WO2007063806A1 - 面発光レーザ素子、それを備えた面発光レーザアレイ、電子写真システムおよび光通信システム - Google Patents
面発光レーザ素子、それを備えた面発光レーザアレイ、電子写真システムおよび光通信システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007063806A1 WO2007063806A1 PCT/JP2006/323603 JP2006323603W WO2007063806A1 WO 2007063806 A1 WO2007063806 A1 WO 2007063806A1 JP 2006323603 W JP2006323603 W JP 2006323603W WO 2007063806 A1 WO2007063806 A1 WO 2007063806A1
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/185—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only horizontal cavities, e.g. horizontal cavity surface-emitting lasers [HCSEL]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
- H01S5/42—Arrays of surface emitting lasers
- H01S5/423—Arrays of surface emitting lasers having a vertical cavity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/435—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material
- B41J2/447—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using arrays of radiation sources
- B41J2/45—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using arrays of radiation sources using light-emitting diode [LED] or laser arrays
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- H01S2301/00—Functional characteristics
- H01S2301/16—Semiconductor lasers with special structural design to influence the modes, e.g. specific multimode
- H01S2301/166—Single transverse or lateral mode
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- H01S5/0014—Measuring characteristics or properties thereof
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/065—Mode locking; Mode suppression; Mode selection ; Self pulsating
- H01S5/0651—Mode control
- H01S5/0653—Mode suppression, e.g. specific multimode
- H01S5/0655—Single transverse or lateral mode emission
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18311—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement using selective oxidation
- H01S5/18313—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement using selective oxidation by oxidizing at least one of the DBR layers
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18322—Position of the structure
- H01S5/1833—Position of the structure with more than one structure
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18322—Position of the structure
- H01S5/1833—Position of the structure with more than one structure
- H01S5/18333—Position of the structure with more than one structure only above the active layer
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18358—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] containing spacer layers to adjust the phase of the light wave in the cavity
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18361—Structure of the reflectors, e.g. hybrid mirrors
- H01S5/18369—Structure of the reflectors, e.g. hybrid mirrors based on dielectric materials
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18386—Details of the emission surface for influencing the near- or far-field, e.g. a grating on the surface
- H01S5/18391—Aperiodic structuring to influence the near- or far-field distribution
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34313—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser with a well layer having only As as V-compound, e.g. AlGaAs, InGaAs
- H01S5/3432—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser with a well layer having only As as V-compound, e.g. AlGaAs, InGaAs the whole junction comprising only (AI)GaAs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a surface emitting laser element, a surface emitting laser array including the surface emitting laser element, an electrophotographic system including the surface emitting laser element or the surface emitting laser array, and a light including the surface emitting laser element or the surface emitting laser array.
- the present invention relates to a communication system.
- the surface emitting laser element can take out the laser output in the direction perpendicular to the substrate, it can be easily integrated with a high density two-dimensional array, and can be used as a light source for parallel optical interconnection, a high-speed high-definition electrophotographic system, etc. The application of is being studied.
- Non-patent Documents 1 and 2 show a surface emitting laser element of 0.98 m band using InGaAs as an active layer. In these surface-emitting laser elements in Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, the top distribution of P-Al Ga AsZGaAs provided on the active layer is provided.
- a selective acid layer made of Al Ga As is provided in the Bragg reflector.
- the upper distributed Bragg reflector is etched into a mesa shape so that the side surface of the selective oxidation layer is exposed, and water heated to 85 ° C. is used. In a nitrogen gas published atmosphere, this was heated to 425 ° C to selectively oxidize the selective oxidation layer made of Al Ga As from the etching side surface toward the center of the mesa.
- An insulating region made of AIO is formed in the periphery of the mesa by the selective oxidation, and a conductive region is formed by a non-oxidized region in the center of the mesa.
- AIO very good insulation
- the hole injection region can be limited to the center of the mesa, and an oscillation threshold current of 1 mA or less can be obtained.
- the refractive index of AIO is about 1.6, which is smaller than that of other semiconductor layers, lateral light confinement occurs due to the oxide layer, and light is emitted. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a highly efficient element.
- Non-patent Document 3 In order to improve the efficiency of the element, it is effective to reduce the light scattering loss by the oxide layer having a low refractive index, and the position of the oxide layer is determined by the standing wave distribution in the electric field. It is configured to be provided at the node position (Non-patent Document 3).
- Non-Patent Document 3 a comparison is made regarding the threshold current and the like when the position of the selective oxidation layer is set to the position of the node of the standing wave distribution and the position of the antinode. It is shown that the light scattering loss is reduced and the low threshold current can be obtained.
- the selective oxidation surface-emitting laser element has a problem that since the difference in the refractive index in the lateral direction due to the selective oxide layer is large, even the higher-order transverse mode is easily confined and oscillated. Lateral mode control is a very important issue. In order to reduce optical confinement in the lateral direction of higher-order modes, methods such as reducing the effective refractive index difference in the lateral direction or setting the area of the non-oxidized region small are effective.
- the single basic transverse mode control by the above method is possible only when operating at a relatively low injection level.
- the injection level is increased, the thermal lens effect due to heat generation is achieved.
- higher-order transverse modes oscillate due to the spatial hole versioning of the carrier.
- the method of setting the area of the non-oxidizing region to be small has a problem that since the area of the oscillation region is small, it is difficult to obtain a high output and the resistance of the element increases.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for suppressing high-order transverse mode oscillation by using a filtering action of a high-order transverse mode by an electrode.
- the output of the single fundamental transverse mode is improved by optimizing the size of the electrode opening diameter relative to the oxidized constriction diameter.
- a multilayer film reflecting mirror for a higher-order transverse mode is formed by performing a relief processing on a region corresponding to the higher-order transverse mode distribution on the surface of the semiconductor multilayer film reflector above the element. This reduces the reflectivity of the filter, suppresses oscillation, and improves the single fundamental transverse mode output.
- the lateral mode characteristics, output, and the like are very sensitive to the area of the electrode opening, the positional deviation between the electrode opening and the selective oxidation structure, and the like. There's a problem. For this reason, high alignment accuracy and controllability of the processing shape are required, and it is difficult to manufacture elements with good uniformity over the wafer surface.
- strict process control is required for the opening size and positional deviation, which increases the manufacturing cost.
- the present invention has been made to solve such a problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide a surface emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode. is there.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a surface-emitting laser array including a surface-emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a surface emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode, or a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element. Is to provide.
- another object of the present invention is to provide an optical communication system including a surface emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode, or a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element. Is to provide.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Applied Physics Letters vol. 66, No. 25, pp.3413—3415, 1995.
- Non-Patent Document 2 Electronics Letters No.24, Vol. 30, pp.2043--2044, 1994.
- Non-Patent Document 3 IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, vol.5, No. 3, p.p. 574-581, 1999.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-208755
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-115634
- the surface emitting laser element includes an active layer, a resonator spacer layer, a reflective layer, and a selective oxide layer.
- the resonator spacer layer is provided on both sides of the active layer.
- the reflection layers are provided on both sides of the resonator spacer layer and reflect the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer.
- the selective oxidation layer has a first position in the reflecting layer corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light, and a first position corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution in the direction opposite to the active layer side. And a second position in the reflective layer corresponding to the antinode of the standing wave distribution.
- the selective oxidation layer is provided between the first position and a midpoint between the first and second positions.
- the selective oxidation layer is provided at a substantially middle point between the first position and the second position.
- the reflective layer has a structural force in which first layers having a first refractive index and second layers having a second refractive index larger than the first refractive index are alternately stacked. Become. And selective acid The layer is provided in the first layer.
- the surface emitting laser element includes an active layer, a resonator spacer layer, a reflective layer, a current confinement layer, and a suppression layer.
- the resonator spacer layer is provided on both sides of the active layer.
- the reflection layers are provided on both sides of the resonator spacer layer, and reflect the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer.
- the current confinement layer limits the area of the reflective layer when injecting current into the active layer.
- the suppression layer suppresses higher-order mode components oscillated in the active layer.
- the current confinement layer and the suppression layer are provided in the reflective layer.
- the distance between the active layer and the suppression layer is equal to the distance between the active layer and the current confinement layer.
- the suppression layer corresponds to the node of the standing wave distribution in the first position in the reflective layer corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light and in the direction opposite to the active layer side.
- the first selective oxidation layer is provided adjacent to the first position and between the second position in the reflection layer corresponding to the antinode of the standing wave distribution.
- the current confinement layer includes a second selective oxide layer different from the first selective oxide layer. The distance between the active layer and the first selective oxide layer is greater than the distance between the active layer and the second selective oxide layer.
- the second selective oxidation layer is provided at a position corresponding to a node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light.
- the reflective layer includes first and second reflective layers.
- the first reflective layer is disposed on one side of the active layer and is made of an n-type semiconductor.
- the second reflective layer is disposed on the opposite side of the active layer from the first reflective layer and is made of a p-type semiconductor.
- the first selective oxide layer is disposed in the first reflective layer, and the second selective oxidation layer is disposed in the second reflective layer.
- the surface emitting laser element further includes a semiconductor layer provided between the suppression layer and the current confinement layer and for injecting current into the active layer.
- the suppression layer has a first position in the reflection layer corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light, and a first position corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution in the direction opposite to the active layer side. It consists of a first selective oxide layer provided adjacent to the second position in the reflective layer corresponding to the antinode of the standing wave distribution.
- the current confinement layer includes a second selective oxide layer different from the first selective oxide layer.
- the first and second selective oxide layers are provided on the side opposite to the substrate with respect to the active layer.
- the second selective oxidation layer is formed from the semiconductor layer. The current is limited and injected into the active layer. The distance between the active layer and the first selective oxide layer is greater than the distance between the active layer and the second selective oxide layer.
- the area of the non-oxidized region of the second selective oxide layer is larger than the area of the non-oxidized region of the first selective oxidized layer.
- the suppression layer corresponds to the node of the standing wave distribution in the first position in the reflective layer corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light and in the direction opposite to the active layer side.
- the selective oxidation layer is provided adjacent to the first position and between the second position in the reflective layer corresponding to the antinode of the standing wave distribution.
- the current confinement layer is a high resistance region having a higher resistance than the region through which ions are implanted and the current injected into the active layer passes. The distance between the active layer and the suppression layer is greater than the distance between the active layer and the current confinement layer.
- the reflective layer includes first and second reflective layers.
- the first reflective layer is provided on the side opposite to the substrate with respect to the active layer and is made of a semiconductor.
- the second reflective layer is provided on the first reflective layer and is made of a dielectric.
- the current confinement layer is provided in the first reflective layer.
- the suppression layer corresponds to the first position in the second reflective layer corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light and the first position corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution in the direction opposite to the active layer side. 1 and located between the second position in the second reflective layer corresponding to the antinode of the standing wave distribution and different from the adjacent dielectric in the stacking direction of the second reflective layer It consists of a dielectric layer having a refractive index.
- the surface emitting laser element further includes a positive electrode.
- the current confinement layer is provided around the non-oxidized region in the in-plane direction of the non-oxidized region and the substrate.
- the positive electrode is provided at a position corresponding to the oxide region on the surface of the contact layer provided on the first reflective layer.
- the surface emitting laser element is a surface emitting laser element operating in a single fundamental mode, wherein an active layer, a resonator spacer layer, and a reflective layer are selected. And an oxide layer.
- the resonator spacer layer is provided on both sides of the active layer.
- the reflection layers are provided on both sides of the resonator spacer layer and reflect the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer.
- the selective oxide layer is provided in the reflective layer and includes an oxidized region and a non-oxidized region.
- the area of the non-oxidized region is in the range of 4 to 20 ⁇ m 2 .
- the non-oxidized region has an area in the range of 4 ⁇ 18. 5 m 2.
- the surface emitting laser array includes any one of the surface emitting laser elements described above.
- an electrophotographic system includes any one of the surface-emitting laser elements described above.
- an optical communication system includes any one of the surface-emitting laser elements or the surface-emitting laser array.
- the selective oxidation layer is fixed at the first position in the reflection layer corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light and in the direction opposite to the active layer side. It is provided between the second position in the reflection layer corresponding to the antinode of the standing wave distribution adjacent to the node of the standing wave distribution.
- the output of the single basic transverse mode can be easily improved.
- the area of the non-oxidized region in the selective oxidation layer is set to be larger than that of the conventional surface emitting laser element.
- the output of the single basic transverse mode can be easily improved.
- the surface emitting laser array according to the present invention includes the surface emitting laser element according to the present invention, higher-order transverse mode components are suppressed, and oscillation light having a single fundamental transverse mode component force is emitted.
- the output of the single fundamental transverse mode can be easily improved even in the surface emitting laser array.
- the electrophotographic system according to the present invention includes the surface emitting laser element or the surface emitting laser array according to the present invention, a latent image is formed on the photosensitive drum using laser light oscillated in a single fundamental transverse mode. To do.
- an optical communication system includes a surface emitting laser element or surface according to the present invention. Since a light emitting laser array is provided, signals are transmitted using laser light oscillated in a single fundamental transverse mode.
- a signal can be transmitted with reduced transmission errors.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a part of the reflective layer shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing the vicinity of a resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is another view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 5 is a first process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 6 is a second process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a third process chart showing a method for manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the effective refractive index difference ⁇ neff) and the oscillation threshold gain and the position of the selective oxidation layer when the selective oxidation layer is disposed in the high refractive index layer in the reflective layer.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the position of a selective oxide layer in a high refractive index layer.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the relationship between the effective refractive index difference ( ⁇ neff) and the oscillation threshold gain and the position of the selective oxidation layer when the selective oxidation layer is arranged in the low refractive index layer in the reflection layer.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining the position of a selective oxide layer in a low refractive index layer.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a current-light output characteristic of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing current-light output characteristics of a conventional surface emitting laser element.
- FIG. 14 is a plot of the ratio of the fundamental transverse mode output to the peak output for the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1 versus the area of the non-oxidized region.
- FIG. 15 is a graph plotting the ratio of the fundamental transverse mode output to the peak output in a conventional surface emitting laser element against the area of the non-acidic region.
- FIG. 16 is still another view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 17 is a plan view of a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an electrophotographic system using the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1 or the surface emitting laser array shown in FIG.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic view of an optical communication system using the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to a second embodiment.
- FIG. 21 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 22 is a plan view of a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic view of an electrophotographic system using the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 20 or the surface emitting laser array shown in FIG.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of an optical communication system using the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 25]
- FIG. 25 is a schematic sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to a third embodiment.
- FIG. 26 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing the relationship between the position of the selective oxidation layer, the gain ratio, and the effective refractive index difference when the selective oxide layer that functions as a suppression layer is disposed in the low refractive index layer.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing the relationship between the position of the selective oxidation layer and the oscillation threshold gain when the selective oxide layer functioning as a suppression layer is arranged in the low refractive index layer.
- FIG. 29 is a schematic sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to a fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 31 is a first process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 30 is a second process diagram showing a method for manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 30 is a third process diagram showing a method for manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 29.
- FIG. 30 is a fourth process chart showing a method for manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 35 A schematic cross-sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to a fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 36 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 37 is a first process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 38] A second process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 39] FIG. 36 is a third process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 40] FIG. 36 is a fourth process diagram for explaining the method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 41 is a schematic sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to a sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 42 A view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 41.
- FIG. 43 is a first process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 44 is a second process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 41.
- FIG. 43 is a first process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 44 is a second process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 41.
- FIG. 43 is a first process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 44 is a second process diagram showing a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 41.
- FIG. 45 is a third process chart showing a method for manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 41.
- FIG. 46 is a schematic sectional view of the surface emitting laser element according to the seventh embodiment.
- FIG. 47 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 48 is a first process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 48 is a first process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 48 is a first process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 49 is a second process diagram for explaining the manufacturing method of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 49 is a second process diagram for explaining the manufacturing method of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 50 is a third process diagram for explaining the manufacturing method of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 50 is a third process diagram for explaining the manufacturing method of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 50 is a third process diagram for explaining the manufacturing method of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 51 is a fourth process diagram for explaining the method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 51 is a fourth process diagram for explaining the method of manufacturing the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 52 is another view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element shown in FIG. 46.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- a surface emitting laser device 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate 101, a noffer layer 102, reflection layers 103 and 107, resonator spacer layers 104 and 106, and an active layer.
- 'Natural layer 105, selective acid layer 108, 3 layer layer 109, SiO layer 110, insulation' 14
- the surface emitting laser element 100 is a 780 nm band surface emitting laser element.
- the substrate 101 also has n-type gallium arsenide (n-GaAs) force.
- the nofer layer 102 is formed of n-GaAs force on one main surface of the substrate 101.
- the reflective layer 103 is n-Al Ga As / Al.
- the resonator spacer layer 104 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the reflective layer 103.
- the active layer 105 has three periods when the pair of AlGaAsZAlGaAs is one period.
- a multi-quantum well structure consisting of [AlGaAsZAl Ga As] and a resonator spacer
- AlGaAs has a film thickness of 5.6 nm and Al Ga A
- the resonator spacer layer 106 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the active layer 105.
- the reflective layer 107 is a p-AlGaAs / AlGaAs pair.
- Is composed of 26 [p—Al Ga As / Al Ga As], and the resonator spacer layer 1
- the selective oxide layer 108 is made of p-AlAs and is provided in the reflective layer 107.
- the selective oxide layer 108 includes a non-oxidized region 108a and an oxidized region 108b, and has a thickness of 20 nm.
- the contact layer 109 is made of p-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 107.
- SiO layer 110 is made of p-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 107.
- the reflective layer 103 represents one main surface of a part of the reflective layer 103 and the end surfaces of the resonator spacer layer 104, the active layer 105, the resonator spacer layer 106, the reflective layer 107, the selective oxide layer 108, and the contact layer 109. It is formed so as to cover.
- the insulating resin 111 is formed in contact with the SiO layer 110.
- the p-side electrode 112 is a contact layer
- a part of 109 and insulating resin 111 are formed.
- the n-side electrode 113 is formed on the back surface of the substrate 101.
- Each of the reflection layers 103 and 107 constitutes a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector that reflects the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer 105 by Bragg multiple reflection and confines it in the active layer 105.
- FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the reflective layer 103 shown in FIG.
- the reflective layer 103 includes a high refractive index layer 1031, a low refractive index layer 1032, and a composition gradient layer 1033.
- the high refractive index layer 1031 is made of Al Ga As
- the low refractive index layer 1032 is made of Al Ga As.
- the composition gradient layer 1033 is made of AlGaAs in which the composition is changed from one composition of the low refractive index layer 1031 and the high refractive index layer 1032 to the other composition.
- composition gradient layer 1033 is provided is to reduce the electrical resistance between the low refractive index layer 1031 and the high refractive index layer 1032.
- the high refractive index layer 1031 has a thickness of dl
- the low refractive index layer 1032 has a thickness of d2
- the composition gradient layer 1033 has a thickness of d3.
- the film thicknesses of the low-refractive index layer and the high-refractive index layer constituting the reflective layer are the phase of Bragg's multiple reflection.
- the film thickness of ⁇ 4 ⁇ is such that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in each semiconductor layer is ⁇ 2.
- the thickness including each semiconductor layer and the composition gradient layer 1033 is set so as to satisfy the Bragg multiple reflection condition.
- the film thickness d3 is set to 20 nm, for example, and the film thicknesses dl and d2 are set so as to satisfy the multiple reflection conditions of dl + d3 and d2 + d3 force Bragg. That is, each of dl + d3 and d2 + d3 is set so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in the reflective layer 103 becomes ⁇ Z2.
- the reflective layer 107 has the same structural force as that of the reflective layer 103.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG.
- the intensity distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 100 is also schematically shown.
- the resonance region of surface-emitting laser device 100 is defined as a region composed of resonator spacer layers 104 and 106 and active layer 105.
- the resonance region consisting of the vibrator spacer layers 104 and 106 and the active layer 105 is set so that the phase change amount of oscillation light in these semiconductor layers is 2 ⁇ , A vessel structure is formed.
- the reflective layers 103 and 107 are configured such that the low refractive index layer 1032 side is in contact with the resonator spacer layers 104 and 106, respectively, and the low refractive index layer 1032 and the resonator spacer layer 104,
- the interface with 106 (in the first embodiment, the composition gradient layer 1033) is an antinode in the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light.
- dl + d3 or d2 + d3 is set so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light is ⁇ 2, so that the high refractive index layer 1031 and the low refractive index layer 1032 In the position where the composition gradient film 1033 is placed, the belly and the node appear alternately.
- the selective oxide layer 108 has a distance (that is, the phase change amount of the oscillation light is ⁇ 4 from the position of the node in the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation wave to the side opposite to the active layer 105 (that is, The low-refractive index layer 1032 is provided at a position shifted by (distance ⁇ 8 ⁇ ) where ⁇ is the refractive index of the low-refractive index layer 1032.
- the film thickness of the low refractive index layer 1032 provided with the selective oxidation layer 108 is set to a film thickness in which the amount of phase change with respect to the oscillation wavelength including a part of the composition gradient layer 1033 is 3 ⁇ 2. .
- the phase change amount of the oscillation light in the constituent layer of the reflective layer 107 is an odd multiple of ⁇ 2, the multiple reflection phase condition can be satisfied.
- FIG. 4 is another view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG.
- the intensity distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 100 is also schematically shown.
- FIG. 6, and FIG. 7 are first to third process diagrams showing a method for manufacturing the surface-emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG. 1, respectively.
- the metal oxide chemical vapor deposition MOCVD
- MOCVD metal oxide chemical vapor deposition
- a layer 104, an active layer 105, a resonator spacer layer 106, a reflective layer 107, a selective oxidation layer 108, and a contact layer 109 are sequentially stacked on the substrate 101 (see step (a) in FIG. 5).
- n-GaAs of the buffer layer 102 is replaced with trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH ) And hydrogen selenide (H Se) as a raw material, and n-Al Ga As of the reflective layer 103
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- the resonator spacer layer 104 of non-doped Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- TMG trimethyl methacrylate
- AsH arsine
- resonator spacer layer 106 of non-doped Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- the p-AlGaAs / AlGaAs of the reflective layer 107 is trimethylaluminum (TMA),
- TMG limethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- p-AlAs of the selective oxidation layer 108 is formed using trimethylaluminum (TMA), arsine (As H) and carbon tetrabromide (CBr) as raw materials, and p-GaAs of the contact layer 109 is doped with tungsten.
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- As H arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- TMG limethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- a resist is applied on the contact layer 109, and a resist pattern 120 is formed on the contact layer 109 by using a photoengraving technique (see step (b) in Fig. 5).
- the resist pattern 120 has a square shape with one side of 20 ⁇ m.
- the resist pattern 120 is formed, using the formed resist pattern 120 as a mask, the resonator spacer layer 104, the active layer 105, the resonator spacer layer 106, the reflective layer 107, and the selective oxidation layer The peripheral portion of 108 and the contact layer 109 is removed by dry etching, and the resist pattern 120 is further removed (see step (c) in FIG. 5).
- the sample was heated to 425 ° C. in an atmosphere in which water heated to 85 ° C. was bubbled with nitrogen gas. Then, the periphery of the selective oxidation layer 108 is oxidized from the outer peripheral portion toward the central portion to form a non-oxidized region 108a and an oxidized region 108b in the selective oxide layer 108 (see step (d) in FIG. 6). ). In this case, the non-acidic region 108a has a square force with one side of 4 ⁇ m. [0085] Thereafter, an SiO layer 110 is formed on the entire surface of the sample by using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, and a region and a light emitting portion are formed by using a photoengraving technique.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the SiO layer 110 in the peripheral region is removed (see step (e) in FIG. 6).
- the insulating resin 111 is applied to the entire sample by spin coating, and the insulating resin 111 on the region that becomes the light emitting portion is removed (see step (f) in FIG. 6).
- one side is 8 on the region to be the light emitting portion.
- a resist pattern of IX m is formed, a p-side electrode material is formed on the entire surface of the sample by vapor deposition, and the p-side electrode material on the resist pattern is removed by lift-off to form the p-side electrode 112 (step in FIG. 7). (See (g)). Then, the back surface of the substrate 101 is polished, an n-side electrode 113 is formed on the back surface of the substrate 101, and further annealed to establish mic conduction between the p-side electrode 112 and the n-side electrode 113 (step (FIG. 7)). h)). As a result, the surface emitting laser element 100 is manufactured.
- FIG. 8 shows the difference between the effective refractive index difference ( ⁇ neff) and the oscillation threshold gain and the position of the selective oxidation layer 108 when the selective oxidation layer 108 is arranged in the high refractive index layer 1031 in the reflection layer 107. It is a figure which shows a relationship.
- the vertical axis represents the value obtained by normalizing the effective refractive index difference ( ⁇ eff) between the non-oxidized region 108a and the oxidized region 108b with the effective refractive index neff in the non-oxidized region 108a and the oscillation.
- the threshold gain is represented, and the horizontal axis represents the position of the selective oxide layer 108.
- Curve kl shows the relationship between A neffZneff and the position of the selective oxide layer 108
- curve k2 shows the oscillation threshold gain in the non-oxidized region 108a
- curve k3 shows the oxidized region 108b. ⁇ ⁇ Shows the oscillation threshold gain.
- the oscillation threshold gain corresponds to the resonator loss (mirror reflection loss), and the larger the oscillation threshold gain, the larger the resonator loss (mirror reflection loss).
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the position of the selective oxide layer 108 in the high refractive index layer 1031.
- the positional force S of the selective oxide layer 108 is S "0"
- the position of 0.25 ”and the position of“ 0.25 ” are positions corresponding to the antinodes of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light.
- neffZneff increases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from "0" in the positive direction, and the position of the selective oxide layer 108 is about 0. It becomes maximum at the 25 position. Then, An neffZneff decreases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves in the direction of 0.25 force 0.5 (see curve kl).
- the oscillation threshold gain in the non-oxidized region 108a is slightly increased when the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves in the positive direction, and the position of the selective oxide layer 108 is increased. On “0.125” Then it becomes maximum.
- the oscillation threshold gain in the non-oxidized region 108a decreases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from “0.125” to “0.25” (see curve k2).
- the oscillation threshold gain in the acid region 108b increases rapidly when the position of the selected oxide layer 108 moves from “0" in the positive direction. When is around "0.125”, it becomes maximum. Then, the oscillation threshold gain in the oxide region 108b decreases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from “0.125” to “0.25” (see curve k3).
- the difference between the oscillation threshold gain in the non-acidic region 108a and the oscillation threshold gain in the acidic region 108b is that the position of the selective oxide layer 108 is "0" and "0.25.” In some cases, it becomes minimum and increases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from “0" to "0.125".
- the difference between the oscillation threshold gain in the non-acidic region 108a and the oscillation threshold gain in the acidic region 108b is from the positional force S of the selective oxide layer 108 from S “0. 125” to “0.25”. It becomes smaller as it moves (see curves k2 and k3).
- the oscillation threshold gain is large! /, which means that the resonator loss (mirror reflection loss) is large. Therefore, the selective oxide layer 108 is "0".
- the higher-order transverse mode has a larger spatial overlap with the oxidized region 108b where the transverse mode distribution is wider than the fundamental transverse mode.
- the result corresponds to the oscillation threshold gain in the high-order transverse mode
- the oscillation threshold gain in the non-acidic region 108a corresponds to the oscillation threshold gain in the fundamental transverse mode.
- the oscillation threshold gain of the oxidized region 108b is larger than the oscillation threshold gain of the non-oxidized region 108a. Larger means higher order transverse mode loss than fundamental transverse mode loss, that is, higher order transverse mode is suppressed.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the effective refractive index difference ( ⁇ neff) and the oscillation threshold gain and the position of the selective oxidation layer 108 when the selective oxidation layer 108 is arranged in the low refractive index layer 1032 in the reflection layer 107.
- the vertical axis represents the value obtained by standardizing the effective refractive index difference ( ⁇ neff) between the non-oxidized region 108a and the oxidized region 108b with the effective refractive index neff in the non-oxidized region 108a and the oscillation threshold.
- the gain is represented, and the horizontal axis represents the position of the selective oxide layer 108.
- curve k4 shows the relationship between An neffZneff and the position of the selective oxide layer 108
- curve k5 shows the oscillation threshold gain in the non-oxidized region 108a
- curve k6 shows the oxidized region 108b. ⁇ ⁇ Shows the oscillation threshold gain.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining the position of the selective oxide layer 108 in the low refractive index layer 1032.
- the selective oxidation layer 108 is provided not in the high refractive index layer 1031 but in the low refractive index layer 1032.
- the position “0” of layer 1 08 becomes “0”, the direction opposite to the active layer 105 from the position “0” is the positive direction, and the direction approaching the active layer 105 from the position “0” is the negative direction. is there.
- a neffZneff increases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from "0" in the positive direction, and the position of the selective oxide layer 108 is about 0.25. It becomes the maximum at the position. Then, An neffZneff decreases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves in the direction of 0.25 force 0.5 (see curve k4).
- the oscillation threshold gain in the non-oxidized region 108a hardly changes even when the position of the selected oxidized layer 108 moves in the positive direction and the negative direction (see curve k5). ).
- the oscillation threshold gain in the oxide region 108b increases rapidly when the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from “0" to the positive direction, and the position of the selective oxide layer 108 is " With 0.1 " When it gets closer, it becomes maximum. Then, the oscillation threshold gain in the oxide region 108b decreases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from “0.125” to “0.25” (see curve k6).
- the difference between the oscillation threshold gain in the non-acid region 108a and the oscillation threshold gain in the acid region 108b is that the position of the selective oxide layer 108 is "0" and "0.25.” In some cases, it becomes minimum and increases as the position of the selective oxide layer 108 moves from “0" to "0.125".
- the difference between the oscillation threshold gain in the non-acidic region 108a and the oscillation threshold gain in the acidic region 108b is from the positional force S of the selective oxide layer 108 from S “0. 125” to “0.25”. It becomes smaller as it moves (see curves k5 and k6).
- Layer 108 suppresses higher order transverse modes. Note that the selective oxidation layer 108 also suppresses higher-order transverse modes even when it is disposed in the low refractive index layer 1032 other than the fourth period from the resonance region.
- the selective oxide layer 108 has an intermediate point between the position “0” and the position “0.25”, that is, a position corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light.
- the active layer 105 is disposed at an intermediate point between the position corresponding to the antinode adjacent to the node.
- the band discontinuity with the selective oxide layer 108 can be reduced. Can reduce the air resistance.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing current-light output characteristics of the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing current-light output characteristics of a conventional surface emitting laser element.
- the selective oxidation layer is formed at the position of the node in the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light. Further, in the surface emitting laser element 100 and the conventional surface emitting laser element, the length of one side of the non-oxidized region is set to 4 m.
- the vertical axis represents the light output
- the horizontal axis represents the current.
- high-order transverse mode oscillation is started at an injection current of about 4 mA, and a kink appears in the current-light output characteristics (see Fig. 13).
- the high-order transverse mode is effectively suppressed, and single fundamental transverse mode oscillation is obtained up to almost the peak output (see FIG. 12).
- FIG. 14 is a diagram in which the ratio between the fundamental transverse mode output and the peak output in the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG. 1 is plotted against the area of the non-oxidized region 108a.
- FIG. 15 is a graph plotting the ratio of the fundamental transverse mode output to the peak output in the conventional surface emitting laser element against the area of the non-oxidized region.
- the vertical axis represents the basic transverse mode output Z peak output
- the horizontal axis represents the area of the non-oxidized region.
- the basic transverse mode output in Figs. 14 and 15 is defined as the output when the high-order transverse mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is 20 dB.
- SMSR high-order transverse mode suppression ratio
- the fundamental transverse mode output Z peak output on the vertical axis is “1”.
- the fundamental transverse mode output Z peak output rapidly decreases as the area of the non-selected region increases.
- the area of the non-acidic region where single basic transverse mode oscillation is possible up to the peak output was up to about 4 m 2 (see Fig. 15).
- the fundamental transverse mode output Z peak output is non- Area power of the oxidizing region 108a ⁇ 18.
- the 5 range of m 2 is ⁇ 1 ", single fundamental transverse mode oscillation (SMSR> 20dB) in the range area of 4 to 20 mu m 2 of the non-oxidized region 108a can (See Figure 14).
- FIG. 16 is still another view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG.
- the surface-emitting laser element 100 in which the selective oxide layer 108 is arranged at the arrangement position shown in FIG. 16 is also the same as the surface-emitting laser element 100 in which the selective oxide layer 108 is arranged in the arrangement position shown in FIG. Similarly, the area of the non-oxidized region 108a can be increased and a single fundamental transverse mode oscillation can be obtained. The position of the selective oxide layer 108 can be adjusted very easily by MOCVD growth with excellent controllability.
- FIG. 17 is a plan view of a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 17, surface emitting laser array 300 has a structural force in which 24 surface emitting laser elements 100 are arranged in a substantially diamond shape at a predetermined interval.
- the surface-emitting laser element 100 can suppress high-order transverse mode oscillation and obtain single fundamental transverse mode oscillation up to almost peak output. Oscillation light by single fundamental transverse mode oscillation can be emitted up to the output.
- the surface emitting laser element 100 can increase the area of the non-oxidized region 108a to about 20 ⁇ m 2 , the surface emitting laser array 300 can emit higher-power oscillation light.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an electrophotographic system using the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG. 1 or the surface emitting laser array 300 shown in FIG. Referring to Fig. 18, the electrophotographic system
- the system 400 includes a photosensitive drum 401, an optical scanning system 402, a writing light source 403, and a synchronization signal 1 ”control circuit 404.
- the photosensitive drum 401 forms a latent image with the shaped beam from the optical scanning system 402 according to the control from the synchronization control circuit 404.
- the optical scanning system 402 includes a polygon mirror and a lens converging system, and condenses the laser light from the writing light source 403 on the photosensitive drum 401 in accordance with the control from the synchronization control circuit 404.
- the writing light source 403 includes the surface emitting laser element 100 or the surface emitting laser array 300, oscillates a single fundamental transverse mode laser beam in accordance with control from the synchronization control circuit 404, and optically scans the oscillated laser beam. Output to system 402.
- the synchronization control circuit 404 controls the photosensitive drum 401, the optical scanning system 402, and the writing light source 403.
- the surface-emitting laser element 100 and the surface-emitting laser array 300 can oscillate single basic transverse mode laser light with high output. Writing is possible, and a high-definition image can be obtained.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of an optical communication system using the surface emitting laser element 100 shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 19, an optical communication system 500 includes devices 510 and 520 and an optical fiber array 530.
- the device 510 includes a drive circuit 511 and a laser array module 512.
- the drive circuit 51 1 drives the laser array module 512.
- the laser array module 512 also has an array module power in which the surface emitting laser elements 100 are arranged one-dimensionally. A plurality of surface emitting laser elements 100 arranged in a one-dimensional manner are connected to each optical fiber of the optical fiber array 530.
- the laser array module 512 When driven by the drive circuit 511, the laser array module 512 oscillates a laser beam having a single fundamental transverse mode component power, converts the transmission signal into an optical signal, and transmits the optical signal through the optical fiber array 530. Send to.
- the plurality of surface emitting laser elements 100 arranged in one dimension constitute a “surface emitting laser array”.
- the device 520 includes a photodiode array module 521 and a signal detection circuit 522.
- the photodiode array module 521 also includes a plurality of photodiode cards arranged in a one-dimensional manner. A plurality of photodiodes are connected to each fiber of the optical fiber array 530. It is connected. Therefore, each photodiode of the photodiode array module 521 is connected to each surface emitting laser element 100 of the laser array module 512 via each optical fiber.
- the photodiode array module 521 receives an optical signal from the optical fiber array 530, and converts the received optical signal into an electrical signal. Then, the photodiode array module 521 outputs the converted electrical signal to the signal detection circuit 522 as a reception signal.
- the signal detection circuit 522 receives a received signal from the photodiode array module 521 and detects the received signal.
- the optical fiber array 530 connects the laser array module 512 of the device 510 to the photodiode array module 521 of the device 520.
- the surface-emitting laser element 100 can emit a high-power laser beam in a single fundamental transverse mode, so that the device 510 can transmit a signal to the device 520 with fewer transmission errors.
- the reliability of the optical communication system 500 can be improved.
- the parallel optical interconnection system has been described as an example.
- the optical communication system according to the present invention is not limited to this, and serial transmission using a single surface emitting laser element 100 is possible. Even a system! /
- the acid region 108 b of the selective acid layer 108 constitutes a “current confinement layer” and a “suppression layer”.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic sectional view of the surface emitting laser element according to the second embodiment.
- surface emitting laser element 200 according to the second embodiment includes substrate 201, buffer layer 202, reflection layers 203 and 207, resonator spacer layers 204 and 206, and active layer 205.
- Selective oxidation layer 208, 3 layer layer 209, SiO layer 210, insulation 14 month effect 211, pftlj electrode 212, ⁇ ⁇ rule
- the surface emitting laser element 200 is a 980 nm band surface emitting laser element.
- the substrate 201 is made of n-GaAs.
- the buffer layer 202 is made of n-GaAs and is formed on one main surface of the substrate 201.
- the reflective layer 203 consists of an n-AlGaAsZGaAs pair as one cycle.
- the [n—Al Ga AsZGaAs] force of 35.5 periods is also generated and is applied to the buffer layer 202.
- the resonator spacer layer 204 is made of non-doped GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 203.
- the active layer 205 has a multiple quantum well structure in which InGaAsZGaAs is paired, and is formed on the resonator spacer layer 204.
- the resonator spacer layer 206 is made of non-doped GaAs and is formed on the active layer 205.
- the reflective layer 207 has a period of 24 periods when a pair of p-AlGaAsZGaAs is defined as one period.
- the selective oxide layer 208 is made of p-AlAs and is provided in the reflective layer 207.
- the selective acid layer 208 includes a non-acid region 208a and an acid region 208b.
- the contact layer 209 is made of p-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 207.
- SiO layer 210 is made of p-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 207.
- the contact layer 2 represents one main surface of a part of the reflective layer 203 and end surfaces of the resonator spacer layer 204, the active layer 205, the resonator spacer layer 206, the reflective layer 207, the selective oxide layer 208, and the contact layer 209. It is formed so as to cover.
- Insulating resin 211 is formed in contact with SiO layer 210.
- the p-side electrode 212 is the contact layer
- n-side electrode 213 is formed on the back surface of the substrate 201.
- Each of the reflective layers 203 and 207 constitutes a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector that reflects the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer 205 by Bragg multiple reflection and confines it in the active layer 205.
- each of the reflective layers 203 and 207 has one of the composition of the low refractive index layer (AlGaAs) and the high refractive index layer (GaAs) in the reflective layers 203 and 207.
- composition gradient layer made of AlGaAs whose composition is changed toward the other composition is included.
- the composition gradient layer has a film thickness of 20 nm, and this film thickness is a low refractive index layer (AlGaAs).
- the film thickness is set such that the phase change amount of the oscillation light is ⁇ ⁇ 2 in the region where each of 0.9 and 0.1 and the high refractive index layer (GaAs) and a part of the composition gradient layer are combined. ,
- the oscillation light It satisfies the phase condition of multiple reflection of the lag.
- FIG. 21 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 200 shown in FIG.
- the intensity distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 200 is also schematically shown.
- the resonant region of surface emitting laser element 200 is defined as a region composed of resonator spacer layers 20 4, 206 and active layer 205.
- the resonance region composed of the vibrator spacer layers 204 and 206 and the active layer 205 is set so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in these semiconductor layers is 2 ⁇ .
- the reflection layers 203 and 207 are configured such that the low refractive index layer 2032 side is in contact with the resonator spacer layers 204 and 206, respectively, and the low refractive index layer 2032 and the resonator spacer layer 204,
- the interface with 2006 (the composition gradient layer 2033 in the second embodiment) is an antinode in the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light.
- the antinodes and the nodes appear alternately at the position where the composition gradient film 2033 between the high refractive index layer 2031 and the low refractive index layer 2032 is disposed.
- the position of the selective oxide layer 208 is displaced from the center of the high refractive index layer 2031 (the position where the phase change amount of the oscillating light having a modest force is ⁇ ⁇ 4) to the ventral side of the standing wave distribution. is there.
- the surface-emitting laser device 100 shown in FIG. 20 includes steps (a) to steps shown in FIG. 5, FIG. 6, and FIG.
- the substrate 101, the buffer layer 102, the reflective layers 103 and 107, the resonator spacer layers 104 and 106, the active layer 105, the selective oxide layer 108, the contact layer 109, the SiO layer 110, the insulating resin 111, p-side electrode 112 and n-side electrode 113 are each substrate 20 1, noffer layer 202, reflective layers 203, 207, resonator spacer layers 204, 206, active layer 205, selective oxide layer 208, contact layer 209, SiO layer 210, insulating resin 211, p-side electrode 212 ,
- n-GaAs of the buffer layer 202 is formed using trimethyl gallium (TMG), arsine (AsH), and hydrogen selenide (H Se) as raw materials.
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- H hydrogen selenide
- non-doped GaAs of the resonator spacer layer 204 is formed using trimethyl gallium (TMG) and arsine (AsH) as raw materials, and InGaAs of the active layer 205 is formed of trimethyl indium.
- TMG trimethyl gallium
- AsH arsine
- TMI trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- non-doped GaAs of the resonator spacer layer 206 is formed using trimethylgallium (TMG) and arsine (AsH) as raw materials, and p-AlGaAs of the reflective layer 107 is trimethylated.
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- TMG trimethylgallium
- p-AlAs of the selective oxidation layer 208 is formed using trimethylaluminum (TMA), arsine (As H), and carbon tetrabromide (CBr) as raw materials, and p-GaAs of the contact layer 209 is formed of tungsten.
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- As H arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- TMG limethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- the region corresponding to the light emitting portion has a square shape with a side of 25 / zm, and the non-oxidized region 208a of the selective oxide layer 208 is The length of one side was set to 5 ⁇ m.
- the surface emitting laser element 200 has a single peak output. It can oscillate in one fundamental transverse mode, and can obtain a higher output than the output of a single fundamental transverse mode of a conventional surface emitting laser element.
- FIG. 22 is a plan view of a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element 200 shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 22, surface emitting laser array 300A also has a structural force in which 24 surface emitting laser elements 200 are arranged in a substantially diamond shape at a predetermined interval.
- the surface-emitting laser element 200 can suppress the higher-order transverse mode oscillation and obtain the single fundamental transverse mode oscillation to almost the peak output. Oscillation light by single fundamental transverse mode oscillation can be emitted up to peak output.
- the surface emitting laser element 200 can increase the area of the non-acidic region 208a in the same manner as the non-acidic region 108a of the surface emitting laser element 100, the surface emitting laser array 300A is High output oscillation light can be emitted.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic view of an electrophotographic system using the surface emitting laser element 200 shown in FIG. 20 or the surface emitting laser array 300A shown in FIG.
- an electrophotographic system 400A is the same as electrophotographic system 400 except that writing light source 403 of electrophotographic system 400 shown in FIG. 18 is replaced with writing light source 403A.
- the writing light source 403A is composed of the surface emitting laser element 200 or the surface emitting laser array 300A.
- the writing light source 403A oscillates a single fundamental transverse mode laser beam in accordance with the control from the synchronization control circuit 404, The light is emitted to the scanning system 402.
- the surface-emitting laser element 200 and the surface-emitting laser array 300A can oscillate a single fundamental transverse mode laser beam at high output, so that high-speed writing is possible in the electrophotographic system 400A. Furthermore, a high-definition image can be obtained.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of an optical communication system using the surface emitting laser element 200 shown in FIG.
- an optical communication system 500A is the same as optical communication system 500 except that laser array module 512 of optical communication system 500 shown in FIG. 19 is replaced with laser array module 512A.
- the laser array module 512A also has an array module power in which the surface emitting laser elements 200 are arranged one-dimensionally. A plurality of surface emitting laser elements 200 arranged in one dimension are The optical fiber array 530 is connected to each optical fiber.
- the laser array module 512A When driven by the drive circuit 511, the laser array module 512A oscillates a laser beam having a single fundamental transverse mode component power, converts the transmission signal into an optical signal, and converts the transmission signal into an optical signal via the optical fiber array 530. Send to.
- the plurality of surface emitting laser elements 200 arranged one-dimensionally constitute a “surface emitting laser array”.
- the surface emitting laser element 200 can emit a high-power laser beam in the single fundamental transverse mode, so that the device 510 can transmit a signal to the device 520 with reduced transmission errors. As a result, the reliability of the optical communication system 500A can be improved.
- the acid region 208b of the selective acid layer 208 forms a “current confinement layer” and a “suppression layer”.
- FIG. 25 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the surface emitting laser element according to the third embodiment.
- the surface emitting laser element 600 is a 780 nm band surface emitting laser element.
- the substrate 601 is made of n-GaAs.
- the buffer layer 602 is made of n-GaAs and is formed on one main surface of the substrate 601.
- the reflective layer 603 is a single n-AlGaAs / AlGaAs pair.
- the resonator spacer layer 604 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the reflective layer 603.
- the active layer 605 has three periods when the AlGaAs / AlGaAs pair is one period.
- a multi-quantum well structure consisting of [AlGaAsZAl Ga As] and a resonator spacer
- One layer 604 is formed.
- the resonator spacer layer 606 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the active layer 605. Made.
- the reflective layer 607 has a p-AlGaAs / AlGaAs pair as one period.
- Is composed of 24 periods of [p—Al Ga As / Al Ga As].
- the selective oxide layer 608 is made of p-AlAs and is provided in the reflective layer 607.
- the selective oxide layer 608 also has a film thickness of 20 nm due to the force of the non-oxidized region 608a and the oxidized region 608b.
- the selective oxidation layer 609 is made of p-AlAs and is provided in the reflection layer 607.
- the selective oxide layer 609 is composed of a non-oxidized region 609a and an oxidized region 609b, and has a thickness of 20 nm.
- Each of the non-oxidized regions 608a and 609a has a substantially square shape with a side of 4 ⁇ m.
- the selective oxide layer 609 is disposed at a position farther from the active layer 605 than the selective oxide layer 608.
- the contact layer 610 is made of p-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 607.
- SiO layer 611 is made of p-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 607.
- the 2 includes one main surface of the reflective layer 603, the resonator spacer layer 604, the active layer 605, the resonator spacer layer 606, the reflective layer 607, the selective oxide layers 608, 609, and the contact layer 610. It is formed so as to cover the end face. In this case, the opening where the SiO layer 611 is not formed is
- It consists of an approximately square with a side of 8 ⁇ m.
- the insulating resin 612 is formed in contact with the SiO layer 611.
- p-side electrode 613 is contact layer
- n-side electrode 614 is formed on the back surface of the substrate 601.
- Each of the reflective layers 603 and 607 constitutes a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector that reflects the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer 605 by Bragg multiple reflection and confines it in the active layer 605.
- FIG. 26 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 600 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 26 the intensity distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 600 is also schematically shown. Also, the black circles in FIG. 26 represent the periodic repetition of the multilayer film constituting the reflective layer 607 and have the same meaning in the following figures.
- each of reflective layers 603 and 607 includes a high refractive index layer 6031, a low refractive index layer 6032, and a composition gradient layer 6033.
- the high refractive index layer 6031 is n
- the low refractive index layer 6032 is made of n-Al Ga As and has a composition gradient.
- the oblique layer 6033 is made of n-AlGaAs in which the composition force of one of the low refractive index layer 6031 and the high refractive index layer 6032 is changed toward the other composition.
- the high refractive index layer 6031 is made of p-AlGaAs and has a low refractive index.
- high refractive index layer 6032 is composed of ⁇ -AlGaAs whose composition is changed toward the other.
- the resonant region of the surface emitting laser element 600 includes resonator spacer layers 604 and 606, and an active layer.
- 605 is defined as a region composed of 605.
- the resonance region consisting of 05 is provided so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in these semiconductor layers is 2 ⁇ , and forms a one-wavelength resonator structure.
- the active layer 605 is located in the center of the resonance region (resonator spacer layers 604 and 606 and the active layer 605), and the oscillation light is It is provided at a position corresponding to the antinode in the wave distribution.
- the reflective layers 603 and 607 have a resonator spacer layer on the low refractive index layer 6032 side.
- the interface with 06 (in the third embodiment, the composition gradient layer 6033) is an antinode in the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light.
- the belly and the node appear alternately.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 6032 provided with the selective oxide layer 608 is such that the central force of the composition gradient layer 6033 in contact with one side of the low refractive index layer 6032 is also in contact with the other side of the low refractive index layer 6032
- the phase variation of the oscillation light in the region up to the center of the inclined layer 6033 region of thickness d2 shown in Fig.
- the selective oxidation layer 608 functions as a current confinement layer that limits the current injected into the active layer 605.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 6032 provided with the selective oxide layer 609 is set to the same thickness as the thickness of the low refractive index layer 6032 provided with the selective oxide layer 608.
- the selective oxidation layer 609 functions as a suppression layer that suppresses a higher-order transverse mode of oscillation light, similar to the selective oxidation layer 108 in the first embodiment.
- the two selective oxidation layers 608 and 609 are provided, and the selective oxide layer 609 functioning as a suppression layer for suppressing higher-order transverse modes has a current narrowing. It is provided at a position farther from the active layer 605 than the selective oxide layer 608 functioning as a constricting layer.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing the relationship between the position of the selective oxidation layer 609, the gain ratio, and the effective refractive index difference when the selective oxidation layer 609 functioning as a suppression layer is arranged in the low refractive index layer 6032. It is.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing the relationship between the position of the selective oxide layer 609 and the oscillation threshold gain when the selective oxide layer 609 functioning as a suppression layer is disposed in the low refractive index layer 6032.
- the vertical axis represents the oscillation threshold gain of the non-acidic region 609a in the selective oxide layer 609, the gain ratio of the oscillation threshold gain Gox of the acidic region 609b to the Gnonox, and the effective refractive index difference.
- the active layer 605 is disposed at a position away from the active layer 605.
- a curve k7 shows the relationship between the position of the selective oxidation layer 609 and the gain ratio
- a curve k8 shows the relationship between the position of the selective oxidation layer 609 and the effective refractive index difference.
- the vertical axis represents the oscillation threshold gain
- Curve k9 represents the oscillation threshold gain in the non-oxidized region 609a of the selective oxidation layer 609
- curve klO represents the oscillation threshold gain in the oxidation region 609b of the selective oxidation layer 609.
- the gain ratio (curve k7) shown in Fig. 27 is about 1.37 times because, as shown in Fig. 28, the oscillation threshold gain (curve klO) in oxidation region 609b is in non-oxidized region 609a. This is because it is larger than the oscillation threshold gain (curve k9). And the diffraction loss increases as the oscillation threshold gain increases.
- the oscillation threshold gain in the acidic region 609b is high.
- the oscillation threshold gain in the non-oxidized region 609a corresponds to the oscillation threshold gain of the fundamental transverse mode.
- the selective oxide layer 609 that functions as a suppression layer that suppresses higher-order transverse modes has a force that is provided at a position farther from the active layer 605 than the selective oxidation layer 608 that functions as a current confinement layer. Thereby, the threshold current in the surface emitting laser element 600 can be lowered.
- the threshold current increases due to re-diffusion of carriers. In order to prevent this, the current confinement layer needs to be disposed near the active layer 605.
- the current confinement layer and the suppression layer are formed of different selective oxidation layers 608 and 609, and the selective oxidation layer 608 functioning as the current confinement layer is located at a position close to the active layer 605 force (resonance).
- the selective force layer 609 that functions as a suppression layer is located far from the active layer 605 (in the low refractive index layer 6032 in the 15th period). ).
- the selective oxidation layer 608 is provided at a position corresponding to the node of the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light.
- the output of the surface emitting laser element 600 can be increased.
- the surface emitting laser element 600 is manufactured according to the steps (a) to (h) shown in FIGS.
- Insulating resin 111, p-side electrode 112, and n-side electrode 113 are respectively substrate 601, nofer layer 602, reflective layers 603 and 607, resonator spacer layers 604 and 606, active layer 605, and selective oxide layer.
- the force described that the area of the non-oxidized region 608a of the selective oxide layer 608 is the same as the area of the non-oxidized region 609a of the selective oxidized region 609 Not limited to this, the area of the non-oxidized region 608a of the selective oxidation layer 608 may be different from the area of the non-oxidized region 609a of the selective oxidation region 609.
- the selective oxidation layers 608 and 609 can be formed of Al Ga — As (0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ l) having a large A1 composition.
- the selective oxide layer composed of AlGaAs and AlAs has a thickness of The thicker or the larger the A1 composition, the higher the oxidation rate.
- two selective oxidized layers 608 and 609 are formed with different areas of non-oxidized regions by one oxidation. be able to.
- the surface emitting laser element 600 is used in the surface emitting laser array 300 shown in FIG. Further, the surface emitting laser element 600 and the surface emitting laser array 300 using the surface emitting laser element 600 are used in the electrophotographic system 400 shown in FIG. 18 and the optical communication system 500 shown in FIG.
- a surface emitting laser element 700 is obtained by replacing the selective oxidation layer 608 of the surface emitting laser element 600 shown in FIG. 25 with high resistance regions 708a and 708b, and includes a substrate 701, a noffer layer 702, a reflecting layer 7 03, 707, Resonator spacer layers 704 and 706, active layer 705, selective oxidation layer 709, contact layer 710, SiO layer 711, insulating resin 712, p-side electrode 713 and n-side electrode 714
- each of the reflective layers 703 and 707 constitutes a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector that reflects the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer 705 by Bragg multiple reflection and confines it in the active layer 705.
- the selective oxidation layer 709 functions as a suppression layer that suppresses higher-order transverse modes of oscillation light.
- the intensity distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 700 is also schematically shown.
- each of reflective layers 703 and 707 includes a high refractive index layer 7031, a low refractive index layer 7032, and a composition gradient layer 7033.
- the high refractive index layer 7031 is n
- the low refractive index layer 7032 is made of n-Al Ga As and has a composition gradient.
- the oblique layer 7033 is made of n-AlGaAs in which the composition force of one of the low refractive index layer 7031 and the high refractive index layer 7032 is changed toward the other composition.
- the high refractive index layer 7031 is made of p-AlGaAs and has a low refractive index.
- the refractive index layer 7032 is made of p-AlGaAs, and the composition gradient layer 7033 is a low refractive index layer 703.
- compositional power of one of the high-refractive index layers 7032 are made of ⁇ -AlGaAs with the composition changed toward the other.
- the resonant region of the surface emitting laser element 700 includes resonator spacer layers 704 and 706 and an active layer.
- Resonator spacer layers 704, 706 and active layer 705 are defined as an area. Resonator spacer layers 704, 706 and active layer 7
- the resonance region consisting of 05 is provided so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in these semiconductor layers is 2 ⁇ , and forms a one-wavelength resonator structure.
- the active layer 705 is located in the center of the resonance region (resonator spacer layers 704 and 706 and the active layer 705) and the oscillation light is It is provided at a position corresponding to the antinode in the wave distribution.
- the reflective layers 703 and 707 have a resonator spacer layer on the low refractive index layer 7032 side.
- the interface with 06 (in the fourth embodiment, the composition gradient layer 7033) is an antinode in the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light.
- the antinodes and the nodes appear alternately at the position where the composition gradient film 7033 between the high refractive index layer 7031 and the low refractive index layer 7032 is disposed.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 7032 provided with the selective oxidation layer 709 is in contact with the other side of the low refractive index layer 7032 from the central portion of the composition gradient layer 7033 in contact with one side of the low refractive index layer 7032 Oscillation light in the region up to the center of the composition gradient layer 7033 (region of thickness d2 shown in Fig. 2)
- the phase change amount of is set to 3 ⁇ ⁇ 2.
- the selective oxidation layer 709 functions as a suppression layer that suppresses higher-order transverse modes of oscillation light.
- the current injected into the active layer 705 is limited by the high resistance regions 708a and 708b. That is, the high resistance regions 708a and 708b function as current confinement layers.
- the high resistance regions 708a and 708b are formed by injecting hydrogen ions into the reflective layers 703 and 707, the resonator spacer layers 704 and 706, and a part of the active layer 705.
- the surface emitting laser element 700 it is possible to realize a single fundamental mode oscillation with a low threshold current, a small diffraction loss (high slope efficiency), and a high output.
- the mesa structure is formed by etching the peripheral portions of the reflective layer 707, the selective oxidation layer 709, and the contact layer 710. Therefore, the high resistance regions 708a and 708b are It also functions to separate the active layer 705 from the active layer of the surface emitting laser element adjacent to the surface emitting laser element 700.
- a plurality of surface emitting laser elements 700 are formed on the substrate 701 at the same time. Therefore, when the high resistance regions 708a and 708b do not exist, the active layers 705 of the plurality of surface emitting laser elements 700 are connected to each other, but by forming the high resistance regions 708a and 708b, The active layers 705 of the plurality of surface emitting laser elements 700 can be separated from each other.
- FIG. 32, FIG. 33, and FIG. 34 are first to fourth process diagrams showing a method for manufacturing the surface-emitting laser element 700 shown in FIG. 29, respectively.
- the MOCVD method is used to make a nofer layer 702, a reflective layer 703, and a resonator spacer.
- a layer 704, an active layer 705, a resonator spacer layer 706, a reflective layer 707, a selective oxidation layer 709, and a contact layer 710 are sequentially stacked on the substrate 701 (see step (al) in FIG. 31).
- n-GaAs in the buffer layer 702 is replaced with trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- resonator spacer layer 704 non-doped Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- Layer 705 AlGaAsZAl Ga As is trimethylaluminum (TMA), trimethylgallium
- TMG trimethyl methacrylate
- AsH arsine
- the resonator spacer layer 706 non-doped Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- the p-AlGaAs / AlGaAs of the reflective layer 707 is trimethylaluminum (TMA),
- TMG limethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- p-AlAs in the selective oxidation layer 709 is formed using trimethylaluminum (TMA), arsine (As H), and carbon tetrabromide (CBr) as raw materials, and p-GaAs in the contact layer 710 is formed on the substrate.
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- As H arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- TMG limethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- a resist is applied on the contact layer 710, and a resist pattern 130 is formed on the contact layer 710 using a photoengraving technique (see step (bl) in Fig. 31).
- the resist pattern 130 has a square shape with one side of 4 ⁇ m.
- H + hydrogen ions
- the reflective layers 703 and 707 the resonator spacer layers 704 and 706, and a part of the active layer 705 using the formed resist pattern 130 as a mask.
- Implantation is performed to form high resistance regions 708a and 708b.
- the resist pattern 130 is removed (see (cl) in FIG. 31).
- Resist is applied on 710, and resist is applied on contact layer 710 using photoengraving technology.
- a pattern 120 is formed (see step (dl) in FIG. 32).
- the resist pattern 120 has a square shape with one side of 20 m.
- the periphery of the reflective layer 707, the selective oxide layer 709, and the contact layer 710 is removed by dry etching using the formed resist pattern 120 as a mask.
- the pattern 120 is removed (see step (el) in FIG. 32).
- the sample was heated to 425 ° C in an atmosphere in which water heated to 85 ° C was published with nitrogen gas, and the selective oxide layer 709 was acidified from the outer periphery toward the center. Then, a non-acidic region 709a and an acidic region 709b are formed in the selected acidic layer 709 (see step (fl) in FIG. 32). In this case, the non-oxidized region 709a also has a square force with one side of 4 / z m.
- a SiO layer 711 is formed on the entire surface of the sample using a CVD method, and a light emitting portion is formed using photolithography.
- the SiO layer 711 in the region and its peripheral region is removed (see step (gl) in FIG. 33).
- the insulating resin 712 is applied to the entire sample by spin coating, and the insulating resin 712 on the region to be the light emitting portion is removed (see step (hi) in FIG. 33).
- a resist pattern having a side of 8 ⁇ m is formed on the region to be the light emitting portion, and the p-side electrode material is formed on the entire surface of the sample. Is formed by evaporation, and the p-side electrode material on the resist pattern is removed by lift-off to form the p-side electrode 713 (see step (il) in FIG. 34). Then, the back surface of the substrate 701 is polished to form an n-side electrode 714 on the back surface of the substrate 701, and further annealed to establish ohmic conduction between the p-side electrode 713 and the n-side electrode 714 (step (FIG. 34 ( jl)). As a result, the surface emitting laser element 700 is manufactured.
- the surface emitting laser element 700 is used in the surface emitting laser array 300 shown in FIG. Further, the surface emitting laser element 700 and the surface emitting laser array 300 using the surface emitting laser element 700 are used in the electrophotographic system 400 shown in FIG. 18 and the optical communication system 500 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 35 is a schematic sectional view of the surface emitting laser element according to the fifth embodiment. See Figure 35
- the surface emitting laser element 800 is a 980 nm band surface emitting laser element.
- the substrate 801 is made of n-GaAs.
- the buffer layer 802 is made of n-GaAs and is formed on one main surface of the substrate 801.
- the reflective layer 803 includes a pair of n—Al Ga AsZGaAs as one period.
- the resonator spacer layer 804 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the reflective layer 803.
- the active layer 805 has a multiple quantum well structure in which InGaAsZGaAs is paired, and is formed on the resonator spacer layer 804.
- the resonator spacer layer 806 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the active layer 805.
- the reflective layer 807 is 24 rounds with a p-AlGaAsZGaAs pair as one period.
- the reflecting layer 807 has two reflecting layers 807A and 807B having different sizes.
- the reflective layer 807A is formed in contact with the resonator spacer layer 806 having a size larger than that of the reflective layer 807B.
- the reflective layer 807B is formed on the reflective layer 807A via the contact layer 809 and the etching stop layer 810. Formed.
- the selective oxidation layer 808 is made of p-AlAs having a thickness of 20 nm, and is provided in the reflection layer 807 (807A).
- the selective acid layer 808 includes a non-acid region 808a and an acid region 808b. In this case, the non-oxidized region 808a also has a square force with a side of 6 / z m.
- the selective oxidation layer 814 is made of p-AlGaAs having a thickness of 20 nm, and is provided in the reflection layer 807 (807B).
- the selective acid layer 814 includes a non-acid region 814a and an acid region 814b. In this case, the non-oxidized region 814a also has a square force with a side of 5 m.
- the non-oxidized region 808a of the selective oxidation layer 808 has a larger area than the non-oxidation region 814a of the selective oxidation layer 814.
- the contact layer 809 is made of p-GaAs having a thickness of 20 nm, and the reflective layer 807 (807A). Formed on top.
- the doping amount of carbon (C) in the p-GaAs is about 1 X 10 1 9 cm_ 3.
- the etching stop layer 810 is made of p-GalNP having a thickness of 20 nm, and is formed on a part of the contact layer 809. The etching stop layer 810 functions to stop etching when the mesa structure including the reflective layer 807 (807B) and the selective oxide layer 814 is formed by etching.
- the SiO layer 811 includes one main surface of the reflective layer 803, a resonator spacer layer 804, an active layer
- a resonator spacer layer 805, a resonator spacer layer 806, a reflection layer 807 (807A), and an end surface of the selective oxide layer 808 and a part of the contact layer 809 are formed.
- Insulating resin 812 is formed in contact with SiO layer 811.
- the p-side electrode 813 is the contact layer
- n-side electrode 815 is formed on the back surface of the substrate 801.
- Each of the reflection layers 803 and 807 constitutes a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector that reflects the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer 805 by Bragg multiple reflection and confines it in the active layer 805.
- FIG. 36 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 800 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 36 the intensity distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 800 is also schematically shown.
- each of reflective layers 803 and 807 includes a high refractive index layer 8031, a low refractive index layer 8032, and a composition gradient layer 8033.
- the high refractive index layer 8031 is made of n—GaAs
- the low refractive index layer 8032 is made of n—Al Ga As.
- 3 is composed of n-AlGaAs in which the compositional power of one of the low refractive index layer 8031 and the high refractive index layer 8032 is changed toward the other.
- the high refractive index layer 8031 is made of p-GaAs, the low refractive index layer 8032 ⁇ , the p-Al Ga As force, the thread and the graded layer 8033 ⁇ , and the low refractive index.
- One composition force of the high refractive index layer 8032 is also composed of p-Al GaAs whose composition is changed toward the other composition.
- the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 800 is defined as a region composed of resonator spacer layers 804 and 806 and an active layer 805.
- Resonator spacer layer 804, 806 and active layer 8 The resonance region consisting of 05 is provided so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in these semiconductor layers is 2 ⁇ , and forms a one-wavelength resonator structure.
- the active layer 805 is located in the center of the resonance region (resonator spacer layers 804 and 806 and the active layer 805) and the oscillation light is It is provided at a position corresponding to the antinode in the wave distribution.
- the reflective layers 803 and 807 have a resonator spacer layer on the low refractive index layer 8032 side.
- the interface with 06 (in the fifth embodiment, the composition gradient layer 8033) is an antinode in the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light.
- the antinodes and the nodes appear alternately at the position where the composition gradient film 8033 between the high refractive index layer 8031 and the low refractive index layer 8032 is disposed.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 8032 provided with the selective oxide layer 808 is such that the central force of the composition gradient layer 8033 in contact with one side of the low refractive index layer 8032 is also in contact with the other side of the low refractive index layer 8032
- the amount of phase change of the oscillation light in the region up to the center of the inclined layer 8033 (region of thickness d2 shown in Fig. 2) is set to be 3 ⁇ 2.
- the selective oxide layer 808 functions as a current confinement layer that limits the current injected into the active layer 805.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 8032 provided with the selective oxide layer 814 is set to the same thickness as the thickness of the low refractive index layer 8032 provided with the selective oxidation layer 808.
- the selective oxidation layer 814 functions as a suppression layer that suppresses a higher-order transverse mode of oscillation light, similar to the selective oxidation layer 108 in the first embodiment.
- two selective oxidation layers 808 and 814 are provided, and the selective oxide layer 814 that functions as a suppression layer for suppressing higher-order transverse modes has a current narrowing. It is provided at a position farther from the active layer 805 than the selective oxide layer 808 functioning as a constricting layer.
- the contact layer 809 is provided in the reflective layer 807 in the high refractive index layer 8031 in the fourth period from the active layer 805.
- the contact layer 809, the etching stop layer 810, and the high refractive index layer have a phase change amount of 3 ⁇ 2 with respect to the oscillation light in the region including the contact layer 809, the etching stop layer 810, and the high refractive index layer 8031. 8031 is formed.
- FIGS. 37 to 40 are first to fourth process diagrams illustrating a method of manufacturing the surface-emitting laser element 800 shown in FIG. 35, respectively.
- the MOCVD method is used to make a nofer layer 802, a reflective layer 803, a resonator spacer layer 804, an active layer 805, and a resonator spacer layer.
- 806, a reflective layer 807, a selective oxidation layer 808, a contact layer 809, an etching stop layer 810, and a selective oxide layer 814 are sequentially stacked on the substrate 801 (see step (a2) in FIG. 37).
- n-GaAs in the buffer layer 802 is replaced with trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH
- n—GaAs is formed from trimethylaluminum (TMA), trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH) and selenium hydrogen (HSe).
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- HSe selenium hydrogen
- resonator spacer layer 804 non-doped Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- the InGaAsZGaAs of the conductive layer 805 is formed using trimethylindium (TMI), trimethylgallium (TMG), and arsine (AsH) as raw materials.
- TMI trimethylindium
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- resonator spacer layer 806 non-doped Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- TMG gallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- As H arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- TMG limethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- p-GalnP in the etching stop layer 810 was changed from trimethylgallium (TMG), trimethylindium (TMI), phosphine (PH) and cyclodiphenylmagnesium (CPMg).
- p-AlGaAs of the selective oxidation layer 814 is formed using trimethylaluminum (TMA), trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH), and carbon tetrabromide (CBr) as raw materials.
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- a resist is applied onto the reflective layer 807, and a resist pattern 120 is formed on the reflective layer 807 using a photoengraving technique (see step (b2) in Fig. 37).
- the resist pattern 120 has a square shape with one side of 20 m.
- the periphery of the reflective layer 807 and the selective oxide layer 814 is removed by dry etching using the formed resist pattern 120 as a mask. In this case, the etching is stopped before the etching depth reaches the etching stop layer 810. After that, use sulfuric acid etchant (H SO + H + H O)
- the layers up to the etching stop layer 810 are removed by wet etching.
- the resist pattern 120 is removed after the etching, a first-stage mesa structure in which the end face of the selective oxide layer 814 is exposed is formed (see (c2) in FIG. 37).
- a resist is applied on the formed mesa structure and the etching stop layer 810, and the photolithography technique is applied. Is used to form a resist pattern 140 on the mesa structure and the etching stop layer 810 (see step (d2) in FIG. 38).
- the resist pattern 140 has a square shape with one side of 50 m.
- the peripheral portion of the active layer 805 and the resonator spacer layer 804 and a part of the reflective layer 803 are removed by dry etching, and the resist pattern 140 is further removed. (See step (e2) in FIG. 38). As a result, a second-stage mesa structure is formed.
- a SiO layer 811 is formed on the entire surface of the sample by using the CVD method, and photolithography is performed.
- the SiO layer 811 in the region to be the light emitting portion and its peripheral region is removed. Then the sample
- the insulating resin 812 is applied to the whole by spin coating, and the insulating resin 812 on the region that becomes the light emitting portion is removed (see step (g2) in FIG. 39).
- a resist pattern is formed on a region to be a light emitting portion, and a p-side electrode material is formed on the entire surface of the sample by vapor deposition.
- the p-side electrode material on the resist pattern is removed by lift-off to form the p-side electrode 813 (see step (i2) in FIG. 40).
- the back surface of the substrate 801 is polished to form the n-side electrode 815 on the back surface of the substrate 801, and further annealed to establish ohmic conduction between the p-side electrode 813 and the n-side electrode 815 (step (FIG. 40 ( j2)).
- the surface emitting laser element 800 is manufactured.
- the surface emitting laser element 800 carriers are injected into the active layer 805 through the non-oxidized region 808a of the selective oxide layer 808 from the contact 809 force and into the non-oxidized region of the selective oxide layer 814. It is not injected into the active layer 805 through 814a. Therefore, surface emitting laser element The element 800 has a lower element resistance than when carriers are injected into the active layer through the non-oxidized regions of the two selective oxide layers. As a result, heat generation in the surface emitting laser element 800 can be suppressed to a low level, the saturation point of output due to heat can be improved, and high-power oscillation light can be obtained.
- the current confinement layer has the force described as comprising the selective oxide layer 808.
- the current confinement layer is not limited to this, and the current confinement layer is the high-resistance region described in Embodiment 4. 708a and 708b may be used.
- the surface emitting laser element 800 is used in the surface emitting laser array 300A shown in FIG.
- a surface-emitting laser element 800 and a surface-emitting laser array 300A using the surface-emitting laser element 800 include an electrophotographic system 400A shown in FIG. 23 and an optical communication system 500A shown in FIG.
- FIG. 41 is a schematic sectional view of the surface emitting laser element according to the sixth embodiment.
- a surface emitting laser element 900 according to Embodiment 6 includes a substrate 901, a buffer layer 902, reflective layers 903 and 907, resonator spacer layers 904 and 906, and an active layer 905.
- Selective oxidation layer 908, 909, 3 layer layer 910, SiO layer 911, insulation 14th month effect 912, ⁇ ⁇ law electrode 913
- the surface emitting laser element 900 is a 780 nm band surface emitting laser element.
- the substrate 901 is made of p-GaAs.
- the buffer layer 902 is made of p-GaAs and is formed on one main surface of the substrate 901.
- the reflective layer 903 is a p-Al Ga As / Al Ga As pair.
- the period is 41.5 cycles of [p—Al Ga As / Al Ga As]
- a layer 902 is formed.
- the resonator spacer layer 904 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the reflective layer 903.
- the active layer 905 has three periods when the pair of AlGaAsZAlGaAs is one period.
- a multi-quantum well structure consisting of [AlGaAsZAl Ga As] and a resonator spacer
- One layer 904 is formed.
- the resonator spacer layer 906 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is formed on the active layer 905.
- the reflective layer 907 has a n-AlGaAs / AlGaAs pair as one period.
- the selective oxide layer 908 is made of p-AlGaAs and is provided in the reflective layer 903.
- the selective oxidation layer 908 is composed of a non-acid region 908a and an acid region 908b, and has a thickness of 20 nm.
- the selective oxidation layer 909 is made of n-AlAs and is provided in the reflection layer 907.
- the selective oxide layer 909 also has a force of the non-oxidized region 909a and the oxidized region 909b and has a thickness of 20 nm.
- the non-oxidized region 908a also has a substantially square force with a side of 5 m, and the non-oxidized region 909a has a substantially square with a side of 4 m.
- the selective oxide layer 909 is disposed farther from the active layer 905 than the selective oxide layer 908.
- the contact layer 910 is made of n-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 907.
- SiO layer 911 is made of n-GaAs and is formed on the reflective layer 907.
- the 2 includes one main surface of the reflective layer 903, the resonator spacer layer 904, the active layer 905, the resonator spacer layer 906, the reflective layer 907, the selective oxide layers 908 and 909, and the contact layer 910. It is formed so as to cover the end face.
- n-side electrode 913 is contact layer
- a portion of 910 and insulating resin 912 are formed.
- the opening in which the n-side electrode 913 is not formed also has a substantially square force with a side of 8 m.
- the p-side electrode 914 is formed on the back surface of the substrate 901.
- Each of the reflection layers 903 and 907 constitutes a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector that reflects the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer 905 by Bragg multiple reflection and confines it in the active layer 905.
- FIG. 42 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 900 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 42 the intensity distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 900 is also schematically shown.
- each of reflective layers 903 and 907 includes a high refractive index layer 9031 and a low refractive index layer 9. 032 and a composition gradient layer 9033.
- the high refractive index layer 9031 is made of p-Al Ga As force
- the low refractive index layer 9032 is made of p-Al Ga As, which has a composition gradient.
- the layer 9033 is made of p-AlGaAs whose composition is changed toward the composition of one of the high refractive index layer 9031 and the low refractive index layer 9032 and the other.
- the high refractive index layer 9031 is made of n-AlGaAs and has a low refractive index.
- the refractive index layer 9032 is made of n-AlGaAs, and the composition gradient layer 9033 is a low refractive index layer 903.
- high refractive index layer 9032 is composed of n-AlGaAs whose composition is varied toward the other composition.
- the resonant region of the surface emitting laser element 900 includes a resonator spacer layer 904, 906 and an active layer.
- 905 is defined as an area composed of 905.
- the resonance region consisting of 05 is provided so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in these semiconductor layers is 2 ⁇ , and forms a one-wavelength resonator structure.
- the active layer 905 is located in the center of the resonance region (resonator spacer layers 904 and 906 and the active layer 905), and the oscillation light is It is provided at a position corresponding to the antinode in the wave distribution.
- the reflective layers 903 and 907 have a resonator spacer layer on the low refractive index layer 9032 side.
- the interface with 06 (in the sixth embodiment, the composition gradient layer 9033) is an antinode in the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light.
- the selective oxide layer 908 is provided at a position corresponding to the node of the second period in the standing wave distribution of the electric field of the oscillation light.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 9032 provided with the selective oxidation layer 908 is such that the force of the central portion of the composition gradient layer 9033 in contact with one side of the low refractive index layer 9032 is also in contact with the other side of the low refractive index layer 9032
- the phase change of the oscillation light in the region up to the center of 9033 (region of thickness d2 shown in Fig. 2) is set to 3 ⁇ 2.
- select The oxide layer 908 functions as a current confinement layer that limits the current injected into the active layer 905.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 9032 provided with the selective oxide layer 909 is set to the same thickness as the thickness of the low refractive index layer 9032 provided with the selective oxidation layer 908.
- the selective oxidation layer 909 functions as a suppression layer that suppresses the higher-order transverse mode of the oscillation light, like the selective oxidation layer 108 in the first embodiment.
- the selective oxidation layer 908 functioning as a current confinement layer is provided on the substrate 901 side with respect to the active layer 905.
- the selective oxidation layer 909 which is disposed in the reflective layer 903 and functions as a suppression layer for suppressing higher-order transverse modes, is disposed in the reflective layer 907 provided on the opposite side of the active layer 905 from the substrate 901. The That is, the selective oxidation layers 908 and 909 are disposed on the opposite sides of the active layer 905.
- the selective oxidation layer 909 that functions as a suppression layer that suppresses higher-order transverse modes is farther from the active layer 905 than the selective oxidation layer 908 that functions as a current confinement layer! , Provided in position.
- FIG. 43, FIG. 44, and FIG. 45 are first to third process diagrams showing a method for manufacturing the surface-emitting laser element 900 shown in FIG. 41, respectively.
- a noferer layer 902, a reflective layer 903, a selective oxide layer 908, a resonator spacer layer 904, an active layer 905, a resonator Spacer layer 906, reflective layer 907, selective oxide layer 909, and contact layer 910 are sequentially stacked on substrate 901 (see step (a3) in FIG. 43).
- p-GaAs in the buffer layer 902 is replaced with trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- Arsine Arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- the resonator spacer layer 904 non-doped Al Ga As was trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- TMG trimethyl methacrylate
- AsH arsine
- resonator spacer layer 906 non-doped Al Ga As was trimethylaluminum.
- TMA trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- N-AlGaAs / AlGaAs in the reflective layer 907 is trimethylaluminum (TMA),
- p-AlGaAs of the selective oxidation layer 908 is formed using trimethylaluminum (TMA), trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH) and carbon tetrabromide (CBr) as raw materials.
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- n-GaAs in contact layer 910 is trimethylgallium (TMG), arsine (AsH) and
- H Se Selenium-hydrogen
- a resist is applied on the contact layer 910, and a resist pattern 120 is formed on the contact layer 910 using a photoengraving technique (see step (b3) in Fig. 43).
- the resist pattern 120 has a square shape with one side of 20 ⁇ m.
- the resist pattern 120 When the resist pattern 120 is formed, a part of the reflective layer 903, the resonator spacer layer 904, the active layer 905, and the resonator spacer layer 906 are formed using the formed resist pattern 120 as a mask. Then, the reflective layer 907, the selective oxidation layers 908 and 909, and the periphery of the contact layer 910 are removed by dry etching, and the resist pattern 120 is further removed (see step (c3) in FIG. 43).
- the sample was heated to 425 ° C. in an atmosphere in which water heated to 85 ° C. was bubbled with nitrogen gas. Then, the peripheries of the selective oxide layers 908 and 909 are oxidized from the outer peripheral portion toward the center portion, and the non-oxidized regions are formed in the selective oxide layer 908. 908a and acid region 908b are formed, and non-oxidized region 909a and oxidized region 909b are formed in selective oxide layer 909 (see step (d3) in FIG. 44).
- the insulating resin 912 is applied to the entire sample by spin coating, and the insulating resin 912 on the region to be the light emitting portion is removed (see step (f3) in FIG. 44).
- a resist pattern having a side of 8 ⁇ m is formed on the region to be the light emitting portion, and the n-side electrode material is formed on the entire surface of the sample. Is formed by vapor deposition, and the n-side electrode material on the resist pattern is removed by lift-off to form an n-side electrode 913 (see step (g3) in FIG. 45). Then, the back surface of the substrate 901 is polished to form a P-side electrode 914 on the back surface of the substrate 901, and further annealed to establish ohmic conduction between the n-side electrode 913 and the p-side electrode 914 (step (FIG. 45 ( See h3)). Thereby, the surface emitting laser element 900 is manufactured.
- the hole confinement efficiency by the current confinement layer is higher because holes with low mobility are less likely to re-diffuse than electrons. Therefore, it is preferable to provide the current confinement layer in the reflective layer having p-type semiconductor power.
- the low mobility there is a problem that a p-type semiconductor in which holes are majority carriers has a high resistance.
- the suppression layer that suppresses the higher-order transverse mode has an effect on the oscillation light and is active. The same effect can be obtained regardless of whether the reflective layer 903 or 907 disposed on both sides of the conductive layer 905 is provided.
- the reflective layer 903 made of a p-type semiconductor (p—AlGaAs / AlGaAs) is selected to function as a current confinement layer.
- the selective oxidation layer 908 is provided, and the selective oxidation layer 909 that functions as a suppression layer for suppressing higher-order transverse modes is provided on the reflective layer 907 that also has an n-type semiconductor (n—AlGaAs / AlGaAs) force.
- a p-type semiconductor (p—Al Ga As
- the reflection layer 903 also has a single selective oxide layer 908, which is low.
- Element resistance can be obtained.
- the surface emitting laser element 900 is used in the surface emitting laser array 300 shown in FIG. Further, the surface emitting laser element 900 and the surface emitting laser array 300 using the surface emitting laser element 900 are used in the electrophotographic system 400 shown in FIG. 18 and the optical communication system 500 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 46 is a schematic sectional view of a surface emitting laser element according to the seventh embodiment.
- the surface emitting laser element 1000 according to the seventh embodiment includes a substrate 1001, a buffer layer 1002, reflection layers 1003, 1007, 1020, resonator spacer layers 1004, 1006, and active layers.
- the surface emitting laser element 1000 is a 780 nm band surface emitting laser element.
- the substrate 1001 is made of n-GaAs.
- the buffer layer 1002 is made of n-GaAs and is formed on one main surface of the substrate 1011.
- the reflective layer 1003 is composed of a pair of n—Al Ga As / Al Ga As.
- the resonator spacer layer 1004 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is on the reflective layer 1003.
- the active layer 1005 is composed of multiple pairs of Al Ga As / Al Ga As.
- It has a quantum well structure and is formed on a resonator spacer layer 1004.
- the resonator spacer layer 1006 is made of non-doped Al Ga As and is on the active layer 1005.
- the reflective layer 1007 has a p-AlGaAs / AlGaAs pair as one period.
- One layer is formed on 1006.
- the selective oxidation layer 1008 is made of p-AlAs with a thickness of 20 nm and is provided in the reflective layer 1007.
- the selective acid layer 1008 includes a non-acid region 1008a and an acid region 1008b.
- the non-oxidized region 1008a also has a square force with a side of 6 m.
- the contact layer 1009 is made of p-GaAs having a thickness of 20 nm, and is formed on the reflective layer 1007.
- the SiO layer 1011 is part of the reflective layer 1003.
- resonator spacer layer 1004 Formed to cover one main surface, end face of resonator spacer layer 1004, active layer 1005, resonator spacer layer 1006, reflective layer 1007 and selective oxide layer 1008, and part of contact layer 1009 Is done.
- the insulating resin 1012 is formed in contact with the SiO layer 1011.
- the p-side electrode 1013 is a contour
- the reflective layer 1020 includes a low refractive index layer 1014 and a high refractive index layer 1015.
- the low refractive index layer 1 014 is made of, for example, SiO
- the high refractive index layer 1015 is, for example, made of TiO force. So
- SiO has a refractive index n of 1.6
- TiO has a refractive index of 3.0.
- the suppression layer 1017 is provided in the high refractive index layer 1015 of the reflective layer 1020.
- the suppression layer 1017 is made of 20-nm SiO and has an opening 1017a at the center. This opening
- the part 1017a is a square having a side of 4 ⁇ m.
- the non-oxidized region 1008a of the selective oxidation layer 1008 is the opening 101 of the suppression layer 1017.
- n-side electrode 1018 is formed on the back surface of the substrate 801.
- Each of the reflective layers 1003, 1007, and 1020 constitutes a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector that reflects the oscillation light oscillated in the active layer 1005 by Bragg multiple reflection and confines it in the active layer 1005.
- FIG. 47 is a view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of the surface emitting laser element 1000 shown in FIG. .
- the electric field intensity distribution of the oscillation light in the oscillation state of the surface emitting laser element 1000 is also schematically shown.
- each of reflective layers 1003 and 1007 includes a high refractive index layer 1031, a low refractive index layer 1032, and a composition gradient layer 1033.
- the high refractive index layer 1031 is made of n-AlGaAs
- the low refractive index layer 1032 is made of n-AlGaAs.
- the graded layer 1033 is made of n-AlGaAs in which the composition force of one of the low refractive index layer 1031 and the high refractive index layer 1032 is changed toward the other composition.
- the high refractive index layer 1031 is made of p-AlGaAs and has a low
- the refractive index layer 1032 is made of p-AlGaAs, and the composition gradient layer 1033 is a low refractive index layer 10.
- compositional power of one of 31 and the high refractive index layer 1032 is also composed of p-AlGaAs whose composition is changed toward the other composition.
- the resonant region of the surface emitting laser element 1000 is defined as a region composed of resonator spacer layers 1004 and 1006 and an active layer 1005.
- the resonance region composed of the resonator spacer layers 1004 and 1006 and the active layer 1005 is provided so that the phase change amount of the oscillation light in these semiconductor layers is 2 ⁇ .
- the active layer 1005 is located in the center of the resonance region (the resonator spacer layers 1004 and 1006 and the active layer 1005) and the oscillation light is It is provided at a position corresponding to the antinode in the wave distribution.
- the reflective layers 1003 and 1007 are configured such that the low refractive index layer 1032 side is in contact with the resonator spacer layers 1004 and 1006, respectively.
- the low refractive index layer 1032 and the resonator spacer layer 1 004 , 1006 (in the seventh embodiment, the composition gradient layer 1033) is an antinode in the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light.
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer 1032 provided with the selective oxidation layer 1008 is the composition gradient layer in contact with one side of the low refractive index layer 1032 and the composition gradient layer in contact with the other side of the low refractive index layer 1032 Center of 1033 Is set so that the amount of phase change of the oscillation light is 3 ⁇ / 2 in the region up to the part (region of film thickness d2 shown in Fig. 2).
- the selective oxide layer 1008 functions as a current confinement layer that limits the current injected into the active layer 1005.
- the low refractive index layer 1014 of the reflective layer 1020 has a film thickness of ⁇ / 4 ⁇ ( ⁇ is the refractive index of SiO).
- the high refractive index layer 1015 has a thickness of 3 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ( ⁇ is the refractive index of TiO). Note that the high refractive index layer 1015 only needs to have a film thickness that is an odd multiple of ⁇ 4.
- the suppression layer 1017 is provided in the high refractive index layer 1015 of the reflective layer 1020. More specifically, the suppression layer 1017 is converted into a phase of the oscillation light from the position of the node of the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light in the high-refractive index layer 1015 by ⁇ / 4 ( ⁇ / 8 ⁇ ( ⁇ is the refractive index of TiO)). By arranging the suppression layer 1017 in this way, the suppression layer 1017 can suppress higher-order transverse modes.
- the reflective layer 1007 made of a p-type semiconductor and the reflective layer 1020 also having a dielectric force are provided on the side opposite to the substrate 1001 with respect to the active layer 1005.
- the selective oxidation layer 1008 is disposed in the reflective layer 1007
- the suppression layer 1017 is disposed in the reflective layer 1020.
- FIG. 48, FIG. 51, and FIG. 51 are first to fourth process diagrams illustrating a method for manufacturing the surface-emitting laser element 1000 shown in FIG. 46, respectively.
- the MOCVD method is used to make a noferer layer 1002, a reflective layer 1003, a resonator spacer layer 1004, an active layer 1005, and a resonator spacer layer.
- a reflective layer 1007, a selective oxidation layer 1008, and a contact layer 1009 are sequentially stacked on the substrate 1001 (see step (a4) in FIG. 48).
- n-GaAs of the buffer layer 1002 is formed using trimethyl gallium (TMG), arsine (As H), and hydrogen selenide (H Se) as raw materials, and the n-Al Ga of the reflective layer 1003 is formed.
- TMG trimethyl gallium
- As H arsine
- H Se hydrogen selenide
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- the resonator spacer layer 1004 non-doped Al Ga As is trimethyl aluminum. (TMA), trimethylgallium (TMG) and arsine (AsH) as raw materials,
- Active layer 1005 Al Ga As / Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum (TMA),
- TMG Limethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- the resonator spacer layer 1006 non-doped Al Ga As is trimethylaluminum bismuth.
- TMA rum
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- Reflective layer 1007 p-AlGaAs / AlGaAs with trimethylaluminum (TMA)
- TMG Trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- p-AlAs of the selective oxidation layer 1008 is formed using trimethylaluminum (TMA), arsine (AsH) and carbon tetrabromide (CBr) as raw materials, and p-GaA of the contact layer 1009 is formed.
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- TMG trimethylgallium
- AsH arsine
- CBr carbon tetrabromide
- a resist is applied on the contact layer 1009, and a resist pattern 120 is formed on the contact layer 1009 using photolithography (see step (b4) in Fig. 48).
- the resist pattern 120 has a square shape with one side of 20 m.
- the peripheral portion of the spacer layer 1004 and a part of the reflective layer 1003 is removed by dry etching.
- the resist pattern 120 is removed after the etching, a mesa structure in which the end surface of the selective oxide layer 1008 is exposed is formed.
- the sample was heated to 425 ° C in an atmosphere in which water heated to 85 ° C was published with nitrogen gas, and the periphery of the selective oxidation layer 1008 was directed from the outer peripheral portion toward the central portion. Then, a non-acidic region 1008a and an acidic region 1008b are formed in the selective acid layer 1008 (see (c4) in FIG. 48).
- an SiO layer 1011 is formed on the entire surface of the sample using the CVD method, and photolithography is used. And the light exit
- the SiO layer 1011 in the region and the surrounding region is removed. After that, the whole sample
- Insulating grease 1012 is applied by spin coating, and insulating grease on the area that becomes the light emitting part 10 12 is removed (see step (d4) in FIG. 49).
- the high refractive index layer 1015 to be formed is sequentially formed on the entire surface of the sample (see (f4) in FIG. 49).
- a 20 nm SiO layer 1030 is formed on the entire surface of the sample by electron beam evaporation (( g4)
- BHF buffered hydrofluoric acid
- the suppression layer 1017 is formed (see (h4) in FIG. 50).
- suppression layer 1017 after forming suppression layer 1017, high refractive index layer 1015 having a TiO force is formed on suppression layer 1017 by electron beam evaporation. As a result, the surface emitting laser element 1000 is completed (see (i4) in FIG. 51).
- the reflective layer 1007 made of a p-type semiconductor and the reflective layer 1020 made of a dielectric (SiO and TiO) are opposite to the substrate 1001 against the active layer 1005.
- a selective oxidation layer 1008 for limiting the current injected into the active layer 1005 is provided in the reflective layer 1007, and a suppression layer 1017 for suppressing higher-order transverse modes is provided in the reflective layer 1020.
- the selective oxide layer 1008 need not be provided in consideration of the transverse mode characteristics. Therefore, the selective oxidation layer 1008 can be formed so as to reduce the electrical resistance and the oscillation threshold when injecting current into the active layer 1005.
- the conventional surface emitting laser element has a problem of high resistance in order to obtain single fundamental transverse mode oscillation, but the surface emitting laser element 1000 has a conduction region as described above. Can be set wide, and resistance is easily maintained while maintaining a single fundamental transverse mode oscillation. Can be reduced.
- FIG. 52 is another view showing the vicinity of the resonance region of surface emitting laser element 1000 shown in FIG.
- the surface emitting laser element 1000 may include a reflective layer 1020A instead of the reflective layer 1020.
- the reflective layer 1020A is the same as the reflective layer 1020 except that the high refractive index layer 1015 of the reflective layer 1020 is replaced with a high refractive index layer 1015A.
- the high refractive index layer 1015A is made of TiO and has a film thickness of ⁇ 4 ⁇ ( ⁇ is the refractive index of TiO). Then, the suppression layer 1017 is arranged so as to be shifted from the position of the node of the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light by a distance at which the phase change of the oscillation light becomes ⁇ 4 on the side opposite to the active layer 1005.
- the size of the opening 1017a of the suppression layer 1017 is 4 m, which is smaller than the size of the non-oxidized region 1008a of the selective oxidation layer 1008.
- the size of the opening 1017a of the suppression layer 1017 may be larger than the size of the non-oxidized region 1008a of the selective oxidation layer 1008.
- the p-side electrode 1013 preferably has the same size as the area of the oxide region 1008b of the selective oxide layer 1008. That is, the p-side electrode 1013 is provided at a position corresponding to the oxide region 1008b.
- the suppression layer 1017 is arranged at a position opposite to the active layer 1005 from the position of the node of the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light by a distance that causes the phase change of the oscillation light to be ⁇ ⁇ 4.
- the suppression layer 1017 is not limited to this, and the suppression layer 1017 is optional as long as it is between the position of the node of the standing wave distribution of the oscillation light and the position of the antinode adjacent to the side opposite to the active layer 1005. It is provided in the position.
- the current confinement layer has been described as including the selective oxide layer 1008.
- the present invention is not limited thereto, and the current confinement layer has been described in the fourth embodiment.
- the high resistance regions 708a and 708b may be used.
- the reflective layer 1020 has been described as having SiO and TiO forces
- the seventh embodiment is not limited to this, and may be made of a dielectric other than SiO and TiO as long as the two dielectrics have significantly different etching resistances.
- the surface emitting laser element 1000 is used in the surface emitting laser array 300A shown in FIG.
- the surface emitting laser element 1000 and the surface emitting laser array 300A using the surface emitting laser element 1000 are used in the electrophotographic system 400A shown in FIG. 23 and the optical communication system 500A shown in FIG.
- the reflective layer 1007 constitutes a “first reflective layer”
- the reflective layer 1020 constitutes a “second reflective layer”.
- the MOCVD method is used as a method of forming each semiconductor layer constituting the surface emitting laser element 100, 200, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000.
- other crystal growth methods such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) may also be used!
- the oscillation wavelength of the surface emitting laser element 100, 200, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 may be a wavelength other than 780 nm and 980 nm.
- the active layers 105, 205, 605, 705, 805, 905, and 1005 light emission having a wavelength shorter than that of the 680 nm band can be obtained.
- AlGaAs-based materials for the active layers 105, 205, 605, 705, 805, 905, and 1005 light emission in the 850 nm band can be obtained in addition to the 780 nm band.
- GalnNAsSb-based materials for the active layers 105, 205, 605, 70 5, 805, 905, and 1005! /, It is possible to obtain light having a wavelength longer than the 1.1 m band.
- the material and the number of lamination periods of the reflective layers 103, 107; 203, 207; 603, 60 7; 703, 707; 803, 807; 903, 907, 1007 are appropriately selected according to each wavelength band.
- a surface-emitting laser device capable of suppressing high-order transverse mode oscillation and capable of single fundamental transverse mode oscillation up to almost peak output can be fabricated.
- the present invention is applied to a surface emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode.
- the present invention is also applied to a surface emitting laser array including a surface emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode.
- the present invention is applied to an electrophotographic system including a surface emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode, or a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element.
- the present invention is applied to an optical communication system including a surface emitting laser element that can easily improve the output of a single fundamental transverse mode, or a surface emitting laser array using the surface emitting laser element.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN2006800034586A CN101111385B (zh) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-27 | 面发光激光元件、具有它的面发光激光阵列、电子照相系统和光通信系统 |
US11/815,050 US7720125B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-27 | Surface light emitting laser element, surface light emitting laser array provided with it, electro-photographic system and optical communication system |
EP06833407.7A EP1955855B1 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-27 | Surface light emitting laser element, surface light emitting laser array provided with it, electro-photographic system and optical communication system |
US12/717,713 US8340148B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2010-03-04 | Surface-emission laser devices, surface-emission laser array having the same, electrophotographic system and optical communication system |
US13/682,014 US8824517B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2012-11-20 | Surface-emission laser devices, surface-emission laser array having the same, electrophotographic system and optical communication system |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
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JP2005-346055 | 2005-11-30 | ||
JP2005346055 | 2005-11-30 | ||
JP2006-126072 | 2006-04-28 | ||
JP2006126072 | 2006-04-28 | ||
JP2006299074A JP5194432B2 (ja) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-02 | 面発光レーザ素子 |
JP2006-299074 | 2006-11-02 |
Related Child Applications (2)
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US11/815,050 A-371-Of-International US7720125B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-27 | Surface light emitting laser element, surface light emitting laser array provided with it, electro-photographic system and optical communication system |
US12/717,713 Division US8340148B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2010-03-04 | Surface-emission laser devices, surface-emission laser array having the same, electrophotographic system and optical communication system |
Publications (1)
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WO2007063806A1 true WO2007063806A1 (ja) | 2007-06-07 |
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PCT/JP2006/323603 WO2007063806A1 (ja) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-27 | 面発光レーザ素子、それを備えた面発光レーザアレイ、電子写真システムおよび光通信システム |
Country Status (6)
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US (3) | US7720125B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1955855B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5194432B2 (ja) |
KR (2) | KR100950240B1 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN101111385B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007063806A1 (ja) |
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US7796662B2 (en) | 2007-09-21 | 2010-09-14 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Vertical cavity surface emitting laser and image forming apparatus using the vertical cavity surface emitting laser |
EP2040345A1 (en) | 2007-09-21 | 2009-03-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Vertical cavity surface emitting laser and image forming apparatus using the vertical cavity surface emitting laser |
WO2009064018A1 (en) | 2007-11-14 | 2009-05-22 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Surface emitting laser, surface emitting laser array, optical scanning device, image forming apparatus, optical transmission module and optical transmission system |
EP2210319A4 (en) * | 2007-11-14 | 2015-08-12 | Ricoh Co Ltd | SURFACE-EMITTING LASER, SURFACE-EMITTING LASER ARRAY, OPTICAL SCANNING DEVICE, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, OPTICAL TRANSMISSION MODULE, AND OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM |
US8208511B2 (en) | 2007-11-14 | 2012-06-26 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Surface emitting laser, surface emitting laser array, optical scanning device, image forming apparatus, optical transmission module and optical transmission system |
JP2009283888A (ja) * | 2008-02-12 | 2009-12-03 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 面発光レーザ素子、面発光レーザアレイ、光走査装置、及び画像形成装置 |
US8594146B2 (en) | 2008-02-12 | 2013-11-26 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Surface emitting laser element, surface emitting laser array, optical scanning device, and image forming apparatus |
WO2009102048A1 (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2009-08-20 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Surface emitting laser element, surface emitting laser array, optical scanning device, and image forming apparatus |
EP2277246A4 (en) * | 2008-05-02 | 2018-01-24 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Vertical cavity surface emitting laser device, vertical cavity surface emitting laser array, optical scanning apparatus, image forming apparatus, optical transmission module and optical transmission system |
JP2010010645A (ja) * | 2008-05-27 | 2010-01-14 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 面発光レーザ素子、面発光レーザアレイ、光走査装置、及び画像形成装置 |
US9653883B2 (en) | 2015-03-19 | 2017-05-16 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Surface emitting semiconductor laser device |
CN109524878A (zh) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-03-26 | 深亮智能技术(中山)有限公司 | 一种垂直腔面发射激光器 |
CN109524878B (zh) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-08-09 | 深亮智能技术(中山)有限公司 | 一种垂直腔面发射激光器 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20130077647A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 |
CN101794967B (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
KR20090068387A (ko) | 2009-06-26 |
US20100158065A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
US8824517B2 (en) | 2014-09-02 |
EP1955855A1 (en) | 2008-08-13 |
KR20070093000A (ko) | 2007-09-14 |
US20090022199A1 (en) | 2009-01-22 |
US8340148B2 (en) | 2012-12-25 |
EP1955855A4 (en) | 2014-01-22 |
JP2007318064A (ja) | 2007-12-06 |
KR100972805B1 (ko) | 2010-07-29 |
JP5194432B2 (ja) | 2013-05-08 |
CN101111385A (zh) | 2008-01-23 |
KR100950240B1 (ko) | 2010-03-29 |
US7720125B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 |
CN101794967A (zh) | 2010-08-04 |
CN101111385B (zh) | 2011-06-01 |
EP1955855B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
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