WO2010102573A1 - 一种费托合成催化剂、其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种费托合成催化剂、其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2010102573A1
WO2010102573A1 PCT/CN2010/070988 CN2010070988W WO2010102573A1 WO 2010102573 A1 WO2010102573 A1 WO 2010102573A1 CN 2010070988 W CN2010070988 W CN 2010070988W WO 2010102573 A1 WO2010102573 A1 WO 2010102573A1
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slurry
iron
catalyst
solution
based catalyst
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PCT/CN2010/070988
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English (en)
French (fr)
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杨勇
吴宝山
李永旺
相宏伟
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中科合成油技术有限公司
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Priority to CA2752382A priority Critical patent/CA2752382C/en
Priority to RU2011137233/04A priority patent/RU2478006C1/ru
Priority to AU2010223739A priority patent/AU2010223739B2/en
Priority to US13/203,537 priority patent/US9550181B2/en
Publication of WO2010102573A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010102573A1/zh
Priority to ZA2011/06354A priority patent/ZA201106354B/en

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/03Precipitation; Co-precipitation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/78Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/85Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/88Molybdenum
    • B01J23/887Molybdenum containing in addition other metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8878Chromium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/889Manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/8892Manganese
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/889Manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/8898Manganese, technetium or rhenium containing also molybdenum
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/40Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • B01J37/0027Powdering
    • B01J37/0045Drying a slurry, e.g. spray drying
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2/00Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
    • C10G2/30Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • C10G2/32Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
    • C10G2/33Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G2/331Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
    • C10G2/332Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2/00Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
    • C10G2/30Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • C10G2/32Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
    • C10G2/34Apparatus, reactors
    • C10G2/342Apparatus, reactors with moving solid catalysts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61Surface area
    • B01J35/615100-500 m2/g
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/63Pore volume
    • B01J35/633Pore volume less than 0.5 ml/g

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a micro-spherical iron-based catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process and a preparation method thereof.
  • the catalyst has high strength, high reaction performance, high temperature operation, and selectivity of hydrocarbon products to medium carbon in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Advantages of Number Distribution of Hydrocarbons;
  • the present invention also relates to a process for carrying out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using the catalyst of the present invention, and to the use of the catalyst in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process, particularly in a high temperature slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Background technique
  • Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is the reaction process of syngas (H 2 +CO) synthesis of liquid fuel under catalyst and appropriate reaction conditions, since the first discovery by German chemists Fischer and Tropsch in 1923. After more than 80 years of development, it has made great progress in catalysts, reactors and their matching reaction processes.
  • the catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis there are mainly two types of catalysts, iron-based and cobalt-based. Among them, iron-based catalysts have three types of catalysts: precipitated type, supported type and molten iron type, which are suitable for different reaction and process systems.
  • the slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process has the following advantages:
  • coal-based syngas with low H 2 /CO ratio produced by modern advanced coal gasifier can be used as raw material gas, which reduces the conversion load of coal-based syngas;
  • the slurry bed reactor has high heat exchange efficiency and the reaction temperature is easy to control;
  • the slurry bed reactor has a simple structure, low processing cost, and can be operated at a higher feed gas space velocity, and the production efficiency is significantly higher than that of the fixed bed reactor;
  • Catalyst loading and unloading is convenient, and can be restored in situ or added, which can significantly improve the effective production running time.
  • the current slurry bed process is generally carried out at 230-250 ° C, and during the reaction, about 25% of the syngas energy is released in the form of reaction heat, so it operates at a lower temperature.
  • a large amount of low-grade steam of 0.8-1.0 MPa is generated, and the utilization of these steams is difficult, resulting in an overall energy conversion efficiency of only 38-41% in the low-temperature process. Therefore, it is very necessary to increase the operating temperature of the slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, thereby improving the overall energy conversion efficiency of the process.
  • high temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is generally carried out on a high temperature fluidized bed reactor using a molten iron catalyst.
  • SASOL The company's high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology uses molten iron catalysts, magnetite ore (mainly composed of Fe 3 0 4 ) as the main raw material, melting at around 1500 °C, adding K 2 0, CaO or ⁇ 1 2 0 3 and other additives.
  • the catalyst has a low specific surface area, but its high strength is suitable for high temperature operation.
  • Still another type of high temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is a coprecipitation preparation method, such as the Fe-Cu-K catalyst disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,844,370 to Sasol Corporation, which is disclosed in Chinese Patent Nos.
  • CN1695803A, CN1695804A and CN1817451A Precipitated Fe-Cu-Cr-K-Na catalyst, the catalysts described above are all suitable for high temperature fluidized bed reactors, wherein the disclosed selectivity data shows that methane is less than 10% and hydrocarbons above C 23 are greater than 65 %, heavy hydrocarbons are significantly increased compared to molten iron type high temperature catalysts.
  • the catalyst When the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction is operated in a high-temperature slurry bed, the catalyst must have a sufficiently high mechanical strength under the three-phase reaction conditions to cope with unfavorable factors such as high temperature, high gas flow rate, high water vapor generation (for iron-based catalysts). .
  • the inventors have conducted extensive research work, adopt advanced catalyst design methods, and use a new catalyst preparation process with coprecipitation as the main step to produce a high strength, suitable for high temperature operation, and the hydrocarbon product selectivity is obviously biased toward medium carbon.
  • the overall energy conversion efficiency of the synthesis process in particular, its operating temperature can be higher (250-300 °C) and higher grade steam can be obtained. Summary of the invention
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst which is a micro-spherical iron-based catalyst which has high mechanical strength, high anti-wear property and is suitable for high-temperature slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and is synthesized in a slurry bed.
  • the mechanical strength of the reaction operation is excellent, and it can be operated at a relatively high temperature, for example, 250-300 ° C, and the synthesis gas conversion capacity and space-time yield are high, and the product selectivity is obviously biased toward the hydrocarbon having a medium carbon number distribution.
  • the transition metal promoter M is selected from one or more of Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn, preferably containing two or more of them; more preferably containing Three or four.
  • the metal adjuvant M contains two or more components, the components may be present in any ratio.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the iron-based catalyst, which comprises using metal Fe, transition metal M and nitric acid as raw materials, or using a nitrate solution of the metal as a raw material, and adopting a common The catalyst was prepared by precipitation.
  • the method of the present invention for preparing the above catalyst comprises the following steps:
  • transition metal M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, One or more of Mn and Zn;
  • the method for preparing a catalyst of the present invention comprises the following steps:
  • the transition metal M is selected from one or more of Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn;
  • the step (2) of adding the structural auxiliary agent may be carried out after the step of adding the potassium auxiliary agent in the step (5); or adding part of the structural auxiliary agent in each of the steps (2) and (5).
  • the method is characterized in that the active component is subjected to a stepwise dispersion and solidification technique during the preparation of the catalyst.
  • the phrase "to achieve the desired catalyst composition" means that the amount of each component or each component precursor is added so that the amount of each component in the final product catalyst satisfies the catalyst described above. The ratio of the components.
  • the step (1) can be directly used to prepare an appropriate ratio of the nitrate aqueous solution using the nitrate of the metal; more preferably, the total concentration of the metal nitrate solution prepared in the step (1) is 5-45 wt%, preferably 10-40 wt%.
  • the step of adding the solution or slurry of the structural auxiliary S may all be completed in the step (2), or all in the step (5), or in the steps (2) and (5) respectively.
  • the addition of a portion of the solution or slurry preferably the addition of a portion of the solution or slurry in each of steps (2) and (5), respectively.
  • the structural auxiliary S The solution or slurry is prepared as follows: The zirconium salt, titanium salt and/or molybdate solution is slowly added to the silica sol and/or aluminum sol and stirred at room temperature.
  • the step (3) preferably employs a continuous cocurrent precipitation method; in the coprecipitation process, the aqueous ammonia concentration is 1-25% by weight, preferably 5-20% by weight, and the precipitation temperature is 20-95 ° C, preferably 50-90 ° C, the pH of the precipitation process is 5-10, preferably 6-9.5.
  • the solid catalyst cake obtained after the filtration step of the step (4), the solid catalyst cake obtained has a solid content of 5 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 55% by weight, after the filter cake is washed, wherein The ammonium nitrate content is less than 1.5% by weight.
  • the potassium promoter precursor added in the step (5) is a soluble potassium salt such as potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate or a potassium salt of an organic acid; preferably, obtained after beating
  • the catalyst slurry has a pH of from 4 to 10, preferably from 5.0 to 9.5, and a solid content of from 3 to 50% by weight, preferably from 10 to 40% by weight.
  • the spray drying molding of the step (6) is carried out by a conventional apparatus and method in the art, and preferably the spray drying molding is carried out in a pressurized spray drying tower, wherein the process conditions are The air temperature is 150-450 ° C, and the outlet air temperature is 70-200 ° C; more preferably, the inlet air temperature is 180-420 ° C, and the outlet air temperature is 85-150 ° C.
  • the calcination temperature in the step (6) is from 300 to 750 ° C, and the calcination time is from 1 to 10 hours; preferably, the calcination temperature is from 350 to 700 ° C, and the calcination time is from 2 to 8 hours. More preferably, the method for preparing the iron-based catalyst of the present invention comprises the following steps:
  • step (2) adding deionized water and potassium auxiliary precursor to the filter cake, and then adding a solution or slurry of part of the structural auxiliary S remaining in step (2), beating to achieve the desired catalyst composition; adjusting the pH value To 4-10, emulsified to obtain a slurry having a pH of 5.0 to 9.5 and a solid content of 10-40% by weight;
  • the slurry is spray-dried into a microsphere in a pressurized spray drying tower, and the dried catalyst is calcined in an air atmosphere or an inert atmosphere to obtain a desired catalyst.
  • the spray drying process has an inlet air temperature of 180-420 ° C, an outlet air temperature of 85-150 ° C; a preferred calcination process calcination temperature of 350-700 ° C, and a calcination time of 2-8 hours.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide the use of the catalyst of the invention in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process, in particular in a high temperature slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process.
  • a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction can be carried out in a slurry bed reactor at a high temperature of from 250 to 300 ° C to react the synthesis gas to form a liquid hydrocarbon.
  • the use of the catalyst of the present invention not only increases the conversion capacity and space time yield of the synthesis gas, but also allows the reaction hydrocarbon product to be significantly shifted to a medium carbon number; at the same time, the selectivity of methane is lower than that of the existing low temperature slurry bed process. , can be controlled within 4wt%. It is still another object of the present invention to provide a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process which is in a slurry bed reactor,
  • the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction is carried out at a high temperature of 250 to 300 ° C to react the synthesis gas to form a liquid hydrocarbon, characterized in that the catalyst used in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction is the microspherical iron-based catalyst of the present invention.
  • the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the catalyst composition and design concept of the invention are novel, and the structure auxiliary agent is added in the form of precipitation, precipitation or batchwise, thereby realizing stepwise dispersion and solidification of the active component, and obviously improving the strength and high temperature strain of the catalyst. ability;
  • the catalyst of the invention has high mechanical strength, high anti-wear property, and easy separation of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product
  • the catalyst of the invention has high strength and high reaction performance, is suitable for high temperature operation, can realize high temperature operation (250-300 ° C) on a slurry bed reactor, improves steam grade, and further improves unit operation energy efficiency, Syngas conversion capacity and space time yield are high;
  • the catalyst of the present invention shifts the reaction hydrocarbon product to a medium carbon number during the operation of the slurry bed reactor, but the methane selectivity is lower than that of the existing low temperature slurry bed process, and can be controlled within 4 wt%.
  • Example 1 The technical solutions of the present invention are described in more detail below by way of specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited in any way.
  • Example 1
  • the mixed nitrate solution was prepared by dissolving with nitric acid to a total concentration of 10.18 wt%.
  • the pH is 6.5 and the solid content is 10.5 wt%.
  • Spray drying in a pressurized spray drying tower controls the inlet air temperature to 420 °C and the outlet temperature to 85 °C.
  • the dried spherical catalyst is at 700 °C.
  • Example 3 Example 3
  • composition by weight Si0 2 / Zr0 2 / Mo0 3 100 /4.0 /1.0, a solid content of 23.15 wt%.
  • the mixed nitrate solution is heated to 80 ° C; take a concentration of 10.0 wt% aqueous ammonia solution, preheat to 50 ° C, stir The mixed nitrate solution was continuously co-precipitated with the mixed nitrate solution at 80 ° C and pH 8.5.
  • the amount of ammonia water was completely precipitated and the pH of the slurry was maintained at 8.5; the precipitate was aged for 10 minutes, then it was The ammonium nitrate content in the slurry was washed to less than 0.2% by weight, and filtered to obtain a filter cake having a solid content of 38.5%.
  • Example 4 Example 4
  • Example 5 Adding a certain amount of deionized water, 20.85 kg of potassium acetate and 88.88 kg of the above mixed sol to the above filter cake, and after fully beating, adjusting the slurry pH to 7.3, the solid content is 24.5 wt%;
  • the drying tower is spray-dried to control the inlet air temperature of 280 ° C and the outlet air temperature of 120 ° C.
  • Example 5 Example 5
  • Example 6 Adding a certain amount of deionized water, 42.5 kg of potassium hydrogencarbonate and 488.1 kg of the above mixed sol to the above filter cake, and after fully beating, adjusting the slurry pH to 8.6 and the solid content rate to be 32.3 wt%;
  • the spray drying tower was spray-dried to control the inlet air temperature of 260 ° C and the outlet air temperature of 100 ° C.
  • Example 6 Example 6
  • 161.19 kg of the above mixed sol was added to the above mixed nitrate solution, stirred well, and heated to 75 ° C; a certain amount of 17.2 wt% aqueous ammonia solution was preheated to 45 ° C, under stirring at 75 ° C, the pH value is 6.5 and the above mixed solution is co-precipitated continuously, the amount of ammonia water is completely precipitated and the pH of the slurry is maintained at 6.5; after aging, it is aged for 100 minutes, and then washed until the ammonium nitrate content in the slurry is less than 0.5 wt%.
  • the co-precipitation with the above mixed nitrate solution was carried out under stirring at 80 ° C and pH 7.9.
  • the amount of ammonia water was completely precipitated and the pH of the slurry was maintained at 7.9; after precipitation, it was aged for 35 minutes and then
  • the ammonium nitrate content in the slurry was less than 0.35 wt%, and a filter cake having a solid content of 21.3% was obtained by filtration.
  • the reduction conditions of the catalyst are:
  • the synthesis gas is reduced to a reducing gas at a temperature of 230-350 ° C, a pressure of 0.1-4.0 MPa, and a space velocity of 500-10000 h -1 for 5-48 hours.
  • the slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction conditions of the catalyst are:
  • the catalyst of the present invention maintains a high Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction activity at a high reaction space velocity in a high-temperature slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, and the CO conversion rate is above 80%, which is effective.
  • the catalyst is therefore particularly suitable for the production of diesel, gasoline, wax and the like from syngas in high temperature slurry bed reactors. Table 2 catalyst evaluation results

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Description

一种费托合成催化剂、 其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于费托合成工艺的微球状铁基催化剂及其制备方法, 在费托合 成工艺中该催化剂具有高强度、 高反应性能、 适合高温操作、 烃产物选择性明显偏向 中等碳数分布烃的优点; 本发明还涉及应用本发明催化剂进行费托合成反应的方法, 以及所述催化剂在费托合成工艺中的应用, 特别是在高温浆态床费托合成工艺中的应 用。 背景技术
费-托合成 (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 简称 F-T合成) 是指合成气 (H2+CO) 在催化 剂和适当反应条件下合成液体燃料的反应过程, 自 1923年德国化学家 Fischer和 Tropsch 首次发现以来, 经过 80 多年的发展, 在催化剂、 反应器及其与之匹配的反应工艺等方面 取得了长足的发展。 关于费托合成用催化剂, 主要有铁基和钴基两大类催化剂, 其中铁基催化剂又有沉淀 型、 负载型和熔铁型三大类催化剂, 分别适用于不同的反应和工艺体系。 关于费托合成用反应器, 从最初的列管式固定床, 到后来的流化床 (固定流化床和循 环流化床) , 直至现在最先进的浆态床反应器。 与其他工艺相比较, 浆态床费托合成反应 工艺具有如下优点:
( 1 ) 可采用现代先进的煤气化炉大规模生产的低 H2/CO 比的煤基合成气为原料气, 减少了煤基合成气的变换负荷;
(2) 浆态床反应器换热效率高, 反应温度易于控制;
(3 ) 浆态床反应器结构简单, 加工成本低, 且可在较高原料气空速下运行, 生产效 率明显高于固定床反应器;
(4) 催化剂装卸方便, 且可在位还原或补充添加, 可明显提高有效生产运行时间。 但目前的浆态床工艺一般在 230-250°C下进行, 且在反应过程中, 大约有 25%的合成 气的能量是以反应热的形式释放出来, 因此在较低的温度下操作, 会产生大量 0.8-1.0 MPa 的低品位蒸汽, 而这些蒸汽的利用是比较困难的, 造成低温过程的整体能量转化效率只有 38-41%。 因此非常有必要提高浆态床费托合成的操作温度, 进而能提高过程的整体能量转 化效率。 但高温费托合成一般是在高温流化床反应器上实现, 使用的是熔铁催化剂。 SASOL 公司的高温费托合成技术使用熔铁催化剂, 以磁铁矿石 (主要成分为 Fe304) 为主要原料, 1500°C左右熔融, 添加 K20、 CaO或 Α1203等助剂。 该催化剂比表面积较低, 但其高强度 适合于高温操作。 还有一类高温费托合成催化剂采用的是共沉淀制备方法, 如 Sasol公司 在美国专利 USP 6,844,370 中公开的 Fe-Cu-K催化剂, 充矿集团有限公司在中国专利 CN1695803A、 CN1695804A和 CN1817451A中公开的沉淀型 Fe-Cu-Cr-K-Na催化剂, 以上 所述的催化剂都适用于高温流化床反应器,其中所公开的选择性数据显示:甲烷低于 10%, 且 C23以上烃大于 65 %, 与熔铁型高温催化剂相比, 重质烃明显增加。 费托合成反应采用高温浆态床操作时要求催化剂在三相反应条件下, 必须具有足够高 的机械强度, 以应对高温、 高气体流速、 高水蒸气生成量 (对铁基催化剂) 等不利因素。 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所和中国石油化工股份有限公司共同申请的专利 CN1213802C 中, 公开了一种仅限于实验室小规模制备的负载型双活性组分铁催化剂, 可 在浆态床反应器上操作, 反应温度可达 300°C, 用于合成气选择合成汽、 柴油组分 (<C2()), 但制备工艺复杂, 难以放大。 造成催化剂在高温浆态床条件下操作的主要困难是, 在高温浆态床下会对铁基催化剂 产生复杂的热化学应变力, 会造成催化剂产生严重的化学和物理磨损, 同时在较高的温度 下,催化剂 CO和 1¾的吸脱附和解离能力均会发生较大的改变, 这些难题均会影响催化剂 在高温浆态床内的稳定运行。
本发明人经过大量的研究工作, 采用先进的催化剂设计方法, 并使用以共沉淀为 主要步骤的全新的催化剂制备工艺, 生产得到一种高强度、 适合高温操作、 烃产物选 择性明显偏向中等碳数分布烃的浆态床费托合成催化剂, 该催化剂中活性组分含量较 高、 分布均匀、 活性高且稳定, 具有高抗磨损强度的特点和优于低温过程的烃产物分 布, 提高了费托合成工艺过程的整体能量转化效率; 特别是其操作温度可以更高 ( 250-300 °C ) , 并可获得更高品位蒸汽。 发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种费托合成催化剂, 该催化剂是一种机械强度高、 抗磨损性能 高、 适用于高温浆态床费托合成的微球状铁基催化剂, 在浆态床费托合成反应操作中机械 强度优异, 可在较高的温度, 例如 250-300°C下操作, 合成气转化能力和时空产率均较高, 产物选择性明显偏向中等碳数分布的烃。 本发明公开了一种用于高温浆态床费托合成的微球状铁基催化剂, 该催化剂的主活性 组分为 Fe, 其特征在于其中还含有 K助剂、 过渡金属助剂 M和经修饰的结构助剂 S, 其 中所述的助剂 M选自 Cr、 Cu、 Mn和 Zn中的一种或多种的任意组合, 助剂 S为用 Mo03、 Ti02和 /或 Zr02修饰的 Si02禾 或 A1203,该催化剂中各组分的重量比为: Fe: M: K: S=100: 1-100: 1-12: 1-80; 优选所述催化剂各组分的重量比为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 3-50: 1-8: 3-50, 其 中的金属组分以元素计, 结构助剂以氧化物计。 在本发明所述的铁基催化剂中, 所述的过渡金属助剂 M选自 Cr、 Cu、 Mn和 Zn中的 一种或多种, 优选含有其中的二种或多种; 更优选含有其中的三种或四种。 当金属助剂 M 含有二种或多种组分时, 各组分之间可以任意比例存在。 在本发明所述的铁基催化剂中, 所述的结构助剂 S中各组分的重量比以氧化物计为: (Mo03、 Ti02禾口 /或 Zr02) : ( Si02禾口 /或 A1203) = 1-50: 100, 优选所述结构助剂 S中各组 分的重量比为: (Mo03、 Ti02和 /或 Zr02) : ( Si02禾 或 A1203 ) = 1-30: 100。 所述的结构 助剂 S中,优选在 Zr02、 Ti02和 Mo03之中含有一种或二种; 当有二种或三种同时存在时, 各组分之间可以任意比例存在; 以及其中的 Si02和 A1203两者可以任意比例存在。 本发明的另一目的是提供了所述铁基催化剂的制备方法, 该方法以金属 Fe、 过渡金属 M和硝酸为原料, 或者使用所述金属的硝酸盐溶液为原料, 采用本领域常规的共沉淀法制 备所述的催化剂。 本发明制备上述催化剂的方法包括以下步骤:
( 1 ) 以金属 Fe、 过渡金属 M和硝酸为原料制备金属硝酸盐溶液, 或者直接使用所述 金属的硝酸盐溶解制得混合硝酸盐溶液; 其中所述的过渡金属 M选自 Cr、 Cu、 Mn和 Zn 中的一种或多种;
(2) 在上述金属硝酸盐溶液中添加结构助剂 S的溶液或浆液, 并充分混合;
(3 ) 以氨水作为沉淀剂, 添加到上述混合溶液中, 或将上述混合溶液添加到所述的 氨水沉淀剂中, 或将上述混合溶液与氨水沉淀剂进行并流共沉淀, 制得沉淀浆料;
(4) 过滤上述沉淀浆料, 得到催化剂滤饼;
(5 ) 向滤饼中添加去离子水和钾助剂前驱体; 打浆, 制得浆料; 和
( 6) 将所述的浆料喷雾干燥成型为微球状, 经焙烧后得到所需的微球状铁基催化剂; 其中所述步骤 (2) 加入结构助剂的操作可改在步骤 (5 ) 添加钾助剂之后进行; 或是 在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 各加入部分结构助剂。 具体的, 本发明制备催化剂的方法包括以下步骤:
( 1 ) 以金属 Fe、 过渡金属 M和硝酸为原料制备金属硝酸盐溶液, 或者直接使用所述 金属的硝酸盐溶解制得混合硝酸盐溶液, 所制得的金属硝酸盐的总浓度为 5-45 wt%; 其中 所述的过渡金属 M选自 Cr、 Cu、 Mn和 Zn中的一种或多种;
(2) 在上述金属硝酸盐溶液中添加结构助剂 S的溶液或浆液, 并充分混合;
(3 ) 以质量百分浓度为 1-25 wt%的氨水作为沉淀剂, 与上一步骤得到的混合溶液进 行并流共沉淀, 制得沉淀浆料; 所述沉淀反应的温度为 20-95°C, 沉淀结束时沉淀浆料的 pH值为 5-10;
(4) 过滤上述沉淀浆料, 得到催化剂滤饼, 所述滤饼的固含率为 5-60 wt%;
(5 )向上述滤饼中添加去离子水和钾助剂前驱体;打浆,制得浆料;调节 pH值至 4-10, 乳化, 制得固含率为 3-50 ^%的浆料; 和
(6) 将所述的浆料喷雾干燥成型微球状, 并将干燥成型后的催化剂在空气气氛中或 者惰性气氛中焙烧, 得到所需的微球状铁基催化剂;
其中所述步骤 (2) 加入结构助剂的操作可改在步骤 (5 ) 添加钾助剂之后进行; 或是 在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 各加入部分结构助剂。 该方法的特点是在催化剂的制备过程中, 活性组分采用分步分散和固化的技术。 在上述方法中, 其中所述的"以达到所需的催化剂组成"是指加入各组分或各组分前驱 体的量能够使最终产品催化剂中各组分的量满足上文所述催化剂的各组分之比。 在本发明的方法中, 其中步骤 (1 ) 可以直接使用所述金属的硝酸盐配制成适当比例 的硝酸盐水溶液; 更优选的, 步骤 (1)中所制备的金属硝酸盐溶液的总浓度为 5-45wt%, 优 选为 10-40 wt%。 在上述方法中, 所述添加结构助剂 S 的溶液或浆液的步骤可全部在步骤 (2) 完成, 或全部在步骤 (5 ) 完成, 或分别在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 中各完成一部分溶液或浆液的添加; 优选分别在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 中各完成一部分溶液或浆液的添加。 如采用在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 各添加一部分结构助剂的方式, 优选在步骤 (2) 完成所述的添加之后, 铁和结构助 剂 S的重量比达到 Fe:S= 100:2-25 ; 更优选在步骤(2)完成所述的添加之后, 铁和结构助 剂 S的重量比达到 Fe:S不小于 100:25 ο 在本发明的方法中, 所述结构助剂 S的溶液或浆液是按下述步骤制备的: 将锆盐、 钛 盐和 /或钼酸盐溶液缓慢加入到硅溶胶和 /或铝溶胶中, 于室温下搅拌均匀。 在本发明上述方法中, 所述步骤 (3 ) 优选采用连续并流共沉淀方法; 在所述的共沉 淀工艺中,氨水浓度为 l-25wt%,优选为 5-20 wt%,沉淀温度为 20-95°C,优选为 50-90°C, 沉淀过程的 pH值为 5-10, 优选为 6-9.5。 在本发明上述方法中, 经过所述步骤 (4 ) 的过滤步骤后, 所得到的催化剂滤饼的固 含率为 5-60wt%, 优选为 15-55 wt%, 滤饼经洗涤后, 其中的硝铵含量小于 1.5wt%。 在本发明上述方法中, 所述步骤 (5 ) 中添加的钾助剂前驱体为硝酸钾、 碳酸钾、 碳 酸氢钾或有机酸的钾盐等可溶性钾盐;优选的,打浆后所得到的催化剂浆料的 pH值为 4-10, 优选为 5.0-9.5, 固含率为 3-50wt%, 优选为 10-40 wt%。 在本发明上述方法中, 所述步骤 (6 ) 的喷雾干燥成型采用本领域常规的设备和方法 进行, 优选所述的喷雾干燥成型在加压式喷雾干燥塔中进行, 其中的工艺条件为进风温度 150-450 °C,出风温度为 70-200°C;更优选所述进风温度为 180-420°C,出风温度为 85-150°C。 在本发明方法中, 所述步骤 (6) 中的焙烧温度为 300-750°C, 焙烧时间为 1-10小时; 优选焙烧温度为 350-700 °C, 焙烧时间为 2-8小时。 更优选的, 本发明制备所述铁基催化剂的方法包括以下步骤:
( 1 ) 根据本发明所述催化剂的组成, 用所需金属的硝酸盐溶解制得混合硝酸盐溶液, 所制得的金属硝酸盐的总浓度为 10-40 wt%;
(2) 在上述金属硝酸盐溶液中添加部分结构助剂 S 的溶液或浆液, 添加完成后, 其 中铁和结构助剂 S的重量比达到 Fe: S不小于 100:25 ; 将其加入硝酸铁溶液中, 充分混合;
( 3 ) 以 5-20%的氨水作为沉淀剂, 采用连续并流共沉淀法, 沉淀温度为 50-90°C, 沉 淀过程 pH值为 6-9.5, 制得沉淀浆料;
(4) 过滤上述的沉淀浆料, 制得催化剂滤饼, 滤饼的固含率为 15-55 wt%;
( 5 ) 向滤饼中添加去离子水和钾助剂前驱体, 然后添加步骤 (2) 余留的部分结构助 剂 S的溶液或浆液, 打浆, 以达到所需的催化剂组成; 调节 pH值至 4-10, 乳化, 制得 pH 值为 5.0-9.5, 固含率为 10-40 ^^%的浆料; 和
( 6 ) 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中将所述的浆料喷雾干燥成微球状, 干燥成型后的催化剂 在空气气氛中或者惰性气氛中焙烧, 得到所需的催化剂。 优选所述的喷雾干燥工艺的进风温度为 180-420°C, 出风温度为 85-150°C ; 优选焙烧 工艺的焙烧温度为 350-700°C, 焙烧时间为 2-8小时 本发明的又一目的是提供了本发明催化剂在费托合成工艺中的应用, 特别是在高温浆 态床费托合成工艺中的应用。 使用本发明的催化剂, 可在浆态床反应器中, 于 250-300°C 的高温下进行费托合成反应, 使合成气反应生成液态烃。 使用本发明的催化剂不仅可提高 合成气的转化能力和时空产率, 而且可使反应烃产物明显向中等碳数偏移; 与此同时, 甲 烷的选择性比现有低温浆态床工艺更低, 可控制在 4wt%以内。 本发明的又一目的是提供了一种费托合成方法, 该方法是在浆态床反应器中, 于
250-300°C的高温下进行费托合成反应, 使合成气反应生成液态烃, 其特征在于所述费托合 成反应中使用的催化剂是本发明所述的微球状铁基催化剂。 与现有技术相比本发明具有如下优点:
( 1 ) 本发明的催化剂组成及设计理念新颖, 结构助剂在沉淀中、 沉淀后或者分批的 方式加入, 实现了活性组分的分步分散、 固化, 明显提高催化剂的强度和抗高温应变能力;
(2) 本发明的催化剂机械强度高, 抗磨损性能高, 易于费托合成产物分离;
(3 ) 本发明的催化剂具有高强度和高反应性能, 适合高温操作, 可在浆态床反应器 上实现高温操作(250-300°C ) , 提高了蒸汽品位, 并进一步提高单元操作能效, 合成气转 化能力和时空产率均较高;
( 4)本发明的催化剂在浆态床反应器操作过程中, 反应烃产物明显向中等碳数偏 移, 但甲烷选择性比现有低温浆态床工艺更低, 可控制在 4wt%以内。 具体实施方式
下面通过具体的实施例对本发明的技术方案作更详细的说明, 但其不以任何方式 限制本发明的保护范围。 实施例 1
称取铁块 282.11公斤、 金属锌 2.78公斤、 电解铬片 2.78公斤和电解铜 2.80公斤, 用 硝酸溶解制得总浓度为 10.18 wt%的混合硝酸盐溶液备用, 各组分的重量组成为: Fe/Cr/Cu/Zn = 100/1.00/1.00/1.01。 称取硅溶胶 24.0公斤、铝溶胶 4.6公斤、硝酸锆 125克、 TiCl4 86克和钼酸铵 42克及 少量的水混合充分溶解, 并将制得的混合溶胶用去离子水完全洗涤至无 cr离子检出,混合 溶胶的重量组成为 Si02/Al203/Zr02/Ti02/Mo03 = 100 /13.33 /0.50 /0.50/ 0.50 , 固含率为 33
Wt% o 取上述混合溶胶 25.49 公斤加入上述混合硝酸盐溶液中, 充分搅拌均匀, 并升温至
90 °C; 将一定量的浓度为 5.5 wt%的氨水溶液预热至 60°C, 在搅拌状态下于 90°C和 pH值 为 6.0下与上述混合溶液连续并流共沉淀,氨水用量以沉淀完全并维持浆液 pH值为 6.0计; 沉淀后老化 5分钟, 然后将其洗涤至浆液中的硝酸铵含量小于 0.1wt%, 过滤得到固含率为 16.5%的滤饼。 向上述滤饼中添加一定量的去离子水、 8.5 公斤的碳酸氢钾, 充分打浆后, 调节浆料 pH为 6.5、 固含率为 10.5 wt%; 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中喷雾干燥, 控制进风温度为 420 °C、 出风温度为 85 °C ; 干燥后的球状催化剂在 700°C下焙烧 2小时, 得到催化剂 772公斤, 催 化剂重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 3.01: 1.20: 3.04, 该催化剂记为 A。 实施例 2
称取硝酸铁 2000.0公斤、 硝酸铬 213.0公斤、 硝酸铜 15.8公斤和 50wt%硝酸锰溶液
360.0公斤, 溶于 1500公斤去离子水中, 制得总浓度为 37.08 wt%的混合硝酸盐溶液备用, 各组分的重量组成为: Fe/Mn/Cr/Cu = 100 /20.0 /10.0 /1.50 ο 称取硅溶胶 400.0公斤、 铝溶胶 5.0公斤、 硝酸锆 25.1公斤、 TiCl4 14.25公斤、 钼酸 铵 4.15公斤及适量的去离子水水混合充分溶解,并将制得的混合溶胶用去离子水完全洗涤 至无 C1—离子检出, 混合溶胶的重量组成为 Si02/Al203/Zr02/Ti02/Mo03 = 100 /1.0 /6.0 /5.0 /3.0 , 固含率为 25.07wt%。 取上述混合溶胶 165.54 公斤加入上述混合硝酸盐溶液中, 充分搅拌均匀, 并升温至 50 °C ; 取浓度为 19.6 wt%的氨水溶液, 预热至 20°C, 在搅拌状态下于 50°C和 pH值为 9.5 下与上述混合溶液连续并流共沉淀,氨水用量以沉淀完全并维持浆液 pH值为 9.5计;沉淀 后老化 120分钟, 然后将其洗涤至浆液中的硝酸铵含量小于 0.5wt%, 过滤得到固含率为 51.2 ^%的滤饼。 向上述滤饼中添加一定量的去离子水、 55.5公斤的醋酸钾和 384.91公斤的上述混合溶 胶, 充分打浆后, 调节浆料 pH为 5.2、 固含率为 38.20 wt%; 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中喷雾 干燥, 控制进风温度为 180°C、 出风温度为 90°C ; 干燥后的球状催化剂在 550°C下焙烧 4 小时, 得到催化剂 645公斤, 催化剂重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 31.5: 8.0: 49.91, 该催化剂记为 B。 实施例 3
称取硝酸铁 2000.0公斤、 硝酸锌 125.8公斤、 硝酸铜 21.0公斤和 50wt%硝酸锰溶液 684.4公斤溶于 8000公斤去离子水中, 制得总浓度为 15.10 wt%的混合硝酸盐溶液备用, 各组分的重量组成为: Fe/Mn/Zn/Cu = 100 /38.0 /10.0 /2.0。 称取硅溶胶 175.0公斤、硝酸锆 7.31公斤、钼酸铵 0.61公斤及适量的去离子水混合充 分溶解, 并将制得的混合溶胶用去离子水完全洗涤至无 cr离子检出,混合溶胶的重量组成 为 Si02/Zr02/Mo03 = 100 /4.0 /1.0 , 固含率为 23.15 wt%。 将混合硝酸盐溶液升温至 80°C ; 取浓度为 10.0 wt%的氨水溶液, 预热至 50°C, 在搅 拌状态下于 80°C和 pH值为 8.5下与所述的混合硝酸盐溶液连续并流共沉淀, 氨水用量以 沉淀完全并维持浆液 pH值为 8.5计; 沉淀后老化 10分钟, 然后将其洗涤至浆液中的硝酸 铵含量小于 0.2wt%, 过滤得到固含率为 38.5 ^%的滤饼。 向上述滤饼中添加一定量的去离子水、 19.53公斤的碳酸钾和 238.13公斤的混合溶胶, 充分打浆后, 调节浆料 pH为 9.2、 固含率为 28.90 wt%; 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中喷雾干燥, 控制进风温度为 270°C、 出风温度为 110°C ; 干燥后的球状催化剂在 450°C下焙烧 5小时, 得到催化剂 628公斤, 催化剂重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 50.0: 4.0: 19.94, 该催化 剂记为 C。 实施例 4
称取硝酸铁 2000.0公斤、 硝酸铬 10.65公斤、 硝酸锌 125.0公斤和 50wt%硝酸锰溶液
180.0公斤溶于 2000公斤去离子水中, 制得总浓度为 31.82 wt%的混合硝酸盐溶液备用, 各组分的重量组成为: Fe/Mn/Zn/Cr = 100 /10.0 /10.0 /0.5。 称取铝溶胶 130.0公斤、 硝酸锆 3.26公斤、 TiCl 4 0.75公斤、 钼酸铵 1.80公斤及适量 的去离子水水混合充分溶解, 并将制得的混合溶胶用去离子水完全洗涤至无 cr离子检出, 混合溶胶的重量组成为 Al203/Zr02/Ti02/Mo03 = 100 /3.0 /1.0 /4.0 , 固含率为 28.70 wt%。 取上述混合溶胶 29.63 公斤加入上述混合硝酸盐溶液中, 充分搅拌均匀, 并升温至 70 °C ; 取一定量浓度为 15.2 wt%的氨水溶液预热至 40°C, 在搅拌状态下于 70 °C和 pH值 为 9.2下与上述混合溶液连续共沉淀, 氨水用量以沉淀完全并维持浆液 pH值为 9.2计; 沉 淀后老化 90分钟, 然后将其洗涤至浆液中的硝酸铵含量小于 0.8 wt%, 过滤得到固含率为 28.5 ^%的滤饼。 向上述滤饼中添加一定量的去离子水、 20.85公斤的醋酸钾和 88.88公斤的上述混合溶 胶, 充分打浆后, 调节浆料 pH为 7.3、 固含率为 24.5 wt%; 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中喷雾干 燥, 控制进风温度为 280°C、 出风温度为 120°C ; 干燥后的球状催化剂在 350°C下焙烧 7.5 小时, 得到催化剂 490公斤, 该催化剂的重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 20.5: 3.0: 12.30, 该催化剂记为 D。 实施例 5
称取硝酸铁 2000.0公斤、硝酸铬 21.3公斤、硝酸锌 18.9公斤和 50wt%硝酸锰溶液 72.0 公斤、硝酸铜 10.5公斤溶于 3000公斤去离子水中, 制得总浓度为 24.72 wt%混合硝酸盐溶 液备用, 各组分的重量组成为: Fe/Mn/Zn/Cr/Cu = 100 /4.0 /1.5 /1.0 /1.0 。 称取硅溶胶 200.0公斤、 铝溶胶 25.0公斤、 硝酸锆 20.9公斤、 TiCl 4 14.27公斤、 钼酸 铵 6.92公斤及适量的去离子水混合充分溶解,并将制得的混合溶胶用去离子水完全洗涤制 无 C1—离子检出, 混合溶胶的重量组成为 Si02/Al203/Zr02/Ti02/Mo03 = 100 /10.0 /10.0 /10.0 /10.0 , 固含率为 15.49 wt%。 取上述混合溶胶 54.23 公斤加入上述混合硝酸盐溶液中, 充分搅拌均匀, 并升温至
60 °C ; 取一定量浓度为 12.5 wt%的氨水溶液, 预热至 40°C, 在搅拌状态下于 60°C、 pH值 为 7.3下与上述混合溶液连续共沉淀, 氨水用量以沉淀完全并维持浆液 pH值为 7.3计; 沉 淀后老化 15分钟, 然后将其洗涤至浆液中的硝酸铵含量小于 0.6 wt%、 过滤得到固含率为 39.8 ^%的滤饼。 向上述滤饼中添加一定量的去离子水、 42.5公斤的碳酸氢钾和 488.1公斤的上述混合 溶胶, 充分打浆后, 调节浆料 pH为 8.6、 固含率为 32.3 wt%; 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中喷雾 干燥, 控制进风温度为 260°C、 出风温度为 100°C ; 干燥后的球状催化剂在 500°C下焙烧 6 小时, 得到催化剂 493公斤, 该催化剂重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 7.5: 6.0: 30.4, 该催化剂记为 E。 实施例 6
称取硝酸铁 2000.0公斤、硝酸铬 10.65公斤、硝酸锌 6.3公斤和 50wt%硝酸锰溶液 36.0 公斤溶于 1500公斤去离子水中, 制得总浓度为 34.50 wt%的混合硝酸盐溶液备用, 各组分 的重量组成为: Fe/Mn/Zn/Cr = 100 /2.0 /0.5 /0.5。 称取硅溶胶 370公斤、 硝酸锆 3.85公斤、 TiCl 4 2.65公斤及适量的去离子水水混合充 分溶解, 并将制得的混合溶胶用去离子水完全洗涤至无 C1—离子检出,混合溶胶的重量组成 为 Si02/Zr02/Ti02 = 100 /1.0 /1.0 , 固含率为 35.12 wt%。 取上述混合溶胶 161.19 公斤加入上述混合硝酸盐溶液中, 充分搅拌均匀, 并升温至 75 °C; 将一定量浓度为 17.2 wt%的氨水溶液预热至 45 °C, 在搅拌状态下于 75 °C、 pH值为 6.5下与上述混合溶液连续共沉淀, 氨水用量以沉淀完全并维持浆液 pH值为 6.5计; 沉淀 后老化 100分钟, 然后将其洗涤至浆液中的硝酸铵含量小于 0.5 wt%, 过滤得到固含率为 43.0 ^%的滤饼。 向上述滤饼中添加一定量的去离子水、 34.2公斤的碳酸钾和 161.19公斤的上述混合溶 胶, 充分打浆后, 调节浆料 pH为 8.8、 固含率为 21.9 wt%, ; 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中喷雾 干燥, 控制进风温度为 320°C、 出风温度为 145 °C ; 干燥后的球状催化剂在 650°C下焙烧 3 小时, 得到催化剂 508公斤, 该催化剂重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 3.0: 7.0: 40.95, 该催化剂记为 F。 实施例 7
称取硝酸铁 2000.0公斤、 硝酸铬 106.4公斤、 硝酸锌 18.9公斤和 50wt%硝酸锰溶液 144.0公斤溶于 4000公斤去离子水中, 制得总浓度为 21.45 wt%的混合硝酸盐溶液备用, 各组分的重量组成为: Fe/Mn/Zn/Cr = 100 /8.0 /1.5 /5.0。 称取硅溶胶 120.0公斤、 铝溶胶 150.0公斤、 硝酸锆 1.88公斤、 TiCl 4 1.71公斤、 钼酸 铵 0.83公斤及适量的去离子水混合充分溶解,并将制得的混合溶胶用去离子水完全洗涤至 无 C1—离子检出, 混合溶胶的重量组成为 Si02/Al203/Zr02/Ti02/Mo03 = 100 /100/1.5 /2.0 /2.0 , 固含率为 27.87 wt%。 将上述混合硝酸盐溶液升温至 85 °C ; 取一定量浓度为 11.3 wt%的氨水溶液, 预热至
45 °C, 在搅拌状态下于 80°C和 pH值为 7.9下与上述混合硝酸盐溶液连续共沉淀, 氨水用 量以沉淀完全并维持浆液 pH值为 7.9计; 沉淀后老化 35分钟, 然后将其洗涤至浆液中的 硝酸铵含量小于 0.35 wt%, 过滤得到固含率为 21.3 ^%的滤饼。 向上述滤饼中添加一定量的去离子水、 24.45公斤的碳酸钾和 265.44公斤的混合溶胶; 充分打浆后,调节浆料 pH为 9.4、固含率为 16.3 wt%, ; 在加压式喷雾干燥塔中喷雾干燥, 控制进风温度为 380°C、 出风温度为 130°C ; 干燥后的球状催化剂在 600°C下焙烧 5小时, 得到催化剂 510公斤, 该催化剂重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 14.5: 5.0: 26.8, 该催化 剂记为 G。 下表 1列出了实施例 1-7所制备的催化剂的组成及其物理性能。
表 1
Figure imgf000012_0001
实施例 8
采用上述实施例 1-7所制备的催化剂, 在下述催化剂还原和费托合成反应条件下, 在 浆态床反应器中进行费托合成反应。 下表 2列出了实施例 1-7所制备的催化剂在下述还原 和反应条件下进行费托合成反应的性能参数。
催化剂的还原条件为:
以合成气为还原气, 在温度为 230-350°C、 压力为 0.1-4.0 MPa和空速为 500-10000 h—1 的条件下还原 5-48小时。
催化剂的浆态床费托合成反应条件为:
H2/CO = 0.7-3.0, 反应温度: 250-300 °C , 反应压力: 1.0-5.0 MPa, 新鲜气反应空速: 8000-20000 h"1
由表 2可以看出, 本发明催化剂在高温浆态床费托合成反应过程中, 在较高反应空速 下仍保持很高的费托合成反应活性, CO转化率均在 80 %以上,有效烃选择性 (C 〜C4=+C5 +) 维持在 90.0 wt%以上, 甲烷选择性在 4.0%以下, 其中 C5 +烃的选择性和收率很高。 因此该 催化剂尤其适合于在高温浆态床反应器中由合成气生产柴油、 汽油、 蜡等产品。 表 2催化剂评价结果
Figure imgf000013_0001
以上已详细描述了本发明的实施方案, 对本领域技术人员来说很显然可以做很多改进 和变化而不会背离本发明的基本精神。 所有这些变化和改进都在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims

权利要求书
1、一种用于高温浆态床费托合成的微球状铁基催化剂, 该催化剂的主活性组分为 Fe, 其特征在于其中还含有 K助剂、过渡金属助剂 M和经修饰的结构助剂 S,其中所述的助剂 M选自 Cr、 Cu、 Mn和 Zn之中的二种或多种的任意组合, 助剂 S为用 Mo03、 Ti02和 /或 Zr02修饰的 Si02和 /或 A1203,其中各组分的重量比为: Fe: M: K: S=100: 1-100: 1-12: 1-80, 其中的金属组分以元素计, 结构助剂以氧化物计。
2、根据权利要求 1所述的铁基催化剂,其中所述催化剂各组分的重量组成为 Fe: M: K: S=100: 3-50: 1-8: 3-50。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的铁基催化剂, 其中所述金属助剂 M选自 Cr、 Cu、 Mn和 Zn 中的三种或四种的任意组合, 且各组分之间可以任意比例存在。
4、根据权利要求 1-3任意一项所述的铁基催化剂,其特征在于所述结构助剂 S中各组 分的重量比为: (Mo03、 Ti02禾口 /或 Zr02 ) : ( Si02禾口 /或 A1203 ) = 1-50: 100。
5、 根据权利要求 4所述的铁基催化剂, 其中所述结构助剂 S中各组分的重量比为: ( Mo03、 Ti02和 /或 Zr02 ) : ( Si02和 /或 A1203 ) = 1-30: 100。
6、 根据权利要求 5所述的铁基催化剂, 其中在所述结构助剂 S中, 当 Zr02、 1 02
Mo03中有二种或三种同时存在时, 各组分之间以任意比例存在; 和 /或 Si02和 A1203两者 之间可以任意比例存在。
7、 权利要求 1-6任意一项所述铁基催化剂的制备方法, 该方法包括以下步骤:
( 1 ) 以金属 Fe、 过渡金属 M和硝酸为原料制备金属硝酸盐溶液, 或者直接使用所述 金属的硝酸盐溶解制得混合硝酸盐溶液; 其中所述的过渡金属 M选自 Cr、 Cu、 Mn和 Zn 中的一种或多种;
( 2 ) 在上述金属硝酸盐溶液中添加结构助剂 S的溶液或浆液, 并充分混合;
( 3 ) 以氨水作为沉淀剂, 添加到上述混合溶液中, 或将上述混合溶液添加到所述的 氨水沉淀剂中, 或将上述混合溶液与氨水沉淀剂进行并流共沉淀, 制得沉淀浆料;
( 4 ) 过滤上述沉淀浆料, 得到催化剂滤饼; (5 ) 向滤饼中添加去离子水和钾助剂前驱体, 以达到所需的催化剂组成; 打浆, 制 得浆料;
(6) 将所述的浆料喷雾干燥成型为微球状, 经焙烧后得到所需的微球状铁基催化剂; 其中所述步骤 (2) 加入结构助剂的操作可改在步骤 (5 ) 添加钾助剂之后进行; 或是 在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 各加入部分结构助剂。
8、 根据权利要求 7所述铁基催化剂的制备方法, 该方法包括以下步骤:
( 1 ) 以金属 Fe、 过渡金属 M和硝酸为原料制备金属硝酸盐溶液, 或者直接使用所述 金属的硝酸盐溶解制得混合硝酸盐溶液, 所制得的金属硝酸盐的总浓度为 5-45 wt%; (2) 在上述金属硝酸盐溶液中添加结构助剂 S的溶液或浆液, 并充分混合;
(3 ) 以 1-25 wt%的氨水作为沉淀剂, 与上一步骤得到的混合溶液进行并流共沉淀, 制得沉淀浆料; 所述沉淀反应的温度为 20-95°C, 沉淀结束时沉淀浆料的 pH值为 5-10;
(4) 过滤上述沉淀浆料, 得到催化剂滤饼, 所述滤饼的固含率为 5-60 wt%;
(5 ) 向滤饼中添加去离子水和钾助剂前驱体, 以达到所需的催化剂组成; 打浆, 制 得浆料; 调节 pH值至 4-10, 乳化, 制得固含率为 3-50 wt%的浆料;
(6) 将所述的浆料喷雾干燥成型微球状, 并将干燥成型后的催化剂在空气气氛中或 者惰性气氛中, 于 300-750°C下焙烧 1-10小时, 得到所需的微球状铁基催化剂;
其中所述步骤 (2) 加入结构助剂的操作可改在步骤 (5 ) 添加钾助剂之后进行; 或是 在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 各加入部分结构助剂。
9、 根据权利要求 8 所述铁基催化剂的制备方法, 其中采用在步骤 (2) 和 (5 ) 各加 入部分结构助剂时, 在步骤 (2) 完成结构助剂 S溶液或浆液的添加后, 铁和结构助剂 S 的重量比达到 Fe:S不小于 100:25。
10、 根据权利要求 8所述铁基催化剂的制备方法, 其特征在于所述结构助剂 S的溶液 或浆液是按下述步骤制备的: 将锆盐钛盐和 /或钼酸盐溶液缓慢加入到硅溶胶和 /或铝溶胶 中, 于室温下搅拌均匀。
11、 根据权利要求 7-10任意一项所述制备铁基催化剂的方法, 其特征在于步骤 (5 ) 中添加的钾助剂前驱体为硝酸钾、 碳酸钾、 碳酸氢钾或有机酸钾盐。
12、 根据权利要求 11所述制备铁基催化剂的方法, 其特征在于步骤 (1)中金属硝酸盐 溶液的总浓度为 10-40 wt%; 步骤 (3 ) 中的氨水浓度为 5-20 wt%, 沉淀温度为 50-90°C, 沉淀过程的 pH值为 6-9.5; 步骤(4) 中催化剂滤饼的固含率为 15-55 wt%; 和 /或步骤(5 ) 中催化剂浆料的 pH值为 5.0-9.5, 固含率为 10-40 wt%。
13、 根据权利要求 12所述制备铁基催化剂的方法, 其特征在于步骤 (6) 所述的喷雾 干燥成型在加压式喷雾干燥塔中进行的。
14、 一种费托合成方法, 该方法是在浆态床反应器中, 于 250-300°C的高温下进行费 托合成反应, 使合成气反应生成液态烃, 其特征在于其中所使用的催化剂是权利要求 1-6 任意一项所述的微球状铁基催化剂。
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