Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
  • C08F214/182—Monomers containing fluorine not covered by the groups C08F214/20 - C08F214/28
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F290/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups
  • C08F290/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups on to polymers modified by introduction of unsaturated end groups
  • C08F290/06—Polymers provided for in subclass C08G
  • C08F290/062—Polyethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
  • C08J3/03—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in aqueous media
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2351/00—Characterised by the use of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2351/08—Characterised by the use of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds

Definitions

• the invention relates to novel fluorinated surfactants derived from fluorinated monomers having a perfluorinated polyether group and at least one non-fluorinated monomer having at least one hydrophilic group or a precursor thereof.
• the surfactants have been found to be efficient and effective in lowering the surface energy of a liquid medium comprising organic solvents and/or water.
• Fluorinated surfactants are known and described generally in "Fluorinated Surfactants” by E. Kissa, Surfactants Science Series, Vol. 50 (Marcel Dekker, New York 1994). Fluorinated surfactants, including those derived from fluorinated polyethers are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,644,492 ; 3,798,265 ; 3,555,089 ; 3,621,059 ; 3,944,610 and 3,536,710. There is an ever growing environmental awareness and the fluorinated polyethers disclosed in the art, in particular those that have been disclosed for use as surfactants, may no longer meet today's expectations with respect to the environmental properties and impact of compositions based on such polyethers.
• the fluorinated surfactants are substantially free of fluorinated components that eliminate slowly from the body of living organisms. Additionally, it is desired that the fluorinated surfactants have a sufficient stability under normal conditions of use and storage such that they do not decompose into fluorinated components that eliminate slowly from the body of living organisms.
• fluorinated surfactants and in particular fluorinated surfactants that are environmentally friendly and are effective and efficient in a broad variety of applications.
• fluorinated surfactants will have a high molecular weight combined with high solubility in organic solvents and water.
• the fluorinated surfactants are easy to manufacture in a cost effective and convenient way.
• the invention provides in one aspect a fluorinated surfactant comprising fluorinated units and hydrophilic non-fluorinated units wherein said fluorinated surfactant can be obtained by
• Rf represents a perfluorinated polyether group
• X represents a bond (when n is 1) or a linking group
• R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and n is 1 or 2;
• the term “surfactant” is meant a substance that, when present at low concentration in a system, has the property of absorbing onto the surfaces or interfaces of the system and of altering to a marked degree the surface or interfacial free energies of these surfaces.” (Milton J. Rosen, “Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena,” Second Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1989, page 1). The fluorinated surfactants according to the invention have been found to have these properties.
• the invention provides a method of altering the surface energy and/or interfacial free energy of a liquid medium, the method comprising providing a liquid medium and incorporating a fluorinated surfactant as described herein in the medium.
• the invention provides a composition
• a composition comprising an organic or aqueous liquid having dispersed or dissolved therein a fluorinated surfactant as defined above.
• the invention provides a fluorinated surfactant wherein said perfluoropolyether group corresponds to the general formula : CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 O[CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O] k CF(CF 3 )- wherein k has a value of at least 1.
• fluorinated surfactants as described above have good or excellent environmental properties combined with good or excellent surfactant properties.
• the surfactant properties are typically such that the surfactants can be used in a wide variety of applications.
• the surfactants may generally be prepared without processing difficulties.
• the fluorinated surfactant according to the invention can be obtained by free radical polymerization of one or more fluorinated monomers, comprising a perfluorinated polyether group, and at least one non-fluorinated monomer having at least one hydrophilic group or a precursor thereof.
• perfluorinated polyether group is meant a fluorinated polyether group that consists of carbon and fluorine and that contains at least two ether linkages.
• the fluorinated monomers useful in the synthesis of the fluorinated surfactant according to the invention can be represented by the formula:
• R f represents a perfluorinated polyether group
• R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and n is 1 or 2.
• X is a bond or a linking group generally non-fluorinated .
• linking groups include *-CH 2 -L'-, *-COO-L 2 -, *- CONR a -L 2 -, wherein L 1 represents a chemical bond or a divalent linking group, L 2 represents a divalent linking group and R a is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and * indicates the position where the linking group is attached to the group Rf in formula (I).
• divalent linking groups L 1 include an oxy group, an amido group, a carboxy group, a carbonyl group, an aryl group that may be substituted and an alkylene group that may be substituted and/or that may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms or with an amido group, a carboxy group, a urethane group or a carbonyl group.
• divalent linking groups L 2 include an aryl group that may be substituted and an alkylene group that may be substituted and/or that may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms or with an amido group, a carboxy group, a urethane group or a carbonyl group.
• Particular suitable linking groups X include *-CONR a -L 2 -, wherein R a is hydrogen and L includes an alkylene group substituted with a carboxy group.
• the perfluorinated polyether group Rf of the fluorinated monomer of formula (I) corresponds to the formula: wherein R 1 f represents a perfluorinated alkyl group, R f 2 represents a perfluorinated alkyleneoxy group consisting of perfluorinated alkyleneoxy groups having 1 , 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms or a mixture of such perfluorinated alkylene oxy groups and z is at least 1 ,
• R 3 f represents a perfluorinated alkylene group and q is 0 or 1.
• the perfluorinated alkyl group R'f in the above formula may be linear or branched and may comprise 1 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• a typical perfluorinated alkyl group is
• R 3 f is a linear or branched perfluorinated alkylene group that will typically have 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• R 3 f is -CF 2 - or -CF(CF 3 )-.
• perfluorinated polyalkyleneoxy group R 2 f include: -CF 2 CF 2 O-, -CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O-, -
• the perfluorinated polyalkyleneoxy group may be comprised of the same perfluorinated alkylene oxy units or of a mixture of different perfluorinated alkylene oxy units.
• the perfluorinated polyalkyleneoxy group can be present in a random configuration, alternating configuration or they can be present as blocks.
• the perfluorinated polyether group corresponds to the general formula: CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 O[CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O] IC CF(CF 3 )-
• Perfluorinated polyether groups of the above formula can conveniently be derived from the oligomerization of hexafluoropropyleneoxide and are of particularly suitable from an environmental point of view.
• k is an integer of 3 to 25 and the corresponding perfluorinated polyether group has a molecular weight of at least 750 g/mol.
• the fluorinated monomer corresponds to the formula:
• R 1 represents hydrogen or an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• X is a divalent linking group as defined above.
• fluorinated monomers according to formula (Ia) can be used in the polymerization reaction to form the fluorinated surfactant.
• a major part or all of the perfluorinated polyether groups of the fluorinated monomers or mixture of fluorinated monomers have a molecular weight of at least 750 g/mol.
• Preferably not more than 10%, more preferably not more than 5% by weight and most preferably not more than 1% by weight of the perfluorinated polyether groups in the fluorinated monomers or mixture of fluorinated monomers and the corresponding fluorinated surfactants have a molecular weight of less than 750 g/mol.
• fluorinated monomers according to formula (I) and/or (Ia) include:
• Rf -CONR"-(CH2)mO-CONHC(Me)2-C 6 H4-C(Me) CH2
• Rf-CH 2 O-COC(R') CH2 with m: 2,3,4,6,8,10,11
• R f has the meaning as defined above and is preferably
• the fluorinated monomers of the above formula (I) and (Ia) can be readily obtained starting from e.g. acid, ester, alcohol or acid halide terminated perfluorinated polyether and reacting with appropriate reactants to introduce the ethylenically unsaturated group and linking group X.
• reactants e.g. acid, ester, alcohol or acid halide terminated perfluorinated polyether
• reactants e.g. acid, ester, alcohol or acid halide terminated perfluorinated polyether
• reactants to introduce the ethylenically unsaturated group and linking group X can be found for example in EP 870 778.
• Non-fluorinated monomers having at least one hydrophilic group or a precursor thereof include for example hydrocarbon group containing monomers such as monomers that can be represented by formula :
• Rh-L-Z (II) wherein Rh represents a hydrocarbon group, e.g. an aliphatic group, having at least one hydrophilic group or a precursor thereof, L represents a bond or a divalent linking group and Z represents an ethylenically unsaturated group.
• linking group L include oxy, carbonyl, amid and carbonyloxy.
• the non-fluorinated monomer can be represented by the formula :
• CH 2 C(R 2 )C(O) X 1 -(C n H 2n O Y HI
• X 1 is O, N(R 3 ), or S
• R 3 is hydrogen or an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• R 2 is hydrogen or methyl
• n' is an integer from 0 to 20
• Y is a hydrophilic group or a precursor thereof.
• the hydrophilic group Y can be selected from the group consisting of non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric groups or precursors thereof.
• non-ionic groups include straight or branched alkyleneoxy groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms, such as in ethyleneoxy (EO) or propyleneoxy (PO).
• EO ethyleneoxy
• PO propyleneoxy
• ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy units are linked together, they generally form polyethyleneoxy or polypropyleneoxy blocks or a mixture of blocks.
• Particularly useful polyalkyleneoxy groups are those comprising a center block of polyoxypropylene units and blocks of polyoxyethylene units to each side of the center block. These groups have the formula shown below:
• Additional useful polyakyleneoxy groups are those having a center block of polyoxyethylene units and blocks of polyoxypropylene units to each side of the center block. These polyoxyalkylene groups have the formula as shown below:
• Examples of cationic groups include quaternary amines.
• the group Y can be represented by the formula : R 5
• each of R 4 , R 5 and R 6 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group that may optionally be substituted
• M " represents a counter ion
• r is 0 or 1 and when r is 0, one of R 4 , R 5 and R 6 represents a hydrocarbon group that is substituted with an acid group, such as for example -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " .
• Representative examples of M " include Cl “ , CH 3 COO " , C 2 H 5 SO 4 " , I “ , Br “ , CF 3 SO 3 " , Vo. SO 4 2" '
• hydrophilic group Y corresponds to the formula :
• R 7 and R 8 are independently Ci_ 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -alkyl substituted by halogen, Ci -6 - alkoxy, NO 2 or CN or R 7 and R 8 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more Ci- 6 -alkyl groups.
• anionic groups include sulfonates (e.g. -SO 3 M'), sulphates (e.g. -OSO 3 M'), carboxylates (e.g., -COOM'), phosphates (e.g; OPO 3 M') and phosphonates (e.g. -PO 3 M') wherein M' is hydrogen, a metal cation such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal cation (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium) or a nitrogen-based cation, such as, for example, ammonium or a protonated tertiary amine (e.g. (HOCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 N + HCH 3 ).
• a metal cation such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal cation (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium)
• a nitrogen-based cation such as, for example, ammonium or a protonated tertiary amine (e.
• amphoteric groups include zwitterionic species, e.g. -N(R 9 ) 2 -(CH 2 ) Z COOH and -N(R 9 ) 2 -(CH2) Z SO 3 H wherein R 9 is hydrogen or a C 1 - 4 alkyl group.
• precursors of hydrophilic groups include amino groups, esters including carboxylic and sulphonic acid esters, carboxylamides, sulfonamides and hydroxyl groups.
• Non-fluorinated monomers having at least one hydrophilic group or a precursor thereof are commercially available.
• Particularly useful monomers having a hydrophilic group include monomers comprising polyoxyalkylene groups. Examples include (meth)acylates of polyethylene glycol, such as CARBOWAXTMA, commercially available from Union Carbide and (meth)acrylates of block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, such as PLURONICTMA, commercially available from BASF. Further examples include (meth)acrylates of amino or diamino terminated polyethers and (meth)acrylates of methoxypolyethylene glycols.
• alkyl(meth)acrylates having an ammonium group such as (meth)acrylates of the formula X" ' R a 3 N + -R b -OC(O)- wherein X" * represents an anion such as e.g. a chloride anion, R a represents hydrogen or an alkyl group and each R a may the same of different, R b represents an alkylene and R c represents hydrogen or methyl.
• Particularly useful monomers having a hydrophilic group or a precursor of a hydrophilic group include hydrocarbon monomers having an acid group, such as (meth)acrylic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l -propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) ; monomers containing a hydroxyl group, including hydroxylgroup containing (meth)acrylates, such as hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate and hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate.
• hydrocarbon monomers having an acid group such as (meth)acrylic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l -propane sulfonic acid (AMPS)
• AMPS 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l -propane sulfonic acid
• aminoalkyl (meth)acrylates such as N,N-diethylaminoethylmethacrylate, N 3 N'- dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and N-t-butylaminoethylmethacrylate.
• Non-fluorinated monomers having polyalkyleneoxy groups are particularly useful because they typically increase the solubility of the fluorinated surfactant over a wide range of polarity and pH and, by alteration of the carbon-oxygen ratio, can be tailored for any particular matrix.
• mixtures of monomers having a hydrophilic group or precursor thereof can be used, in order to prepare fluorinated surfactants that have mixtures of hydrophilic groups.
• monomers comprising non-ionic groups can be used in combination with monomers having cationic or anionic groups or precursors thereof, in order to prepare a fluorinated surfactant having a combination of non-ionic and cationic or anionic groups.
• the fluorinated surfactant is typically prepared by free radical polymerisation of one or more fluorinated monomers with at least one non-fluorinated monomer having at least one hydrophilic group or a precursor thereof.
• the weight ratio of corresponding fluorinated units to hydrophilic non-fluorinated units may be from 80:20 to 1 :99.
• a free radical initiator is generally used to initiate the polymerization reaction.
• Useful free radical initiators include azo compounds, such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), azobisvaleronitrile and azobis(2-cyanovaleric acid), 2,2'- azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride and the like, hydroperoxides such as cumene, t- butyl, and t-amyl hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxides such.as di-t-butyl and dicumylperoxide, peroxyesters such as t-butylperbenzoate and di-t-butylperoxy phtalate, diacylperoxides such as benzoyl peroxide and lauroyl peroxide.
• azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), azobisvaleronitrile and azobis(2-cyanovaleric acid), 2,2'- azobis(
• the polymerization reaction can be carried out in any solvent suitable for organic free- radical reactions.
• the reactants can be present in the solvent at any suitable concentration, e.g., from 5% to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the reaction mixture.
• suitable solvents include aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, heptane, cyclohexane), aromatic solvents (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene), ethers (e.g., diethylether, glyme, diglyme, diisopropyl ether), esters (e.g., ethyl acetate, butyl acetate), alcohols (e.g., ethanol, isopropyl alcohol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone), sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfox
• HFE-7100, 7200 and 7500 commercially available from 3M
• the polymerization reaction can be carried out at any temperature suitable for conducting an organic free-radical reaction.
• Particular temperature and solvents for use can be easily selected by those skilled in the art based on considerations such as the solubility of reagents, the temperature required for the use of a particular initiator, molecular weight desired and the like. While it is not practical to enumerate a particular temperature suitable for all initiators and all solvents, generally suitable temperatures are between 30 0 C and 200 0 C.
• the fluorinated surfactant is typically prepared in the presence of a chain transfer agent.
• Suitable chain transfer agents typically include a hydroxy-, amino-, or mercapto group.
• the chain transfer agent may include two or more of such hydroxy, amino- or mercapto groups.
• Suitable chain transfer agents useful in the preparation of the fluorinated surfactant include those selected from 2-mercaptoethanol, 3-mercapto-2-butanol, 3- mercapto-2-pro ⁇ anol, 3 -mercapto- 1-propanol, 3-mercapto-l,2-propanediol, 2-mercapto- ethylamine, di(2-mercaptoethyl)sulfide :> octylmercaptane and dodecylmercaptane.
• the polymerisation conditions and chain transfer agent may be chosen to tailor the molecular weight and/or properties of the fluorinated surfactant.
• the method of making the fluorinated surfactant will result in a mixture of surfactants that have a different molecular weight.
• the weight average molecular weight of the fluorinated surfactant is typically tailored to be at least 1000 g/mol, suitably at least 2000 g/mol and particularly suitable at least 3000g/mol.
• the fluorinated surfactant will have a weight average molecular weight such that it is readily dissolved or dispersed in a liquid medium comprising water or an organic solvent or mixtures thereof.
• the fluorinated surfactants have a solubility of at least 0.001% by weight, suitable at least 0.005 % by weight and particularly suitable at least 0.01% by weight at 20 0 C in at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of water and a non-fluorinated solvent.
• the weight average molecular weight of the fluorinated surfactant is tailored to be not more than 100 000 g/mol, suitable not more than 80 000 g/mol and particularly suitable not more than 50 000 g/mol.
• free radical polymerization involves one or more monomers having a precursor of a hydrophilic group, it will be required to convert such groups into desired hydrophilic groups.
• conversion will be carried out subsequent to the polymerization although it is also conceivable to carry out the conversion concurrent with the polymerization.
• the conversion may proceed according to any of the methods known to those skilled in the art including for example hydrolysis of for example an ester or sulfonamide group, protonation, oxidation or quaternation of an amine.
• a tertiary amine group can be reacted with a peroxyacid or hydrogen peroxide to form an amine-oxide group.
• such tertiary amine group can be quaternised by an alkyl halogenide, such as methyl iodide for example, to form a cationic group.
• the tertiary amine group can also be reacted with a cyclic sultone or lactone to form an amphoteric group.
• an alcohol functional group can be reacted with POCl 3 to form a phosphate group or with chloroacetic acid to form a carboxylate group.
• the alcohol functional group can be reacted with e.g. a cyclic sultone to form a sulfonate group.
• the fluorinated surfactants can readily be dispersed or dissolved in water or an organic liquid or mixtures thereof.
• organic liquids include aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons (e.g. hexane, heptane, cyclohexane), aromatic solvents (e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene), ethers (e.g. diethylether, glyme, diglyme, diisopropylether), alkoxy alkylene ethers (e.g. dipropylene glycol monomethylether, triethyleneglycol monomethylether, methoxy propanol), esters, (e.g.
• ethyl acetate ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, butoxyethyl acetate
• alcohols e.g. ethanol, isopropyl alcohol
• ketones e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone
• sulfoxides e.g.
• halogenated solvents selected from the group consisting of hydro fiuoroethers, hydrofluorocarbons and chlorinated solvents, such as methyl chloroform, FREONTM113, trichloroethylene, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ - trifluorotoluene and mixtures thereof.
• the fluorinated surfactants have been found to have good or excellent surfactant properties such that they can be used in a wide variety of applications where surfactant properties are desired and/or needed.
• the fluorinated surfactants are very effective in reducing the surface energy of liquids, including organic liquids and water.
• the surfactants may improve the wetting, levelling and spreading of a surface of a substrate by a liquid or coating mixture.
• the fluorinated surfactants may be useful as levelling agents and surface tension controllers in paints and coatings.
• the surfactants may further find utility in emulsion polymerization of monomers.
• the fluorinated surfactants can be used individually or in combination to produce the desired surface tension reduction or wetting improvement.
• the fluorinated surfactants are formulated into an organic or aqueous liquid at a final concentration of about 0.001 to 1% by weight based on the weight of the liquid.
• the tensiometer was integrated with an automatic dosimat and a computer, using a software package for dynamic contact angle (K121). The program was run using a
• PluronicTM 44A mono-acrylate of Pluranic 44 diol, available from BASF CW750A : acrylate of CarbowaxTM 750, a monofunctional polyethyleneglycol with average MW 750, available from Union Carbide
• DPM dipropyleneglycol monomethylether, available from DOW
• TEGME triethyleneglycolmonomethylether, available from Sigma-Aldrich
• AIBN azo bis isobutyronitrile
• HFE-7200 hydrofluoroether, available from 3M
• HFPO HFPO 7 . 35 -ester : CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -O-(CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O) 535 CF(CF 3 )COCH 3 , consisting of a mixture of oligomers with different chain lengths.
• the index 5.35 is indicative of the mathematical average of the number of repeating HFPO-units.
• the weight average molecular weight of the ester was 1232 g/mol.
• a 1 liter 3-necked reaction flask was equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, a dropping runnel, a heating mantle and a thermometer.
• the flask was charged with 1000 g
• the product was dried at 50 0 C during 5 hours, using oil pump vacuum ( ⁇ 1 mbar).
• the (HFPO) 7 35 -alc obtained was a yellow coloured oil.
• the structure was confirmed by means of NMR.
• Fluorinated surfactants 1 and 2 havinfi non-ionic hydrophilic group
• Fluorinated surfactant 2 was made according to the same procedure, using CW 750 A instead of PluronicTM 44 A.
• Fluorinated surfactant 3 was a fluorinated surfactant having an amine-oxide hydrophilic group and was prepared according to the general procedure as given for fluorinated surfactant 1, but using DMAEMA instead of PluronicTM 44A. After the reaction was completed, MEK was stripped and replaced with lOOg ethanol. Then 77g (0.68 mol) H 2 O 2 (30% solution in water) was added and the mixture was slowly heated up to 70 0 C in air; the reaction was continued for 6 hours at 70°C. A clear solution of a fluorinated surfactant having amine-oxide group was obtained.
• Fluorinated surfactant 4 having a quaternary ammonium hvdrophilic group Fluorinated surfactant 4 was made generally according to the procedure as given for fluorinated surfactant 3. After the reaction was completed and before the solvent strip, 0.45 mole (68.7 g) diethylsulphate were added under nitrogen atmosphere at 30 0 C, over a period of 1 hour. An exothermic reaction resulted. The reaction was continued for 2 hrs at 70 0 C under N 2 after which the solvent was evaporated at room temperature. A fluorinated surfactant having a quaternary ammonium group was obtained. A 50% solids solution was prepared in DPM.
• Fluorinated surfactant 5 having an amphoteric hvdrophilic group
• Fluorinated surfactant 5 was prepared generally according to the procedure as given for fluorinated surfactant 3. After the reaction was completed and before the solvent strip, 0.45 mole (54.9g) propanesultone were added under nitrogen at 30 0 C over a period of 1 hour. An exothermic reaction occured. The reaction was continued for 2 hours at 70 0 C under nitrogen. The solvent was evaporated at room temperature. The fluorinated surfactant having an amphoteric hydrophilic group was dissolved (at 50% solids) in DPM.
• Fluorinated surfactant 6. having non-ionic and anionic hydrophilic firoups Fluorinated surfactant 6 was prepared in two steps. In a first step the procedure, as given for fluorinated surfactant 1, was followed, but additionally acrylic acid was used as co- monomer. After the reaction was completed and before the solvent strip 0.14 mole (14.6g) diethanolamine were added at 30 0 C to neutralize the acid. The reaction was continued for 1 hour. The solvent was then stripped off as described in the synthesis of fluorinated surfactant 1. The fluorinated surfactant having non-ionic and anionic hydrophilic groups was dissolved in DPM at 50% solids.
• Table 1 The composition of the fluorinated surfactants 1-6
• the fluorinated surfactants 1 to 6 were further diluted in different solvents or water (DIW) and at concentrations as given in table 2. The mixtures were stirred at room temperature for about 30 minutes.
• the references (Ref 1 to 4) were made of the different solvents or water without addition of fluorinated surfactant. All surface tensions were measured using the Wilhelmy Plate Method, at a temperature of 25°C. The results are given in table 2.

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