WO2011001529A1 - 内燃機関の吸気制御装置 - Google Patents
内燃機関の吸気制御装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011001529A1 WO2011001529A1 PCT/JP2009/062178 JP2009062178W WO2011001529A1 WO 2011001529 A1 WO2011001529 A1 WO 2011001529A1 JP 2009062178 W JP2009062178 W JP 2009062178W WO 2011001529 A1 WO2011001529 A1 WO 2011001529A1
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- Prior art keywords
- intake air
- air amount
- amount
- intake
- control
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/18—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals by measuring intake air flow
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D11/00—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated
- F02D11/06—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance
- F02D11/10—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance of the electric type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
- F02D41/1405—Neural network control
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an intake air control apparatus for an internal combustion engine, and more particularly to an apparatus for controlling the opening degree of an intake air control valve using a neural network.
- Patent Document 1 a neural network that inputs parameters indicating an operating state of an internal combustion engine, for example, an engine speed, an intake air amount, a control valve opening degree, and the like is used to input a cylinder inflow air amount, fuel injection amount, engine output.
- a method for calculating torque, air-fuel ratio, and the like is shown.
- the cylinder inflow air amount is calculated, and the opening of the intake control valve that controls the intake air amount is calculated so that the calculated cylinder inflow air amount matches the target value.
- the intake air amount control can be performed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an intake control device for an internal combustion engine that can reduce the load on the arithmetic device while maintaining the above.
- the invention described in claim 1 includes a target intake air amount calculating means for calculating a target intake air amount (GAIRCMD) of the internal combustion engine, and the engine according to the target intake air amount (GAIRCMD).
- GAIRCMD target intake air amount
- an intake control device for an internal combustion engine that controls the opening degree (TH) of the intake control valve (3) of the engine, engine operating parameters (PB, PI, NE) indicating the operating state of the engine and the target intake air amount (GAIRCMD)
- PB, PI, NE engine operating parameters
- GAIRCMD target intake air amount
- a control amount calculation means for calculating the control amount (THCMD) of the intake control valve using a neural network that outputs the control amount (THCMD) of the intake control valve, and the target intake air amount (GAIRCMD) ) Is equal to or greater than the determined intake air amount (GAIRTH)
- the calculation of the control amount (THCMD) by the control amount calculation means is stopped, and the control amount Characterized in that
- the engine operation parameter indicating the engine operating state and the target intake air amount are input, and the control amount of the intake control valve is calculated using the neural network that outputs the control amount of the intake control valve, and the target
- the control amount of the intake control valve is set to a predetermined amount.
- the intake air amount is large, the actual intake air amount does not change even if the opening of the intake control valve is changed. Therefore, when the target intake air amount is greater than or equal to the determined intake air amount, the control amount is set to a predetermined amount. By doing so, the calculation load can be reduced while maintaining the required calculation accuracy of the intake control valve opening.
- the predetermined amount is a control amount (THMAX) for fully opening the intake control valve.
- the control amount of the intake control valve is set to the fully open control amount. Therefore, pumping loss can be reduced and the efficiency of the engine can be increased.
- the determined intake air amount (GAIRTH) is calculated based on a maximum intake air amount (GAIRMAX) of the engine.
- the determined intake air amount is set to the maximum intake air amount.
- the predetermined amount is a control amount of the intake control valve that realizes a maximum intake air amount (GAIRMAX) of the engine.
- the minimum control amount (THSTB) is set.
- the predetermined amount is set to the minimum control amount among the intake control valve control amounts that realize the maximum intake air amount of the engine.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of an internal combustion engine and a control device thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- An internal combustion engine (hereinafter referred to as “engine”) 1 is a diesel engine that directly injects fuel into a cylinder, and a fuel injection valve 9 is provided in each cylinder.
- the fuel injection valve 9 is electrically connected to an electronic control unit (hereinafter referred to as “ECU”) 20. It is controlled by the ECU 20.
- ECU electronice control unit
- the engine 1 includes an intake pipe 2, an exhaust pipe 4, and a turbocharger 8.
- the turbocharger 8 includes a turbine 11 having a turbine wheel 10 that is rotationally driven by the kinetic energy of exhaust, and a compressor 16 having a compressor wheel 15 connected to the turbine wheel 10 via a shaft 14.
- the compressor wheel 15 pressurizes (compresses) air sucked into the engine 1.
- the turbine 11 has a plurality of variable vanes 12 (only two are shown) that are driven to change the flow rate of exhaust gas blown to the turbine wheel 10, and an actuator (not shown) that drives the variable vanes to open and close.
- the flow rate of the exhaust gas blown to the turbine wheel 10 can be changed by changing the opening degree of the variable vane 12 (hereinafter referred to as “vane opening degree”) ⁇ vgt so that the rotational speed of the turbine wheel 10 can be changed. It is configured.
- the actuator that drives the variable vane 12 is connected to the ECU 20, and the vane opening degree ⁇ vgt is controlled by the ECU 20. More specifically, the ECU 20 supplies a control signal with a variable duty ratio to the actuator, thereby controlling the vane opening ⁇ vgt.
- the configuration of a turbocharger having a variable vane is widely known, and is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-208501.
- An intercooler 18 is provided on the downstream side of the compressor 16 in the intake pipe 2, and a throttle valve 3 is provided on the downstream side of the intercooler 18.
- the throttle valve 3 is configured to be opened and closed by an actuator 19, and the actuator 19 is connected to the ECU 20.
- the ECU 20 controls the opening degree of the throttle valve 3 via the actuator 19.
- the exhaust gas recirculation passage 5 is provided with an exhaust gas recirculation control valve (hereinafter referred to as “EGR valve”) 6 for controlling the exhaust gas recirculation amount (EGR amount).
- the EGR valve 6 is an electromagnetic valve having a solenoid, and the valve opening degree is controlled by the ECU 20.
- the EGR valve 6 is provided with a lift sensor 7 for detecting the valve opening degree (valve lift amount) LACT, and the detection signal is supplied to the ECU 20.
- the exhaust gas recirculation passage 5 and the EGR valve 6 constitute an exhaust gas recirculation device.
- the intake pipe 2 includes an intake air flow rate sensor 21 that detects an intake air flow rate GA, a boost pressure sensor 22 that detects an intake pressure (supercharge pressure) PB downstream of the compressor 16, and an intake air temperature that detects an intake air temperature TI.
- a sensor 23 and an intake pressure sensor 24 for detecting the intake pressure PI are provided. These sensors 21 to 24 are connected to the ECU 20, and detection signals from the sensors 21 to 25 are supplied to the ECU 20.
- a lean NOx catalyst 31 that is a NOx purification device that purifies NOx contained in the exhaust, and particulate matter (mainly composed of soot) contained in the exhaust are collected.
- a particulate matter filter 32 is provided.
- the lean NOx catalyst 31 captures NOx in a state where the oxygen concentration in the exhaust is relatively high, that is, in a state where the concentration of the reducing components (HC, CO) is relatively low, and captures in a state where the concentration of the reducing component in the exhaust is high. NOx is reduced by the reducing component and released.
- a rotation speed sensor 28 is connected to the ECU 20, and detection signals from these sensors are supplied to the ECU 20.
- the engine speed sensor 28 supplies the ECU 20 with a crank angle pulse generated at every predetermined crank angle (for example, 6 degrees) and a TDC pulse generated in synchronization with the timing at which the piston of each cylinder of the engine 1 is located at the top dead center. To do.
- the ECU 20 shapes input signal waveforms from various sensors, corrects the voltage level to a predetermined level, converts an analog signal value into a digital signal value, a central processing unit (hereinafter referred to as “CPU”).
- CPU central processing unit
- the ECU 20 performs an engine operation state (mainly, fuel injection control by the fuel injection valve 9, exhaust gas recirculation control by the EGR valve 6, supercharging pressure control by the variable vane 12 in accordance with the engine speed NE and the engine load target value Pmecmd).
- the engine load target value Pmecmd is calculated according to the accelerator pedal operation amount AP, and is set to increase as the accelerator pedal operation amount AP increases.
- the ECU 20 calculates the target throttle valve opening THCMD according to the target intake air amount GAIRCMD [g / sec] using a neural network to which the self-organizing map algorithm is applied (hereinafter simply referred to as “self-organizing map”).
- the actuator 19 is driven so that the detected throttle valve opening TH matches the target throttle valve opening THCMD.
- An input data vector xj composed of N elements is defined by the following equation (1), and a weight vector wi of each neuron constituting the self-organizing map is defined by the following equation (2).
- the number of neurons is M. That is, the parameter i takes a value from 1 to M.
- the initial value of the weight vector wi is given using a random number.
- the Euclidean distance DWX
- between the input data vector xj and the corresponding neuron weight vector wi is calculated, and the neuron with the smallest distance DWX is defined as the winner neuron.
- the Euclidean distance DWX is calculated by the following formula (3).
- the weight vector wi of the neuron included in the winner neuron and its neighboring neuron set Nc is updated by the following equation (4).
- ⁇ (t) is a learning coefficient
- t is the number of learnings.
- the neuron weight vector wi not included in the neuron set Nc maintains the previous value as shown in the following equation (5).
- wi (t + 1) wi (t) (5)
- the neuron set Nc is also a function of the learning count t, and is set so that the neighborhood range is narrowed as the learning count t increases.
- the weight vectors of the winner neuron and the neighboring neurons are corrected so as to approach the input data vector.
- the arrangement of M neurons reflects the distribution state of the input data vectors.
- the input data vector is represented as a two-dimensional vector for the sake of simplicity and the arrangement is represented on a plane, and the input data vector is uniformly distributed on the plane, the neuron arrangement after learning is flat. Distributed uniformly on the top.
- the distribution of input data vectors is biased (dense / dense), the distribution state of neurons is the same biased distribution state.
- the self-organizing map obtained in this way may be made to have a more appropriate arrangement of neurons by further applying a learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithm.
- LVQ learning vector quantization
- FIG. 2 shows a self-organizing map for calculating the target throttle valve opening THCMD in this embodiment as a two-dimensional map.
- This two-dimensional map is defined by a target intake air amount GAIRCMD and a supercharging pressure PB, which are two input parameters that are the most dominant factors.
- the input data vector xTH is defined by the following formula (10). That is, the input parameters are the target intake air amount GAIRCMD, the supercharging pressure PB, the intake pressure PI, and the engine speed NE.
- xTH (GAIRCMD, PB, PI, NE) (10)
- each region RNR i Is defined.
- the map shown in FIG. 2 is obtained by performing learning corresponding to a standard engine (a new engine and an engine having an average operating characteristic).
- the input data applied to learning is plotted with black circles.
- the target throttle valve opening THCMD is calculated by applying the weight coefficient vector Ci and the input data vector xTH associated with the above to the following equation (12).
- THCMD C1i x GAIRCMD + C2i x PB + C3i * PI + C4i * NE + C0i (12)
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the intake air amount GAIR [g / sec] and the throttle valve opening TH, and the curves L1 to L5 indicate that the engine speed NE is 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and This corresponds to the state of 3000 rpm.
- the target intake air amount GAIRCMD set according to the accelerator pedal operation amount AP and the engine speed NE is obtained by multiplying the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX by a predetermined threshold coefficient KTH (for example, 0.95).
- the target throttle valve opening THCMD is set to the maximum opening THMAX (for example, “90 degrees”). Thereby, the calculation load of the CPU of the ECU 20 can be reduced without impairing the controllability of the intake air amount.
- the target throttle valve opening THCMD is calculated using the above-described self-organizing map (hereinafter referred to as “SOM”). As a result, the optimum throttle valve opening can be set for controlling the actual intake air amount GAIR to the target intake air amount GAIRCMD.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for calculating the target throttle valve opening THCMD, and this process is executed by the CPU of the ECU 20 every predetermined time.
- a GAIRCMD map (not shown) is searched according to the accelerator pedal operation amount AP and the engine speed NE to calculate a target intake air amount GAIRCMD.
- the GAIRCMD map is set so that the target intake air amount GAIRCMD increases as the accelerator pedal operation amount AP increases, and the target intake air amount GAIRCMD increases as the engine speed NE increases.
- step S12 a GAIRMAX map (not shown) is searched according to the engine speed NE and the boost pressure PB, and the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX is calculated.
- the GAIRMAX map is set so that the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX increases as the engine speed NE increases, and the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX increases as the boost pressure PB increases.
- step S13 the determination threshold GAIRTH is calculated by multiplying the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX by a predetermined threshold coefficient KTH.
- step S14 it is determined whether or not the target intake air amount GAIRCMD is smaller than the determination threshold value GAIRTH. If the answer to step S14 is affirmative (YES), the target throttle valve opening THCMD is calculated using SOM (step S15). ).
- step S14 when the target intake air amount GAIRCMD is equal to or larger than the determination threshold GAIRTH, the target throttle valve opening THCMD is set to the maximum opening THMAX.
- the target intake air amount GAIRCMD when the target intake air amount GAIRCMD is smaller than the determination threshold GAIRTH, the target intake air amount GAIRCMD, the supercharging pressure PB, the intake pressure PI, and the engine speed NE are input, and the target throttle valve
- the target throttle valve opening THCMD is calculated using the SOM that outputs the opening THCMD.
- the target intake air amount GAIRCMD is equal to or larger than the determination threshold GAIRTH
- the target throttle valve opening THCMD reaches the maximum opening THMAX. The calculation of the target throttle valve opening THCMD using the SOM is stopped. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the calculation load of the CPU in an operation state where the target intake air amount GAIRCMD is large while maintaining the required calculation accuracy of the target throttle valve opening THCMD.
- the target throttle valve opening THCMD is set to the fully opened opening THMAX, so that the pumping loss can be reduced and the engine efficiency can be increased.
- the throttle valve 3 corresponds to an intake control valve
- the ECU 20 constitutes a target intake air amount calculation means, a control amount calculation means, and a calculation switching means.
- step S11 in FIG. 4 corresponds to the target intake air amount calculation means
- step S15 corresponds to the control amount calculation means
- steps S12 to S14 and S16 correspond to the calculation switching means.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a modification of the process shown in FIG. This process is obtained by replacing step S16 in FIG. 4 with steps S16a and 16b.
- step S16a a THSTB table indicated by a solid line in FIG. 6 is retrieved according to the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX, and the minimum saturation opening THSTB, which is the minimum throttle valve opening that realizes the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX, is set.
- the THSTB table is set such that the minimum saturation opening THSTB increases as the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX increases.
- the curves L1 to L5 shown in FIG. 3 are indicated by broken lines for reference.
- the minimum saturation opening THSTB is the minimum throttle valve opening at which the intake air amount is saturated under the condition that the engine speed NE is constant.
- step S16b the target throttle valve opening THCMD is set to the minimum saturation opening THSTB.
- steps S12 to S14, S16a, and S16b in FIG. 5 correspond to calculation switching means.
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications are possible.
- the self-organizing map is used as the neural network in the above-described embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this, and a neural network known as a so-called perceptron may be used.
- the predetermined threshold coefficient KTH may be set to “1.0”, and the determination threshold GAIRTH may be set to the maximum intake air amount GAIRMAX.
- the present invention can also be applied to the control of a marine vessel propulsion engine such as an outboard motor having a vertical crankshaft.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
Abstract
Description
図1は本発明の一実施形態にかかる内燃機関、及びその制御装置の構成を示す図である。内燃機関(以下「エンジン」という)1は、シリンダ内に燃料を直接噴射するディーゼルエンジンであり、各気筒に燃料噴射弁9が設けられている。燃料噴射弁9は、電子制御ユニット(以下「ECU」という)20に電気的に接続されており、燃料噴射弁9の開弁時期及び開弁時間は、すなわち燃料噴射時期及び燃料噴射量は、ECU20により制御される。
N個の要素からなる入力データベクトルxjを下記式(1)で定義し、自己組織化マップを構成する各ニューロンの重みベクトルwiを下記式(2)で定義する。ニューロンの数はM個とする。すなわち、パラメータiは、1からMまでの値をとる。重みベクトルwiの初期値は乱数を用いて与えられる。
xj=(xj1,xj2,…,xjN) (1)
wi=(wi1,wi2,…,wiN) (2)
wi(t+1)=wi(t)+α(t)(xj-wi(t)) (4)
wi(t+1)=wi(t) (5)
xTH=(GAIRCMD,PB,PI,NE) (10)
Ci=(C0i,C1i,C2i,C3i,C4i) (11)
THCMD=C1i×GAIRCMD+C2i×PB
+C3i×PI+C4i×NE+C0i (12)
ステップS11では、アクセルペダル操作量AP及びエンジン回転数NEに応じてGAIRCMDマップ(図示せず)を検索し、目標吸入空気量GAIRCMDを算出する。GAIRCMDマップは、アクセルペダル操作量APが増加するほど目標吸入空気量GAIRCMDが増加し、かつエンジン回転数NEが増加するほど目標吸入空気量GAIRCMDが増加するように設定されている。
図5は、図4に示す処理の変形例を示すフローチャートである。この処理は、図4のステップS16をステップS16a及び16bに代えたものである。
この変形例では、図5のステップS12~S14、S16a、及びS16bが算出切換手段に相当する。
2 吸気管
3 スロットル弁(吸気制御弁)
20 電子制御ユニット(目標吸入空気量算出手段、制御量算出手段、算出切換手段)
22 過給圧センサ
24 吸気圧センサ
27 アクセルセンサ
28 エンジン回転数センサ
Claims (4)
- 内燃機関の目標吸入空気量を算出する目標吸入空気量算出手段を備え、前記目標吸入空気量に応じて前記機関の吸気制御弁の開度を制御する、内燃機関の吸気制御装置において、
前記機関の運転状態を示す機関運転パラメータ及び前記目標吸入空気量が入力され、前記吸気制御弁の制御量を出力するニューラルネットワークを用いて、前記吸気制御弁の制御量を算出する制御量算出手段と、
前記目標吸入空気量が判定吸気量以上であるときは、前記制御量算出手段による前記制御量の算出を停止し、前記制御量を所定量に設定する算出切換手段とを備えることを特徴とする内燃機関の吸気制御装置。 - 前記所定量は、前記吸気制御弁を全開とする制御量であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の内燃機関の吸気制御装置。
- 前記判定吸気量は、前記機関の最大吸入空気量に基づいて算出されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の内燃機関の吸気制御装置。
- 前記所定量は、前記機関の最大吸入空気量を実現する前記吸気制御弁の制御量の内、最小の制御量に設定されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の内燃機関の吸気制御装置。
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JP2011520719A JP5560275B2 (ja) | 2009-07-03 | 2009-07-03 | 内燃機関の吸気制御装置 |
DE112009005032.8T DE112009005032B4 (de) | 2009-07-03 | 2009-07-03 | Regelungs-/Steuerungssystem für Ansaugluft für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
PCT/JP2009/062178 WO2011001529A1 (ja) | 2009-07-03 | 2009-07-03 | 内燃機関の吸気制御装置 |
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PCT/JP2009/062178 WO2011001529A1 (ja) | 2009-07-03 | 2009-07-03 | 内燃機関の吸気制御装置 |
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Cited By (1)
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US11459962B2 (en) * | 2020-03-02 | 2022-10-04 | Sparkcognitton, Inc. | Electronic valve control |
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JPH01208501A (ja) * | 1988-02-12 | 1989-08-22 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 可変容量タービン |
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2009
- 2009-07-03 JP JP2011520719A patent/JP5560275B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-07-03 DE DE112009005032.8T patent/DE112009005032B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-07-03 WO PCT/JP2009/062178 patent/WO2011001529A1/ja active Application Filing
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JPH0874636A (ja) * | 1994-09-09 | 1996-03-19 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 空燃比制御装置 |
JPH08200130A (ja) * | 1995-01-27 | 1996-08-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 空燃比制御装置 |
JPH08232749A (ja) * | 1995-02-27 | 1996-09-10 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の吸入空気量推定装置 |
JPH09170472A (ja) * | 1995-12-21 | 1997-06-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 空燃比制御システム診断装置 |
JPH11351045A (ja) * | 1998-06-09 | 1999-12-21 | Hitachi Ltd | エンジンの状態を示す量の推定方法 |
JP2004156456A (ja) * | 2002-11-01 | 2004-06-03 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の吸入空気量推定方法、推定装置、吸入空気量制御方法および制御装置 |
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US11459962B2 (en) * | 2020-03-02 | 2022-10-04 | Sparkcognitton, Inc. | Electronic valve control |
Also Published As
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DE112009005032T5 (de) | 2012-08-09 |
DE112009005032B4 (de) | 2017-05-11 |
JP5560275B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
JPWO2011001529A1 (ja) | 2012-12-10 |
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