WO2011035852A2 - Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen durchführung heterogen katalysierter chemischer reaktionen bei hohen temperaturen - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen durchführung heterogen katalysierter chemischer reaktionen bei hohen temperaturen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011035852A2 WO2011035852A2 PCT/EP2010/005427 EP2010005427W WO2011035852A2 WO 2011035852 A2 WO2011035852 A2 WO 2011035852A2 EP 2010005427 W EP2010005427 W EP 2010005427W WO 2011035852 A2 WO2011035852 A2 WO 2011035852A2
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- open
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- catalytically active
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- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ACTRVOBWPAIOHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N succimer Chemical compound OC(=O)C(S)C(S)C(O)=O ACTRVOBWPAIOHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
- B01J23/462—Ruthenium
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/88—Molybdenum
- B01J23/882—Molybdenum and cobalt
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/132—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
- C07C29/136—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
- C07C29/143—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of ketones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/03—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting an ester group with a hydroxy group
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G32/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
- C10G32/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms by electric or magnetic means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
- H05B6/80—Apparatus for specific applications
- H05B6/806—Apparatus for specific applications for laboratory use
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- B01J2219/00002—Chemical plants
- B01J2219/00027—Process aspects
- B01J2219/00033—Continuous processes
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- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0892—Materials to be treated involving catalytically active material
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/12—Processes employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/1203—Incoherent waves
- B01J2219/1206—Microwaves
- B01J2219/1209—Features relating to the reactor or vessel
- B01J2219/1212—Arrangements of the reactor or the reactors
- B01J2219/1215—Single reactor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/12—Processes employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/1203—Incoherent waves
- B01J2219/1206—Microwaves
- B01J2219/1209—Features relating to the reactor or vessel
- B01J2219/1221—Features relating to the reactor or vessel the reactor per se
- B01J2219/1224—Form of the reactor
- B01J2219/1227—Reactors comprising tubes with open ends
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
- C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1037—Hydrocarbon fractions
- C10G2300/1048—Middle distillates
- C10G2300/1055—Diesel having a boiling range of about 230 - 330 °C
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/201—Impurities
- C10G2300/202—Heteroatoms content, i.e. S, N, O, P
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for continuous
- M. Hajek in A. Loupy, Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, Wiley 2006, Chapter 13 references a variety of heterogeneous
- Flow-through apparatus in which reactions catalyzed by nickel powder or nickel-containing alloys are carried out under microwave irradiation.
- the design of the equipment is designed for laboratory scale applications and, at least because of the limited penetration depth of microwaves into matter, can not be increased to a scale of interest for industrial applications.
- WO 2009/064501 discloses processes for the catalytic desulfurization of crude oils under microwave irradiation.
- the proposed apparatus design is not transferable to an industrial scale, at least because of the limited penetration of microwaves into matter, to a few centimeters.
- WO 2006/024167 discloses a microreactor in which the reaction mixture flowing through a capillary containing catalytically active substances coated with catalytically active substances is exposed to microwave radiation which is irradiated perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the capillary. Due to the short irradiation zone as well as the amount of only a few centimeters
- the object of the invention was therefore to provide a device for continuously carrying out heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions on an industrial scale at high temperatures, in which the reaction mixture can be heated as quickly as possible and without partial overheating to the desired reaction temperature. Furthermore, the device should allow working above atmospheric pressure, so that the reaction mixture remains at elevated temperatures in the liquid or dissolved state. The device should allow a high space-time yield, high energy efficiency and beyond a safe and reproducible work. Another object of the invention was to provide a device for
- Microwave transparent tube whose longitudinal axis is in the
- Propagation direction of the microwaves of a single-mode microwave applicator is, wherein the microwave-transparent tube with an open-cell
- Foam is filled, which is catalytically active and / or catalytically active species carries, is heated.
- the foam carrying the catalytically active and / or catalytically active species and the reaction mixture flowing through it are heated homogeneously and none is produced
- the invention relates to an apparatus for continuously carrying out heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions, comprising
- Microwave transparent tube whose longitudinal axis is in the
- Propagation direction of the microwaves of a single-mode microwave applicator is located, wherein the microwave-transparent tube with an open-cell, catalytically active species bearing or consisting of foam is filled.
- Another object of the invention is a method for carrying out heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions in which the reaction mixture is converted by irradiation with microwaves in a microwave-transparent tube whose longitudinal axis is in the propagation direction of the microwaves of a single-mode microwave applicator, said
- Microwave-transparent tube with an open-cell, catalytically active species bearing or made of this foam is filled.
- Inventive device and method according to the invention are preferably suitable for reactions of organic chemistry. They are particularly suitable for those reactions whose reaction rate is determined by the
- Reactions are esterifications, transesterifications, amidations, ester cleavages, etherifications, acetalizations, ene reactions, Diels-Alder reactions,
- Polymerizations such as polycondensations. Also for them
- reaction mixtures may also contain auxiliaries, for example solvents.
- Under open-cell foams according to the invention materials with zelliger Understood structure and low density, in which the cell walls are not substantially closed.
- the structures thus preferably consist of interconnected webs. Webs and cavities form two continuous networks that interpenetrate each other.
- the open-pore foam thus contains a plurality of flow paths within a solid structure with surface containing catalytically active or catalytically active species.
- the open-cell foam is structured such that it makes possible a flow of the reaction material in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the microwave-transparent tube, also referred to below as the reaction tube.
- open-cell foam-induced pressure loss is preferably less than 5-10 5 Pa / m, more preferably less than 2-10 5 Pa / m and especially less than 1-10 5 Pa / m such as less than 0.5-10 5 Pa / m against air at a flow rate of 5 m / s.
- the porosity of preferred open-celled foams is at least 20%, preferably 35 to 99%, more preferably 50 to 95% such as 70 to 90%. Porosity of the foam is understood to be the ratio of the density of the open-cell foam (p) to the density of the material forming the webs (ps):
- the open porosity is at least 50%, particularly preferably 65 to 100% and in particular 70 to 99%, for example 75 to 95% of the total cells present.
- the pore size of preferred open-celled foams is between 1 cm and 0.01 mm and more preferably between 0.5 cm and 0.1 mm.
- Open-cell foams suitable according to the invention have a Strength which is at least sufficient to withstand the pressure of the reaction product flowing through it.
- Preferred open-cell foams have an average strength (breaking load) of at least 100 N and in particular from 200 to 15,000 N, for example from 300 to 0,000 N.
- the strength of foamed ceramics can be determined with the aid of a simple test method in which a test punch With a defined diameter pressed into the ceramic foam and the force-displacement curve is recorded. The force required to destroy the structure is taken as a measure of strength. It is expressed as the breaking load in unit N and determined as the mean of one lot of ten samples.
- the strength of open-cell foams can be determined with a testing machine using a 20 mm diameter test punch, the test piece measuring at least 40 ⁇ 40 mm across the breaking load and being at least 10 mm thick.
- the breaking load is the first peak of the force-displacement curve. This is due to the breaking in of the uppermost level.
- the open-celled foam is shaped such that the reaction mixture is mixed into a turbulent flow.
- the microwave-transparent tube is filled with an open-cell foam having a specially shaped catalytically active surface or contains fillers formed from such an open-cell foam.
- the open-cell foam having a specially shaped catalytically active surface or contains fillers formed from such an open-cell foam.
- Foams are a surface for coating with or for incorporation of catalytically active species.
- the open-cell foam is dimensioned such that it substantially completely fills the cavity of the reaction tube at least in the area exposed to the microwave radiation (heating zone).
- the foam has a corresponding to the interior of the reaction tube
- the diameter of such foam cores is preferably at least 90%, more preferably 95 to 99.9% such as 96 to 99% of the inner diameter of Reaction tube.
- the foam core is flush with the wall of the reaction tube. This avoids the formation of channels in which the reaction mixture
- Reaction tube without passing through the open-cell, catalytically active and / or catalytically active species bearing foam can flow through.
- the reaction tube and foam are integrally joined together.
- the open-cell foam can also be introduced into the reaction tube in the form of catalytically active and / or shaped bodies impregnated with catalytically active species.
- any shapes are suitable, preferably tablets, rings, cylinders, stars,
- Carriage wheels or balls are cylinders with a diameter corresponding to the cross section of the reaction tube.
- the volume of the reaction tube is filled as much as possible by the bed of the shaped body. In this embodiment, more than
- reaction tube with moldings 50% by volume, more preferably 70 to 100% by volume, in particular 80 to 99% by volume, for example 85 to 95% by volume, of the reaction tube with moldings
- the fillers are preferably held by sieves, frits or Querschittsverengonne in the reaction tube.
- the materials used for the production of open-cell foams preferably have melting points above the desired reaction temperature, more preferably at least 50 ° C. above the desired
- Reaction temperature especially at least 100 ° C and in particular at least 200 ° C above the desired reaction temperature.
- the open-celled foam is formed of ceramic material. Many reactions have ceramic
- the open-cell foam is essentially one or more
- Metals in particular transition metals, alloys containing transition metals, their oxides or mixtures thereof formed.
- Preferred ceramic foams of the first embodiment i) may consist of the same or different material as the reaction tube.
- the foam consists of the same material as the reaction tube.
- Preferred materials for ceramics suitable according to the invention are, for example, aluminum oxide, sapphire, zirconium oxide, silicon nitride and the like, and also mixtures thereof. Also silica, silicates and especially quartz and their mixtures with the aforementioned ceramics are suitable. Open cell ceramic foams are known in the art. Such ceramic foams are usually produced by first a
- burnable foam structure usually an organic foam structure such as a polyurethane foam, with an ingredients for forming a ceramic-containing, usually aqueous suspension (slurry) is impregnated. Thereafter, the impregnated foam structure is optionally released from excess suspension, dried to remove solvent, and then calcined at a temperature at which the foam structure burns and sinters the components of the suspension deposited on the foam structure into a ceramic. In this case, a so-called positive impression of the foam structure with the same macrostructure as the original polymer foam possessed is obtained.
- Another example of a method for producing open-cell foams suitable according to the invention is heterocoagulation.
- colloidal systems structures are obtained by electrostatic interaction of, for example, suitable for the formation of ceramic nanoparticles with polymer particles, the open-celled foams with after filtration and calcination
- the properties of the resulting open-cell foams are set within wide limits. This method is particularly suitable for the production of open-cell ceramic foams with a high surface area, high catalytic activity and low flow resistance.
- Suitable open-celled foams also include structures formed from aggregates of spheres, microspheres, granules, nanotubes and / or hollow fibers, and calcined by calcining, which have a large surface area and a plurality of flow paths. Also by direct foaming of suspensions ceramic-forming materials or of transition metals, their oxides, silicates, salts and / or complexes and optionally calcining the structures obtained according to the invention can be obtained open-cell foams.
- Embodiment ii) proven to enforce, coat or impregnate the open-celled ceramics of the first preferred embodiment i) with one or more further catalytically active species.
- the open-cell foam consists of ceramic material in which catalytically active species are incorporated and / or which is coated or impregnated with catalytically active species.
- Suitable catalytically active species are in principle all solid compounds which are capable of accelerating one or more chemical reactions without being self-consumed. According to preferred catalysts show a pronounced absorption of
- the open-cell ceramic foam may be interspersed with at least one acidic or basic-reacting material.
- Foams are in principle accessible by the same processes as the open-cell ceramic foams described above for embodiment i), wherein the catalyst-containing suspension contains catalytically active species or their precursors which are incorporated into the ceramic-forming mass.
- the catalyst-containing suspension contains catalytically active species or their precursors which are incorporated into the ceramic-forming mass.
- basic-reacting additives are, for example, salts and oxides of the alkali and alkaline earth metals such as CaO, MgO, Na 2 O, K 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 and mixtures thereof.
- montmorillonite, zeolite, clay, silicates, alumina in acidic or basic form may be added to the slurry as catalytically active species.
- Boron carbide B 4 C can also be added to the slip.
- open cell ceramic foams accessible by the methods described for embodiment i) may be coated or impregnated with these or other acidic or basic materials, for example by application a solution or suspension of at least one catalytically active material and / or its precursor onto the open-celled ceramic foam and subsequent drying and optionally calcination of the foam thus treated.
- the open-cell ceramic foam with at least one
- Transition metal its oxide, sulfide, silicate, salt and / or complex
- Transition metal-containing alloys and / or mixtures thereof may be interspersed or coated or impregnated with these.
- Particularly suitable transition metals are the elements of Groups IVA to VI IIA and IA and IIA of the Periodic Table.
- suitable catalytically active species according to the invention are transition metals and their oxides and silicates.
- suitable metals are palladium, nickel, cobalt, platinum, rhodium, iron, copper, chromium, zinc, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, gold, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, manganese, molybdenum, zirconium and aluminum and their
- Mixtures Mixtures and alloys of various metals such as, for example, various transition metals or transition metals with metals of the main groups, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals, can be used according to the invention as a catalyst.
- various metals such as, for example, various transition metals or transition metals with metals of the main groups, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals
- examples of such mixtures are copper-zinc, nickel-molybdenum, cobalt-nickel-molybdenum, cobalt-molybdenum, nickel-tungsten, nickel-sodium and nickel-wofram-titanium.
- Suitable salts are acetates, halides, carbonates, nitrates, phosphates and / or sulfates;
- ligands suitable complex compounds according to the invention are mono- and polydentate, preferably di-, tri- and polydentate ligands, for example triphenylphosphine (TPP),
- DIPAMP 0-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis (diphenylphosphino) butane
- DIOP 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetate
- TEMEDA tetramethylethylenediamine
- EN Ethylenediamine
- DIEN diethylenetriamine
- IDA iminodiacetate
- diethylenetetramine triaminotriethylamine
- NTA Nitrilotriacetate
- TED ethylenediaminotetraacetate
- DTPA diethylenetriamine pentaacetate
- DOA 1, 4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4,7,10-tetraacetate
- OX oxalate
- DMG dimethylglyoxime
- Tp Tris (pyrazolyl) borate
- BINAP 2,2'-Binaphthyldiphenyldiphosphine
- BPY 2,2'-bipyridine
- PHEN 1,10-phenanthroline
- NTA dimercaptosuccinic acid
- NTA nitrilotriacetic acid
- ligands based on the porphyrin scaffold.
- the coating or impregnation of the open-cell ceramic foams can be carried out, for example, by impregnating the ceramic with solutions or suspensions of transition metals, their salts and / or complexes, wherein a layer of finely divided metal or metal salt and / or metal complex is applied.
- the impregnation is preferably carried out with soluble salts and / or complexes of the above metals such as acetates, halides, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates and / or sulfates.
- the transition metals as well as their salts and complexes can be fixed to the open-cell foam, for example by absorption and in particular complexes by chemical bonding. They can also be converted into the corresponding oxides of the metals by, for example, calcination or other chemical processes.
- the positive impression of a polymer foam can be coated with catalytically active species.
- the structures obtained can then be further optimized, for example by sintering.
- the coating of the open-cell foams with catalytically active species can furthermore be carried out, for example, by powder coating,
- Open-celled foams interspersed and / or coated with catalytically active species preferably contain from 0.001 to 25% by weight and more preferably from 0.05 to 20% by weight, for example from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on catalytically active species Total weight of the foam.
- the open-celled foams of the third preferred embodiment iii) are essentially composed of one or more transition metals, alloys containing transition metals, their oxides, sulfides, silicates or their
- Transition metals and their oxides are the elements of Groups IVA to VIIIA and IA and IIA of the Periodic Table.
- suitable metals are palladium, nickel, cobalt, platinum, rhodium, iron, copper, chromium, zinc, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, gold, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, manganese, molybdenum, zirconium and aluminum and their
- Mixtures Mixtures and alloys of various metals such as, for example, various transition metals or transition metals with metals of the main groups such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals can be used according to the invention as a catalyst.
- various metals such as, for example, various transition metals or transition metals with metals of the main groups such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
- examples of such mixtures are copper-zinc, nickel-molybdenum, cobalt-nickel-molybdenum, cobalt-molybdenum, nickel-tungsten, nickel-sodium and nickel-wofram-titanium.
- a polymer foam is impregnated with the solution or suspension of one or more transition metals, alloys containing transition metals, their oxides, sulfides, salts and / or complexes, and the polymer is removed by pyrolysis after removal of excess material and drying.
- the impregnation of the polymer foam is preferably carried out with soluble salts and / or complexes of the above metals such as acetates, halides, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates and / or sulfates.
- soluble salts and / or complexes of the above metals such as acetates, halides, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates and / or sulfates.
- polar organic solvents are polar organic solvents as well
- suitable open-celled foams are known, for example the direct foaming of catalytically active metals or metal oxides.
- Metals or metal oxides may be used before use
- microwaves are electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between about 1 cm and 1m and frequencies between about 300 MHz and
- Microwave radiation with those for industrial, scientific, medical; domestic or similar uses shared frequencies such as frequencies of 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz or 24.12 GHz.
- Microwave-transparent tube of the device according to the invention to a pressure-resistant, chemically inert tube (reaction tube), in the flow through the reaction mixture is exposed to microwave radiation.
- the reaction tube is substantially straight.
- the heating of the reaction product preferably takes place in a microwave-transparent, straight tube whose longitudinal axis is in the propagation direction of the microwaves of a single-mode microwave applicator.
- the irradiation of the reaction mixture with microwaves in a microwave-transparent, straight reaction tube, which is within a with a waveguide connected to a microwave generator is located.
- the reaction tube is aligned axially with the central axis of symmetry of the waveguide.
- the acting as a microwave applicator waveguide is preferred as
- Cavity resonator dimensioned so that it forms a standing wave. Further preferably, the microwaves not absorbed by the reaction material in the waveguide are reflected at its end.
- the microwave applicator as a reflection-type resonator, a local increase in the electric field strength is achieved with the same power supplied by the generator and an increased energy utilization.
- the cavity resonator is preferably operated in mode n E i 0, where n is an integer and represents the number of field maxima of the microwave along the central axis of symmetry of the resonator.
- the electric field is in the direction of the central axis of symmetry of the
- Cavity resonator directed. It has a maximum in the region of the central axis of symmetry and decreases towards the lateral surface to the value zero.
- Field configuration is rotationally symmetrical about the central axis of symmetry.
- n is an integer
- N is preferably an integer from 1 to 200, particularly preferably from 2 to 100, in particular from 3 to 50, especially from 4 to 20, for example three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten.
- the Eo-in mode of the cavity resonator is also known in English as
- TMoin mode see, for example, K. Lange, K.H. Löcherer,
- the irradiation of the microwave energy into the waveguide acting as a microwave applicator can take place via suitably dimensioned holes or slots.
- the irradiation of the reaction product with microwaves takes place in a reaction tube which is located in a waveguide with coaxial transition of the microwaves.
- particularly preferred microwave devices are from a cavity resonator, a coupling device for coupling a
- Microwave field in the cavity resonator and constructed with one opening at two opposite end walls for passing the reaction tube through the resonator.
- Cavity resonator is preferably via a coupling pin, in the
- the coupling pin is as a
- Forming coupling antenna preferably formed metallic inner conductor tube. In a particularly preferred embodiment, this protrudes
- Coupling pin through one of the frontal openings in the cavity resonator inside.
- the reaction tube connects to the
- Inner conductor tube of the coaxial transition and in particular it is guided through the cavity into the cavity resonator.
- the reaction tube is aligned axially with a central axis of symmetry of the cavity resonator.
- the cavity resonator preferably each has a central opening on two opposite end walls for passing the reaction tube.
- Coupling antenna acting inner conductor tube can be done for example by means of a coaxial connecting cable.
- the microwave field is fed to the resonator via a waveguide, wherein the protruding from the cavity resonator end of the coupling pin in a
- Opening which is located in the wall of the waveguide, is guided into the waveguide and removes microwave energy from the waveguide and coupled into the resonator.
- the irradiation of the reaction mixture with microwaves in a microwave-transparent reaction tube which takes place is axially symmetrical in a Eoi n round waveguide with coaxial transition of the microwaves.
- the reaction tube is guided through the cavity of an inner conductor tube acting as a coupling antenna into the cavity resonator.
- the irradiation of the reaction mixture with microwaves in a microwave-transparent reaction tube is axially symmetrical in a Eoi n round waveguide with coaxial transition of the microwaves.
- the reaction tube is guided through the cavity of an inner conductor tube acting as a coupling antenna into the cavity resonator.
- n 2 or more field maxima of the microwave form.
- the irradiation of the reaction mixture with microwaves takes place in one
- Microwave-transparent reaction tube which is axially symmetric in a circular cylindrical Eoi n- cavity resonator with coaxial transition of
- Microwave generators such as the magnetron, the klystron and the gyrotron are known in the art.
- the reaction tubes used for microwave irradiation are preferably made of microwave-transparent, high-melting material. Non-metallic reaction tubes are particularly preferably used. Under
- Microwaveable here materials understood that even possible absorb little microwave energy and convert it into heat.
- the dielectric loss factor tan ⁇ is defined as the ratio of dielectric loss ⁇ "and ⁇ dielectric constant '. Examples of tan ⁇ values of different materials are, for example, in D. Bogdal,
- microwave-transparent and temperature-stable materials are primarily materials based on minerals such as quartz, alumina, sapphire, zirconium oxide, silicon nitride and the like into consideration. Also thermally stable plastics such as in particular fluoropolymers such as Teflon, and engineering plastics such
- Polypropylene, or polyaryletherketones such as glass fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) are suitable as pipe materials.
- PEEK glass fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone
- Reaction tubes have an inner diameter of one millimeter to about 50 cm, in particular between 2 mm and 35 cm and especially between 5 mm and 15 cm, for example between 10 mm and 7 cm.
- Reaction tubes are understood here to be vessels whose ratio of length to diameter is greater than 5, preferably between 10 and 00,000, particularly preferably between 20 and 10,000, for example between 30 and 1,000.
- the length of the reaction tube is understood here as the distance of the tube on which the
- Eor cavity resonators particularly suitable according to the invention preferably have a diameter which corresponds to at least half the wavelength of the microwave radiation used.
- the diameter is preferably of the cavity resonator, the 1, 0 to 10-fold, more preferably the 1, 1 to 5-fold and in particular the 2.1 to 2.6 times the half wavelength of the microwave radiation used.
- the Eoi cavity resonator has a round cross-section, which is also referred to as EorRundhohlleiter.
- it has a cylindrical shape and especially one
- reaction tube heatating zone
- the exposed area of the reaction tube depends on various factors such as the geometry of the reaction tube, the
- the residence time of the reaction mixture in the reaction tube and especially in the heating zone is usually less than 30 minutes, preferably between 0.01 seconds and 15 minutes, more preferably between 0.1 seconds and 10 minutes and especially between 1 second and 5 minutes such as between 5 Seconds and 2 minutes.
- Microwave radiation is adjusted so that the reaction mixture has the desired reaction temperature when leaving the reaction tube.
- Cavity resonator to be irradiated microwave power is particularly dependent on the desired reaction temperature, but also of the
- the microwave power to be radiated is usually between 200 W and several 100 kW and in particular between 500 W and 100 kW, for example between 1 kW and 70 kW. It can be generated by one or more microwave generators. To optimize the space-time yield, the microwave power is preferably adjusted so that the
- Reaction mixture in the shortest possible time reaches the desired reaction temperature, but without causing electrical discharges in the Microwave applicator is coming.
- the temperature increase caused by the microwave irradiation is determined, for example, by regulation of the microwave intensity and / or the
- the temperature can be measured, for example, on the surface of the reaction tube;
- the reaction product is cooled as soon as possible after completion of the microwave irradiation to temperatures below 120 ° C, preferably below 100 ° C and especially below 60 ° C.
- reaction zone In the reaction zone can educt, product, optionally by-product and, if present, solvent by increasing the temperature to a
- reaction of the reaction product is often not yet in chemical equilibrium when leaving the reaction tube.
- Reaction tube directly that is transferred without intermediate cooling in an isothermal reaction zone, in which it is on for a certain time
- the reaction mixture is optionally relaxed and cooled.
- the temperature difference between leaving the reaction tube until it enters the reaction zone is less than ⁇ 30 ° C, preferably less than ⁇ 20 ° C, more preferably less than ⁇ 10 ° C and especially less than ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the temperature of the reaction product when entering the reaction zone corresponds to the temperature when leaving the reaction tube.
- reaction mixture is preferably cooled as quickly as possible directly after leaving the reaction zone to temperatures below 120 ° C, preferably below 100 ° C and especially below 60 ° C.
- Isothermal reaction zone is understood to mean that the temperature of the reaction mixture in the reaction zone is kept constant with respect to the inlet temperature at ⁇ 30 ° C., preferably ⁇ 20 ° C., more preferably ⁇ 10 ° C. and in particular ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the reaction mixture when leaving the reaction zone has a maximum temperature of ⁇ 30 ° C, preferably ⁇ 20 ° C, more preferably ⁇ 10 ° C and
- Reaction paths may consist of various materials such as metals, ceramics, glass, quartz or plastics, provided that they are mechanical under the selected temperature and pressure conditions stable and chemically inert. Thermally insulated vessels have proven to be particularly useful.
- the residence time of the reaction mixture in the reaction zone can be adjusted, for example, via the volume of the reaction zone. When using stirred containers and container cascades, it has proven equally appropriate to adjust the residence time on the degree of filling of the container.
- the isothermal reaction zone is also loaded with open-pored, catalytically active or catalytically active species-containing foam. This can be the same foam as in the
- a tube is used as the reaction section. This may be an extension of the
- Microwave-transparent reaction tube after the heating zone or a separate, communicating with the reaction tube pipe of the same or different material act. Over the length of the tube and / or its cross-section can be determined at a given flow rate, the residence time of the reaction mixture.
- the tube functioning as the reaction section is thermally insulated, so that the temperature prevailing in the reaction section when the reaction mixture enters the reaction zone is kept within the limits given above.
- the reaction material can be added or removed in the reaction path but also for example by means of a heat transfer medium or cooling medium targeted energy. This embodiment has proven particularly suitable for starting the device or the method. So can the
- Reaction path be configured, for example, as a pipe coil or a tube bundle, which is located in a heating or cooling bath or acted upon in the form of a double-walled tube with a heating or cooling medium.
- the reaction path can also be in another
- Microwave applicator are in which the reaction with again
- Microwaves is treated. Both single-mode and multi-mode applicators can be used.
- the residence time of the reaction mixture in the isothermal reaction zone depends on the reaction rate of the reaction carried out as well the speed of any unwanted side reactions. Ideally, the residence time in the reaction zone is such that the thermal equilibrium state defined by the prevailing conditions is reached. Usually, the residence time is between 1 second and 10 hours, preferably between 10 seconds and 2 hours, more preferably between 20 seconds and 60 minutes, for example between 30 seconds and 30 minutes. Further preferably, the ratio between residence time of the reaction material in the reaction zone to the residence time in the heating zone between 1: 2 and 100: 1, more preferably 1: 1 to 50: 1 and in particular between 1: 1, 5 and 10: 1.
- the device according to the invention is usually at the inlet with a
- Pressure holding device and a cooling device such as a
- Heat exchanger provided. This allows reactions in a very wide range of pressure and temperature.
- the cooling of the reaction mixture after leaving the reaction tube or the isothermal reaction section can be done for example by means of heat exchangers or adiabatic expansion or dilution with cold solvent.
- Atmospheric pressure but it can be done for subsequent process steps or when using special equipment on higher or lower pressures. Thus, for example, it has proven useful to relax the reaction mixture to pressures significantly below the atmospheric pressure to separate off solvents and / or unreacted educts.
- the cooling can in
- the preparation of the reaction mixtures can be carried out continuously, batchwise or else in semi-batch processes.
- the preparation of the reaction mixture can be carried out in an upstream (semi) -batch process be such as in a stirred tank.
- the reaction mixture may contain one or more reactants, preferably two to ten such as, for example, two, three, four, five, six or more reactants, and optionally adjuvants such as solvents and further, preferably homogeneous, catalysts and / or
- Cocatalysts include.
- the reaction mixture is preferably generated in situ and not isolated.
- the educts, optionally diluted with solvent, if appropriate, are mixed shortly before they enter the reaction tube.
- solvent if appropriate, it has proven particularly useful to bring the components of the reaction mixture together in a mixing section, from which they are conveyed into the heating zone, if appropriate after intermediate cooling.
- the starting materials are preferred
- higher-melting and / or higher-viscosity starting materials for example in the molten state and / or with solvent, for example, can be used as solution, dispersion or emulsion.
- Another catalyst can, if so
- Reaction mixture must be well below the pore size of the foam.
- the particle size of solid constituents, if present, is preferably at most 50%, in particular at most 10%, for example at most 2% of the pore width of the foam.
- one or more gaseous educts are used.
- suitable gaseous educts are hydrogen,
- reaction conditions are preferably chosen so that the gases in the liquid Condition or dissolved in the reaction mixture.
- gases can also be prepared by reaction of corresponding compounds in the heating zone and intervene in situ in the actual reaction. So can
- Reaction mixture with the catalytically active and / or catalytically active species bearing foam instead. Due to the compressive strength of the system can be carried out under high pressure, in particular, without escaping in particular the gaseous or other low-boiling components.
- an inert protective gas such as nitrogen, argon or helium.
- the reaction mixture can be introduced into the reaction tube either at the through the reaction tube
- Inner conductor led end fed in as well as at the opposite end.
- length of the irradiation zone (this is understood to mean the distance of the reaction tube in which the reaction mixture
- Dwell time at maximum temperature remains so short that so few side reactions or subsequent reactions occur as possible.
- the regulation of the reaction conditions desired for the individual chemical reaction is preferably carried out by controlling the temperature reached at the end of the heating zone
- Reaction tube preferably adjusted so that the gaseous reactants are dissolved in the reaction mixture or in liquefied form.
- the process is preferably carried out at pressures between 1 bar (atmospheric pressure) and 500 bar, and more preferably between 1, 5 and 200 bar, in particular between 3 bar and 150 bar and especially between 10 bar and 100 bar such as between 5 bar and 50 bar ,
- Working has proven particularly useful under elevated pressure, wherein above the boiling point (at atmospheric pressure) of the reactants, products, the optionally present solvent and / or the products formed during the reaction is worked.
- the pressure is set so high that the
- Reaction mixture during the microwave irradiation remains in the liquid state and does not boil.
- the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention permit very rapid, energy-saving and cost-effective performance of heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions in high yields
- Temperature of the reaction mixture comes to the vessel wall. This is particularly pronounced when irradiating the reaction material in the center of a symmetrical microwave field within a reaction tube whose longitudinal axis is in the propagation direction of the microwaves of a single-mode microwave applicator and in particular within a E 0 i cavity resonator, for example with coaxial transition of the microwaves.
- the device according to the invention it is in contrast to conventional
- Microwave method of the prior art provides.
- Inventive device and method also allow by the continuous microwave irradiation only smaller by the volume of
- the reaction mixture is very well mixed by the cross-mixing caused by the open-cell foam and in many cases is mixed into a turbulent flow.
- the laminar flow often observed side by side flow of the starting materials, without that it can come to a reaction avoided.
- foam-like structures have a very large, catalytically active surface without oppose the flowing reaction material greater resistance to flow, as usual
- Aluminum oxide reaction tube (60 x 1 cm) axially symmetric in a cylindrical cavity resonator (60 x 10 cm).
- the reaction tube was over the entire length with one specified in the respective examples open-cell foam filled.
- the reaction tube passed through the cavity of an inner conductor tube functioning as a coupling antenna.
- Microwave field with a frequency of 2.45 GHz was using the
- Reaction mixtures unless otherwise stated, relaxed to atmospheric pressure and immediately cooled by means of an intensive heat exchanger to about 40 ° C.
- the microwave power was adjusted over the duration of the experiment in each case in such a way that the desired temperature of the reaction mixture was kept constant at the end of the reaction tube.
- the microwave powers mentioned in the test descriptions therefore represent the time average of the irradiated microwave power.
- Reaction mixture was directly after leaving the reaction tube (about 15 cm distance in an insulated stainless steel capillary, 0 1 cm) using Pt100
- Temperature sensor made. Microwave energy not directly absorbed by the reaction mixture was reflected at the end face of the cavity resonator opposite the coupling antenna; the microwave energy not absorbed by the reaction mixture also in the return and mirrored back in the direction of the magnetron was conducted by means of a prism system (circulator) into a vessel containing water. From the difference between
- Reaction mixture has a temperature of 211 ° C.
- Reaction product was slightly yellowish in color, its content of calcium ions was below 5 ppm ( ⁇ detection limit). After separation of the specifically heavier glycerol and distillative removal of the excess methanol, 4.2 kg rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester were obtained, which as by-products 0.5%
- Reaction mixture was exposed to a microwave power of 1.8 kW, of which 95% was absorbed by the reaction mixture.
- Reaction mixture in the reaction tube was about 39 seconds. After leaving the reaction tube, the reaction mixture had a temperature of 248 ° C.
- Deficiency used phenylboronic acid of 75% d. Th. Reached, the palladium content of the product was ⁇ 5 ppm ( ⁇ detection limit).
- the solvents used were removed and the product bottoms were transferred to a vacuum distillation apparatus. After purification by distillation (134-136 ° C./12 mbar), 706 g of 4-methylbiphenyl having a purity of> 99% were obtained.
- Example 2 described Pd-doped Aliminiumschaum was filled. In this case, before the oil entered the reaction tube, hydrogen was introduced into the reactant stream in the manner which sets the pressure of .gamma. Inside the apparatus
- Reaction temperature 160 ° C at the end of the reaction tube set.
- the residence time of the oil / H 2 mixture in the reaction tube was on average 37 seconds.
- the reaction product was cooled by means of a heat exchanger to 40 ° C.
- the resulting hardened sunflower oil had a content of unsaturated fatty acid of 7% after the reaction. On standing, the product solidified after a short time to a white, waxy mass.
- Example 4 Catalytic reduction of cyclohexanone by means of transfer hydrogenation to cyclohexanol
- the irradiated microwave power of 1, 5 KW heated the reaction mixture to 155 ° C.
- reaction tube the reaction product was cooled by means of a heat exchanger to 40 ° C.
- the determined by H-NMR yield was 93% based on the cyclohexanone used.
- the ruthenium content of the reaction product was ⁇ 5 ppm ( ⁇ detection limit).
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EP10749814.9A EP2480327B1 (de) | 2009-09-22 | 2010-09-03 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kontinuierlichen durchführung heterogen katalysierter chemischer reaktionen bei hohen temperaturen |
US13/497,394 US9302245B2 (en) | 2009-09-22 | 2010-09-03 | Apparatus for continuously carrying out heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions at elevated temperatures |
ES10749814.9T ES2529610T3 (es) | 2009-09-22 | 2010-09-03 | Dispositivo y procedimiento para la realización continua de unas reacciones químicas catalizadas heterogéneamente a unas altas temperaturas |
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DE102010056565A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Verfahren zur Modifizierung Hydroxylgruppen tragender Polymere |
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- 2010-09-03 JP JP2012530146A patent/JP5992329B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
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ES2529610T3 (es) | 2015-02-23 |
JP5992329B2 (ja) | 2016-09-14 |
US9302245B2 (en) | 2016-04-05 |
DE102009042523A1 (de) | 2011-05-26 |
KR20120083284A (ko) | 2012-07-25 |
WO2011035852A3 (de) | 2011-05-19 |
US20120178951A1 (en) | 2012-07-12 |
EP2480327A2 (de) | 2012-08-01 |
DE102009042523B4 (de) | 2012-02-16 |
EP2480327B1 (de) | 2015-01-07 |
JP2013505125A (ja) | 2013-02-14 |
CA2774816A1 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
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