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  • C07C217/56—Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of at least one six-membered aromatic ring and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms or to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings of the same carbon skeleton with amino groups linked to the six-membered aromatic ring, or to the condensed ring system containing that ring, by carbon chains not further substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
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Definitions

• the present disclosure generally relates to a crystalline form of 6-[(4S)-2- methyl -4-(napbthyl)- 1 ,2 3 3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoiin-7-yl]pyridazin-3-amine.
• the present disclosure also generally relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline form, as well of methods of using a crystalline form in the treatment of depression and other conditions and methods for obtaining such crystalline form.
• Major depression unipolar depression
• the prevalence of the disease in the US was estimated at over 6% in a twelve month period and 16% over a lifetime (See, Kessler RX.
• TRUIs triple reuptake inhibitors
• SERT serotonin transporter
• NET norepinephrine transporter
• the drug would provide an optimal ratio of SERT, DAT and NET inhibition. Accordingly, SERT, DAT and NET occupancies are important pharmacological criteria for consideration.
• compounds are provided that lead to about 20-60% DAT occupancy while maintaining SERT occupancy greater than about 80%.
• a particular crystalline form of 6» [ (4 S)-2-methyl-4-(naphthyl)- 1,2,3 ,44etrahydroisoquinolin ⁇ 7-yl] pyridazin-3 -amine is provided that may be useful in treating depression in addition to a variety of other conditions, e.g. , anxiety disorders, pain, attention deficit disorder (ADD), smoking cessation and obesity.
• ADD attention deficit disorder
• Formula II Represents Compound 2, (4S)-enarttiomer of Compound I and Form N- 1
• Form N-I can be repeatedly crystallized and provide high aqueous solubility and excellent purification capacity, thereby making it a suitable candidate for drug development.
• the present disclosure provides Form N-I .
• the present disclosure provides Form N-I , characterized by the following unit cell parameters:
• measurement of free base crystalline form is at a temperature between about 2O 0 C to about 25°C.
• the present disclosure provides Form N-I, characterized by fractional atomic coordinates within the unit cell as listed in Table 3, Atomic Coordinates.
• the present disclosure provides Form N-I with characteristic peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern at values of two theta of 4.6 ⁇ 0.1, 9.4 ⁇ 0.1, 10.6 + 0.1, 14.1 + 0.1, 15.4 + 0.1, 18.2 ⁇ 0.1, 19.5 ⁇ 0.1 at a temperature between about 20 0 C and about 25°C, based on a high quality pattern collected with a diffractometer (CuKa) with a spinning capillary with 2 ⁇ calibrated with a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or other suitable standard.
• CuKa diffractometer
• NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
• the present disclosure provides Form N-I characterized by a melt with decomposition endotherm with onset typically in the range of 235-245°C. [0016] In a sixth aspect, the present disclosure provides substantially pure Form N-I.
• the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising Form N-I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. [0018] In an eighth aspect, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising Form N-I in combination with one or more additional compounds having anti-depression activity.
• FIG. 2 illustrates the differential scanning calorimetry pattern of Form N- 1.
• FIG. 3 illustrates the Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) spectrum of Form N- 1.
• the term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property of non- superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
• derivative means a chemically modified compound wherein the modification is considered routine by the ordinary skilled chemist, such as an ester or an amide of an acid, protecting groups, such as a benzyl group for an alcohol or thiol, and /er/-butoxycarbonyl group for an amine.
• enantiomers refers to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
• halogen as used herein and in the claims is intended to include fluorine, bromine, chlorine and iodine while the term “halide” is intended to include fluoride, bromide, chloride and iodide anion.
• composition means a composition comprising Form N-I in combination with at least one additional pharmaceutical carrier, i.e., adjuvant, excipient or vehicle, such as diluents, preserving agents, fillers, flow regulating agents, disintegrating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, lubricating agents and dispensing agents, depending on the nature of the mode of administration and dosage forms.
• additional pharmaceutical carrier i.e., adjuents, preserving agents, fillers, flow regulating agents, disintegrating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, lubricating agents and dispensing agents, depending on the nature of the mode of administration and dosage forms.
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable risk/benefit ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt is intended to include nontoxic salts synthesized from a compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
• such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid, respectively, in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in
• Suitable inorganic bases such as alkali and alkaline earth metal bases include The term "polymorph" refers to crystalline forms having the same chemical composition but different spatial arrangements of the molecules, atoms, and/or ions forming the crystal.
• racemic mixture and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
• racemic mixture and “racemate” are intended to include equimolar mixtures of two enantiomers.
• solvate means a physical association of a compound of this disclosure with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid, "Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Exemplary solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.
• the terra "stereoisomers” refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
• substantially pure refers to chemical purity and form purity. More specifically, substantially pure Form N-I comprises at least about 95 wt%, preferably at least about 98 wt%, more preferably at least about 99 wt% of Form N-I and less than about 5 wt%, preferably less than about 2 wt%, and more preferably less than about 1 wt% of other compounds having a different chemical structure than Compound 2.
• substantially pure Form N-I comprises at least about 95 wt%, preferably at least about 98 wt%, more preferably at least about 99 wt% of Form N-I and less than about 5 wt%, preferably less than about 2 wt%, and more preferably less than about 1 wt% of any other crystalline form of Compound 2.
• the Form N-I preferably contains less than about 5 wt% of other compounds, and less than about 5wt% of any other form (also referred to as "phase homogenicity").
• the term "therapeutically effective amount” means the total amount of Form N-I that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone.
• the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously. If Form N-I is used in combination with another medication, i.e. , drug, the combination of compounds described herein may result in a synergistic combination. Synergy, as described for example by Chou et al., Adv. Enzyme ReguL, 22:27-55 (1984), occurs when the effect of the compounds when administered in combination is greater than the effect of the compounds when administered alone as single agents.
• treating refers to: (i) preventing a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a patient which may be predisposed to the disease, disorder and/or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease, disorder or condition, i.e., arresting its development; and (iii) relieving the disease, disorder or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease, disorder and/or condition.
• Crystalline forms may be prepared by a variety of methods, including for example, crystallization or recrystallization from a suitable solvent, sublimation, growth from a melt, solid state transformation from another phase, crystallization from a supercritical fluid, and jet spraying.
• Techniques for crystallization or recrystallization of crystalline forms from a solvent mixture include, for example, evaporation of the solvent, decreasing the temperature of the solvent mixture, crystal seeding a supersaturated solvent mixture of the molecule and/or salt, freeze drying the solvent mixture, and addition of antisolvents (countersolvents) to the solvent mixture.
• High throughput crystallization techniques may be employed to prepare crystalline forms including polymorphs.
• Crystals of drugs including polymorphs, methods of preparation, and characterization of drug crystals are discussed in Byrn, S.R. et al, Solid-Stale Chemistry of Drugs, 2nd Ed., SSCI, West Lafayette, Indiana (1999).
• solvent the choice of solvent or solvents is typically dependent upon one or more factors, such as solubility of the compound, crystallization technique, and vapor pressure of the solvent, or the ability to afford a substantially pure crystalline form.
• Combinations of solvents may be employed, for example, the compound may be solubilized into a first solvent to afford a solution, followed by the addition of an antisolvent to decrease the solubility of the compound in the solution and to afford the formation of crystals.
• An antisolvent is a solvent in which the compound has low solubility.
• seed of small size is needed to control effectively the growth of crystals in the batch.
• Seed of small size may be generated by sieving, milling, or micronizing of large crystals, or by micro-crystallization of solutions. Care should be taken that milling or micronizing of crystals does not result in any change in crystallinity of the desired crystal form (i.e., change to amorphous or to another polymorph).
• a cooled crystallization mixture may be filtered under vacuum, and the isolated solids may be washed with a suitable solvent, such as cold recrystallization solvent, and dried under a nitrogen purge to afford the desired crystalline form.
• the isolated solids maybe analyzed by a suitable spectroscopic or analytical technique, such as solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray powder diffraction, or the like, to assure formation of the preferred crystalline form of the product.
• the resulting crystalline fo ⁇ n is typically produced in an amount of greater than about 70 weight percent isolated yield, preferably greater than 90 weight percent isolated yield, based on the weight of the compound originally employed in the crystallization procedure.
• the product may be co-milled or passed through a mesh screen to delump the product, if necessary.
• Crystalline forms may be prepared, for example, directly from the reaction medium of the process for preparing Compound 2. This may be achieved, for example, by employing in the final process step a solvent or a mixture of solvents from which Form N-I may be crystallized. Alternatively, crystalline forms may be obtained by distillation or solvent addition techniques. Suitable solvents for this purpose include, for example, non-polar solvents and polar solvents, including protic polar solvents such as alcohols, and aprotic polar solvents such as ketones, the details and selection of which are known to those skilled in the art..
• the presence of more than one polymorph in a sample may be determined by techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) or solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR).
• PXRD powder X-ray diffraction
• SSNMR solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• the presence of extra peaks in an experimentally measured PXRD pattern when compared with a simulated PXRD pattern may indicate more than one polymorph in the sample.
• the simulated PXRD may be calculated from single crystal X-ray data, see Smith, D.K., A FORTRAN Program for Calculating X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California, UCRL-7196 (April 1963).
• Form N-I has phase homogeneity indicated by less than 5 percent, preferably less than 2 percent, and more preferably less than 1 percent of the total peak area in the experimentally measured PXRD pattern arising from the extra peaks that are absent from a simulated PXRD pattern.
• the crystallization technique provides a product consisting essentially of Form N-I .
• the crystallized material preferably comprises at least 95 wt% of Form N-I, based on the weight of Compound 2 in the composition.
• the remaining material may comprise other form(s) of the compound and/or reaction impurities and/or processing impurities arising from its preparation.
• the presence of reaction impurities and/or processing impurities may be determined by analytical techniques known in the art, such as, for example, chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, or infrared spectroscopy.
• Form N-I can be characterized using various techniques, which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of characterization methods include, but are not limited to, single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), simulated powder X-ray patterns (Yin, S. et al., Am. Pharm. Rev,, 6(2):80 (2003)), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solid-state 13 C NMR (Earl, WX. et al., /. Magn. Reson., 48:35-54 (1982)), Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, moisture sorption isotherms, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and hot stage techniques.
• PXRD powder X-ray diffraction
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• Solid-state 13 C NMR Earl, WX. et al., /. Magn. Reson., 48:35-54 (1982)
• the forms may be characterized and distinguished using single crystal X- ray diffraction, which is based on unit cell measurements of a single crystal of form N-I. A detailed description of unit cells is provided in Stout et al. 5 Ch. 3, X-ray Structure Determination: A Practical Guide, Macmillan Co., New York (1968), which is herein incorporated by reference.
• the unique arrangement of atoms in spatial relation within the crystalline lattice may be characterized according to the observed fractional atomic coordinates.
• Another means of characterizing the crystalline structure is by powder X-ray diffraction analysis in which the diffraction profile is compared to a simulated profile representing pure powder material, both run at the same analytical temperature, and measurements for the subject form characterized as a series of 2 ⁇ values.
• an X-ray diffraction pattern may be obtained with a measurement of error that is dependent upon the measurement conditions employed, hi particular, it is generally known that intensities in an X-ray diffraction pattern may fluctuate depending upon measurement conditions employed. It should be further understood that relative intensities may also vary depending upon experimental conditions, and, accordingly, the exact order of intensity should not be taken into account. Additionally, a measurement error of diffraction ang ⁇ e for a conventional X-ray diffraction pattern is typically about 5 percent or less, and such degree of measurement error should be taken into account as pertaining to the aforementioned diffraction angles.
• crystal forms of the present disclosure are not limited to the crystal forms that provide X-ray diffraction patterns completely identical to the X-ray diffraction patterns depicted in the accompanying Figures disclosed herein. Any crystal form that provides an X-ray diffraction pattern, and DSC thermogram substantially identical to those disclosed in the accompanying Figures fall within the scope of the present disclosure. The ability to ascertain substantial identities of X-ray diffraction patterns is within the purview of one of ordinary skill in the art.
• Form N-I can be used to treat depression.
• Form N-I, alone or in combination with other compounds can be used to treat other conditions, such as, for example, neurological conditions, psychiatric conditions and immunological conditions, e.g., anxiety disorders, pain, ADD, smoking cessation and obesity.
• Form N-I, alone or in combination with other compounds, i.e., drugs can be used to treat patients afflicted with various conditions (also referred to as "disorders") by administering to said patients a dose of a pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
• compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Form N-I and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the active ingredient, i.e., Form N-I in such compositions typically comprises from 0.1 weight percent to 99.9 percent by weight of the composition, and often comprises from about 5 Io 95 weight percent.
• the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable modifiers (such as calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide) to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form.
• Formulations of the polymorph of the present disclosure may also contain additives for enhancement of absorption and bioavailability, or to improve the formulation process.
• compositions of this disclosure may be administered orally (as a solution or solid formulation), parenterally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, and intralesional injection or infusion techniques.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
• This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The details concerning the preparation of such compounds are known to those skilled in the art.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure may be administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, and aqueous suspensions and solutions.
• carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, can also be added.
• useful carriers/diluents include lactose, high and low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, and dried corn starch.
• the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.
• Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, gender, diet, time of administration, the duration of treatment, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the condition, the patient's disposition to the condition and the judgment of the treating physician.
• a number of alternative reducing agents can be envisioned to install the amine functionality Alkylation of the secondary amine with ⁇ -bromo-2'-acetonapthone and an appropriate base composed of either an organic amine bases such as triethylamine, afforded ketone compound 4.
• Dichloromeihane is the preferred solvent, although a number of solvents can be used including EtOAc, IPAC, MTBE, MeOH, EtOH, THF, ACN, Immediate reduction of the resulting ketone with sodium borohydride afforded compound 5 which was subsequently cyclized under acidic Friedel-Crafts conditions to afford racemic tetrahydroisoquinoline compound 6 and its regioisomer in approximately 2.5: 1 ratio,
• a number of acids can be envisioned including protic acids such as methanesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid and Lewis acids such as TiC ⁇ and AICI3.
• the regioisomers are separated via the oxlate salts and then a selective crystallization in ethanol.
• the oxalate salt of the desired isomer is then converted to the free base by treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide and subsequently isolated by extraction with MTBE.
• a second iteration of this procedure improves the ration to >97:3.
• Classical resolution of the desired enantiomer, compound 7, is achieved using di-/>-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid.
• the desired tartrate salt is more insoluble in acetone, and isolated by filtration.
• the first pass affords a 95:5 mixture of enantiomers.
• a second iteration provides >99% ee with chemical purity >99%.
• the mixture of stereo- and regioisomers could be purified by chiral SFC chromatography.
• Demethylation of compound 7 with hydrobromic acid in acetic acid affords the phenol hydrobromide salt, compound 8, which is converted directly to the triflate, compound 9, by using two equivalents of an organic amine base, such as diethyl amine, DfPEA or pyridine, and trifiuoromethanesulfonic anhydride in dichloromethane.
• the freebase of compound 8 can be used successfully in the subsequent Suzuki coupling.
• a number of combinations of solvent, boronate, catalyst and ligands can be envisioned for the subsequent Suzuki coupling.
• the crude triflate was converted to the crude boronate ester compound 10 using bis(pinacolato)diboron, KOAc and PdCydppf) in DMSO.
• Recrystallization of the bis-protected product from IP A/water significantly reduces the mono-boc amino pyridazine intermediate.
• Work-up of the crude reaction mixture of compound 12 with aqueous LiCl, aqueous NH4OH, or treatment with a suitable metal scavengers such as Si-Thiol (S3LICYCLE®), or activated carbon, or recrystallization from alcoholic solvent such as methanol are effective means in reducing the metal contamination of the desired product.
• the Boc protecting groups are removed under acidic conditions using HCl in an alcoholic solvent., such as methanol or isopropanol to afford the di-HCI salt, compound 13.
• the regioisoraers can be separated as their respective oxalate salts.
• a 2.4: 1 mixture of regioisomers [547 g, 1.8 mol] in absolute EtOH (2 L) was stirred at ambient temperature as a solution of oxalic acid (162 g, 1.8 mol, ACROS® lot # A0246832) in absolute EtOH (600 mL) was added in one portion (exothermic). The solution became heterogeneous, and after 2 h was filtered to give a light yellow solid [RBM-C-28(1)] that was -90:10 mixture of regioisomers by 1 H NMR.
• the filter cake was added to fresh absolute EtOH (6.5 L) and the resulting slurry was heated to 75°C for 3 hours. The slurry was then cooled to 25°C and filtered. The filter cake was conditioned under N 2 overnight and then added to satd. NaHCO3 (3 L). The product was extracted with EtOAc (3.5 L), and the organic layer was dried (MgS ⁇ 4) and concentrated to give 355 g of a white solid that was a 96:4 mixture of compound 6 and its regioisomer in 91% yield and 98.4% purity.
• the intermediate HBr salt of compound 8 can be isolated and used directly in the next step.
• reaction solution was poured to a 4 L beaker and water (3 L) was added to give a light brown suspension.
• the yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with water (4 L). No product was dissolved in water.
• the solid was dried in oven overnight to give product (I52.2g, 80% yield) as a light yellow solid.
• the solid was then dissolved in DCM (3.75 L) and Si-thiol (1.50 kg, 2 wt equiv, SILICYCLE® lot # 10347) was added. The mixture was vigorously stirred at 30-35 0 C for 4,5 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then filtered. The solid Si-thiol was then rinsed with DCM (7.5 L) and the combined dark brown filtrates were transferred to a Rotovap bulb through two 1.2 micron filters and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an off-white solid. ICP analysis indicated the palladium content was 160 ppm. The batch was re-dissolved in DCM (3.75 L) and Si-thiol (1.50 kg, 2 wt equiv) was added.
• the reaction solution was degassed again with argon for 5 min, heated at 82°C (oil bath) for 1 h and then cooled to room temperature and poured into water (1.0 L).
• the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (800 mL) and the organic extract was separated and washed with water (2x) and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude boronate ester compound 10 (48.0 g), obtained as a brown foam, was used in the next step without further purification: ESI MS m/z 400 [M+ H] + .
• the mixture was flushed with argon for 5 min and heated at 8O 0 C for 1 h.
• the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with 1 : 1 brine and water (2x), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (99:0.9:0.1 to 94:5.4:0.6 ethyl acetate/methanol/concentrated ammonium hydroxide).
• the wet filter cake was re-suspended in 8:2 DI water/MeOH (5.5 L), stirred for 2 hours, and then filtered.
• the filter cake was conditioned under N 2 for 48 hours and then dried in vacuo at 35°C for 48 hours to give 450 g of the compound 2 as a white solid in 96% yield and >99% purity.
• Form N- 1 was analyzed using one or more of the testing methods described below.
• R is defined as ⁇
• while R w [ ⁇ W (1F O
• Difference Fourier maps were examined at all stages of refinement. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic thermal displacement parameters. The hydrogen atoms associated with hydrogen bonding were located in the final difference Fourier maps while the positions of the other hydrogen atoms were calculated from an idealized geometry with standard bond lengths and angles. They were assigned isotropic temperature factors and included in structure factor calculations with fixed parameters.
• X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) data were obtained using a Bruker C2 GADDS.
• the radiation was Cu Ka (40 KV, 40mA).
• the sample-detector distance was 15 cm.
• Powder samples were placed in sealed glass capillaries of lmm or less in diameter; the capillary was rotated during data collection. Data were collected for 3 ⁇ 2Q ⁇ 5° with a sample exposure time of at least 1000 seconds.
• the resulting two- dimensional diffraction arcs were integrated to create a traditional 1 -dimensional PXRD.
• Characteristic diffraction peak positions (degrees 2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.1) at room temperature, based on a high quality pattern collected with a diffractometer (cuK ⁇ ) with a spinning capillary with 2 ⁇ calibrated with a NIST other suitable standard
• DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
• Form N-I has the properties set for the in Table 5, below.
• Form ⁇ -l may be useful in the form of the free base or acid or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

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