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  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
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  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
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  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
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  • A61K33/10—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
  • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/12—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis
  • A61P3/14—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis for calcium homeostasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an agent for promoting calcium absorption.
• a level of calcium within the living body is constantly maintained by balancing between absorption and excretion from the gastrointestinal tract, and renal tubular reabsorption and excretion, respectively. Consequently, calcium deficiency is one of the symptoms of chronic renal failure. Also, calcium deficiency is often found since it is not easy to find various foods containing a lot of calcium, and an efficiency of the absorption is not sufficient in many cases. Calcium deficiency is responsible for brittle bones and may cause osteoporosis and osteomalacia, and thus it is hoped to establish a method for improving an efficiency of the calcium absorption from the small intestine and/or bone absorption of calcium.
• GA is a gummy exudation obtained from the stems and/or branch or Acacia Senegal (Leguminosae) or other Acacia species (Leguminosae) .
• the major component of GA is arable acid (79 to 81%), which exists as Ca, Mg and/or K salts. Acid hydrolysis of GA yields L-arabinose, D-galactose, L- rhamnose, and D-glucuronic acid. In addition, traces of hydrolase and oxidase are present, together with a little amount of mineral and proteins in GA.
• GA has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of periodontal disease and alveolar pyorrhea (treating a bleeding from the gums, removing ulcers in the gums, or promoting a growth of the teeth); lung disorders and liver disorders.
• GA is used as an emulsifier with flavour for keeping homogeneity of ingredients of juices and icecreams, a food additive for maintaining a shape of candies and stabilizers of medicines for compressing tablets or preventing disproportionation of the ingredients in a liquid formulation.
• GA is a dietary fiber, which is difficult to digest by digestive enzymes, and is generally known to prevent calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
• Tokkyo Kokai H09-67257 discloses an attempt to give a promoting effect on mineral absorption to chitin by reducing its molecular weight, since chitin with a larger molecular weight, prevents absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium and the like. Also a method for improving calcium absorption by adding lactose and sugar- alcohol to dietary fiber is proposed (Tokkyo Kokai 2002- 142721) .
• Dietary fiber is believed to be one of the most important nutrients, since it prevents a rapid increase of blood glucose after a meal by controlling a rate of glucose uptake from the gastrointestinal tract, and avoids constipation with the associated excretion of harmful substances in the intestine.
• the present invention provides an accelerating agent of calcium absorption, which can be taken daily, optionally with a dietary fiber, to avoid a calcium deficiency.
• the inventors have unexpectedly found an accelerating effect of GA on calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
• an accelerating agent of calcium absorption comprising Gum Arabic is provided.
• a calcium-enriched food comprising a calcium agent and the accelerating agent as defined above.
• a third aspect of the present invention there is the use of the accelerating agent as defined above, in the manufacture of a calcium-enriched food.
• a composition comprises Gum Arabic and a calcium agent, as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in therapy.
• Gum Arabic in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease associated with a calcium deficiency.
• an accelerating agent as defined above for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of chronic renal failure, or a calcium deficiency associated with chronic renal failure.
• an accelerating agent as defined above in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular disorder, including one or more of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia and hypertension.
• an accelerating agent as defined above, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or reduction of cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic subject.
• an accelerating' agent as defined above, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of malaria.
• an accelerating agent as defined above, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of ulcerative colitis.
• an accelerating agent as defined above, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of gingivitis or dental plaque.
• an accelerating agent as defined above, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of learning defects such as Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia.
• the present invention makes it possible to improve the efficiency of calcium absorption from the small intestine and/or bone absorption of calcium and to prevent the above diseases, while simultaneously taking dietary fiber which is one of the important nutrients. Therefore, the present invention is also Gum Arabic for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis and/or osteomalacia.
• the medicament may also include a calcium supplement/agent .
• BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows ratios of calcium content remained in the recovered perfusion solution. Perfusion solution containing calcium (1 mg/iriL) or calcium and GA (7.5%) was flowed through the tract and each sample of 500 ⁇ L was recovered at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min intervals after the start of the perfusion.
• Figure 2 shows total urinary excretion of calcium for three days. Water containing calcium, GA or calcium + GA was administered to rats and the results were expressed by H-Ca, +GA and +[Ca + GA], respectively.
• Figure 3 shows the effects of feeding calcium and/or GA on body weight increase in rats. "Control” and "Ca free'' means body weights of the group fed a normal diet and a calcium-deficient diet respectively.
• Figure 4 shows the effects of feeding calcium and/or GA on hardness of the femur in rats.
• Control and “Ca free” are the same as described above.
• Figure 5 shows the effects of feeding calcium and/or
• Leguminosae such as Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal may be used in its intact form. From the view point of easy availability and easy formulation, the dried powder of the said gum and/or the extract of the said gum are preferable.
• the preferred extraction solvent is water.
• the aqueous extract can be used as it is, or after concentration, dilution and/or purification.
• the dried powder and/or the extract can be purified by means of column chromatography.
• the accelerating agent of the present invention can be used by mixing it with a calcium-containing food, for example, a dairy product such as milk, yogurt, cheese and the like, and by adding a calcium agent in a case of calcium-deficient or no calcium-containing food.
• the calcium agent used in such case includes, but not limited to, a food additive, comprising a calcium salt such as calcium carbonate, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, calcium acetate, calcium citrate, calcium phosphate, calcium chloride and calcium hydroxide; and natural products such as shell meal, coral powder, egg shell, milk, cow bone powder.
• the accelerating agent of the present invention can be used by mixing it with various foods and drinks (calcium-enriched foods) as well as by combining it with a calcium agent described above.
• the calcium-enriched food includes, is not limited to, carbonated drinks, fruit juice, fermented drinks, milky drinks such as milk; frozen desserts such as ice-cream, ice milk; dairy products such as yogurt, cheese; luncheon meats such as ham, sausage; fish paste products; bread hotcake, prepared dish, cream caramel, soup and the like.
• an appropriate amount of sweetener such as sugar, honey, glycerine and aspartame, spice such as garlic and ginger, perfume such as fruity flavour, antioxidant such as ethylenediamine disodium salt and sodium thiosulfate, amino acid such as leucine, methionine, lysine, and taurine, and vitamin such as vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and nicotinamide, can be added to the said drink formulation.
• sweetener such as sugar, honey, glycerine and aspartame
• spice such as garlic and ginger
• perfume such as fruity flavour
• antioxidant such as ethylenediamine disodium salt and sodium thiosulfate
• amino acid such as leucine, methionine, lysine, and taurine
• vitamin such as vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and nicotinamide
• Natural juice such as orange juice, grapefruit juice and vegetable juice (kale, young leaves or barley)
• extract of crude drug such as Ginseng and Young Deer Horn also can be added to the said drink formulation for oral administration.
• the accelerating agent of the present invention is also available for animals other than humans, and may be used as a pet food such as dog food or cat food, and animal feed. As described above, the accelerating agent of the present invention may be taken orally by itself or together with other foods or drinks .
• the amount of the agent to be taken depends on the formulation of each food or drink; and sex, age and body weight of a person taking the agent, but usually 1-100 g/day, preferably 10-50 g/day, and more preferably 10-20 g/day.
• the agent can be taken in various formulations, after it is dissolved or suspended in cold water, hot water or alcohol. EXAMPLES The effect of GA on calcium absorption from the intestinal tract was assayed according to the following methods .
• Example 3 were used as an experimental animal.
• Test Example 1 Study of absorption efficiency from the small intestine using a perfusion method (in situ)
• Test Example 2 Effects on Urinary excretion Usually, calcium concentrations in blood are constantly maintained by biogenic homeostasis and it is difficult to utilize it as an index of calcium absorption. Accordingly, the urinary excretion of calcium was assayed in place of it. 1.
• Rats were kept in a metabolic cage and 40 mL of water containing calcium (Ca) , Gum Arabic (GA) , or Ca and GA (Ca + GA) was given for three days. Furthermore, they were fed a calcium-deficient diet in order to eliminate an effect of calcium contained in the normal diet. After recovering urine, urinary concentration of calcium and urine volume were measured. 2. Results
• Calcium (Ca-treated group) , or calcium and GA ( [Ca + GA] -treated group) were orally administered to rats for 30 days with an amount of 1 mg (ca) /day, and changes of hardness and mineral (Ca, Mg, P, Zn) content of the femur, or ALP in blood were observed. Rats were fed a calcium- deficient diet in order to eliminate an effect of calcium contained in the normal diet. 2. Results
• the [Ca + GA] -treated group showed an increase of the body weight when the body weights 30 days after the administration were compared with that of the start ( Figure 3) .
• Hardness of the femur measured 30 days after the start of administration demonstrated the tendency of increasing hardness in the bone of [Ca + GA] -treated group compared with the Ca-treated group or the control group.
• ALP Alkaline phosphatase
• Ca, Zn, Mg and P contents of various minerals, i.e. Ca, Zn, Mg and P in bone were measured, and the decrease of the Ca, Mg and P contents in bone of the [CA + GA] -treated group was significantly reduced.
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme to accelerate bone absorption of calcium and known to be increased in blood when the contents of calcium in bone is decreased, and also in this experiment the elevation of ALP in blood was observed in the Ca-treated group.
• coadministration of GA showed a tendency to reduce ALP elevation compared with the Ca-treated group.
• the GA (10 g) is dispersed in warm water (40°C, 30 ⁇ iL) with stirring. After cooling the mixture to 25° C, vitamin Bl (10 mg) , vitamin B ⁇ (10 mg) , caffeine (50 mg) , sugar (5 g) , honey (5 g) , citric acid (400 mg) , sodium citrate (50 mg) and sodium benzoate (35 mg) are added with stirring. The pH value of the resulting mixture is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of lactic acid and/or 0. IN sodium hydroxide. Then the total volume of the resulting solution is adjusted to 5 ml by the addition of water.
• GA used in this Example is purified as follows: GA obtained from Acacia Senegal in Sudan is powdered and dissolved in water.
• An accelerating agent of calcium absorption provided by the present invention can be used in a field of calcium- enriched food for example, by mixing with various foods and drinks as well as combining itself with a calcium agent.

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