WO2008047768A1 - Matériau composite à activité négative pour batterie secondaire à électrolyte non aqueux, procédé de fabrication associé, et batterie secondaire à électrolyte non aqueux utilisant ce matériau - Google Patents
Matériau composite à activité négative pour batterie secondaire à électrolyte non aqueux, procédé de fabrication associé, et batterie secondaire à électrolyte non aqueux utilisant ce matériau Download PDFInfo
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- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. LiMnO2, Li[MxMn1-x]O2
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- C01G51/42—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
- C01G51/44—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese
- C01G51/50—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(CoxMn1-x)O2, Li(MyCoxMn1-x-y)O2
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- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/44—Carbon
- C09C1/48—Carbon black
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
- Y10T29/49115—Electric battery cell making including coating or impregnating
Definitions
- the present invention mainly relates to a composite negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and more particularly to a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent input / output characteristics and life characteristics. To do.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is a secondary battery having a high operating voltage and a high energy density. For this reason, in recent years, lithium ion secondary batteries have been put into practical use as driving power sources for portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, notebook computers, video camcorders, etc., and are rapidly growing. Furthermore, the production volume of lithium ion secondary batteries continues to increase as a battery system that leads small secondary batteries.
- a positive electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery for example, a lithium-containing composite oxide having a high voltage of 4V is used.
- a positive electrode active material LiCoO and LiNiO having a hexagonal crystal structure and LiMn O having a spinel structure are generally used. Among them, LiCoO, which can obtain high energy density with high operating voltage, dominates.
- the negative electrode active material a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions is used.
- graphite materials are mainly used as negative electrode active materials because of their flat discharge potential and high capacity density.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries for HEVs or fuel cell vehicles differ greatly in performance requirements from those for small consumer applications.
- batteries for HEVs or fuel cell vehicles need to perform power assist or regeneration of the engine instantaneously with a limited capacity, and a considerably high output is required. Therefore, in these batteries, higher input / output density is given priority over higher energy density.
- the internal resistance of the battery must be minimized. Not only the development and selection of active materials, non-aqueous electrolytes, etc., but also, for example, by reducing the resistance of the components that make up the battery by reviewing the current collection structure of the electrodes, Greater output is achieved by increasing the area.
- the carbon materials used as the negative electrode active material vary greatly in the ability to absorb and release lithium depending on the type. That is, it can be said that a high-power battery can be obtained by selecting a carbon material having a high ability to occlude and release lithium as the negative electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material made of LiCoO and a negative electrode active material made of graphite material which is generally used in small consumer applications, is used in high-power lithium-ion secondary batteries. It's not always mainstream.
- negative electrode carbon materials the emphasis is placed on higher input / output characteristics than capacity density, so they are not in the form of highly crystalline graphite materials, such as non-graphitizable carbon materials or graphitizable graphitized materials. Carbon materials are preferred. However, such a carbon material has a small capacity density.
- Batteries for HEVs or fuel cell vehicles are desired to have high output and high capacity.
- the vehicle can run only with an electric motor using battery power for a certain distance, and when the battery capacity falls below a predetermined value, the electric motor and gasoline engine are used together (HEV Mode), so-called plugi HEV development is also underway.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are highly expected as drive power sources for such applications!
- Patent Document 1 proposes a multilayer structure carbon material in which graphite powder is used as a core, the surface of the graphite material is coated with a carbon precursor, and the carbon precursor is carbonized to form a coating layer.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a two-layer carbon material that does not have a pulverized surface, a core carbon material is coated with a coating-forming carbon material, and does not have a pulverized surface.
- Patent Document 3 proposes a carbon material mixture of graphite and a graphitizable carbon material that is in the process of graphitization.
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-11 310405 (Patent No. 2976299)
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-32593
- a conventional non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery whose negative electrode active material is mainly composed of a graphite material can have a high energy density but low input / output characteristics.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery whose negative electrode active material is mainly a carbonizing carbon material is excellent in input / output characteristics, but the carbon material has a small capacity density, which is disadvantageous for increasing the energy density of the battery. is there.
- a mixture of two carbon materials as disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3 is used as the negative electrode active material. In the case where the graphite particle surface is coated with a low crystalline carbon material, the effect is small.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and has a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent input / output characteristics, a high energy density, and a long life.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the production method and the negative electrode active material.
- the present invention relates to a composite negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a fusion product of a graphite material and an easily graphitizable carbonitizing carbon material.
- the fusion is preferably covered with an amorphous carbon material.
- the ratio of the graphite material to the total of the graphite material and the graphitizable carbon material that is easily graphitized is preferably 60% by mass to 90% by mass.
- the present invention includes (a) a step of mixing a graphite material and an easily graphitizable carbonitizing carbon material to obtain a mixed carbon material,
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a composite negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the graphitizable carbon material that is easily graphitized is an easily graphitizable carbon material that is 1400 ° C ⁇
- the step (a) preferably further includes a step of adding heavy oil to the mixed carbon material.
- the ratio of the graphite material to the total of the graphite material and the graphitizable carbon material during graphitization is preferably 60% by mass to 90% by mass.
- the present invention also relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode containing the composite negative electrode active material, a positive electrode, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the composite negative electrode active material of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent high input / output characteristics and life characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a composite negative electrode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a carbon material having a multilayer structure according to the prior art.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a negative electrode active material composed of a mixture of a graphite material and a graphitizable carbon material in the process of graphitization according to the prior art.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a composite negative electrode active material according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a method for calculating an output value from a current-voltage characteristic test result.
- FIG. 1 shows a composite negative electrode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the composite negative electrode active material 10 in FIG. 1 includes a fusion of graphite material 1 and graphitizable carbon material (hereinafter referred to as second carbon material) 2 that is easily graphitized. That is, the composite negative electrode active material 10 of the present invention is a composite carbon material obtained by sintering two types of carbon materials having different degrees of graphitization.
- the second carbon material 2 Since the second carbon material 2 has a disordered layer structure, stress due to volume expansion and contraction associated with lithium inter force rate / dinder force rate, and stress force due to phase change of in-plane arrangement Graphite material Compared to For this reason, it has the feature that it excels over a long period of time in pulse charging / discharging with a larger current. Therefore, the second carbon material 2 has characteristics such as high input / output and long life.
- the non-graphitizable carbon material which is a carbon material having an extremely turbulent structure, does not cause stress due to expansion and contraction associated with insertion and extraction of lithium.
- the charge / discharge reaction is carried out by a charge / discharge mechanism by an intercalation reaction between lithium layers.
- it is carried out by a complicated mechanism such as the inclusion of lithium in the gap and / or the adsorption of lithium in the layered structure. For this reason, there is a limit to the charge and discharge of a large current. Further, since the irreversible capacity density is large, the battery capacity is not high.
- the second carbon material 2 has a small capacity density of about 170 Ah / kg to 280 Ah / kg, when the second carbon material 2 is used alone, the capacity of the battery must be increased. It is difficult. Therefore, in the present invention, in order to obtain a negative electrode carbon material having a high capacity density, excellent input / output characteristics, and a long life, a high capacity graphite material 1 and a second excellent in input / output characteristics and life characteristics are provided. Combine with carbon material 2!
- the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2 are mixed with each other in at least a part of the joint surface between the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2, and there is no grain boundary. It is exempted.
- the surface of the graphite material particle 1 is coated with the amorphous carbon material 3.
- the carbon material 20 having a multi-layer structure it is difficult to control and equalize the coating amount. In general, the amount of coating is limited. For this reason, the carbon material 20 having such a multi-layer structure has properties derived from graphite, and thus there is a limit to increasing the output.
- graphite material 1 and second carbon material 2 are merely in contact with each other. In such a case, the properties of the carbon material having a large mixing ratio are dominant, and the synergistic effect of the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2 cannot be obtained.
- the degree of graphitization of the composite negative electrode active material 10 of the present invention depends on the mixing ratio of the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2.
- peaks derived from the graphite material 1 are predominantly observed.
- the value of the specific surface area of the composite negative electrode active material 10 is preferably 1. Om 2 / g or more 5. Om 2 / g or less 1.5 m 2 / g or more 3. Om 2 / g or less It is particularly preferred that When the value of the specific surface area is less than 1. Om 2 / g, a sufficient reaction area cannot be secured, and it becomes difficult to improve the input / output characteristics. On the other hand, when the value of the specific surface area exceeds 5. Om 2 / g, side reaction between the composite negative electrode active material and the non-aqueous electrolyte occurs, and the life characteristics deteriorate.
- the specific surface area is determined by applying a method generally known as the BET method to the composite negative electrode active material. It can be calculated from the amount of nitrogen gas adsorbed.
- the average particle size of the composite negative electrode active material 10 is preferably about 5 m to 15 m.
- the maximum particle size is preferably about 30 ⁇ .
- the average particle size can be measured using, for example, a particle size distribution measuring device HELOS system manufactured by Nippon Laser Co., Ltd., a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device SALD series manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the mixing ratio of the graphite material and the second carbon material is important, and the black mainly determines the capacity density.
- the lead material 1 is preferably 60% by mass to 90% by mass. When the amount of the graphite material 1 is less than 60% by mass, the capacity density of the negative electrode is remarkably low. When the amount of the graphite material 1 exceeds 90% by mass, the properties of the graphite material 1 become dominant in the composite negative electrode active material. For this reason, there is a limit to improving the input / output characteristics. Since the synergistic effect of the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2 is most easily obtained, the amount of the graphite material 1 is more preferably 70% by mass to 80% by mass.
- FIG. 4 shows a composite negative electrode active material according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the same components as those in FIG. 1 are given the same numbers as in FIG.
- the composite negative electrode active material 40 in FIG. 4 includes a fusion product of the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2 and an amorphous carbon material 3 that covers the surface of the fusion material.
- the amorphous carbon material 3 may cover the entire surface of the fusion, and / or may cover part of the surface of the fusion! /.
- the fusion effect of the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2 is coated with the amorphous carbon material 3, so that the fusion effect of the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2 is increased.
- the effect of inserting and extracting lithium ions is increased by covering the surface of the fusion with the amorphous carbon material 3. For this reason, input / output characteristics and life characteristics can be further improved.
- the amorphous carbon material 3 that is the coating layer also contains lithium occlusion and Has the ability to release.
- the ratio of the amorphous carbon material 3 to the total of the graphite material 1, the second carbon material 2, and the amorphous carbon material 3 is preferably less than 10% by mass. More preferably, it is not less than 10% by mass and not more than 10% by mass.
- the ratio of the amorphous carbon material 3 is 10% by mass or more, a synergistic effect by fusing the graphite material 1 and the second carbon material 2 is obtained. Further, since the properties of the amorphous carbon material 3 are largely reflected, the irreversible capacity increases or the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode active material decreases. As a result, there is this and force s battery capacity is reduced.
- the average particle size of the composite negative electrode active material 40 in FIG. 4 is preferably 5 to 20 111.
- the graphite material is not particularly limited! /, But using natural graphite or artificial graphite, force S is used.
- artificial graphite examples include graphite materials obtained by heat-treating coatas at 2500 ° C to 3000 ° C.
- the coatas can be obtained, for example, by carbonizing a precursor such as an easily graphitizable anisotropic pitch or mesophase pitch.
- the graphite material has a structure in which a graphite hexagonal mesh plane structure arrangement grows regularly.
- the graphitization degree of the graphite material is, for example, information obtained by powder X-ray diffraction, the (002) plane spacing d, c-axis direction crystallite thickness Lc, a-axis direction crystallite thickness La By value etc. It is prescribed.
- the d value of the graphite material is 0.335 nm.
- the force S is preferably 002 to 0.336 nm, and the values of Lc and La are preferably l OOnm or more.
- the value of the specific surface area is important as a physical property value other than the degree of graphitization.
- the specific surface area of the graphite material used is preferably 1. Om 2 / g or more and 5. Om 2 / g or less. Specific surface area is B
- the particle shape of the graphite material is preferably spherical, ellipsoidal or massive.
- the average particle size of the graphite material is preferably about 5 ii-15 ii m, and the maximum particle size is preferably about 30 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the graphite material should be measured using, for example, a particle size distribution measuring device HEL OS system manufactured by Nippon Laser Co., Ltd., a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device SALD series manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, etc. Can do.
- the chargeable / dischargeable capacity density of the graphite material is generally in the range of 320 Ah / kg to 350 Ah / kg in a single electrode evaluation using metallic lithium as a counter electrode.
- the theoretical capacity density of the graphite material is, for example, that the composition when the graphite material takes in lithium is LiC.
- the graphitizable carbon material (second carbon material) that is easily graphitized is, for example, a partially graphitized material obtained by heat-treating a predetermined carbon material such as coatus at a predetermined temperature.
- the second carbon material lithium is occluded and released mainly by an intercalation reaction, similar to the graphite material.
- the capacity density of the second carbon material is not much larger than the theoretical capacity density of graphite (372 Ah / kg), but is about 170 Ah / kg to 280 Ah / kg.
- d which is an index of the degree of graphitization, is 0.338 nm.
- the force S is preferably 002 to 0.342 nm, and the Lc value is preferably 50 nm or less.
- 0.5 ⁇ 1 (101) / 1 (100) ⁇ 1.0 Is more preferable.
- the peak intensity ratio 1 (101) / 1 (100) is 1.5 or more.
- the value of the specific surface area of the second carbon material is preferably 1. Om 2 / g or more 5. Om 2 / g or less 1. More than 5 m 2 / g 3. Om 2 / g or less More preferably it is.
- the particle shape of the second carbon material is preferably spherical, ellipsoidal, or massive.
- the average particle size of the second carbon material is preferably about 5 m to 15 m, and the maximum particle size is preferably about 30 am.
- the ratio of the graphite material to the total of the graphite material and the second carbon material is preferably 60% by mass to 90% by mass. It is preferable that This is for the same reason as described above.
- the ratio of the coating layer is limited and the amount thereof is very small.
- the fusion ratio between the graphite material and the second carbon material can be arbitrarily controlled.
- step (b) if the temperature of the heat treatment is less than 700 ° C, the sintering temperature is insufficient, and the graphite material and the second carbon material cannot be fused.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is higher than 1300 ° C, the graphitization degree of the second carbon material becomes high, and thus the high input / output characteristics of the obtained composite negative electrode active material deteriorate.
- the pulverized product is preferably classified.
- the average particle size of the obtained composite negative electrode active material is preferably 5 m to 15 m. S is preferable, and the maximum particle size is preferably about 30 m.
- the second carbon material can be manufactured using various carbon materials.
- the second carbon material is preferably produced by heat-treating an easily graphitizable carbon material such as Cotas at 1400 ° C to 2200 ° C. If the temperature of the heat treatment is less than 1400 ° C, graphitization of the easily blackable carbon material becomes insufficient, and sufficient capacity may not be obtained. The If the temperature of the heat treatment is higher than 2200 ° C, the graphitizable carbon material will be excessively graphitized. For this reason, the input / output characteristics of the composite negative electrode active material obtained by fusing the second carbon material and the graphite material may deteriorate.
- an easily graphitizable carbon material such as Cotas at 1400 ° C to 2200 ° C.
- the graphitizable carbon material can be produced by heat-treating the carbon precursor at a predetermined temperature, for example, 700 ° C to 1200 ° C.
- the carbon precursor is not particularly limited, but the following aromatic compounds, for example, naphthalene, azulene, indacene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, triphenylene, pyrene, taricene, naphthacene, picene , Perylene, pentaphen, pentacene and other condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; indole, isoindole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxane, phthalazine, carbazole, atalidine, phenazine, phenanthridine, etc.
- Condensed heterocyclic compounds with condensed heterocycles and aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene oil, decrystallized anthracene oil, naphthalene oil, methylnaphthalene oil, tar, creosote oil, ethylene bottom oil, carbol oil, solvent naphtha, etc.
- Aromatic oil petroleum or coal The pitch of the system is exemplified.
- the aromatic compound as described above may have a substituent that does not adversely affect the crosslinking reaction described below, for example, an alkyl group, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, a carboxyl group, and the like. .
- the above aromatic compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the aromatic compound may be used in combination with a ring assembly compound such as biphenyl or binaphthalene.
- a crosslinking agent and a graphitization catalyst to the carbon precursor as described above, and heat-treat the resulting mixture to crosslink the carbon precursor.
- a mixture of a carbon precursor, a crosslinking agent, and a graphitization catalyst is stirred and mixed, for example, at 80 ° C. to 400 ° C. for 1 minute or longer, preferably 5 minutes or longer, to obtain a molecular weight.
- the carbon precursor is carbonized in a temperature range of, for example, 700 ° C to 1200 ° C, and pulverized to have a predetermined median particle size to obtain an easily graphitizable carbon material. it can. This increases the molecular weight of the carbon precursor and makes it a graphitizable carbon material.
- the carbonization yield of the material can be increased.
- an aromatic compound capable of electrophilic substitution reaction when used as the carbon precursor, various bifunctional compounds capable of crosslinking at least one of the aromatic compounds are used as the crosslinking agent.
- aromatic dimethylenes such as xylene dichloride, aromatic dimethanol such as xylene darlicol, aromatics such as terephthalic acid chloride, isophthalic acid chloride, phthalic acid chloride, and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid chloride.
- Examples include aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde dimethylacetanol, terephthalaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, and salicylaldehyde.
- aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde dimethylacetanol, terephthalaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, and salicylaldehyde.
- These cross-linking agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more! /.
- the amount of the crosslinking agent used can be selected within a wide range depending on the characteristics of the aromatic compound capable of electrophilic substitution.
- the amount of the crosslinking agent used per 1 mol of the condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or 1 mol of the condensed heterocyclic compound is, for example, 0.;! To 5 mol, preferably 0.5 to 3 mol. Degree.
- the addition amount of the cross-linking agent is, for example, 0 ⁇ 0;! To 5 mol per 1 mol (average molecular weight). 3 mono.
- the crosslinking reaction with the crosslinking agent is usually performed in the presence of an acid catalyst.
- an acid catalyst for example, commonly used acids such as Noreiss acid and Bronsted acid can be used.
- Lewis acids include ZnCl, BF, A1C1, SnCl, and TiCl.
- Bronsted acid examples include p-toluenesulfonic acid and fluoromethanesulfonic acid.
- Organic acids such as xylene sulfonic acid, and mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
- the acid catalyst is preferably a Bronsted acid.
- the amount of the acid catalyst used is appropriately selected according to the reaction conditions and the reactivity of the aromatic compound capable of the electrophilic substitution reaction.
- the amount of the acid catalyst used is from 0.01 to 10 monore equivalents, preferably from 0.5 to 3 monore equivalents per monore of the cross-linking agent.
- the crosslinking reaction is preferably carried out in the absence of a force solvent that can also be carried out in a predetermined solvent.
- the crosslinking reaction is performed at, for example, 80 to 400 ° C, preferably 100 to 350 ° C.
- Cross-linking reaction Can be carried out in any atmosphere such as an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, helium or argon, or an oxidizing atmosphere such as air or oxygen.
- the obtained carbon precursor can be cooled to room temperature and recovered as a solid resin.
- boron alone or a boron compound can be used.
- the boron compound may be any compound as long as it contains a boron atom. Examples include boric acid, boron oxide, boron carbide, boron chloride, sodium borate, potassium borate, copper borate, nickel borate and the like.
- the graphitization catalyst is added in an amount of, for example, 0.;! To 20 parts by mass, preferably !! to 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the carbon precursor.
- step (a) it is preferable to add a heavy oil serving as a binder to the mixed carbon material of the graphite material and the second carbon material.
- a heavy oil serving as a binder
- the sinterability of the graphite material and the second carbon material can be further improved.
- the obtained sintered product is covered with an amorphous carbon material derived from heavy oil. As described above, the sinterability of the sintered product is improved, and the output S and the life characteristics of the composite negative electrode active material are improved by being covered with an amorphous carbon material.
- a melted pitch is used as the heavy oil.
- the carbon material obtained by heat treating heavy oil at 700 to 1300 ° C. is amorphous.
- the amount of heavy oil to be added is preferably less than 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the mixed carbon material.
- the amount of heavy oil is 10 parts by mass or more, it becomes difficult to obtain a synergistic effect by fusing graphite and the second carbon material.
- the properties of the amorphous carbon material derived from heavy oil are largely reflected, and the irreversible capacity increases or the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode active material decreases.
- the graphite material and the second carbon material are fully fused. Specifically, when the heavy oil is not added, most of the second carbon material remains as a solid carbonized product, but a part of it is vaporized. A part of the vaporized component is chemically vapor-deposited on the surfaces of the graphite material and the second carbon material, and serves as a binder. Therefore, the graphite material and the second carbon material Can be fused.
- the mixture of the mixed carbon material and the heavy oil is formed into a molded body before the heat treatment. Thereby, the sinterability of the graphite material and the second carbon material can be further improved.
- the composite negative electrode active material of the present invention can be used as a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- FIG. 5 shows a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 50 of FIG. 5 includes a positive electrode plate 51, a negative electrode plate 52, a separator 53 disposed between the positive electrode plate 51 and the negative electrode plate 52, and a nonaqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- the positive electrode plate, the separator, and the negative electrode plate constitute a wound electrode group.
- the positive electrode plate 51 includes, for example, a positive electrode core material and a positive electrode mixture layer carried thereon.
- the negative electrode plate 52 includes, for example, a negative electrode core material and a negative electrode mixture layer carried thereon.
- One end of the positive electrode lead 54 is connected to the positive electrode plate 11, and the other end of the positive electrode lead 54 is connected to the positive electrode terminal.
- One end of the negative electrode lead 55 is connected to the negative electrode plate 52, and the other end of the negative electrode lead 55 is connected to the bottom of the battery case 58.
- An upper insulating plate 56 is disposed above the electrode group, and a lower insulating plate 57 is disposed below the electrode group.
- the negative electrode mixture layer includes the composite negative electrode active material of the present invention, a binder, and, if necessary, a conductive material.
- the positive electrode mixture layer includes a positive electrode active material, a binder, and a conductive material.
- the positive electrode core material the negative electrode core material, the conductive material, the binder, and the separator, those known in the art can be used without particular limitation.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes, for example, a non-aqueous solvent and a solute dissolved therein.
- a non-aqueous solvent and solute materials known in the art can be used.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide those known in the art can be used without particular limitation, and examples thereof include LiCoO, LiNiO, and LiMnO having a spinel structure.
- a part of the transition metal contained in the lithium-containing composite oxide may be substituted with another element.
- some Ni elements in LiNiO Complex oxides substituted with these elements Al, Mn, Ti, etc.
- a material that does not have lithium at the time of manufacturing the positive electrode but forms a lithium-containing composite oxide by a subsequent treatment of containing lithium can also be used as the positive electrode active material.
- the total thickness of the two positive electrode mixture layers is preferably about 50 m to about 100 m.
- the total thickness of the two negative electrode mixture layers is preferably about 60 m to about 130 m.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be manufactured, for example, as follows.
- the positive electrode plate, the negative electrode plate, and the separator disposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are wound to obtain an electrode group.
- the electrode group is housed in a battery case, and a nonaqueous electrolyte is injected into the battery case.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be obtained by sealing the opening of the battery case with a sealing plate.
- the shape of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be cylindrical or rectangular.
- a flat electrode group or a stacked electrode group may be used.
- the flat electrode group is manufactured by, for example, winding a positive electrode plate, a separator, and a negative electrode plate into an ellipsoid shape, and compressing the obtained wound product so that the cross section thereof is substantially rectangular.
- Power S can be.
- the stacked electrode group can be produced, for example, by stacking a plurality of positive and negative electrode plates via a separator.
- the positive electrode active material includes a lithium nickel composite acid represented by the composition formula LiNi Co Al O
- This positive electrode active material was produced as follows.
- a saturated aqueous solution was prepared. While stirring the saturated aqueous solution, an alkaline aqueous solution in which sodium hydroxide was dissolved was slowly added dropwise to the saturated aqueous solution to neutralize it. Thus, the ternary system Nickel hydroxide Ni Co Al (OH) was produced by coprecipitation. Obtained precipitate
- the average particle diameter of the obtained nickel hydroxide was about 10 m.
- the obtained lithium nickel composite oxide had a single-phase hexagonal layered structure and that Co and A1 were in solid solution.
- the lithium nickel composite oxide was pulverized and classified to obtain a positive electrode active material powder.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles was 9.5 m.
- a second carbon material was produced as follows.
- pitch produced by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd., AR24Z, softening point 293 ⁇ 9 ° C
- 5 parts by mass of paraxylene glycol as a cross-linking agent 5 parts by mass of boric acid as a catalyst
- the obtained mixture was heated to 300 ° C. under normal pressure to melt and kept in that state for 2 hours.
- the obtained polymerization pitch was heat-treated at 800 ° C. for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere to obtain an easily graphitizable carbon material.
- the obtained graphitizable carbon material was pulverized so that the median particle size was 10 m, and the pulverized graphitizable carbon material was heat-treated at 2000 ° C in an argon atmosphere.
- the second Obtained carbon material was
- 002 was 0.340 nm and the ratio I (101) / 1 (100) was 0.668.
- the specific surface area was 2.2 m 2 / g as measured by the BET method.
- the graphite material was obtained by heat-treating the pulverized graphitizable carbon material used for producing the second carbon material at 2800 ° C in an argon atmosphere.
- D of the obtained graphite material was 0 ⁇ 335 nm, and the ratio I (101) / l (100) was 1 ⁇ 90.
- Specific surface area is 1
- a negative electrode active material was prepared as follows.
- the obtained graphite material and 20 parts by mass of the second carbon material were mixed. Further, 5 parts by mass of heavy oil obtained by melting isotropic pitch (manufactured by Osaka Gas Chemical Co., Ltd., softening point 280 ° C) at 300 ° C was added to this mixture. These were mixed, and then the obtained mixture was heat-treated at 1000 ° C. in an argon atmosphere to obtain a composite carbon material. In the obtained composite carbon material, the graphite material and the second carbon material were sintered. The composite carbon material was pulverized and classified to obtain a composite negative electrode active material. The average particle size of the composite negative electrode active material was about 9111. In the obtained composite negative electrode active material, the surface of the fusion material of the graphite material and the second carbon material was partially coated with an amorphous carbon material.
- the negative electrode plate was produced in substantially the same manner as the positive electrode plate.
- the obtained paste was applied to both sides of a copper foil as a negative electrode core material, dried and rolled to obtain a negative electrode plate having a thickness of 0.078 mm and a length of 3510 mm.
- the mixture layer had a width of 105 mm and a length of 3510 mm.
- the total thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer supported on both surfaces of the negative electrode core material was 68 Hm.
- a separator made of a polyethylene microporous film having a thickness of 0.020 mm and a width of 108 mm is disposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate obtained as described above, and the positive electrode plate, the negative electrode plate, and the A cylindrical plate group was produced by winding the palator in a spiral shape.
- the obtained electrode plate group was housed in a battery case having a diameter of 32 mm and a height of 120 mm.
- One end of the positive electrode lead was connected to the positive electrode plate, and the other end of the positive electrode lead was connected to the back surface of the sealing plate conducted to the positive electrode terminal.
- One end of the negative electrode lead was connected to the negative electrode plate, and the other end of the negative electrode lead was connected to the bottom of the battery case.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte was injected into the battery case, and the opening of the battery case was sealed to obtain battery 1.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is prepared by dissolving LiPF at a concentration of 1 mol / L in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate are mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 4: 3.
- the fabricated battery was designed so that the capacity density of the negative electrode in a fully charged state was approximately 300 Ah / kg.
- a mixed carbon material of 80 parts by mass of graphite material and 20 parts by mass of second carbon material was heated at 1200 ° C in an argon atmosphere without adding heavy oil. Processed.
- the obtained composite carbon material formed a solid material in which the graphite material and the second carbon material were aggregated and sintered.
- the composite carbon material was pulverized and classified to obtain a composite negative electrode active material having an average particle diameter of about 9 m.
- a battery 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this composite negative electrode active material was used.
- Comparative battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the graphite material was used as the negative electrode active material.
- Comparative Battery 2 was produced in the same manner as Example 1 except that only the second carbon material was used as the negative electrode active material.
- Comparative battery 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a non-graphitizable carbon material was used as the negative electrode active material.
- the non-graphitizable carbon material was produced as follows.
- the pulverized pitch was oxidized in an air atmosphere at 300 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a first product.
- the first product was again pulverized to a median particle size of 5 m and oxidized at 300 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a second product.
- the second product was heat-treated at 1050 ° C. in an argon gas atmosphere to obtain a third product.
- the third product was pulverized and classified to obtain a non-graphitizable carbon material having an average particle size of about 6 am.
- the obtained non-graphitizable carbon material was analyzed by a powder X-ray diffraction method. As a result, d
- a comparative battery 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a carbon material having a multilayer structure was used as the negative electrode active material.
- a carbon material having a multilayer structure was produced as follows.
- Comparative battery 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the obtained mixture was used as the negative electrode active material.
- each battery was charged at a predetermined current value so that the state of charge (SOC) was 50% in a 25 ° C environment.
- SOC state of charge
- the discharge nors and the charging nors were repeated for 10 seconds each at a current rate of 1C to a maximum of 10C.
- each voltage plot is approximated to a straight line using the least squares method, and the straight line is scaled to the discharge lower limit voltage of 2.5 V to obtain the predicted current value (A) at 2.5 V. It was.
- the output (W) was calculated by multiplying the obtained predicted current value (A) and 2.5 (V). The results are shown in Table 1.
- the battery subjected to the current-voltage characteristic test is charged again at a current of 2.7 A until the battery voltage reaches 4. IV, and then at a current of 2.7 A until the battery voltage drops to 2.5 V Discharged. Such charge / discharge was repeated 50 cycles, and the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle was measured. The obtained discharge capacity is shown in Table 1 as post-cycle capacity.
- Comparative Battery 1 On the other hand, in Comparative Battery 1, the initial capacity and post-cycle capacity were high, but the output value was small.
- the negative electrode of Comparative Battery 1 contains only a highly crystalline graphite material as the negative electrode active material. Graphite materials are thought to have a low output value due to the slow diffusion of lithium ions.
- the capacity after cycling was remarkably small. Further, after measuring the capacity after cycling, the comparative battery 2 was disassembled and the negative electrode plate was observed, and deposition of metallic lithium was confirmed.
- the negative electrode of comparative battery 2 does not contain the second carbon material as a negative electrode active material. Since this second carbon material has a small amount capable of inter-lithating lithium ions, the negative electrode cannot maintain a design capacity of 300 Ah / kg. Therefore, it is considered that metal lithium was deposited on the negative electrode surface during charging, and the deterioration of the battery was promoted.
- Comparative battery 3 had a considerably small initial capacity.
- the non-black leaded carbon used as the negative electrode active material has a large irreversible capacity. For this reason, it is thought that the capacity of the positive electrode was lost and the battery capacity was reduced.
- Comparative Battery 4 had a small output value.
- the carbon material having a multilayer structure used as the negative electrode active material is mainly composed of a graphite material, and the amount of the coating layer is small. For this reason, the effect of the amorphous carbon material constituting the coating layer was hardly obtained, and it is considered that the coating layer hardly contributed to the improvement of the output value.
- the output value was small.
- the negative electrode active material used in Comparative Battery 5 is a mixture obtained by simply mixing a graphite material and a second carbon material. Therefore, it can be seen that the synergistic effect of improving both the capacity and the output value cannot be obtained by simply mixing the graphite material and the second carbon material.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte having high capacity and excellent output characteristics and life characteristics can be obtained by using a composite carbon material obtained by fusing a graphite material and a second carbon material as a negative electrode active material. It can be seen that a secondary battery can be provided.
- the positive electrode active material includes a lithium nickel composite oxide represented by the composition formula LiNi Co Mn O.
- This lithium nickel composite oxide was produced as follows.
- a saturated aqueous solution was prepared. While stirring this saturated aqueous solution, an alkaline aqueous solution in which sodium hydroxide was dissolved was slowly added dropwise to neutralize the saturated aqueous solution. In this way, ternary nickel hydroxide Ni Co Mn (OH) was produced by the coprecipitation method. The resulting precipitate
- nickel hydroxide containing Co and Mn and lithium hydroxide monohydrate are mixed so that the sum of the number of atoms of Ni, Co, and Mn is equal to the number of atoms of Li. did.
- This mixture was heat-treated in dry air at 850 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain the target lithium nickel composite oxide Li Ni Co Mn O.
- the obtained lithium nickel composite oxide was subjected to powder X-ray diffraction method.
- lithium nickel composite oxide had a single-phase hexagonal layered structure and that Co and Mn were in solid solution.
- the lithium nickel composite oxide was pulverized and classified to obtain a positive electrode active material powder.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles was 11.2 m.
- the obtained graphitizable carbon material was pulverized so as to have a median particle size of 10 m and heat-treated at 1800 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a second carbon material.
- the degree of graphitization of the obtained second carbon material was examined by a powder X-ray diffraction method. As a result, d is 0.341 ⁇
- Natural graphite manufactured by Kansai Thermochemical Co., Ltd. was used as the graphite material.
- the average particle size of the graphite material was about 12 m.
- the d of the graphite material is 0.335 nm, 1 (101) / 1
- a negative electrode plate A F was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- batteries A to F were produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the capacity after the cycle is small compared to other batteries. Tsutsu. This is thought to be because the capacity of the negative electrode was limited due to the large proportion of the second carbon material, exceeding the ability to reversibly intercalate lithium.
- Battery F with a graphite material content of 95% by mass had a lower output value than other batteries. This is thought to be due to the fact that the effect of fusing the second carbon material is obtained because the proportion of the graphite material is dominant.
- the ratio of the graphite material to the total of the graphite material and the second carbon material is preferably 60% by mass to 90% by mass. Since both the post-cycle capacity and the output value can be further improved, the ratio of the graphite material is more preferably 70% by mass to 80% by mass.
- Batteries G to L were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 using the composite negative electrode active materials G to L.
- Battery G and battery L are comparative batteries.
- battery G with heat treatment temperature of 600 ° C and battery L with 1400 ° C have low output values.
- the heat treatment temperature is 600 ° C
- the fusion between the graphite material and the second carbon material is insufficient, and it is considered that the high input / output characteristics that are the characteristics of the second carbon material cannot be utilized.
- the heat treatment temperature is 1400 ° C
- graphitization of the second carbon material itself proceeds, so the input / output characteristics are considered to be low.
- the heat treatment temperature when combining a graphite material and a second carbon material to form a composite negative electrode active material is 700.
- the second carbon material M was the same as in Example 1 except that the heat treatment temperature of the carbon black carbon material was changed as shown in Table 4 when producing the second carbon material. ⁇ R was obtained. Batteries M to R were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the second carbon materials M to R were used.
- the heat treatment temperature of the graphitizable carbon material when producing the second carbon material is preferably in the range of 1400 ° C to 2200 ° C.
- An oxide that can contain lithium by chemical or electrochemical operation in advance can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate was used as the nonaqueous solvent constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- conventionally known solvents such as propylene carbonate, jetyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, and methyl propionate, and solvents having a 4V class oxidation-reduction potential should be used as the non-aqueous solvent. Can do. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- solutes such as LiBF and LiCIO are also used.
- solutes may also be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the composite negative electrode active material of the present invention has high input / output characteristics, high capacity, and high energy density. Therefore, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the composite negative electrode active material of the present invention can be used as a power source for assisting an electric motor such as a hybrid electric vehicle and a fuel cell vehicle. Furthermore, it can also be used as a power source for driving electric tools, vacuum cleaners, robots, etc. or as a power source for large-scale power storage. Such non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can also be used as a power source for so-called plug-in HEV, which is expected as a future growth field.
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CN200780019793XA CN101454928B (zh) | 2006-10-16 | 2007-10-16 | 非水电解质二次电池用复合负极活性物质及其制造方法、以及采用其的非水电解质二次电池 |
KR1020087029363A KR101084847B1 (ko) | 2006-10-16 | 2007-10-16 | 비수 전해질 2차 전지용 복합 음극 활물질 및 그 제조법, 및 그것을 이용한 비수 전해질 2차 전지 |
JP2008539810A JP5431729B2 (ja) | 2006-10-16 | 2007-10-16 | 非水電解質二次電池用複合負極活物質およびその製造法、ならびにそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 |
US12/297,381 US20090098448A1 (en) | 2006-10-16 | 2007-10-16 | Composite negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method for preparing the same, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including the same |
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JP2011171096A (ja) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-09-01 | Sony Corp | 非水電解質電池 |
KR20150143334A (ko) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-12-23 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 음극 활물질 및 이의 제조방법 |
US10886527B2 (en) * | 2015-03-19 | 2021-01-05 | Envision Aesc Energy Devices Ltd. | Negative electrode for non-aqueous secondary battery and non-aqueous secondary battery using the negative electrode |
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- 2007-10-16 KR KR1020087029363A patent/KR101084847B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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JP2008300274A (ja) * | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-11 | Panasonic Corp | 複合負極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 |
JP2011530153A (ja) * | 2008-08-05 | 2011-12-15 | ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー | 充電式リチウム電池用のカソード活性材料としてのリチウム金属ホスフェート/炭素ナノコンポジット |
JP2010251060A (ja) * | 2009-04-14 | 2010-11-04 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
WO2012144618A1 (ja) * | 2011-04-21 | 2012-10-26 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 黒鉛・炭素混合材料、電池電極用炭素材料、及び電池 |
KR101211489B1 (ko) | 2011-04-21 | 2012-12-13 | 쇼와 덴코 가부시키가이샤 | 흑연·탄소 혼합재료, 전지전극용 탄소재료, 및 전지 |
JP5140781B2 (ja) * | 2011-04-21 | 2013-02-13 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 黒鉛・炭素混合材料、電池電極用炭素材料、及び電池 |
US9099745B2 (en) | 2011-04-21 | 2015-08-04 | Showa Denko K.K. | Graphite carbon composite material, carbon material for battery electrodes, and batteries |
JP2013239352A (ja) * | 2012-05-15 | 2013-11-28 | Toyota Motor Corp | 非水電解質二次電池 |
JP2016149340A (ja) * | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-18 | 東ソー株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用複合活物質およびその製造方法、リチウム二次電池 |
JP2017033881A (ja) * | 2015-08-05 | 2017-02-09 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20090098448A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
CN101454928A (zh) | 2009-06-10 |
JPWO2008047768A1 (ja) | 2010-02-25 |
CN101454928B (zh) | 2012-09-05 |
KR101084847B1 (ko) | 2011-11-21 |
JP5431729B2 (ja) | 2014-03-05 |
KR20090012256A (ko) | 2009-02-02 |
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