像と干渉縞から構成されているため、その解析には縞解析の手法が利用でき、原理的にフーリエ変換法とは異なる位相情報抽出法(縞走査法〔特許文献1〕〔非特許文献3〕、モアレ法〔非特許文献4〕など)が可能である。とりわけ、物体波と参照波の位相差を利用して干渉縞の位相をコントロールして得られる複数枚の画像を利用する縞走査法は、再生像の空間分解能が干渉縞間隔に依存しない点で高分解能化が可能な方法である。その原理は、物体波と参照波の位相差を(2π)/MずつずらしながらM枚の干渉顕微鏡像を記録し、その複数の画像のm番目の強度分布をI(x,y;m)とするとき、図16に示す〔数3〕に基づき物体波の位相分布Φ(x,y)を得るものである。位相差の変調に付随するコントラストの変調(正弦曲線)を決定しなければならない関係から、画像数Mは3以上という制限がある。
(1)上段の電子線バイプリズム(本願の電子線バイプリズム装置93内の電子線バイプリズム91)と下段の電子線バイプリズム95により干渉顕微鏡像(8と32)の干渉縞間隔・干渉領域幅を決定した後、
(2)本願による2段の偏向器(81、82)によって2つの電子波(21、23)の位相差を制御して干渉縞8の縞位置を変調する、
という手順となる。すなわち、電子線に対して対物レンズ5による試料3の結像と上段の電子線バイプリズム91による干渉のための偏向が成された後に2段の偏向器(81、82)による偏向角度の変調操作とがこの順に実施されるため、本実施例で示した、電子線バイプリズム91、第1の偏向器81、第2の偏向器82、の順の構成が、縞走査法にとって最も好適な構成である。
Claims (15)
- 透過型電子顕微鏡もしくは試料を透過した電子線のエネルギー分析を行う電子線装置で使用される電子線バイプリズム装置であって、該電子顕微鏡もしくは該電子線装置の光軸に沿って光軸上を電子源から観察あるいは記録装置の方向に伝播する該電子線に対して、該電子線を分割かつ偏向させる電子線バイプリズムと、該電子線バイプリズムが定める該電子線の偏向面と該光軸を含む電子光学上の同一平面内で該電子線バイプリズムとは独立に該電子線に対して偏向作用を与える少なくとも2つの偏向器と、から構成されることを特徴とする電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムと前記偏向器が、前記電子線の伝播する方向の順に、前記電子線バイプリズムと、第1の偏向器と、第2の偏向器と、から構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムと前記偏向器が、前記電子線の伝播する方向の順に、第1の偏向器と、前記電子線バイプリズムと、第2の偏向器と、から構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムと前記偏向器が、前記電子線の伝播する方向の順に、第1の偏向器と、第2の偏向器と、前記電子線バイプリズムと、から構成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記第1の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向角度と、前記第2の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向角度がそれぞれ調整されることによって、前記電子線バイプリズムが前記電子線に与える前記光軸上の偏向位置と、前記第2の偏向器を射出した後の前記電子線の対応する前記光軸上の偏向位置とが、一致していることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記光軸を含む前記電子線の偏向面内において、前記光軸を軸とし、前記電子線バイプリズムが前記電子線に与える偏向位置を原点としてZ軸を定め、前記電子線の進行方向を正の方向、前記偏向面内の前記電子線の進行方向右回りを正の角度とし、
前記第1の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向角度をβ1とし、
前記第2の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向角度をβ2とし、
前記第1の偏向器の偏向位置のZ軸上の座標をd1とし、
前記第2の偏向器の偏向位置のZ軸上の座標をd2としたとき、
前記第1の偏向器と前記第2の偏向器が前記電子線へ与える偏向角度が以下の式の関係を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムが前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、前記第1の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、前記第2の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、の少なくとも1つの偏向作用が、電界によるものであることを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムが前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、前記第1の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、前記第2の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、の少なくとも1つの偏向作用が、磁界によるものであることを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムと、前記電子線に偏向作用を与える前記第1の偏向器と、前記電子線に偏向作用を与える前記第2の偏向器とが、前記光軸に垂直な任意の方向に一体として移動可能であるとともに、前記光軸と平行な軸を中心として一体として回転可能であるとともに、前記電子線の光路上への挿入と前記電子線の光路上からの引出とが一体として成されることを特徴とする請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の電子線バイプリズム装置。
- 電子線の光源と、該光源から放出される電子線を試料に照射するための照射光学系と、該電子線が照射する試料を保持するための試料保持装置と、該試料の像を結像するための対物レンズを含む結像レンズ系と該試料像を観察あるいは記録するための装置を有する電子線装置であって、
該電子線装置の光軸上で該試料の配置される位置より該電子線の進行方向の下流側に該結像レンズ系に属する1つもしくは複数のレンズを介した該試料の像面位置に電子線バイプリズム装置が配置され、
該電子線の光軸上で該電子線バイプリズム装置よりも該電子線の進行方向の下流側に第2の電子線バイプリズムが配置されることを特徴とする電子線装置。 - 前記電子線バイプリズム装置が、該電子線装置の光軸に沿って前記光軸上を前記光源から前記観察あるいは記録するための装置の方向に伝播する該電子線に対して、該電子線を分割かつ偏向させる第1の電子線バイプリズムと、該電子線バイプリズムが定める該電子線の偏向面と該光軸を含む電子光学上の同一平面内で該電子線バイプリズムとは独立に該電子線に対して偏向作用を与える少なくとも2つの偏向器と、から構成されることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の電子線装置。
- 前記第2の電子線バイプリズムが、前記電子線バイプリズム装置によって作り出される電子線の陰の空間に位置することを特徴とする請求項10もしくは11に記載の電子線装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムと前記偏向器が、前記電子線の伝播する方向の順に、前記電子線バイプリズムと、第1の偏向器と、第2の偏向器と、から構成されることを特徴とする請求項10から12のいずれかに記載の電子線装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムが前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、前記第1の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、前記第2の偏向器が前記電子線に与える偏向作用と、の少なくとも1つの偏向作用が、電界によるものであることを特徴とする請求項10から13のいずれかに記載の電子線装置。
- 前記電子線バイプリズムと、前記電子線に偏向作用を与える前記第1の偏向器と、前記電子線に偏向作用を与える前記第2の偏向器とが、前記光軸に垂直な任意の方向に一体として移動可能であるとともに、前記光軸と平行な軸を中心として一体として回転可能であるとともに、前記電子線の光路上への挿入と前記電子線の光路上からの引出とが一体として成されることを特徴とする請求項10から14のいずれかに記載の電子線装置。
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CN104122900A (zh) * | 2014-07-30 | 2014-10-29 | 中国科学院光电技术研究所 | 一种基于旋转双棱镜的复合轴跟踪系统 |
CN104122900B (zh) * | 2014-07-30 | 2017-01-25 | 中国科学院光电技术研究所 | 一种基于旋转双棱镜的复合轴跟踪系统 |
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US20120241612A1 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
JPWO2011071015A1 (ja) | 2013-04-22 |
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