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  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
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  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4468—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine having a nitrogen directly attached in position 4, e.g. clebopride, fentanyl
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to the fields of medicine and chemistry. More particularly, the present invention relates to N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-( l-methylpipe ⁇ dm-4-yl)-N'- C4-(2-methylpropyloxy)-phenylmethyl)carbarmde, its salts, and syntheses and uses thereof. Description of the Related Art
• WO 01/66521 describes N-azacycloalkyl-N-aralkyl carbamides and carboxylic acid amides, which constitute a new class of compounds effective in inhibiting an activity of monoamine receptors, including the serotonin receptor of the 5-HT2A subclass
• diseases conditions for which such compounds can be used include, but are not limited to, neuropsychiat ⁇ c diseases such as schizophrenia and related idiopathic psychoses, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, appetite disorders, affective disorders such as major depressions, bipolar disorder, depression with psychotic features and Tourette's Syndrome.
• beneficial treatments may be drug-induced psychoses and side-effects of Parkinson's disease as ⁇ well as psychoses secondary to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's or Huntmgton's Disease, hypertension, migraine, vasospasm, ischemia and the primary treatment and secondary prevention of various thrombotic conditions including myocardial infarction, thrombotic or ischemic stroke, idiopathic and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and peripheral vascular disease.
• One embodiment disclosed herein includes a salt of N-(4-fiuorobenzyl)-N-(l- methylpipendm-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide of formula I,
• (I) that includes an anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, diphosphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, clavulanate, isothionate, borate, hahde, nitrate, acetate, succinate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, mandelate, malate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, oleate, oxalate, ascorbate, nicotmate, benzoate, mesylate, salicylate, stearate, tannate, tosylate, valerate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluensulfonate, 2-ethane disulfonate, and naphthalenesulfonate.
• anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, diphosphate, bicarbonate,
• the anion is selected, from the group consisting of citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, phosphate, succinate, sulphate, and edisylate. In one embodiment, when the anion is selected from the group consisting of citrate, maleate, malate, phosphate, succinate, and sulphate, the stoichiometry is 1 : 1 and when the anion is selected from the group consisting of edisylate and fumarate, the stoichiometry is 2: 1.
• the salt is a citrate of formula IV,
• citrate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values m angstroms of about 31.8, about 15.9, about 7.9, about 6.3, about 5.96, about 5.23, and about 4.68.
• the salt is a fumarate of formula V,
• the fumarate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values m angstroms of about 2 1.7, about 18.3, about 15.7, about 14.5, about 12.6, about 12.3, about 10.9, about 5.52, about 4.72, and about 4.47.
• the fumarate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values m angstroms of about 18.4, about 15.7, about 12.6, about 9.2, about 5.50, about 4.93, about 4.70, about 4.51, about 4.17, and about 4.06.
• the salt is a maleate of formula VI,
• the maleate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 13.0, about 5.71, about 5.24, about 4.77, about 4.37, and about 4.19 .
• the salt is a malate of formula VII,
• the malate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values m angstroms of about 13.1, about 12.0, about 5.35, about 5.05, about 4.83, about 4.75, about 4.71, about 4.37, about 4.29, about 4.17, about 4.00, about 3.87, and about 3.83 [0008]
• the salt is a phosphate of formula VIII,
• the phosphate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 17.3, about 5.91, about 4.80, about 4.27, about 4.14, and about 3.86.
• the salt is a succinate of formula IX,
• the succinate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 12 8, about 7 6, about 5 51, about 5 19, about 4 79, about 4 16, and about 4 05.
• the salt is a sulphate of formula X,
• the sulphate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values in angstroms of about 17.0, about 9.6, about 5.49, about 4.79, about 4.65, about 4.53, about 4.30, about 4.15, about 4.04, and about 3.89.
• the salt is an edisylate (ethanedisulfonate) of formula XI,
• the edisylate salt exhibits a X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks having d-values m angstroms of about 10.0, about 6.05, about 5.31, about 4.97, about 4.68, about 4.26, and about 4.12.
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a process for the preparation of a salt disclosed above, including: a) forming a solution of the compound of formula I m an organic solvent; b) adding an acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, L-(-)-malic acid, phosphoric acid, succinic acid, sulphu ⁇ c acid, or 1 ,2- ethane disulfonic acid to said solution, and c) isolating the salt
• the isolating includes separating the salt from a suspension formed after step b). In another embodiment, the isolating includes precipitating the salt from a solution formed after step b) by one or more of cooling, solvent removal, or adding a non-solvent
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a salt of N-(4-fluorobenzyl)- N-(l-methylpipe ⁇ din-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide of formula I,
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising a salt of N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(l-methylpipe ⁇ dm-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2- methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide of formula I,
• anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, diphosphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, clavul
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for the treatment of a neuropsychiatric disease, comprising administering to a subject at least one salt of N-(4- fluorobenzyl)-N-(l-methylpipe ⁇ dm-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide of formula I,
• the salt comprises an anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, diphosphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, clavulanate, isothionate, borate, hahde, nitrate, acetate, succinate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, mandelate, malate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, oleate, oxalate, ascorbate, mcotmate, benzoate, mesylate, salicylate, stearate, tannate, tosylate, valerate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluensulfonate, 2-ethane disulfonate, and naphthalenesulfonate
• the neuropsychiatric disease is selected from the group consisting of psychosis, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, ma, psycho
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method of inhibiting an activity of a monoamine receptor, comprising administering to a subject at least one salt as desc ⁇ bed above.
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, comprising administering to a subject at least one salt as desc ⁇ bed above.
• the neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting Parkinson's disease, Huntmgton's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Spinocerebellar Atrophy, Tourette's Syndrome, F ⁇ ed ⁇ ch's Ataxia, Machado- Joseph's disease, Lewy Body Dementia, Dystonia, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Frontotemporal Dementia.
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for treating dyskinesia associated with dopaminergic therapy, comprising administering to a subject at least one salt as described above.
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for treating dystonia, myoclonus, or tremor associated with dopaminergic therapy, comprising administering to a subject at least one salt as described above
• Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method for treating a thrombotic condition, comprising administering to a subject at least one salt as described above.
• the thrombotic condition is selected from the group consisting of myo ⁇ cardial infarction, thrombotic or ischemic stroke, idiopathic and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, peripheral vascular disease, and Raynaud's disease.
• Figure 1 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline citrate salt of the compound of formula IV
• Figure 2 is a X-ray powdei diffraction pattern of form A of the crystalline fumarate salt of the compound of formula V
• Figure 3 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of form B of the crystalline fumarate salt of the compound of formula V.
• Figure 4 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline maleate salt of the compound of formula VI.
• Figure 5 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline malate salt of the compound of formula VII.
• Figure 6 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline phosphate salt of the compound of formula VHI
• Figure 7 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline succinate salt of the compound of formula IX.
• Figure 8 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline sulphate salt of the compound of formula X.
• Figure 9 is a X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline edisylate salt of the compound of formula XI
• N-azacycloalkyl-N-aralkyl carbamide is N-(4- ⁇ luorobenzyl)-N-(l- methylpipe ⁇ dm-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide of formula I:
• One embodiment is a method of synthesizing the compound of formula (I) comprises reacting the compound of formula II ((4-fluorobenzyl)-(l-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine)
• the resulting compound of formula I is isolated from the reaction mixture.
• a salt-forming acid is added after the reaction.
• the formed salt may be isolated by solvent removal, precipitation, or both solvent removal and precipitation, followed by deliberation of the compound of formula I under alkaline aqueous conditions through dissolution in an organic solvent in a two phase system, and separating the compound of formula I from the organic solution.
• 1.0 equivalent of (4-fluorobenzyl)-(l- methylpiperidin-4-yl)amine per equivalent of 4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl-isocyanate is used in the reaction.
• the reaction may be carried out in the presence of Lewis acids as catalysts such as metal salts or more preferably metal alkoxylates.
• Some examples are MgCl 2 , FeCl 2 , FeCl 3 , FeBr 2 , Fe(SO 4 ) 2 , NiCl 2 , BCl 3 , AlCl 3 , BBr 3 , TiCl 4 , TiBr 4 , ZrCl 4 , BCl 3 , Al(O-C 1 -C 4 -AIkVl) 3 , and Ti(O-C r C 4 -All ⁇ yl) 3 .
• the amount of catalyst may be from about 0.0001 to about 5 percent by weight and preferably about 0.01 to about 3 percent by weight relative to the compound of formula II.
• the reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of an inert organic solvent such as aliphatic ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl propyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane), esters of aliphatic carboxyhc acids or alcohols (e g., C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters of acetic acid), lactones (e g , valerolactone), halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., di- or trichloromethane, tetrachloroethane), or aliphatic C 3 -C 8 ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl propyl ketone, diethyl ketone, or methyl i- or t-butyl ketone).
• an inert organic solvent such as aliphatic ethers (e.g., diethyl ether,
• the reaction temperature is preferably m the range of about -30 0 C to about 60 0 C and more preferably m the range of about 5 0 C to about 30 0 C
• the reaction time may be controlled by monitoring the consumption of the compound of formula II or formula EI either by on-line process analytics, or by recovering and analyzing samples off-line.
• Isolation of the compound of formula I may be performed by any suitable method including removal of the solvent by distillation of the reaction residue under reduced pressure and lower temperatures, such as up to about 100 0 C, preferably up to about 80 0 C. Isolation may also occur by partial removal of solvent to increase the concentration, filtering of impurities, precipitating the solid compound of fo ⁇ nula I either by further concentration or addition of a non-solvent such as an aliphatic hydrocarbon (e.g., pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, or water), filtering of the solid, and drying
• a non-solvent such as an aliphatic hydrocarbon (e.g., pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, or water), filtering of the solid, and drying
• the isolated compound of formula I may
• Suitable solvents with low salt solubility are aprotic organic solvents such as hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, carboxyhc acid esters and lactones, acetonit ⁇ le, and alcohols having at least 3 carbon atoms.
• the starting materials for the above-described reaction can be obtained by known and analogous methods.
• the compound of formula II may be obtained by the reaction of 3Nf-methylpipe ⁇ d-4-one with 4-fluorobenzylamme m the presence of a metal hydride, for example according to the scheme
• Compounds of formula III may be prepared by reacting 4- hydroxybenzaldehyde with isobutylhalogemde (e g , lsobutylbromogemde) to form 4- lsobutoxybenzaldehyde, which may be converted with hydroxylamme to the aldoxime form
• This oxime may be catalytically hydrogenated with a palladium catalyst to the corresponding 4- lsobutoxybenzylamme, from which the isocyanate of formula m may be obtained by reaction with phosgene
• Some embodiments are salts of N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(l-methylpipe ⁇ dm-4- yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl)carbamide comprising an anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate, sulphate, mtiate, diphosphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, clavulanate, isothionate, borate, hahde, nitrate, acetate, succinate, lactate, lactobionate, lauiate, mandelate, malate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, oleate, oxalate, ascorbate, mcotmate, benzoate, mesylate, salicylate, stearate, tannate, tosylate, valerate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluens
• the salts may be obtained as crystalline solids.
• the anion is citrate, maleate, malate, phosphate, succinate, or sulphate
• the salt has a 1:1 stoichiometry.
• the edisylate shows a 2 : 1 stoichiometry of the free base to the acid and the fumarate also presumably has a 2: 1 stoichiometry.
• the salts may form hydrates or other solvates. Specifically, it has been found that the malate and succinate can form hydrates.
• various polymorphic forms of the salts are provided.
• the salts are amorphous
• the salt is the citrate of formula IV,
• One embodiment provides a crystalline form of the citrate of formula IV, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 1 ; hereinafter designated as crystalline citrate.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values (A): 31.8 (vs), 15.9 (m), 7.9 (m), 6.9 (w), 6.3 (m), 5.96 (m), 5.83 (w), 5.23 (m), 4.68 (m), 4.56 (m), 4.17 (m), 4.05 (w), 3.95 (m), 3.91 (m), 3.79 (w), 3.49 (w), and 3.13 (w).
• crystalline citrate is present in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90°/o, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of fo ⁇ nula I.
• Another embodiment is the fumarate salt of formula V,
• One enibodiment provides a crystalline form of the fumarate of formula V, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 2; hereinafter referred to as crystalline fumarate form A.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values (A): 21.7 (m), 18.3 (s), 15.7 (s), 14.5 (s), 12.6 (s), 12.3 (m), 10.9 (w), 9.1 (w), 6.8 (w), 6.40 (w), 5.87 (w), 5.52 (m), 5.26 (m), 5.12 (w), 4.72 (s), 4.66 (s), 4.51 (m), 4.47 (s), 4.24 (m), 3.64 (m).
• crystalline fumarate form A is present in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Crystalline fumarate form. A can also exist in mixtures with the amorphous form and/or with crystalline fumarate form B> .
• Crystalline fumarate form B exhibits the X-ray power diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 3. Specifically the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed m d-values (A).
• crystalline fumarate form B is present m amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Crystalline fumarate form A may be obtained from rapid crystallization procedures with cooling rates from about 10-100 0 C per hour, more preferably about 30-6O 0 C per hour, and recovering the solid shortly after the suspension is cooled from about 60 0 C to 23+2°C, or below
• Crystalline fumarate form B may be obtained from slower crystallization procedures with cooling rates from 1-6O 0 C per hour, more preferably form 5-20 0 C per hour, with subsequent stirring of the obtained suspension at tempeiatures from 5 0 C to 40 0 C for at least one, but up to 60 hours, more preferably for about 24 hours at 23 ⁇ 2°C.
• Another embodiment is the maleate salt of formula VI,
• One embodiment provides a crystalline form of the maleate of formula VI, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 4; hereinafter referred to as crystalline maleate.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values (A): 17.1 (w), 13.0 (vs), 10.0 (w), 8.6 (w), 7.9 (w), 5.71 (vs), 5.24 (m), 4.98 (m), 4.86 (w), 4.77 (m), 4.70 (w), 4.37 (m), 4.29 (w), 4.19 (vs), 3.92 (w), 3.76 (w), 3.67 (w), 3.62 (m), 3.52 (w), 3.38 (m), 3.27 (m), 3.05 (m).
• crystalline maleate is present m amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Another embodiment is the malate salt of formula VII,
• One embodiment provides a crystalline form of the malate of formula VII, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 5; hereinafter referred to as crystalline malate.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values (A): 19.8 (m), 16.2 (w), 13.1 (vs), 12.0 (s), 7.7 (m), 7.2 (m), 6.1 (m), 5.35 (s), 5.05 (s), 4.89 (m), 4.83 (s), 4.75 (vs), 4.71 (vs), 4.63 (m), 4.55 (m), 4.37 (vs), 4.29 (vs), 4.17 (s), 4.00 (s), 3.97 (m), 3.87 (s), 3.83 (s), 3.61 (m).
• this crystalline form of the malate of formula VII may be a sesquihydrate.
• crystalline malate is present in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Another embodiment is the phosphate salt of formula VIII,
• One embodiment provides a crystalline form of the phosphate of formula V, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 6; hereinafter referred to as crystalline phosphate.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values (A): 17.3 (vs), 10.1 (m), 8.9 (m), 6.7 (w), 6.5 (m), 5.91 (s), 5.74 (m), 5.16 (w), 4.93 (m), 4.80 (m), 4.75 (w), 4.56 (m), 4.27 (m), 4.14 (m), 3.86 (m), 3.55 (m).
• crystalline phosphate is present in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Another embodiment is the succinate salt of formula IX,
• One embodiment provides a crystalline form of the succinate of formula EK, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted m Figure 7; hereinafter referred to as crystalline succinate.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed m d-values (A): 12.8 (vs), 8.6 (w), 7.6 (m), 6.4 (w), 5.51 (s), 5.27 (w), 5.19 (m), 4.79 (m), 4 42 (w), 4.32 (m), 4.16 (s), 4.05 (s), 3.91 Cm), 3.69 (w), 3.31 (w), 3.27 (w), 3.14 (w), 2 97 (w), 2.76 (w).
• crystalline succinate is present in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Another embodiment is the sulphate salt of formula X,
• One embodiment provides a crystalline form of the sulphate of formula X, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 8; hereinafter referred to as crystalline sulphate.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed m d-values (A): 17.0 (vs), 9.6 (m), S .3 (w), 6.8 (m), 6.4 (m), 5.49 (vs), 5.29 (w), 4.79 (s), 4.65 (m), 4.53 (s), 4.42 (m), 4.30 (vs), 4.1S (m), 4.15 (s), 4.04 (m), 3.89 (w), 3.60 (m), 3.56 (w).
• crystalline sulphate is present m amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Another embodiment is the edisylate (ethanedisulfonate) salt of formula XI,
• One embodiment provides a crystalline form of the edisylate of formula XI, which exhibits the X-ray powder diffraction pattern depicted in Figure 9; hereinafter referred to as crystalline edisylate.
• the X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits the following characteristic peaks expressed in d-values (A): 12.1 (m), 10.0 (s), 9.3 (in), 8.1 (m), 6.6 (m), 6.05 (VS), 5.31 (s), 5.18 (m), 4.97 (vs), 4.81 (w), 4.68 (s), 4.57 (m), 4.46 (m), 4.35 (m), 4.26 (s), 4.12 (s), 3.96 (m), 3.88 (w), 3.75 (m), 3.62 (m), 3.53 (w), 3.48 (m), 3.42 (w), 3.31 Cm), 3.15 (w), 3.07 (w).
• crystalline edisylate is present in amounts of at least about 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%, with the remainder being other salt or crystalline forms (including hydrates and solvates) and/or amorphous forms of the compound of formula I.
• Salts of the compound of formula I described herein may " be prepared by the reaction of equivalent amounts of the base of formula I with an acid in a suitable inert organic solvent. Accordingly, one embodiment is a process for the preparation of a salt of N-(4- fiuorobenzyl)-N-(l-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2methylpropyloxy)phenylinetliyl)carbamide of formula I having anions selected from the group consisting of citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, phosphate, succinate, sulphate and edisylate, that includes: a) forming a solution of the compound of formula I in an organic solvent; b) adding a suitable organic or inorganic acid to the solution; and c) isolating the salt of the compound of formula I from an obtained suspension, or pre ⁇ cipitating the salt by cooling, solvent removal, adding a non-solvent, or a. combination of these methods.
• Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons such as toluene, halogenated hydrocarbons such as di- or trichloromethane, tetrachloroethane, esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids and alcohols (C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters of acetic acid) (ethyl acetate), lactones (valerolactone), acetonitrile, ethers (diethylether, methyl propyl ether, t-butyl-methyl-ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane), aliphatic C 3 -C 8 ketones (acetone, methyl propyl ketone, diethyl ketone or methyl i- or t-butyl ketone), and alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n- or i-propanol and butanol).
• hydrocarbons such
• Suitable salt-forming acids include but are not limited to phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric, diphosphate, bicarbonate, carbonic acid, clavulanic acid, isothionic acid, boric acid, hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), nitric acid, and aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids (e.g., acetic, succinic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, mandelic, malic, tartaric, citric, fumaric, maleic, oleic, oxalic, ascorbic, nicotinic, benzoic, mesylic, salicylic, stearic, tannic, tosylic, valeric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluensulfonic, salicylic, 2-ethane disul
• the non-solvent may be an aliphatic hydrocarbon such as petrol ether, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane.
• Other non-solvents may be determined with solubility tests of a selected salt in various solvents.
• Various crystallization techniques may be used to form and isolate crystalline compounds, such as stirring of a suspension (phase equilibration), precipitation, re- crystallization, solvent evaporation, cooling to initiate crystallization, and cooling down to -100 0 C (e.g., down to -30 0 C).
• Diluted or saturated solutions may be used for crystallization, with or without seeding with suitable nucleating agents.
• Obtained crystalline solids may be purified by crystallization techniques well known in the art. Temperatures up to 100 0 C may be applied to form solutions.
• the salts described herein may be obtained in good yields. Re-crystallization produces purified forms suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions.
• the salts may occur in more than one crystalline form. For example, some of the salts may form hydrates or solvates.
• the salts described herein are especially suitable as active compounds or pro-drugs in pharmaceutical formulations to inhibit an activity of a monoamine receptor, pre ⁇ ferably a serotonin receptor of the 5-HT2A subclass.
• the salts of formula IV are very soluble in aqueous systems and the free base is liberated at physiological pH ranges, providing a high bioavailability.
• one embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one salt described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the amount of the salts used depends on type of formulation and desired dosages during administration time periods.
• the amount in an oral formulation may be from 0.1 to 500 mg, preferably from 0.5 to 300 mg, and more preferably from 1 to 100 mg.
• Oral formulations may be solid formulations such as capsules, tablets, pills and troches, or liquid formulations such as aqueous suspensions, elixirs and syrups.
• Solid and liquid formulations encompass also incorporation of the salts into liquid or solid food.
• Liquids also encompass solutions of the salts for parenteral applications such as infusion or injection.
• the crystalline solid salts described herein may directly be used as powder (micromzed particles), granules, suspensions or solutions, or they may be combined together with other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients in admixing the components and optionally finely divide them, and then filling capsules, composed for example from hard or soft gelatine, compressing tablets, pills or troches, or suspend or dissolve them in carriers for suspensions, elixirs, and syrups Coatings may be applied after compression to form pills
• compositions are well known for the various types of formulations and may be for example binders such as natural or synthetic polymers, excipients, lubricants, surfactants, sweetening and flavouring agents, coating materials, preservatives, dyes, thickeners, adjuvants, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants and carriers for the various formulation types
• binders such as natural or synthetic polymers, excipients, lubricants, surfactants, sweetening and flavouring agents, coating materials, preservatives, dyes, thickeners, adjuvants, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants and carriers for the various formulation types
• binders are gum tragacanth, acacia, starch, gelatine, and biological degradable polymers such as homo- oi co-polyesters of dicarboxyhc acids, alkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycols and/or aliphatic hydroxyl carboxylic acids, homo- or co-polyamides of dicarboxylic acids, alkylene diamines, and/or aliphatic ammo carboxylic acids, corresponding polyester-polyamide-co-polymers, polyanhyd ⁇ des, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazene and polycarbonates
• the biological degradable polymeis may be linear, branched or crosslmked Spe ⁇ cific examples are poly-glycolic acid, poly-lactic acid, and poly-d,l-lactide/glycohde
• Other examples for polymers are water-soluble polymers such as polyoxaalkylenes (e g , polyoxaethy-
• excipients are phosphates such as dicalcium phosphate
• Examples for lubricants are natural or synthetic oils, fats, waxes, or fatty acid salts like magnesium stearate
• Surfactants may be anionic, catiomc, amphoteric, or neutral
• surfactants are lecithin, phospholipids, octyl sulfate, decyl sulfate, dodecyl sulfate, tetradecyl sulfate, hexadecyl sulfate and octadecyl sulfate, Na oleate or Na caprate, l-acylammoethane-2- sulfomc acids, such as l-octanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, l-decanoylammoethane-2- sulfonic acid, l-dodecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, l-tetradecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfomc acid, l-hexadecanoylammo
• sweetening agents are sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartam
• flavouring agents are peppermint, oil of wmtergreen or fruit flavours like cherry or orange flavour
• coating materials are gelatine, wax, shellac, sugar or biological degradable polymers.
• preservatives are methyl or propylparabens, sorbic acid, chlorobutanol, phenol and thimerosal
• Examples for adjuvants are fragrances.
• thickeners are synthetic polymers, fatty acids and fatty acid salts and esters and fatty alcohols
• antioxidants are vitamins, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D or vitamin E, vegetable extracts or fish oils
• liquid carriers are water, alcohols such as ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, t ⁇ acetm and oils
• solid carriers are talc, clay, microcrystallme cellulose, silica, alumina and the like
• the pharmaceutical formulations may also contain isotonic agents, such as sugars, buffers or sodium chloride
• the salts described herein may also be formulated as effervescent tablet or powder, which disintegrate in an aqueous environment to provide a drinking solution.
• a syrup or elixir may contain the salts described herein, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent, a preservative like methylparaben, a dye, and a flavouring agent
• Slow release formulations may also be prepared from the salts described herein in order to achieve a controlled release of the active agent in contact with the body fluids m the gastro intestinal tract, and to provide a substantial constant and effective level of the active agent in the blood plasma.
• Any of the compounds of formula IV to XI may be embedded for this purpose m a polymer matrix of a biological degradable polymer, a water-soluble polymer or a mixture of both, and optionally suitable surfactants Embedding can mean in this context the incorporation of micro-particles m a matrix of polymers.
• Controlled release formulations are also obtained through encapsulation of dispersed micro-particles or emulsified micro-droplets via known dispersion or emulsion coating technologies.
• the salts described herein may also be useful for administering a combination of therapeutic agents to an animal. Such a combination therapy can be carried out m using at least one further therapeutic agent which can be additionally dispersed or dissolved in a formulation. [0087] The salts described herein and formulations containing the salts can also be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents that are effective to treat a given condition to provide a combination therapy.
• the crystalline salts and the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases including psychosis, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, mania, psychotic depression, affective disorders, dementia, anxiety, sleep disorders, appetite disorders, bipolar disorder, psychosis secondary to hypertension, migraine, vasospasm, and ischemia, motor tics, tremor, psychomotor slowing, bradykinesia, and neuropathic pain.
• the salts and compositions are used to inhibit an activity of a monoamine receptor, preferably a serotonin receptor of the 5-HT2A subclass.
• Another embodiment is a method for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Spinocerebellar Atrophy, Tourette's Syndrome, Friedrich's Ataxia, Machado- Joseph's disease, Lewy Body Dementia, Dystonia, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Frontotemporal Dementia by administering a salt described herein.
• neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Spinocerebellar Atrophy, Tourette's Syndrome, Friedrich's Ataxia, Machado- Joseph's disease, Lewy Body Dementia, Dystonia, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Frontotemporal Dementia
• Another embodiment is a method for treating dyskinesia associated with dopaminergic therapy, by administering a salt described herein.
• Another embodiment is a method for treating dystonia, myoclonus, or tremor associated with dopaminergic therapy, by administering a salt described herein.
• Another embodiment is a method for treating a thrombotic condition including myocardial infarction, thrombotic or ischemic stroke, idiopathic and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, peripheral vascular disease, and Raynaud's disease, by administering a salt described herein.
• Another embodiment is a method of treating addiction, including alcohol addiction, opioid addiction, and nicotine addiction, by administering a salt described herein.
• Another embodiment is a method of treating a decrease in libido or ejaculatory problems by administering a salt described herein.
• One embodiment includes a method of delivering a compound of formula I to a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the salt chosen from compounds of formula IV, V, VI, VH, Vm, IX, X, or XI.
• Powder X-ray Diffraction PXRD was performed on a Philips 1710 powder X-ray diffractometer using CuK ⁇ radiation, d-spacings were calculated from the 2 ⁇ values using the wavelength of 1.54060 A. Generally, 2 ⁇ values were within an error of +0.1 - 0.2°. The experimental error on the d-spacmg values was therefore dependent on the peak location.
• DSC Differential Scanning Calo ⁇ metry
• FT-Raman Spectroscopy Bruker RFSlOO.
• Nd YAG 1064 nm excitation, 100 mW laser power, Ge-detector, 64 scans, range 25-3500 cm “1 , 2 cm "1 resolution.
• TG-FTIR Thermogravimet ⁇ c measurements were carried out with a Netzsch Thermo-Microbalance TG 209 coupled to a Bruker FTIR Spectrometer Vector 22 (sample pans with pinhole, nitrogen atmosphere, heating rate 10K/mm).
• HPLC HPLC measurement were carried out with a HP LC1090M, Column Symmetry C18, 3.0-150 mm.
• Solubility The approximate solubility m water was determined by adding double distilled water in steps of 5 ⁇ l to 5 mg substance and sonification of the suspension for 2 minutes. The limit value of completely dissolved amount was determined. Determination of solubilities below 20 mg/1 occurred with stirring suspensions in water, filtering off the excess, and measuring of the amount of substance m the filtrate.
• Petrol ether 60-90 fraction, 96 1 was added and the mixture was heated to reflux (70 0 C). The solution ⁇ vas cooled to 40 0 C and crystallization was initiated by seeding. The suspension was cooled to 5 0 C and stirred for 4h. The product was centrifuged and the cake was washed with petrol ether (60-90 fraction, 32 1). The wet cake was dried at about 40 0 C to yield 16kg product (63%).
• Aqueous sodium hydroxide (30%, 5.0 kg) was added to a suspension of the product from previous step d) (7.9 kg) in heptane (41 1).
• the solution was heated to 47 0 C, stirred for 15 mm and decanted o ⁇ ver 15 mm.
• the pH was checked (pH>12) and the aqueous phase was separated.
• the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure at 47-65 0 C.
• Heptane was added (15 1) and it was removed by distillation under reduced pressure at 58-65 0 C.
• Heptane was added (7 1), the solution was filtered and the filter was washed with heptane (7 1).
• the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure at 28-60 0 C.
• Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 107 1) and t ⁇ ethylamme (TEA, 6.8 kg) were added and the temperature was fixed at 22 0 C.
• phosgene (5.0 kg) was introduced in tetrahydrofuran (88 1) previously cooled to -3 0 C.
• the THF and TEA s olution was added to the solution of phosgene in 3h 50 mm maintaining the temperature at -3 0 C.
• the reactor was washed with tetrahydrofuran (22 1).
• the mixture was stirred for 45 min at 20 0 C and then for 90 min at reflux (65 0 C).
• the solvent was distilled under reduced pressure at 25-30 0 C to a residual volume of 149 1.
• step g) The tartrate crude product of step g) (8.1 kg) was dissolved m demmeralized water (41 1) at 22 0 C. Isopropyl acetate (40 L), 30% aqueous sodium hydroxide (4.3 kg) and sodium chloride (2 kg) were added. The pH was checked (>12) and the solution was stirred for 15 mm. The solution was decanted over 15 mm and the aqueous phase was separated. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with isopropyl acetate (12 1) Demmeralized water (20 1) and sodium chloride (2 0 kg) were added to the combined organic phases, the solution was stirred for 15 mm, decanted over 15 mm and the aqueous phase was discarded.
• Thermogravimetry showed a mass loss of about 0.7% between 60 and 160 0 C, which was attributed to absorbed water Decomposition started at about 170 0 C Solubility m water was about 14 mg/ml The crystalline powder remained substantially unchanged when stored for 1 week at 60 0 C and about 75% r_h. m an open container (HPLC area was 99.4% compared to reference value of 99.9%). Elemental analysis and 1 H-NMR complies with an 1 : 1 stoichiometry.
• PXRD and Raman spectroscopy indicate a crystalline form B.
• the solubility m water was > 500 mg/ml TG-FTIR shows a mass loss of about 0.9% between 70 and 140 0 C, which was attributed to ethyl acetate.
• Storage at 75% r.h. in an open container reveals changes of the substance after 3 days, detected with Raman spectroscopy.
• 1 H- NMR complies with an 1:0.75 stoichiometry (base : fumaric acid).
• the crystalline powder remains substantially unchanged when stored for 1 week at 60 0 C and about 75% r.h. m an open container (HPLC area was 96.7% compared to reference value of 99.4%). It is possible that the crystalline powder is a mixture of a fumarate and a hemi-fumarate.
• TG-FTIR shows a mass loss of about 5.9% between 60 and 160 0 C, which was attributed to absorbed water, acetone and heptane. Decomposition started at about 170 0 C.
• 1 H-NMR complies with an 1: 1 stoicmometry. The solubility in water was > 500 mg/ml.
• TG-FTER shows a mass loss of about 18.8% between 60 and 250 0 C, which was attributed to mostly CO2 and water Elemental analysis indicates the formation of a dihydrate 1 H-NMR complies with an 1 : 1 stoichiometry Solubility in water was > 500 mg/ml.
• 1 H-NMR complies with both a 2: 1 or a 1:1 stoichiometry. Solubility in water was 4 mg/ml. Tt ⁇ e crystalline powder remains a white powder when stored for 1 week at 60 0 C and about 75% r.h. m a closed container (HPLC area was 97.4% compared to reference value of 96.8%). Storage for 1 week at 100 0 C m a closed ampoule does not decompose the crystalline product and the white powder remains substantially unchanged (HPLC area 97.4%).

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