WO2008050669A1 - Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body - Google Patents
Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008050669A1 WO2008050669A1 PCT/JP2007/070342 JP2007070342W WO2008050669A1 WO 2008050669 A1 WO2008050669 A1 WO 2008050669A1 JP 2007070342 W JP2007070342 W JP 2007070342W WO 2008050669 A1 WO2008050669 A1 WO 2008050669A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F6/00—Post-polymerisation treatments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/20—General preparatory processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L69/00—Compositions of polycarbonates; Compositions of derivatives of polycarbonates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
- G03G5/0528—Macromolecular bonding materials
- G03G5/0557—Macromolecular bonding materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsatured bonds
- G03G5/0564—Polycarbonates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/147—Cover layers
- G03G5/14708—Cover layers comprising organic material
- G03G5/14713—Macromolecular material
- G03G5/14747—Macromolecular material obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- G03G5/14756—Polycarbonates
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polycarbonate copolymer, a process for producing the same, and a molded article comprising the copolymer.
- the present invention relates to an optical material and an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- polycarbonate resin produced from 2,2 bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (commonly known as bisphenol A) has a high transparency and excellent mechanical properties. Therefore, it is used for various applications such as optical materials and electronic materials.
- bisphenol A 2,2 bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane
- the required performance for PC resins has become stricter, and there is a demand for PC resins with superior performance.
- electrophotographic photoreceptors it has not only mechanical properties but also transparency, stable electrostatic properties that can withstand repeated charge and discharge cycles, and good solubility in non-halogen solvents. Even more advanced things are required.
- a technique for obtaining a polycarbonate copolymer having a YI of about 1.3 to 1.4 by melt copolycondensation for example, Patent Document 3
- dissolved oxygen in a sodium bisphenolate solution during interfacial polycondensation A technique for obtaining a polycarbonate having a low yellowness (YI) with an amount of less than 150 ppb (for example, Patent Document 4) is also known.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent No. 1965051
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 2531852
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-117382
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Translation of Special Publication 2002-533544
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2005-82677
- Patent Document 3 a polycarbonate copolymer obtained by melt copolycondensation has a problem that it is difficult to remove impurities.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a polycarbonate using bisphenol A alone as a biphenol, which is disclosed in a special system that performs copolycondensation! ! / Since the coloring behavior is completely different depending on the type of comonomer to be copolycondensed with bisphenol A, it is difficult to apply the technique disclosed in Patent Document 4 to the polymerization management of the polycarbonate copolymer described above.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a polycarbonate copolymer that is less colored not only after polymerization but also after molding, and that is excellent in electrostatic properties, a molded body comprising the copolymer, an optical material, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor. There is.
- the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention comprises a monomer unit represented by the following formula (1): 0 .; A polycarbonate copolymer comprising 50 mol% and a monomer unit represented by the following formula (2), wherein the content of biphenols having a structure represented by the following formula (3) is 90%. It is characterized by mass ppm or less.
- R 2 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.
- R 3 and R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or a halogen atom, and X represents —O— , —S—, —SO 1, —SO 2 —, —CO—, 9, 9 Fluorenylidene group, any bond represented by the following formulas (2a), (2b), (2c) and (2d) Group.
- R 5, R 6 are each independently a hydrogen atom, carbon atoms;! Aliphatic hydrocarbon Motoma other to 6 6 carbon atoms;. Shows the Ariru group 12 also, R 5, R 6 may be bonded to each other to form a cycloalkylidene group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Also, at least one of R is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the bonding position may be any of 0-, m-, and p-.
- R 7 to R 12 each independently represent hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a linking group consisting of a single bond or an alkylene group, provided that two of R 7 to R 12 are bonded. And the remainder is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 2 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.
- the content of the biphenols represented by the formula (3) is 90 mass ppm or less. Therefore, not only the initial coloration of the copolymer PC is reduced, but also the coloration during melt molding is reduced. Furthermore, when the content of biphenols is 90 mass ppm or less, when the copolymerized PC of the present invention is used as a molded product for an electrophotographic photosensitive member, the residual potential when the electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly used is reduced. The rise can be suppressed.
- the content of the biphenols represented by the formula (3) is an unreacted residual amount in the copolymerized PC after the polycondensation reaction, and more preferably 60 mass ppm or less. It is preferably 30 ppm by mass or less, and most preferably 10 ppm by mass or less.
- the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention comprises a monomer unit represented by the formula (1):
- a polycarbonate copolymer comprising 50 mol% and a monomer unit represented by the above formula (2), which contains a biphenyl compound having three phenolic hydroxyl groups in one molecule.
- the amount is 200 mass ppb or less.
- the content of a biphenyl compound in which three phenolic hydroxyl groups exist in one molecule is 200 mass ppb. Therefore, not only the initial coloration of the copolymerized PC is small, but also the coloration at the time of melt forming is reduced. Furthermore, when the content of trihydroxybiphenyls is 200 mass ppb or less, the electrophotographic photoreceptor was repeatedly used when the copolymerized PC of the present invention was used as a molded article for an electrophotographic photoreceptor. The rise of the residual potential at the time can be suppressed.
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyl in the copolymerized PC is more preferably 150 mass ppb or less, more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, and most preferably 50 mass ppb or less. .
- the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention comprises a solvent that can dissolve 5% by mass or more of the finally obtained polycarbonate copolymer and does not substantially mix with water, an alkali metal hydroxide, or an alkali.
- the monomer unit represented by the formula (1) is 0.;! To 50 mol%, and YI (flaky powder of the polycarbonate copolymer is JIS (Measured in accordance with K 7105) is 3 or less, so it is suitable for optical material applications where importance is also placed on colorless and transparent in addition to heat resistance. In addition, the YI of the flaky powder is 3 or less. It also means that the amount of impurities that deteriorate the electrostatic properties is small, so that it is also useful as a raw material for molded articles used in electrophotographic photoreceptors.
- the monomer unit represented by (1) is less than 0.1 mol%, no improvement in heat resistance is observed as a copolymerized PC, and in applications where it is used as the outermost layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, it is wear resistant. Insufficient durability and durability.
- the monomer unit force shown in the above (1) exceeds 50 mol%, the biphenol skeleton is easily crystallized and the transparency is deteriorated. In addition, when such a crystal is formed in the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the electrostatic characteristics are deteriorated.
- the preferred range of monomeric units represented by the formula (1) is 1 40 mole%, more preferably from 5 to 30 mole 0/0.
- the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention is a polycarbonate copolymer constituted by a polycondensation reaction from the monomer represented by the above formula (3) and the monomer represented by the following formula (4).
- the monomer represented by the above formula (3) (hereinafter also referred to as “biphenol monomer”) of a biphenyl compound (hereinafter also referred to as “trihydroxybiphenyls”) having three phenolic hydroxyl groups in one molecule. ) Is less than 300 ppm by mass.
- R 3 R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 16 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 12 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom, and X is —O— —S— —SO 2 —SO 2 — —CO— 9, 9 Fluorenylidene group, which is a linking group represented by the above formula (2a) (2b) (2c) or (2d).
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyls, which are impurities contained in the biphenol monomer is 300 mass ppm or less, so that the copolymerized PC flakes themselves are colored. There is almost no. Therefore, in addition to heat resistance, colorless and transparent is also suitable for optical material applications where importance is attached. In addition, since the residual amount of trihydroxybiphenyls that deteriorates the electrostatic characteristics is reduced, the original of the molded body used for the electrophotographic photosensitive member is reduced. It is also useful as a fee.
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyls in the biphenol monomer is preferably 150 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 20 ppm by mass or less, and most preferably 10 ppm by mass or less.
- YI measured in accordance with JIS K 7105 for flaky powder
- the value of YI in the copolymerized PC of the present invention may be used. If the copolymerized PC is obtained in a shape other than flakes, prepare a sample for YI measurement as follows.
- the YI of the copolymerized PC is 3 or less, and the force is considered to be due to a small amount of coloring causative substances.
- the YI of the copolymerized PC is preferably 2.3 or less, more preferably 1.8 or less, and even more preferably 1.2 or less.
- the molded article of the present invention is preferably formed by melt-molding the above polycarbonate copolymer.
- molded bodies having various shapes can be easily provided.
- the molded product after melt molding is less colored and therefore suitable for optical materials.
- the molded article of the present invention is preferably formed by wet-molding the above polycarbonate copolymer.
- the content of biphenols is 90 ppm or less or the content of trihydroxybiphenyls is 200 ppb or less, deterioration due to light, heat, oxidizing substances, moisture, etc. is suppressed. Discoloration is suppressed, and as a result, quality degradation is small.
- the increase in the residual potential during repeated use is particularly suppressed, which is very useful.
- the YI of the copolymerized PC flakes is 3 or less, discoloration with time in the case of a molded product is similarly suppressed, and the increase in the residual potential when used repeatedly as an electrophotographic photosensitive member is particularly high. It is suppressed.
- the reason for this is that by setting the YI of the copolymerized PC flakes to 3 or less, there are relatively few substances that change the copolymerized PC to yellow by the action of light, heat, oxidizing substances, moisture, etc. It is.
- the optical material of the present invention is characterized by including the above-mentioned polycarbonate copolymer or a molded body comprising the same.
- optical material of the present invention since it is configured to include the above-described polycarbonate copolymer, melt-molded body, or wet-molded body, there is almost no coloring and excellent transparency. Are better.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is characterized by including the above-described polycarbonate copolymer or a molded product made of the same.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor is, for example, an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a photosensitive layer is provided on a conductive substrate, and the above-described copolymerized PC is preferably used as a binder resin, a surface coat resin, an adhesive resin, or the like. Can be used.
- the above-mentioned copolymerized PC is used as a so-called binder resin, etc., so that it has excellent electrostatic characteristics, and the increase in the residual potential particularly during repeated use. It is extremely useful because it is small.
- the method for producing the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention includes a monomer represented by the formula (3). And a method for producing a polycarbonate copolymer in which a polycondensation reaction is performed using the monomer represented by the formula (4), wherein an antioxidant is added to 1 mol of the monomer represented by the formula (3). It is characterized by being added to the reaction system at a ratio of 0.001;
- a copolymerized PC when a copolymerized PC is produced using a predetermined monomer, an antioxidant is added to 1 mol of the monomer represented by the formula (3). 0001 -0.1 Since it is added to the reaction system at a molar equivalent ratio, side reactions can be suppressed, and initial coloration of the resulting copolymerized PC can be suppressed. For example, it is easy to control the YI measured according to JIS K 710 5 to 3 or less. That is, the present invention is characterized in that a copolymerized PC having good characteristics can be obtained even under conditions where oxygen is substantially present.
- the antioxidant is preferably a hydrosulfite salt.
- the hydrosulfite salt is used as the antioxidant, side reactions during the polycondensation reaction can be suppressed at any time. Coloring can be suppressed more effectively.
- the temperature during the polycondensation reaction is preferably 20 ° C or lower.
- the temperature during the polycondensation reaction is set to 20 ° C. or less, so that it is easy to suppress initial coloring of the copolymerized PC obtained.
- the polycondensation reaction is preferably performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of 5065 Pa or less.
- the polycondensation reaction is performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of 5065 Pa or less, it is easy to suppress initial coloration of the resulting copolymerized PC.
- the oxygen partial pressure is more preferably 1013 Pa or less.
- the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention is characterized by being produced by any one of the production methods described above.
- the initial coloration of the obtained copolymer PC is very small. Therefore, it can be suitably used in the field of optical materials requiring transparency.
- the copolymerization PC contains less impurities. Since it has excellent electrical characteristics, it can be suitably used, for example, in the field of electrophotographic photoreceptors.
- Copolymerization PC of the present embodiment is a polycarbonate copolymer comprising monomer units represented by the following formula (1) 0.;! To 50 mol% and monomer units represented by the following formula (2) The content of biphenols having a structure represented by the following formula (3) is 90 mass ppm or less.
- R 2 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.
- R 3 and R 4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or a halogen atom, and X represents —O— , —S—, —SO 1, —SO 2 —, —CO—, 9, 9 Fluorenylidene group, any bond represented by the following formulas (2a), (2b), (2c) and (2d) Group.
- R 5 and R 6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms; and R 5 , R 6 6 may be bonded to each other to form a cycloalkylidene group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Also, at least one of R is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the bonding position may be any of 0-, m-, and p-.
- R 7 to R 12 each independently represent hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a linking group consisting of a single bond or an alkylene group, provided that two of R 7 to R 12 are bonded. And the remainder is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 2 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom.
- the ratio of the monomer unit represented by the formula (1) is less than 0.1 mol%, the modification effect due to the biphenol skeleton cannot be obtained, the heat resistance is insufficient, or the coating liquid at the time of wet molding Whitens (gels). Further, when it is used as a molded body (binder resin) for an electrophotographic photosensitive member, it is difficult to achieve improvement in printing life if prevention of crystallization of the charge transport layer. On the other hand, when the proportion of the monomer unit exceeds 50 mol%, crystallization is likely to occur in a part of the copolymerized PC (biphenol skeleton) and the transparency is deteriorated. Is inappropriate. For example, when the amount of transmitted light decreases, the sensitivity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member decreases. Further, if the haze is large, image blurring occurs, which is not preferable.
- the preferred range of monomeric units represented by the formula (1) is 1 to 40 mol%, and more favorable Mashiku is a 5 to 30 mole 0/0.
- the content of biphenols represented by the formula (3) in the copolymerized PC is 90 mass ppm or less. Therefore, not only the so-called initial coloration is small, but also the coloration during melt molding is reduced. Furthermore, if the content of biphenols is 90 mass ppm or less, the residual potential increases when the electrophotographic photoreceptor is repeatedly used when the copolymer PC is used as a molded article for the electrophotographic photoreceptor. Can be suppressed.
- the content of biphenols is the unreacted residual amount in the polycondensation reaction, more preferably 60 mass ppm or less, more preferably 30 mass ppm or less, and most preferably 10 mass ppm or less. is there.
- the copolymerization PC of this embodiment has a reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C of a solution having a concentration of 0.5 g / dl using methylene chloride as a solvent. preferably in the range of / g .
- the reduced viscosity [] / C] is less than 0.2 dl / g, the mechanical strength of the copolymerized PC is low.
- this copolymerized PC is used as, for example, a binder resin for a molded article for an electrophotographic photosensitive member, the surface hardness of the binder layer is insufficient, the photosensitive member is worn, and the printing life is shortened.
- the reduced viscosity [7] / C] exceeds 5. Odl / g, the solution viscosity of the copolymerized PC increases, making it difficult to produce a photoconductor by the solution coating method.
- the copolymerized PC of this embodiment may have other monomer units other than those described above as long as the object of the present invention is not hindered, and other polycarbonate components and additives are appropriately added and blended. Can also be used.
- the copolymerized PC of the present embodiment is easily converted into a flaky powder by performing a polycondensation reaction using a monomer mixture of the monomer represented by the formula (3) and the monomer represented by the following formula (4).
- R and R are each independently a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
- Examples of the monomer (biphenols) represented by the above formula (3) include 4, 4, -biphenol, 3, 3, 1-dimethyl-1, 4, 4'-biphenol, 3, 3, 5, 5- Trimethinole 4, 4'—Bif Enol, 3—Propyl 4, 4′—Biphenol, 3, 3 ′, 5, 5′—Tetramethyl 1, 4, 4, —Biphenol, 3, 3, 1 Diphenol 2 , 4'-biphenol, 3, 3, 1-dibutyl-1, 4, 4'-biphenol, and the like.
- 4,4′-biphenol is preferable in that it gives a copolymerized PC with less coloring.
- durability is also improved. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the monomer represented by the formula (4) include 1, 1 bis (3-methyl-4-hydride). Loxyphenenole) ethane, 9, 9-bis (3-phenyl-4-hydroxyphenole) fluorene, bis (4-hydroxyphenenole) methane, 1,1 bis (4-hydroxyphenenole) ethane, 1, 2 Bis (4-hydroxyphenenole) ethane, 2, 2 bis (4-hydroxyphenenole) propan, 2, 2 bis (3 methyl-4-hydroxyphenenole) butane, 2, 2 bis (4-hydroxyphenenole) butane, 2 , 2 Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) octane, 4, 4 Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) heptane, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1,1-diphenylmethane, 1,1-bis (4-Hydroxyphenyl) -1-1-phenylethane, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1-1-phenylme
- the copolymerized PC of the present embodiment can be easily obtained by using the monomer of the formula (3) and the monomer of the formula (4) V and performing a polycondensation reaction such as interfacial polycondensation.
- the carbonate bond is suitably formed.
- dihalogenated carbonyls such as phosgene, haloformates such as chlorophenolate compounds, carbonate compounds, etc.
- the carbonate bond is suitably formed.
- These reactions are performed in the presence of a terminal terminator and / or a branching agent as necessary.
- monovalent carboxylic acid and derivatives thereof, or monovalent phenol can be used.
- Tetrafluoro-2-propanol or alcohol represented by the following formula is preferably used.
- n is an integer between! and 12
- the addition ratio of these terminal stoppers are, as a copolymerization composition ratio, 0.05 to 30 mol%, more preferably 0.5;! A ⁇ 10 mol 0/0, the proportion exceeds 30 mole 0/0 Mechanical strength may be reduced, and if it is less than 0.05 mol%, moldability may be reduced.
- branching agent examples include phloroglysin, pyrogallol, 4,6 dimethyl-2,4,6 tris (4-hydroxyphenenole) -2 heptene, 2,6 dimethinole 2, 4,6 tris ( 4 hydroxyphenyl) 1 3 heptene, 2, 4 dimethyl 1 2, 4, 6 tris (4 hydroxyphenenole) heptane, 1, 3, 5 tris (2 hydroxyphenyl) benzene, 1, 3, 5 —Tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) benzene, 1,1,1-tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, Tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) phenylmethane, 2,2bis [4,4bis (4-h Droxyphenino) cyclohexyl] propane, 2,4 bis [2 bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2 propynole] phenol, 2,6 bis (2 hydroxy-5 methylbenzyl) —4 methylphenol, 2— (4 hydroxypheny
- the addition amount of these branching agents is 30 mol% or less, preferably 5 mol% or less in terms of the copolymer composition ratio, and if this exceeds 30 mol%, moldability may be deteriorated.
- examples of the acid binder include alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and hydroxide. It is possible to use alkali metal hydroxides such as cesium, alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate and lithium carbonate, organic bases such as pyridine, or mixtures thereof.
- the ratio of the acid binder used may be appropriately adjusted in consideration of the stoichiometric ratio (equivalent) of the reaction. Specifically, 1 equivalent or an excess amount, preferably;! To 10 equivalents of an acid binder may be used per 1 mol of hydroxyl group of the raw material divalent phenol.
- Solvents used here include aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene, methyl chloride, chlorophenol, 1.1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1, 1, 1 trichloroethane, 1, 1 , 2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane, blackened benzene and other halogenated hydrocarbons, acetophenone, etc. It is mentioned as a suitable thing. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Furthermore, interfacial polycondensation reaction may be performed using two kinds of solvents that do not mix with each other! /.
- Examples of the catalyst include trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, tertiary amines such as N, N dimethylcyclohexylamine, pyridine, dimethylaniline, trimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, triethyl.
- Quaternary anions such as benzylammonium chloride, tributylbenzylammonium chloride, trioctylmethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetraptylammonium bromide
- Quaternary phosphonium salts such as monium salt, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide are preferred.
- antioxidants such as sodium sulfite and hydrosulfite salts
- the method for producing the copolymerized PC can be specifically carried out in various modes.
- bivalent phenols biphenols of the above formula (3) and / or bisphenols of the above formula (4) can be used.
- phosgene are produced to produce a polycarbonate oligomer, and then the above-mentioned divalent phenol is reacted with this polycarbonate oligomer in the presence of a mixed solution of the above-mentioned solvent and an alkaline aqueous solution of an acid binder.
- a method may be employed in which the divalent phenol and phosgene are reacted in a mixed solution of the solvent and an aqueous alkali solution.
- the former method is preferred because it is efficient to produce polycarbonate oligomers in advance.
- a polycarbonate oligomer To produce a polycarbonate oligomer, first, divalent phenol is dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution to prepare an alkaline aqueous solution of divalent phenol. Next, phosgene is introduced into the mixed solution of the alkaline aqueous solution and an organic solvent such as methylene chloride and reacted to synthesize a polycarbonate oligomer of divalent phenol. Next, the reaction solution is separated into an aqueous phase and an organic phase to obtain an organic phase containing a polycarbonate oligomer.
- the alkali concentration of the alkaline water solution is preferably in the range of 0.;! To 5N, and the volume ratio of the organic phase to the aqueous phase is 10:;! To 1:10, preferably 5 :; ! ⁇ 1: 5 range.
- the reaction temperature is usually 0 to 70 ° C., preferably 5 to 65 ° C. under cooling, and the reaction time is about 15 minutes to 4 hours, preferably about 30 minutes to 3 hours.
- the average molecular weight of the polycarbonate oligomer thus obtained is 6000 or less, and the degree of polymerization is usually 20 or less, preferably 2 to 10-mer.
- the divalent phenol is added to the organic phase containing the polycarbonate oligomer thus obtained and reacted.
- the reaction temperature is 0 to 150 ° C, preferably 5 to 40 ° C, more preferably 5 to 30 ° C, and particularly preferably 5 to 20 ° C.
- the reaction pressure may be any of reduced pressure, normal pressure, and increased pressure. Usually, it can be suitably carried out at normal pressure or about the pressure of the reaction system. While the reaction time depends on the reaction temperature, it is generally 0.5 minute to 10 hours, preferably about 1 minute to 2 hours.
- the divalent phenol is preferably added as an organic solvent solution and / or an alkaline water solution.
- the catalyst, the terminal terminator, the branching agent, and the like may be used in the above production method, either as necessary during the production of the polycarbonate oligomer, during the subsequent high molecular weight reaction, or both. Can be used.
- various methods can be applied as a method for reducing the residual concentration of biphenols (unreacted monomers) contained in the produced copolymerized PC to 90 mass ppm or less.
- a method for optimizing the reaction equivalent at the time of polymerization and reducing the remaining amount of monomer (2) in the washing step after the polymerization, the washing conditions in the alkaline aqueous solution are optimized and the remaining unreacted monomer (3)
- a method in which unreacted monomers are preferentially dissolved in the crystallization process, and the co-polymerized PC is treated with a solvent that can be crystallized.
- washing with water is first performed to dilute the high-concentration solution at the time of polymerization to facilitate separation of the aqueous solution and the polymer solution.
- an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution residual biphenols are back-extracted into the water tank and removed by alkali.
- washing is performed to such an extent that impurities in the final polymer satisfy the constituent requirements of the present invention.
- a suitable concentration range of the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is 0.0;! To 1N, and residual biphenols are efficiently removed within this range. If it is less than 01N, the extraction efficiency of residual biphenols will decrease, and the residual amount may increase. On the other hand, if the concentration exceeds 1N, the polymer may be decomposed.
- the product polymer After washing with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, if the alkaline component remains, the product polymer may be hydrolyzed.
- a suitable concentration range of the HCI aqueous solution may be a concentration at which alkali is neutralized (for example, 0.001 to 0.1N).
- concentration at which alkali is neutralized for example, 0.001 to 0.1N.
- the copolymerized PC thus obtained comprises a repeating unit represented by the formula (1) and a repeating unit represented by the formula (2), and has a structure represented by the formula (3). It is a copolymer having a content of biphenols having a content of 90 mass ppm or less.
- the copolymerized PC includes a polycarbonate unit having a structural unit other than the above formula (1) and the above formula (2), polyester, polyurethane, polyether, It may contain a unit having a polysiloxane structure.
- biphenols usually contain a small amount of impurities, of which trihydroxybiphenyls (phenolic hydroxyl groups are contained in one molecule).
- the YI of the copolymerized PC can be easily controlled to 3 or less by controlling the content of the existing biphenyl compound) to 300 mass ppm or less.
- pellets and molded articles formed from this copolymerized PC are hardly colored.
- the impurities can be reduced by optimizing the polymer washing conditions.
- the low content of trihydroxybiphenyls that deteriorates electrostatic properties is also useful as a raw material for molded articles used in electrophotographic photoreceptors.
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyls in the biphenols is preferably 150 ppm by mass or less, more preferably It is preferably 20 ppm by mass or less, and most preferably 10 ppm by mass or less.
- the content of 3-tert-butyl-4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl in biphenols is 370 ppm by mass or less, preferably 300 ppm by mass or less. It is also effective to use 30 mass ppm or less.
- a method of removing bivalent phenols such as force techol from the raw material with high accuracy during the synthesis of biphenols, or the obtained biphenols with alcohols can be recrystallized with ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.), or separation by column.
- methanol ethanol,
- isopropanol etc.
- ketones acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.
- the above range can be achieved by various methods such as selection of the reaction conditions and adjustment of the amount of branching agent or molecular weight regulator used.
- the obtained copolymerized PC is appropriately subjected to physical treatment (mixing, fractionation, etc.) and / or chemical treatment (polymer reaction, crosslinking treatment, partial decomposition treatment, etc.) to obtain a predetermined reduced viscosity [ 7] / C]
- reaction product obtained reaction product (crude product) can be subjected to various post-treatments such as a known separation and purification method, and the ability to recover a product having a desired purity (purity) as a copolymerized PC can be obtained. .
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member can be formed by including a molded body using the above-described copolymerized PC of the present embodiment as a binder resin.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present embodiment may be any of various known types of electrophotographic photosensitive members as long as the above-described copolymerized PC is used as a binder resin in the photosensitive layer.
- the photosensitive layer may be an organic electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least one charge generation layer and at least one charge transport layer, or an organic electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge generation substance and a charge transport layer in one layer. I like it.
- Copolymerized PC may be used in any part of the photosensitive layer. However, in order to fully exert the effects of the present invention, it is necessary to use a charge transfer material in the charge transport layer. Used as binder resin It is desirable to use it as a binder resin for a single photosensitive layer or as a surface protective layer! /. In the case of a multi-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member having two charge transport layers, it is preferable to use it for one of the charge transport layers! /.
- the above-described copolymerized PC of this embodiment may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Moreover, you may contain binder resin components, such as another polycarbonate, in the range which does not inhibit the objective of this invention as desired. Furthermore, you may contain additives, such as antioxidant.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of this embodiment has a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate.
- the charge transport layer may be stacked on the charge generation layer, or the charge generation layer may be stacked on the charge transport layer.
- the charge generation material and the charge transport material may be included in one layer at the same time.
- a conductive or insulating protective film may be formed on the surface layer as necessary.
- an adhesive layer for improving the adhesion between the layers or an intermediate layer such as a blocking layer that serves to block charges may be formed.
- the conductive substrate material used in the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present embodiment various materials such as known materials can be used. Specifically, aluminum, nickel, chromium, noradium, titanium, and the like can be used. Plates and drums made of molybdenum, indium, gold, platinum, silver, copper, zinc, brass, stainless steel, lead oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, ITO (indium tin oxide: tin-doped indium oxide) or graphite Sheets, and glass, cloth, paper or plastic films, sheets and seamless sieve belts that have been conductively treated by coating such as vapor deposition, sputtering, and coating, and metal drums that have been metal-oxidized by electrode oxidation, etc. Can be used.
- the charge generation layer has at least a charge generation material, and the charge generation layer has a force for forming a layer of the charge generation material on the underlying substrate by vacuum deposition, sputtering, or the like, or It can be obtained by forming a layer formed by binding a charge generating material using a binder resin on the base substrate.
- Various methods such as a known method can be used as a method for forming a charge generation layer using a nickel resin.
- the charge generation material is dispersed with a binder resin in an appropriate solvent. Is preferably a method in which a dissolved coating solution is applied onto a substrate as a predetermined base and dried to obtain a wet molded body.
- Various known materials can be used as the charge generation material in the charge generation layer.
- the compound include amorphous selenium, selenium such as trigonal selenium, selenium alloys such as selenium tellurium, selenium compounds such as As Se or selenium-containing compositions, zinc oxide, and CdS-Se.
- Inorganic materials consisting of Group 12 and Group 16 elements of the Periodic Table, oxide-based semiconductors such as titanium oxide, silicon-based materials such as amorphous silicon, metal-free phthalocyanine faces such as ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine and% -type metal-free phthalocyanine , ⁇ -type copper phthalocyanine, ⁇ -type copper phthalocyanine, ⁇ - type copper phthalocyanine, ⁇ -type copper phthalocyanine, X-type copper phthalocyanine, ⁇ -type titanyl phthalocyanine, B-type titanyl phthalocyanine, C-type titanyl phthalocyanine, D-type titanyl phthalocyanine, E-type Titanyl phthalocyanine, F type titanyl phthalocyanine, G type titanyl phthalocyanine H-type titanyl phthalocyanine, K-type titanyl phthalocyanine, L-type titanyl phthalocyanine, M-
- the charge transport layer can be obtained by forming a layer formed by binding a charge transport material with a binder resin on a base substrate.
- the binder resin for the charge generation layer and charge transport layer is not particularly limited. Various known types can be used. Specific examples include polystyrene, poly (vinyl chloride), poly (vinyl acetate), butyl chloride / (vinyl acetate) copolymer, poly (vulcetal), alkyd resin, acrylic resin, polyacrylonitrile, polycarbonate, polyamide, petital resin, polyester, vinylidene chloride.
- binder resin in the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer it is preferable to use the above-described copolymerized PC.
- a method for forming the charge transport layer various known methods can be used. Usually, a coating in which a charge transport material is dispersed or dissolved in a suitable solvent together with the copolymerization PC of the present embodiment. A method in which the liquid is applied onto a substrate as a predetermined base and dried to obtain a wet molded body is preferable.
- the mixing ratio of the charge transport material used for forming the charge transport layer and the copolymerized PC is preferably 20: 80-80: 20, more preferably 30: 70-70: 30, by mass ratio.
- the copolymerized PC of this embodiment can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, other binder resins can be used in combination with the copolymerized PC of this embodiment as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- the thickness of the charge transport layer thus formed is usually about 5 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 10-30 ⁇ m. If the thickness force is less than m, the initial potential may be lowered, and if it exceeds 100 m, the electrophotographic characteristics may be deteriorated.
- Such compounds include force rubazole compounds, indole compounds, imidazole compounds, oxazole compounds, pyrazole compounds, oxaziazole compounds, pyrazoline compounds, thiadiazole compounds, aniline compounds, hydrazone compounds, aromatic amine compounds, aliphatic amine compounds, Stilbene compounds, fluorenone compounds, butadiene compounds, quinone compounds, quinodimethane compounds, thiazole compounds, triazole compounds, imidazolone compounds, imidazolidine compounds, bisimidazolidine compounds, oxazolone compounds, benzothiazole compounds, benzimidazole compounds, quinazoline compounds, benzofuran compounds , Atridine compounds, phenazine compounds, poly N burcarbazone, polyburpyrene, polyburan Spiral, polyvinyl two Ruakurijin, poly 9- Byuruf
- charge transport materials the compounds specifically exemplified in JP-A-11 172003 are particularly preferably used.
- the copolymerized PC of this embodiment is used as a binder resin in at least either the charge generation layer or the charge transport layer.
- an undercoat layer that is usually used can be provided between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer.
- fine particles such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanic acid, zirconic acid, lanthanum lead, titanium black, silica, lead titanate, barium titanate, tin oxide, indium oxide, silicon oxide, etc.
- Ingredients such as polyamide resin, phenol resin, casein, melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polybulal alcohol, polybulutyllar resin can be used.
- the binder resin may be used, Copolymerization PC may be used.
- These fine particles and resins can be used alone or in various mixtures. When used as a mixture of these, it is preferable to use inorganic fine particles and a resin together because a film having good smoothness is formed.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is from 0.01 to 10 m, preferably from 0.1 to 7 m. If the thickness is less than 0.01 m, it is difficult to form the undercoat layer uniformly, and if it exceeds 10 mm, the electrophotographic characteristics may be deteriorated.
- a known blocking layer which is usually used can be provided between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer. As this blocking layer, the same kind of resin as the binder resin can be used. Further, the polycarbonate resin of this embodiment may be used.
- the thickness of the blocking layer is 0.0;! To 20 mm 111, preferably (b. 0;; to 10 mm). When the thickness force is less than 0.01 mm, the blocking layer is uniformly formed. If it exceeds 20 inches, the characteristics of electrophotography may be degraded.
- a protective layer may be laminated on the photosensitive layer.
- the same kind of resin as the binder resin can be used.
- the thickness of this protective layer is 0 ⁇ 0 ;! to 20 m, preferably 0.;! To 10 m.
- the protective layer contains a conductive material such as the charge generation material, charge transport material, additive, metal or oxide thereof, nitride, salt, alloy, carbon black, or organic conductive compound. May be.
- the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer include a binder, a plasticizer, a curing catalyst, a fluidity imparting agent, a pinhole control agent, a spectral sensitization.
- Sensitizers may be added.
- various chemical substances, antioxidants, surfactants, anti-curling agents, leveling agents, etc. are used for the purpose of preventing increase in residual potential, reduction in charging potential, and reduction in sensitivity due to repeated use Additives can be added.
- binder examples include silicone resin, polyamide resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyketone resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, polymethacrylate resin, polyacrylamide resin, polybutadiene resin, polyisoprene resin, Melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, polychloroprene resin, polyacrylonitrile resin, ethyl cellulose resin, nitrocellulose resin, urea resin, phenol resin, phenol Examples thereof include a xy resin, a polybutyl petital resin, a formal resin, an acetic acid bur resin, a vinyl acetate / butyl chloride copolymer resin, and a polyester carbonate resin. Also, heat and / or photocurable resins can be used. In any case, there is no particular limitation as long as it is an electrically insulating resin that can form a film in a normal state and does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- plasticizer examples include biphenyl, biphenyl chloride, o-terphenyl, halogenated paraffin, dimethylnaphthalene, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diethylene glycol phthalate, triphenyl phosphate, disobutynore
- plasticizer examples include adipate, dimethinorecebacate, dibutinorecebacate, laurinolic acid butynole, methylphthaleyl dallicolate, dimethyl dallicol phthalate, methyl naphthalene, benzophenone, polypropylene, polystyrene, and fluorohydrocarbon.
- curing catalyst examples include methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, dinonylnaphthalenedisulfonic acid and the like, and fluidity-imparting agents include modaflow and aclonal 4F, and pinhole control.
- agent examples include benzoin and dimethylenophthalate.
- a sensitizing dye for example, triphenylmethane dyes such as methyl violet, crystal violet, knight blue, and victoria blue, erythrosine cin, rhodamine B, Rhodamine 3R, Atharidin dyes such as atalidine orange and flaveosin, thiazine dyes such as methylene blue and methylene green, oxazine dyes such as capri blue and meldrable one, cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes, styryl dyes, pyrylium salt dyes, thiopyrylium salt dyes, etc. Is suitable.
- An electron-accepting substance can be added to the photosensitive layer for the purpose of improving sensitivity, reducing residual potential, and reducing fatigue during repeated use.
- Specific examples include succinic anhydride, anhydrous maleic acid, dibromomaleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 3-ditrophthalic anhydride, 4-dihydrophthalic anhydride.
- Acid, pyromellitic anhydride merit anhydride, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanquinodimethane, o-dinitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzotrinore , Picryl chloride, quinone chlorimide, chlorael, bromanyl, benzoquinone, 2,3-dichlorobenzoquinone, dichlorodisianoparabenzoquinone, naphthoquinone, diphenoquinone, tropoquinone, anthraquinone, 1-claw anthraquinone, dinitroanthraquinone, 4-12 Trobenzophenone, 4, 4'-dinitrobenzophenone, 4-12 Trobensalmalon dinitrile, a-cyanol ⁇ - ( ⁇ cyanophenyl) acrylate, 9-anthracenylmethyl normaron dinitrile, 1-cyanol
- tetrafluoroethylene trifluoroethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoride propylene resin, butyl fluoride resin, vinylidene fluoride resin, difluoride dichloride.
- Ethylene resins, copolymers thereof, and fluorine-based graft polymers may be used.
- the blending ratio of these surface modifiers is 0.1 to 60% by mass, preferably 5 to 40% by mass with respect to the binder resin. If the blending ratio is less than 0.1% by mass, surface modification such as surface durability and surface energy reduction is insufficient, and if it exceeds 60% by mass, electrophotographic characteristics may be deteriorated.
- Antioxidants added to the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer include hindered phenol antioxidants, aromatic amine amine antioxidants, hindered amine antioxidants, sulfide antioxidants, and organic phosphoric acid. Those having radical scavenging properties, radical chain inhibiting action, and / or peroxide decomposing action such as system antioxidants are preferred.
- the mixing ratio of these antioxidants is usually from 0.01 to 10 mass%, preferably from 0.1 to 2 mass%, based on the charge transport material.
- antioxidants are described in the specification of JP-A-11-1172003.
- Compounds of the chemical formulas described [Chemical Formula 94] to [Chemical Formula 101] are preferred.
- antioxidants may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more thereof.
- these antioxidants are added to the surface protective layer, the undercoat layer, and the blocking layer. May be.
- radicals can be captured and deterioration of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer can be prevented.
- Specific examples of the solvent used in the formation of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer include, for example, aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, black benzene, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone.
- Ketones such as cyclohexanone, alcohols such as methanolol, ethanol, and isopropanol, esters such as ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate, and halogens such as carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, chloroform, dichloromethane, and tetrachloroethane
- ethers such as hydrogenated hydrocarbon, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and jetylformamide. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the photosensitive layer of the single-layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member can be easily obtained by applying the binder resin (copolymerized PC) of the present embodiment using the charge generation material, the charge transport material, and the additive-containing additive. Can be formed.
- the charge transport material the hole transport material described above and
- an electron transport material As the electron transport material, those exemplified in JP-A-2005-139339 can be preferably applied.
- Each layer can be applied by using various kinds of application devices such as known ones. Specifically, for example, using an applicator, spray coater, bae coater, chip coater, rono coater, dip coater, doctor blade, etc. Can be done.
- the thickness of the photosensitive layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 5 to; 100 m, preferably 8 to 50 m. If the thickness is less than 5 in, the initial potential becomes low and soon exceeds lOO ⁇ m. Electrophotographic characteristics may be degraded.
- the ratio of the charge generating material used in the production of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to the binder resin is 1:99 to 30:70, preferably 3:97 to 15:85 in terms of mass ratio. In addition, the ratio of the charge transport material to the binder resin is 10:90 to 80:20, preferably 30:70 to 70:30 in terms of mass ratio.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of this embodiment uses the copolymerized PC of this embodiment, the coating solution does not whiten (gel) during the preparation of the photosensitive layer.
- the photosensitive layer has the molded body (binder resin) made of the copolymerized PC of the present embodiment! /, So that it has excellent durability and a small increase in residual potential during repeated use.
- It is a photoreceptor that has electrostatic characteristics and maintains excellent electrophotographic characteristics over a long period of time. It is a copier (monochrome, multicolor, full color: analog, digital), printer (laser, LED, liquid crystal shutter), facsimile, It is suitably used in various electrophotographic fields such as plate-making machines and devices having these multiple functions.
- corona discharge corotron, scorotron
- contact charging charging roll, charging brush
- dry development methods such as cascade development, two-component magnetic brush development, one-component insulating toner development, and one-component conductive toner development are used.
- electrostatic transfer methods such as corona transfer, roller transfer, and belt transfer, pressure transfer method, and adhesive transfer method are used.
- styrene resin a styrene / ataryl copolymer resin, a polyester, an epoxy resin, a cyclic hydrocarbon polymer, or the like can be applied.
- the toner can be applied to a toner whose shape is controlled to a certain shape (spheroid, potato, etc.), which may be spherical or irregular.
- the toner may be any one of a pulverizing type, a suspension polymerization toner, an emulsion polymerization toner, a chemical granulation toner, and an ester extension toner.
- Copolymerization PC of this embodiment is a monomer unit represented by the formula (1) 0. And a polycarbonate copolymer comprising the monomer unit represented by the formula (2), wherein the content of the biphenyl compound having three phenolic hydroxyl groups in one molecule is 200 mass ppb or less. It is.
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyls in the copolymerized PC is 200 mass ppb or less, a molded product with less coloring when the copolymerized PC is melt-molded. Can be remarkably improved and is suitable for optical material applications.
- the content of the trihydroxybiphenyls is 200 mass ppb or less, the residual potential when the electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly used when the copolymerized PC is formed into a molded body for the electrophotographic photosensitive member. It is preferable because it can suppress the rise of the.
- the content of these trihydroxybiphenyls is more preferably 150 mass ppb or less, more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, and most preferably 50 mass ppb or less.
- the copolymerization PC of the present embodiment can be easily obtained by performing a polycondensation reaction such as interfacial polycondensation using the monomer of the formula (3) and the monomer of the formula (4). Can be obtained.
- a method for reducing the residual concentration of trihydroxybiphenyls (triphenol) contained in the produced copolymerized PC to 200 mass ppb or less includes (1) during polymerization. (2) A method for reducing the remaining monomer amount by optimizing the reaction equivalent of (2) A method for optimizing the washing conditions in the alkaline aqueous solution and removing the remaining unreacted monomer in the washing step after polymerization, (3) A method in which unreacted monomers are preferentially dissolved in the crystallization process and the copolymerized PC is treated with a solvent that can be crystallized.
- the copolymerized PC thus obtained comprises a repeating unit represented by the above formula (1) and a repeating unit represented by the above formula (2), and the content of trihydroxybiphenyls ( It is a copolymer having a remaining amount of 200 mass ppb or less.
- the copolymerized PC includes a polycarbonate unit having a structural unit other than the above formula (1) and the above formula (2), polyester, polyurethane, polyether, It may contain a unit having a polysiloxane structure.
- biphenols usually contain a small amount of impurities, of which the content of trihydroxybiphenyls is controlled to 300 mass ppm or less. This makes it easy to control the YI of the copolymerized PC to 3 or less. As a result, the pellets and compacts molded from this copolymerized PC (flaked powder) are hardly colored.
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyls exceeds 300 ppm by mass, the impurities can be reduced by optimizing the polymer washing conditions.
- the low content of trihydroxybiphenyls that deteriorate the electrostatic properties is also useful as a raw material for molded articles used in electrophotographic photoreceptors.
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyls in the biphenols is preferably 150 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 20 ppm by mass or less, and most preferably 10 ppm by mass or less.
- the content of 3-tert-butyl-4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl in biphenols is 370 ppm by mass or less, preferably 300 ppm by mass or less. It is also effective to use 30 mass ppm or less.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of this embodiment has the same configuration as that of the first embodiment except that the above-described copolymerized PC is used as a binder resin in the photosensitive layer.
- the copolymer PC of the present embodiment is a polycarbonate copolymer comprising monomer units represented by the above formula (1) 0.;! To 50 mol% and monomer units represented by the above formula (2).
- the polycarbonate copolymer has a YI (measured in accordance with JIS K 7105 of flaky powder) of 3 or less.
- the copolymerized PC of this embodiment has a YI of 3 or less, and is so colorless and transparent.
- the molding method for copolymerized PC is a wet molding type in which it is dissolved and applied in a known organic solvent.
- wet molding suppresses discoloration of the molded body over time, resulting in little deterioration in quality.
- the copolymerized PC has a YI of 3 or less, the effect is remarkable. This is probably because there are relatively few substances that change the copolymerized PC to yellow by the action of light, heat, oxidizing substances, and moisture.
- the YI of the flaky powder that is the molding raw material is 3 or less means that there are few impurities that adversely affect the electrostatic properties, and when applied to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, it is repeated. The increase in residual potential during use is suppressed.
- the coating solution may be whitened (gelled) or the crystallization of the charge transport layer may be prevented from printing. It is difficult to achieve an improvement in the service life.
- the proportion of the monomer unit exceeds 50 mol%, crystallization is likely to occur in a part of the copolymer PC (biphenol skeleton) and the transparency deteriorates. Therefore, as a binder resin for an electrophotographic photoreceptor. Is inappropriate.
- the preferred range of monomeric units in which the majorIncr shown by the formula (1) is 1 to 40 Monore 0/0, more preferably, 5 to 30 mol%.
- the copolymerization PC of this embodiment can be easily obtained by performing interfacial polycondensation using the monomer of the formula (3) and the monomer of the formula (4), as in the first embodiment.
- the copolymerized PC obtained in this embodiment is a copolymer comprising a repeating unit represented by the formula (1) and a repeating unit represented by the formula (2).
- the copolymerized PC includes a polycarbonate unit having a structural unit other than the above formula (1) and the above formula (2), polyester, polyurethane, polyether, It may contain a unit having a polysiloxane structure.
- biphenols are trihydroxybiphenyls (biphenyl compounds in which three phenolic hydroxyl groups exist in one molecule), which are impurities contained in the components.
- the content By controlling the content to 300 mass ppm or less, it becomes easy to control the YI of the copolymerized PC to 3 or less.
- the molded product formed from the copolymerized PC (flaked powder) is hardly colored.
- the low content of trihydroxybiphenyls that deteriorate the electrostatic properties is also useful as a raw material for molded articles used in electrophotographic photoreceptors.
- the content of trihydroxybiphenyls in the biphenol monomer is preferably 150 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 20 ppm by mass or less, and most preferably 10 ppm by mass or less.
- the content of 3-tert-butyl-4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl in the biphenol monomer is 370 ppm by mass or less, preferably 300 ppm by mass. In the following, it is also effective to set it to 30 mass ppm or less.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present embodiment has the same configuration as that of the first and second embodiments except that the above-described copolymerized PC is used as a binder resin in the photosensitive layer.
- the method for producing a copolymerized PC in the present embodiment can be specifically carried out in various modes.
- bivalent phenols biphenols of the above formula (3) and / or bisphenols of the above formula (4) are used.
- phosgene, etc. to produce a polycarbonate oligomer, and then the polycarbonate oligomer is reacted with the above divalent phenol in the presence of a mixture of the above solvent and an alkaline aqueous solution of an acid binder.
- a method may be employed in which the divalent phenol and phosgene are reacted in a mixed solution of the solvent and an aqueous alkali solution.
- the former method of producing a polycarbonate oligomer in advance is preferable because it is efficient.
- a divalent phenol is dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution to prepare an alkaline aqueous solution of a divalent phenol.
- phosgene is introduced into the mixed solution of the alkaline aqueous solution and an organic solvent such as methylene chloride and reacted to synthesize a polycarbonate oligomer of divalent phenol.
- the reaction solution is separated into an aqueous phase and an organic phase to obtain an organic phase containing a polycarbonate oligomer.
- the alkali concentration of the alkaline water solution is preferably in the range of 0.;! To 5N, and the volume ratio of the organic phase to the aqueous phase is 10:;! To 1:10, preferably 5 :; ! ⁇ 1: 5 range.
- the reaction temperature is usually 0 to 70 ° C., preferably 5 to 65 ° C. under cooling, and the reaction time is about 15 minutes to 4 hours, preferably about 30 minutes to 3 hours.
- the average molecular weight of the thus obtained polycarbonate oligomer is 2000 or less, and the degree of polymerization is usually 20 or less, preferably 2 to 10-mer.
- the divalent phenol is added to the organic phase containing the polycarbonate oligomer obtained in this manner and reacted.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 0 to 20 ° C, particularly preferably 5 to 15 ° C. In particular, by reducing the reaction temperature to 20 ° C or less, it is possible to suppress the coloration (increase in YI) of the resulting copolymerized PC.
- the reaction pressure can be any of reduced pressure, normal pressure, and increased pressure. Usually, it can be suitably performed at normal pressure or about the pressure of the reaction system.
- the reaction time depends on the reaction temperature and the like, and is usually 0.5 minutes to 10 hours, preferably about 1 minute to 2 hours.
- the polycondensation reaction is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon. Yes.
- an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
- the oxygen partial pressure is more preferably 1013 Pa (0.01 atm) or less.
- an antioxidant is added to the reaction system at a ratio of 0.000; 1 to 1 molar equivalent with respect to 1 mole of the biphenols represented by the formula (3).
- the molar equivalent means that when there are a plurality of structural units that exhibit an antioxidant function in one molecule, the structural units that perform each function are each 1 mole.
- 1 mol of a bifunctional antioxidant of the type in which two hindered phenols are bonded in one molecule is 2 molar equivalents.
- 0.0002 to 0.05 molar equivalent is more preferable, 0.001 to 0.1 molar equivalent is more preferable, and 0.002 to 0.05 molar equivalent is most preferable.
- antioxidants examples include reducing antioxidants such as sodium sulfite hydrosulfite salt, but hydrosulfite salts (particularly sodium sulfite sodium salt, hydrosulfite potassium salt). ) Is preferred.
- reducing antioxidants such as sodium sulfite hydrosulfite salt, but hydrosulfite salts (particularly sodium sulfite sodium salt, hydrosulfite potassium salt). ) Is preferred.
- the divalent phenol is preferably added as an organic solvent solution and / or an alkaline water solution.
- the catalyst, the terminal terminator, the branching agent, and the like may be used in the above production method, either as necessary during the production of the polycarbonate oligomer, during the subsequent high molecular weight reaction, or both. Can be used.
- 4,4, -dihydroxybiphenyl (trihydroxybiphenyl content: 321 mass ppm, 3-tertbutyl 4,4, -dihydroxybiphenyl content: 349 mass ppm) 24 g of 8% strength by weight water It melt
- 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl was used without purification from a commercially available product. The impurity content in 4,4 ′ dihydroxybiphenyl was measured using liquid chromatography.
- PC 1-1 was dissolved in methylene chloride to make a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured. there were.
- PC 1-1 (2.5 g) was placed in an Erlenmeyer flask with a stopper and dissolved in 25 ml of methylene chloride. Next, after adding an antioxidant (Cirbus Specialty Chemicals Irganox 1010, 30 mg), gradually stir the solution with a magnetic stirrer and gradually add 100 ml of acetone and 100 ml of hexane for about 1 minute each. While adding, the resin content was precipitated. After the precipitate was suction filtered, the filtrate was transferred to a concentrating container, and the solvent was volatilized and concentrated while blowing nitrogen gas in a 45 ° C. hot water bath.
- an antioxidant Cirbus Specialty Chemicals Irganox 1010, 30 mg
- the amount of 4, 4, 1 biphenol was measured by an absolute calibration curve method by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) (Agilent 100 series, column: manufactured by TOSOH) ODS system, inner diameter 4.6mm, length 25cm).
- HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
- the mobile phase at the time of measurement uses a mixed system of distilled water (0.1% by volume of formic acid added) and acetonitrile, and the grunge ent mode (acetonitrile concentration: 30 ⁇ ; 100% by volume—20111 ⁇ , flow rate : 1 ⁇ Oml / min) Measurement was performed with an ultraviolet detector (280 nm).
- the 4,4'-biphenol concentration (mass ppm) remaining in PC-1-1 is the recovery rate (%) for a system in which 4, 4'-biphenol (pure product) is added to the resin at a specified concentration. ), And “corrected to be 4,4′-biphenol concentration (mass ppm) / (recovery (%) / 100) j measured by HPLC.
- PC-1-1 flakes were pelletized by melt extrusion at a cylinder temperature of 280 ° C and a screw rotation speed of lOOrpm using a 50mm ⁇ short screw extruder.
- the pellets were dried at 120 ° C for 5 hours and then injection-molded using a 20 X 50 X 3mm mold (S55C mirror # 1000) to test specimens for measuring physical properties (20 X 50 X 3mm) It was created.
- the test piece (injection molded product) was measured according to YI JIS K 7105) and the total light transmittance (both compliant with JIS K 7105).
- YI of injection molded product A (very good) for 2 or less, B (good) for 4 or less, and C (bad) for 4 or more.
- a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer were sequentially laminated on the surface to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a laminated photosensitive layer.
- the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer were formed as follows.
- oxotitanium phthalocyanine 0.5 parts by mass was used as a charge generation material, and 0.5 parts by mass of a petital resin was used as a binder resin. These were added to 19 parts by mass of methylene chloride as a solvent, dispersed with a ball mill, and this dispersion was applied to the surface of the conductive substrate film with a bar coater and dried to obtain a film thickness of about 0.5. 111 charge generation layers were formed.
- the obtained electrophotographic photosensitive member was evaluated for electrophotographic characteristics using an electrostatic charge test apparatus EPA-8100 (manufactured by Kawaguchi Denki Seisakusho). Specifically, a 6 kV corona discharge is performed in the static mode, the initial surface potential (V), and the residual voltage after 5 seconds of light irradiation (10 Lux).
- the surface potential of the photoconductor can be measured by modifying a printer (FS-600 manufactured by Kyocera), and the photoconductor was mounted on a drum to evaluate the charging characteristics. Specifically, evaluation of charging characteristics (repeated residual potential rise ( ⁇ V)) before and after repeated operation for 24 hours under conditions where toner and paper do not pass at high temperature and high humidity (35 ° C, 85% RH) Went.
- a printer FS-600 manufactured by Kyocera
- Example 1-1 Copolymerization of Example 1-1
- PC 4,4,1-dihydroxybiphenyl dissolved in acetone in a polymer solution after washing with water (Honshu Chemical Co., Ltd., content of trihydroxybiphenyl: 321 mass ppm) 3-tert-butyl-4,4-dihydroxybiphenyl content: 49 mass ppm) was added in an amount that would be 90 mass ppm with respect to the total resin solid content. (The amount of elution into the solvent and the ratio of the remaining amount to the solid content was determined by experiment to determine the addition amount)
- PC 1-2 A copolymerized PC (PC 1-2) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except for the above.
- PC-1-2 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82dl / g. .
- the chemical structure of PC-1-2 was analyzed by 1 H-NMR, it was confirmed that it had the same structure as PC-1-1.
- PC-1-2 and this copolymerized PC were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 11 for an electrophotographic photosensitive member produced in the same manner as in Example 11.
- Example 1 Copolymerization of PC (PC — 1-3) in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the number of washings of the reaction product with aqueous sodium hydroxide was changed to 3 in the production of PC.
- PC-1-3 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. .
- the chemical structure of PC-1-3 was analyzed by 1 H-NMR, it was confirmed that it had the same structure as PC-1-1.
- PC-1-3 and this copolymerized PC were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 11 for an electrophotographic photosensitive member produced in the same manner as in Example 11.
- Example 1-1 Copolymerization
- 2,2 bis (4-vidoxyphenyl) propan bisphenolanol A
- 74 g was converted to 87 g of 1,1-bis (4-vidoxyphenole) cyclohexane.
- Copolymerized PC (PC-1-4) in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that 550 ml of a 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was changed to 550 ml of a 1.5N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide power. ) was manufactured.
- PC-1-4 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83dl / g. . Also,
- Example 1-1 Copolymerization of Example 1-1
- PC 2,2 bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) propan (bisphenol nore A) was changed to 69 g of 1,1 bis (4 bidoxyphenenole) ethane
- 6 Copolymerized PC (PC-1-5) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that 550 ml of a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution having a concentration of mass% was changed to 550 ml of a 1.5 N aqueous potassium hydroxide solution.
- PC-5 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83 dl / g. .
- PC-1-5
- Example 1 Copolymerization of 1 For the production of PC! /, 2,2-bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) puffed bread (bisfenolole A) 74 g Copolymerized PC (PC 1-6) in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that 550 ml of 6% strength by weight sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was changed to 550 ml of 1.5 normal potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. ).
- PC-1-6 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. .
- Example 1 Copolymerization of 1 In the production of PC, after completion of the polycondensation reaction, the polymer solution diluted with methylene chloride was washed twice with 1.5 liters of water, with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid and 1 liter of 1 A copolymerized PC (PC-1-8) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that it was changed in order of 1 time and 1 liter of water.
- PC-1-8 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83dl / g. .
- the chemical structure of PC-8 was analyzed by 1 H-NMR, it was confirmed that it had the same structure as PC-1-1.
- Example 11 The same evaluation as in Example 11 was carried out on an electrophotographic photosensitive member produced from PC-18 and this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 11.
- Tables 1 and 2 show the evaluation results of Example 1 1 7 and Comparative Example 11. [0137] [Table 1]
- 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl was used without purifying a commercial product.
- the impurity content in 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl was measured using liquid chromatography.
- a baffled container equipped with a stirring blade was prepared separately, and 2 liters of methanol was added thereto. While thoroughly stirring the methanol in the vessel with a stirring blade, 1 liter of the polymer solution described above was slowly added dropwise at a rate at which particles were formed, and flaking was performed by reprecipitation. After completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was further stirred for 10 minutes while maintaining a sufficient stirring speed, and further 2 liters of methanol was added, and stirring was continued for another 5 minutes. The obtained flakes were filtered and dried to obtain a copolymerized PC for evaluation (PC-2-1).
- PC-2-1 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured. Met.
- PC-2 When the chemical structure of —1 was analyzed by 1 H—NMR, it was confirmed to be a copolymerized PC represented by the following formula (5).
- PC-2-l (5.0 g) was placed in an Erlenmeyer flask with a stopper and dissolved in 50 ml of methylene chloride. Next, after adding an antioxidant (Cirbus Specialty Chemicals ILGANOX 1010, 60 mg), gradually stir the solution with a magnetic stirrer and gradually add 200 ml of acetone and 200 ml of hexane for about 2 minutes. While being added to the resin, the resin component was precipitated. After the precipitate was filtered off with suction, the filtrate was transferred to a concentrating container and concentrated by volatilizing the solvent while blowing nitrogen gas in a 45 ° C. hot water bath.
- an antioxidant Cirbus Specialty Chemicals ILGANOX 1010, 60 mg
- the resulting concentrate was dissolved in 5 ml of tetrahydrofuran, and then the amount of 3,4,4, monotrihydroxybiphenyl was measured by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) using an absolute calibration curve method (manufactured by Agilent). 1100 series, column: ODS system manufactured by TOSOH, inner diameter 4.6 mm, length 25 cm).
- the mobile phase at the time of measurement uses a mixed system of distilled water (0.1% by volume of formic acid) and acetonitrile, and gradient mode (acetonitrile concentration: 32% by volume (0 to; 14 minutes) to 100 volumes). % (20 to 40 minutes, flow rate: 1.0 ml / min)) using an ultraviolet detector (260 nm).
- the concentration of 3,4,4, -trihydroxybiphenyl remaining in PC-2-1 is determined according to 3,4,4'-trihydroxybiphenyl (pure product) in the resin.
- the recovery rate (%) was determined separately for the system to which the concentration was added, and “3,4,4′-trihydroxybiphenyl concentration (mass ppb) / (recovery rate (%) / 100) measured by HPLC” Obtained by correcting
- PC-2-1 flakes were pelletized by melt extrusion at a cylinder temperature of 280 ° C and a screw rotation speed of lOOrpm using a 50mm ⁇ short-axis extruder.
- the pellets were dried at 120 ° C for 5 hours and then injection-molded using a 20 X 50 X 3mm mold (S55C mirror # 1000) to test specimens for measuring physical properties (20 X 50 X 3mm) It was created.
- This specimen (injection molded product) is measured according to YI JIS K 7105) and total light transmittance. (All are compliant with JIS K 7105).
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member in this example was evaluated by the same method as in Example 11 of the first embodiment. Therefore, explanation is omitted.
- Example 2-1 Copolymerization
- PC 3,4,4'-trihydroxybiphenyl dissolved in acetonitrile was added to the polymer solution that had been washed with water to 150 mass with respect to the total amount of resin solids.
- the amount to be ppb was calculated and added. Specifically, the residual amount of 3,4,4'-trihydroxybiphenyl in the resin obtained by varying the addition amount was measured, and a 150 mass ppb sample was selected and used as an evaluation sample. .
- PC-2-2-2 A copolymerized PC (PC-2-2-2) was produced in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except for the above.
- PC-2-2 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. .
- PC2-2 and the electrophotographic photosensitive member produced from this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 21 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 21.
- Example 2-1 Copolymerization
- PC 2,2-bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) propan (bisphenolanol A) 1,87-g of 1,1-bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) cyclohexane
- PC PC-2— 3
- PC-2-3 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83 dl / g. . Also,
- Example 2-1 Copolymerization
- PC 2,2-bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) puffed bread
- 1,1-bis (4-bidroxyphenenole) ethane A copolymerized PC (PC-2-4) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that 550 ml of a 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was changed to 550 ml of a 1.5N aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. was manufactured.
- PC-2-4 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83 dl / g. .
- PC-2
- Example 2-1 Copolymerization
- 2,2 bis (4-vidoxyphenyl) propan (bisphenol A) 74 g was replaced with 2,2 bis (3 methyl 4-bidoxyphenyl) propane 83 g.
- 550 ml of 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was changed to 550 ml of 1.5N aqueous potassium hydroxide solution.
- PC-2-6 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a 0.5 g / dl solution, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g.
- PC-2-6 was analyzed by 1 H-NMR, it was confirmed to be a copolymerized PC represented by the following formula (10).
- PC-2-6 and the electrophotographic photoreceptor produced from this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 2-1 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2-1.
- Example 2 Copolymerization PC 1 (PC —2— 7) ) was manufactured.
- PC-2-7 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. .
- PC-2-7 when the chemical structure of PC-2-7 was analyzed by 1 H-NMR, it was confirmed to be the same structure as PC-2-1.
- Example 2-1 Copolymerization
- PC copolymerized PC
- PC-2-8 was produced in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that the order was changed once and once with 1 liter of water.
- PC-2-8 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- PC-2-8 and this copolymerized PC were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2-1 using an electrophotographic photosensitive member produced in the same manner as in Example 2-1.
- Tables 3 and 4 show the evaluation results of Examples 2— ;! to 2-7 and Comparative Example 2-1.
- Vo Potential rise Potential
- reaction product is diluted with 1 liter of methylene chloride, then washed twice with 1.5 liters of water, once with 1 liter of 0.01N hydrochloric acid, and twice with 1 liter of water. A polymer solution was obtained.
- a baffled container equipped with a stirring blade was prepared separately, and 2 liters of methanol was added thereto. While thoroughly stirring the methanol in the vessel with a stirring blade, 1 liter of the polymer solution described above was slowly added dropwise at a rate at which particles were formed, and flaking was performed by reprecipitation. After completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was further stirred for 10 minutes while maintaining a sufficient stirring speed, and further 2 liters of methanol was added, and stirring was continued for another 5 minutes. The obtained flakes were filtered and dried to obtain copolymer PC (PC-3-1) for evaluation.
- PC-3-1 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured. Met. PC—3 sp
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member in this example was evaluated by the same method as in Example 11 of the first embodiment. Therefore, explanation is omitted.
- Example 3 Copolymerization of 1, 4,4 ′ dihydroxybiphenyl (containing trihydroxybiphenyl) obtained by synthesizing phenol as a raw material after recrystallization purification in methanol as a biphenyl compound for copolymerization monomers in the production of PC Amount: 276 mass ppm, 3-tert-butyl 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl content: 370 mass ppm) Copolymerized in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that 24 g was used (PC 3-2 ) Was manufactured.
- PC 3-2 was dissolved in methyl chloride to make a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and reduced viscosity at 20 ° C [7] /
- Example 31 The same evaluation as in Example 31 was performed on the electrophotographic photoconductor produced from PC 3-2 and this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 3-1.
- Example 3 Copolymerization of 1 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (trihydroxybiphenyl content: 15) obtained by synthesizing phenol as a raw material after distillation purification as a biphenyl compound for copolymerization monomers in the production of PC Copolymerized in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that 24 g of mass ppm, 3-tertbutyl-4,4,1 dihydroxybiphenyl content: 206 mass ppm) recrystallized from methanol was used. (PC-3-3) was produced.
- PC-3-3 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. .
- the true photoreceptor was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3-1.
- Example 3-1 Copolymerization
- PC 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (trihydroxybiphenyl content: obtained by synthesizing phenol as a raw material after distillation purification as a biphenyl compound for a copolymerization monomer: 10 mass ppm, 3-tert-butyl-4,4,1 dihydroxybiphenyl content: 266 mass ppm) Copolymerized in the same manner as Example 3-1 except that 24 g was used (PC-3-4) Manufactured.
- PC-3-4 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- PC-3-4 and the electrophotographic photosensitive member produced from this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 3-1 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3-1.
- Example 3-1 Copolymerization
- PC 4,4-dihydroxybiphenyl (trihydroxybiphenyl content: 8 mass ppm, 3-tert- Copolymer PC (PC-3-5) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that 24 g of butyl-4,4, -dihydroxybiphenyl content: 23 mass ppm) was recrystallized from acetone.
- PC-5 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83 dl / g.
- Example 3-1 Copolymerization
- PC 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl as in Example 3-2 was used as the biphenyl compound for the copolymerization monomer, and 2,2-bis (4 ⁇ Changed 74 g of bidroxyphenenole) propane (bisphenolenole A) to 87 g of 1,1-bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 550 ml of 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution 550 ml
- PC-3-6 was produced in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that the amount was changed to 550 ml of 1.5N potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.
- PC-3-6 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- Example 3 1 Copolymerization of PC! /
- the same 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl as in Example 3-2 was used as the biphenyl compound for the copolymerization monomer.
- 74 g of 2-bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) propane (bisphenolenole A) was changed to 69 g of 1,1-bis (4-phenyloxyphenyl) ethane, and 550 ml of 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was changed to 1.5
- a copolymerized PC (PC-3-7) was produced in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that the aqueous potassium hydroxide solution was changed to 550 ml.
- PC-3-7 was dissolved in methylene chloride to make a solution with a concentration of 0.5g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- Example 3-8 Example 3 1 For the production of PC! /, The same 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl as in Example 3-2 was used as the biphenyl compound for the copolymerization monomer. 74 g of bis (4-doxyphenyl) propane (bisphenol A) was changed to 79 g of 2,2 bis (4-doxyphenyl) butane, and 550 ml of 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to 1.5 normal potassium hydroxide. A copolymerized PC (PC-3-8) was produced in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that the aqueous solution was changed to 550 ml. PC-3-8 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- Example 3-1 Copolymerization
- PC 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl as in Example 3-2 was used as a biphenyl compound for the copolymerization monomer, and 2,2 bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) was used.
- Ninore) propane (Bisphenol) A 74g was changed to 83 g of 2,2 bis (3 methyl 4-bidoxyphenyl) propane, and 50 ml of 6% strength by weight sodium hydroxide aqueous solution 1.5
- a copolymerized PC (PC-3-9) was produced in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that the aqueous potassium solution was changed to 550 ml.
- PC-3-9 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- PC-3-10 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl made by Honshu Chemical Co., Ltd. (trihydroxybiphenyl content: 321 mass ppm, 3-tert-butyl-4,4,1 dihydroxybiphenyl content: 49 mass ppm) )
- a copolymerized PC (PC-3-10) was produced in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that 24 g was used.
- PC-3-10 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a 0.5 g / dl solution, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- PC-3-10 and the electrophotographic photoreceptor produced from this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 3-1 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3-1.
- Tables 5 and 6 show the evaluation results of Example 3—;! To 3-9 and Comparative Example 3-1.
- Vo Residual potential rise potential
- Example 3-1 (PC-3-1) -720B -40 (B) 0.85 (B) 40 (B)
- Example 3-3 (PC-3-3) -720B -30 (B) 0.84 (B) 30 (B)
- Example 3-5 PC-3-5) -720B -10 (B) 0.82 (B) 10 (B)
- Example 3-6 PC-3-6) -720B- 40 (B) 0.85 (B) 40 (B)
- Comparative Example 3-1 (PC
- the molecular weight regulator ⁇ tert-butylenophenol 3. Og was added (biphenol aqueous solution).
- aqueous biphenol solution was added and mixed, and 2 ml of a 7% strength by weight triethylamine aqueous solution was added as a catalyst while stirring the mixture vigorously, and the mixture was stirred at 28 ° C.
- the interfacial polycondensation reaction was continued for 1.5 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction product is diluted with 1 liter of methylene chloride, then washed twice with 1.5 liters of water, once with 1 liter of 0.1N hydrochloric acid, and twice with 1 liter of water. A polymer solution was obtained.
- a baffled container equipped with a stirring blade was prepared separately, and 2 liters of methanol was added thereto. While thoroughly stirring the methanol in the vessel with a stirring blade, 1 liter of the polymer solution described above was slowly added dropwise at a rate at which particles were formed, and flaking was performed by reprecipitation. After completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture was further stirred for 10 minutes while maintaining a sufficient stirring speed, and further 2 liters of methanol was added, and stirring was continued for another 5 minutes. The obtained flakes were filtered and dried to obtain a copolymerized PC (PC-41) for evaluation.
- PC-41 copolymerized PC
- PC-4-1 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured. Met. PC—4 sp
- PC-1 flakes were pelletized by melt extrusion at a cylinder temperature of 280 ° C and a screw rotation speed of lOOrpm using a 50mm ⁇ short screw extruder.
- the pellets were dried at 120 ° C for 5 hours and then injection-molded using a 20 X 50 X 3mm mold (S55C mirror surface # 1000) to test specimens for measuring physical properties (20 X 50 X 3mm) It was created.
- This test piece (injection molded product) was measured for YI (conforming to JIS K 7105) and total light transmittance (both conforming to JIS K 7105).
- YI of injection molded products 2 or less A (very good), 4 or less B (good), 4 or more c (bad).
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member in this example was evaluated by the same method as in Example 11 of the first embodiment. Therefore, explanation is omitted.
- Example 4 Copolymerized PC (PC-4-2) was produced in the same manner as in Example 4-1, except that the temperature during the polycondensation reaction was 15 ° C in the production of the copolymerized PC. .
- PC-4-2 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution having a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [V / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0 ⁇ 82 dl / g. Further, 1 the chemical structure of the PC- 4- 2 H sp
- PC-42 and the electrophotographic photosensitive member produced from this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 41 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 41.
- PC-4-3 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. there were.
- Example 41 The same evaluation as in Example 41 was performed on the electrophotographic photoconductor produced in the same manner as in Example 41 from PC-43 and this copolymerized PC.
- Example 4 Copolymerization of 1 For the production of PC! /, Biphenyl compounds for copolymerization monomers 4,4,1-dihydroxybiphenyl (acetone recrystallized product, trihydroxybiphenyl content: 8 mass ppm, 3-tert-butyl-4,4-dihydroxybiphenyl content: 23 mass ppm) 24g
- a copolymerized PC (PC-4-4) was produced in the same manner as in Example 41 except that the temperature during the polycondensation reaction was changed to 15 ° C.
- PC-4-4 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured.
- PC-44 and the electrophotographic photosensitive member produced from this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 41 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 41.
- Example 4-1 Copolymerization
- PC 2,2 bis (4-vidoxyphenyl) propan (bisphenolanol A) was converted to 87 g of 1,1-bis (4-vidoxyphenole) cyclohexane.
- Copolymerized PC (PC-4-5) in the same manner as in Example 4-1, except that 550 ml of a 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was changed to 550 ml of a 1.5N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. ) was manufactured.
- PC-4-5 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83 dl / g. . Also,
- Example 4-1 Copolymerization
- PC 2,2-bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) puff bread (bisfenolole A) was changed to 69 g of 1,1-bis (4-bidroxyphenenole) ethane.
- Copolymerized PC (PC-4-6) in the same manner as in Example 4-1, except that 550 ml of a 6% strength by weight aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was changed to 550 ml of a 1.5N aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. Made Built.
- PC-4-6 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.83 dl / g. .
- PC-4-7 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. .
- Example 4-1 Copolymerization
- 2,2 bis (4-bidroxyphenyl) propan (bisphenol A) 74 g was replaced with 2,2 bis (3 methyl 4-bidroxyphenyl) propane 83 g.
- PC-4-8 was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution with a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [7] / C] at 20 ° C was measured to be 0.82 dl / g. It was.
- PC-4-8 When the chemical structure of PC-4-8 was analyzed by 1 H-NMR, it was confirmed that it was a copolymerized PC represented by the following formula (10).
- PC-49 and the electrophotographic photosensitive member produced from this copolymerized PC in the same manner as in Example 41 were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 41.
- Tables 7 and 8 show the evaluation results of Examples 41 to 48 and Comparative Example 41.
- the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention can be suitably used for electronic materials such as electrophotographic photoreceptor ⁇
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EP07830076.1A EP2075275B1 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2007-10-18 | Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
KR1020097001896A KR101451444B1 (ko) | 2006-10-18 | 2007-10-18 | 폴리카보네이트 공중합체, 그 제조 방법, 성형체, 광학 재료 및 전자 사진 감광체 |
KR1020127015098A KR101256333B1 (ko) | 2006-10-18 | 2007-10-18 | 폴리카보네이트 공중합체, 그 제조 방법, 성형체, 광학 재료 및 전자 사진 감광체 |
KR1020127015892A KR101256336B1 (ko) | 2006-10-18 | 2007-10-18 | 폴리카보네이트 공중합체, 그 제조 방법, 성형체, 광학 재료 및 전자 사진 감광체 |
CN200780029341.XA CN101501101B (zh) | 2006-10-18 | 2007-10-18 | 聚碳酸酯共聚物、其制造方法、成形体,光学材料及电子照相感光体 |
KR1020127015097A KR101256334B1 (ko) | 2006-10-18 | 2007-10-18 | 폴리카보네이트 공중합체, 그 제조 방법, 성형체, 광학 재료 및 전자 사진 감광체 |
US12/375,451 US7893185B2 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2007-10-18 | Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
US12/853,727 US7888455B2 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2010-08-10 | Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
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US (2) | US7893185B2 (ja) |
EP (4) | EP2570446B1 (ja) |
KR (4) | KR101451444B1 (ja) |
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US7888455B2 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2011-02-15 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
EP2447299A1 (en) * | 2009-06-26 | 2012-05-02 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate copolymer, coating liquid using same, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
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- 2007-10-18 TW TW101136203A patent/TWI409285B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7888455B2 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2011-02-15 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
US7893185B2 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2011-02-22 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate copolymer, method for producing the same, molded body, optical material, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
EP2447299A1 (en) * | 2009-06-26 | 2012-05-02 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate copolymer, coating liquid using same, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
EP2447299A4 (en) * | 2009-06-26 | 2013-12-25 | Idemitsu Kosan Co | POLYCARBONATE COPOLYMER, COATING LIQUID USING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE BODY |
CN104017197A (zh) * | 2009-06-26 | 2014-09-03 | 出光兴产株式会社 | 聚碳酸酯共聚物、使用其的涂布液以及电子照相感光体 |
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EP2570447B1 (en) | 2016-04-06 |
US20090326184A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
TW201305240A (zh) | 2013-02-01 |
TWI512002B (zh) | 2015-12-11 |
CN102276819A (zh) | 2011-12-14 |
EP2075275A1 (en) | 2009-07-01 |
CN102352028A (zh) | 2012-02-15 |
KR20120074332A (ko) | 2012-07-05 |
EP2570446A1 (en) | 2013-03-20 |
KR101256334B1 (ko) | 2013-04-18 |
TWI409286B (zh) | 2013-09-21 |
EP2075275A4 (en) | 2010-10-20 |
US7888455B2 (en) | 2011-02-15 |
TW201305241A (zh) | 2013-02-01 |
EP2570447A1 (en) | 2013-03-20 |
TWI409285B (zh) | 2013-09-21 |
US7893185B2 (en) | 2011-02-22 |
EP2570446B1 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
EP2075275B1 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
KR20120074333A (ko) | 2012-07-05 |
US20100324209A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
EP2570445A1 (en) | 2013-03-20 |
TWI498352B (zh) | 2015-09-01 |
KR101256336B1 (ko) | 2013-04-18 |
KR101256333B1 (ko) | 2013-04-18 |
EP2570445B1 (en) | 2015-10-07 |
KR20120080664A (ko) | 2012-07-17 |
TW201305242A (zh) | 2013-02-01 |
TW200838899A (en) | 2008-10-01 |
CN102276820A (zh) | 2011-12-14 |
KR101451444B1 (ko) | 2014-10-15 |
KR20090068318A (ko) | 2009-06-26 |
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